NZ613996B2 - System and method for forest management using stand development performance as measured by leaf area index - Google Patents

Abstract

system and method for identifying stands (10) or portions thereof that are not growing as expected. In one embodiment, a computer system (100) compares a measured leaf area index of a stand (10) that is determined from remotely sensed data to an expected leaf area index. The computer system (100) identifies stands (10) or portions of stands where the measured leaf area index is greater than the expected leaf area index (150) and/or stands (10) or portions of stands where the measured leaf area index is less than the expected leaf area index (150). In one embodiment, the comparison is used to identify stands (10) or portions thereof where silviculture treatments may be necessary. In another embodiment, measured vegetation index or leaf area index values are used to manage the growth of secondary crops in a stand. VI or leaf area index values are compared with expected values (150) to determine if silviculture treatments should be applied. identifies stands (10) or portions of stands where the measured leaf area index is greater than the expected leaf area index (150) and/or stands (10) or portions of stands where the measured leaf area index is less than the expected leaf area index (150). In one embodiment, the comparison is used to identify stands (10) or portions thereof where silviculture treatments may be necessary. In another embodiment, measured vegetation index or leaf area index values are used to manage the growth of secondary crops in a stand. VI or leaf area index values are compared with expected values (150) to determine if silviculture treatments should be applied.

Description

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR FOREST MANAGEMENT USING STAND DEVELOPMENT MANCE AS MEASURED BY LEAF AREA INDEX RELATED APPLICATION The present application is a uation-in-part of US. Patent Application Serial No. 13/076,086 filed March 30, 2011, which is herein orated by reference in its entirety.

CAL FIELD The technology disclosed herein relates to computer systems for use in forest management and in particular to systems for identifying stands or portions f that are not growing as expected and/or for recommending stands for silviculture treatments.

BACKGROUND In the commercial growing and harvesting of forest products, trees are not simply planted and harvested at a pre-determined time in the future. Instead, many silviculture techniques may be applied to a forest stand during its growth cycle in order to e an optimal yield for a particular type of forest product. Such techniques can include selective thinning of desired trees, the removal of competing trees, brush or other vegetation, the application of fertilizer, etc.

One difficulty encountered in active management forestry is to know which stands are not growing as expected and therefore may need fertilization, thinning or the administration of other silvicultural techniques. The conventional method of forest management is to send foresters into a stand to physically survey the stand and recommend the application of one or more silviculture techniques if needed. While such an approach can work for relatively small forests, it can be cost itive to physically inspect all the areas of large commercial forests that may extend over a wide large phical area. In addition, even if physical inspection is possible, a survey crew generally doesn't know ahead of time what the condition of the stand will be prior to its inspection. Therefore, the crew often has to return to the site with the proper equipment in order to perform a recommended silviculture technique.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 illustrates a computer system for assessing how stand is growing and/or for identifying stands that may need the application of one or more silviculture techniques in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosed technology; Figure 2 rates a representative plot of a leaf area index versus the age of a stand for a number of different forest stands; Figure 3 illustrates a map produced in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosed technology that fies the location of over and/or erforming tree stands or portions thereof in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosed technology; and Figure 4 is a flowchart of steps med in accordance with one ment of the disclosed technology to identify over and/or underperforming tree stands and/or for recommending silviculture treatments for the stands. [0008a] The discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, es and the like is included in this specification solely for the purpose of providing a context for the present invention. It is not ted or ented that any or all of these matters formed part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present ion as it existed before the priority date of each claim of this application. [0008b] Where the terms “comprise”, “comprises”, “comprised” or “comprising” are used in this specification (including the claims) they are to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features, integers, steps or components, but not precluding the presence of one or more other features, integers, steps or components, or group thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION As ted above, one challenge faced by foresters and forest product companies is to determine how a stand of trees is growing in a cost effective manner. If it is known that a stand is not growing as expected, a forester can recommend that one or more silviculture treatments be applied to the stand in order to e its growth performance. While foresters could determine stand conditions if the stand is physically inspected, it is often cost prohibitive, subjective in nature due to how ent foresters interpret the condition of a stand, and sometimes physically impossible to physically inspect every acre of each stand in a forest. In addition, even if a stand is physically inspected and a forester makes recommendations for particular silviculture techniques to be d, the forester may not have the appropriate equipment readily at hand in order to apply the recommended technique. Therefore, the forester has to return with the appropriate equipment to apply the ended techniques, thus increasing the overall cost and time required for forest management.

To address these issues and others, the disclosed technology is a computer system that operates to estimate how tree stands or portions thereof are g in a forest. In one embodiment, the computer system identifies stands that are not growing as expected so that a forester can recommend the application of one or more silviculture treatments to the stand.

In one ment, a computer system uses ly sensed data to determine whether a forest stand is growing as expected. Stands that are growing at a rate that is greater than expected are classified as over performing stands while those that are growing at a rate that is less than expected are classified as under ming .

While it may seem counterintuitive that over performing stands may need the application of a silviculture treatment, such stands typically contain undesired trees or other vegetation that can be detected by remote sensing ent and that are ing with a desired tree species in the stand. Therefore, the treatment applied to such stands usually involves the removal of the undesired trees or competing vegetation by thinning, applying herbicides or other vegetation control methods. On the other hand, under performing stands may indicate mortality problems due to insects, diseases, fire, or competition with undesired vegetation that could be undetected by remote sensing equipment (e.g. deciduous species will not be ed by remote sensing data if collected in winter time). Treatments applied to underperforming stands may e the removal of undesired vegetation and/or the application of izers to the stand. [0012a] In one aspect, the present invention provides a computer system comprising: a memory for storing a sequence of program ctions; processor electronics configured to execute the program instructions to identify stands of tion that are not g as expected by: measuring a leaf area index for a stand of vegetation or portion thereof of a certain age; comparing the measured leaf area index to an expected leaf area index determined for an age of tion corresponding to the age of the vegetation in the stand; and identifying stands or portions thereof as over performing or underperforming where the measured leaf area index differs from the expected leaf area index. [0012b] In another aspect, the present ion provides a non-transitory computer readable media with instructions thereon that are able by processor electronics to identify stands that are not growing as expected by: measuring a leaf area index for a stand of vegetation or portion thereof of a certain age; comparing the measured leaf area index to an expected leaf area index determined for an age of vegetation ponding to the age of the vegetation in the stand; and identifying stands or portions thereof as over performing or underperforming where the measured leaf area index differs from the expected leaf area index.

In accordance with one embodiment of the sed technology, how well a stand is growing in a forest is ined by comparing the current leaf area index of the stand to an expected leaf area index. In one embodiment, the leaf area index is measured from remotely sensed data. Figure 1 illustrates a system for estimating how well a stand is growing from remotely sensed data. As shown, a forest stand 10 is planted with a desired species of trees 20. In addition, the stand may include one or more unwanted species of W'O 2012/134961 PCT/U52012/030178 trees 30 that can become established by, for example, natural seeding. The undesirable species of trees 30 may compete for light, nutrients and water with the desired species of tree 20 to be grown in the stand. In addition, the stand 10 may e vegetation 40 such as shrubs and the like that also compete with the d species 20 for water and nutrients, etc.

To estimate how well the d species 20 in the stand is growing, the leaf area index (LAI) for the stand 10 is measured. In one embodiment, remotely sensed data is obtained from satellite images such as the type available from the Landsat g System 60. The Landsat Imaging System is used to capture an image of the phic region that includes the stand 10. The LAI of a stand can be calculated from the satellite images of the stand as will be explained below.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, satellite images often contain image data that is obtained in multiple spectral bands. In one ent, the LAI of a stand is calculated from the vegetation indexes (VI) of a stand. As will be iated by those skilled in the art of remote sensing and forestry, the VI for a stand is based on ratios of the reflectance detected in the red and near infrared spectral bands. The techniques and equations for ating the LAI from the ponding VI in an area of a satellite image are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

In another embodiment, the LAI of a stand is measured from other types of remotely sensed data such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR). As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, LiDAR data represents the detection of a laser pulse that is carried over a forest or other area of interest by an aircraft, such as a helicopter or a fixed wing airplane 70. A LiDAR system carried over the area of st directs a pulsed laser beam towards the ground. Laser pulses that are reflected back to the LiDAR system are detected. Because the altitude and location of the aircraft are known, each detected pulse can be assigned a three dimensional position to create a topographical map of the ground over which the aircraft is flown.

In one embodiment, the leaf area index for a forest stand is calculated from LiDAR data points having a height that falls within an expected canopy height of the forest.

W'O 2012/134961 PCT/U52012/030178 In one embodiment, LiDAR data points are detected that have a height above ground that is within an ed canopy height that is statistically determined or modeled for the tree species in the stand, the age of trees, the geographic area of the stand, soil conditions and other factors. The LAI for a stand or portion thereof is determined by comparing the number of reflected LiDAR data points in this height range to the total number of LiDAR data points ed. However, other techniques for determining the LAI such as aerial multi-spectral imagery or hyperspectral imagery could also be used. Furthermore, hand held devices for ing the LAI could be used.

Once the LAI of the stand 10 is measured from the remotely sensed data, it is compared to an expected LAI. If the ed LAI of a stand is higher than expected, the stand is classified as over performing. In such a stand, it is likely that undesirable species and/or tion 40 are growing in the stand and competing with the desired species of trees 20. Therefore, such a stand may be identified as needing selective thinning and/or the application of herbicides of other silviculture treatments to control competition.

Alternatively, if the measured LAI of the stand 10 or portion thereof is less than an expected LAI, such a stand is identified as under performing and may be also be marked for the ation of od competing vegetation release, fertilizer, or other ents to increase the growth of desired trees in the stand.

In accordance with one embodiment of the disclosed technology, a computer system 100 executes a sequence of program instructions stored on a non-transitory er readable media 120 such as a CD-ROM, hard drive, DVD, flash drive, etc.

Alternatively, the program instructions can be received from a remote computer over a computer communication link such as the Internet. Processor electronics within the computer system 100 e the program instructions to estimate how well each stand or portion of a stand is growing. In one embodiment, the computer system 100 operates to receive remotely sensed data for an area of interest that includes the stand in question from a database 140. From the remotely sensed data, the LAI for a stand is measured. In one embodiment, the remotely sensed data comes from satellite images of the area of interest. In another embodiment, the remotely sensed data is LiDAR data. The measured LAI for the stand in question is compared against an expected LAI for the stand.

W'O 2012/134961 PCT/U52012/030178 The computer system 100 identifies stands that have a measured LAI that is r than or less than the expected LAl determined for the stand and stored in a database 150. in one ment, the er system produces a map 160 that identifies stands or portions of stands where the measured LAI is greater than, equal to or less than the expected LAI for the stand. The map 160 can be in electronic form for viewing on a computer monitor or the like. Alternatively, the map 160 can be d on paper or other media. The map 160 identifies geographic locations where ers may consider the application of silviculture techniques in accordance with how the measured LAl for the stand compares with the expected LAl for the stand. Alternatively, the computer system 100 can produce a list 170 that identifies stands or portions of stands where treatments are recommended. The list may specify the type of treatment to be d to the stand. Alternatively, the list 170 may identify stands or portions of stands that are either over or under performing and a forester or other individual can determine what treatments are needed.

Figure 2 illustrates a plot 200 of a number of points each representing the measured LAI of a stand versus the age of the trees in the stand. The LAI measured for each point in the plot 200 may be determined via any number of techniques such as by measuring the LAl from remotely sensed data such as satellite images or LiDAR data.

Alternatively, the LAl of a stand may be measured from a physical inspection of the stand using light measurement tools such as the LAI-2000 ble from LiCOR BioSciences or the Accupar LP-80 available from Decagon Devices Inc.. or from a mathematical growth model. Although the graph illustrated in Figure 2 shows the measured LAI values for stands up to 12 years in age, it will be iated that measurements can be taken for stands of any age up to harvest.

Once enough data points have been determined for a ular species represented by the plot 200, the average expected LAI 210 can be determined and graphed versus the age of the stand. Additional statistical techniques can be used to determine an upper normal range 220 and a lower normal range 230. The area between the lower normal range 230 and the upper normal range 220 defines the expected LAl of the tree species versus age. Once the expected LAI is measured for a stand or portion of W'O 34961 PCT/U52012/030178 a stand in question, the measured LAI for the stand in question is compared to the expected LAI.

In the plot shown in Figure 2, a region 260 identifies LAI/stand age values where the LAI is greater than the expected LAI. Similarly, a region 270 identifies LAl/stand age values where the LAI is below the expected LAI.

In another embodiment, the expected LAI of a stand can be ined from a growth model that is specific to the species in on. The growth model can take into account such factors as the geographic location of a stand, the soil conditions of the stand, silviculture techniques applied to the stand (e.g., thinning, fertilizer, etc.), weather conditions and other factors. The growth model is typically empirical in nature and is determined from many years of ground truth measurements and other collected data. The expected growth values from the model can then be converted to expected values of LAI by utilizing the growth ency (GE), normally defined as the growth per unit of leaf area.

Figure 3 illustrates a map or chart 300 produced by the computer system that indicates the boundaries of dual stands in a forest region. The chart 300 shows how the LAI measured for small portions of a stand (i.e., pixels in the chart) compares with an expected LAI. In one embodiment, each pixel in the chart 300 represents an area of approximately 100 feet by 100 feet. However, it will be appreciated that other pixel areas could be used depending on the resolution of the remote sensing equipment used to determine the LAl By measuring and comparing the LAI for regions that are r than the entire stand, it can easily be seen if an entire stand may need silviculture treatments orjust a portion of the stand. Each pixel in the chart 300 can be coded or othen/vise differentiated depending upon the comparison of the measured LAI and the expected LAI.

The chart 300 may be shown on a er display or printed. In another embodiment, those stands or portions of stands that have measured leaf area indices that are above or below the expected LAI can be included in a report. The stands or portions of the stands can be fied by number or by geographic coordinates so that foresters can determine what, if any, treatments need to be applied.

W'O 2012/134961 PCT/U52012/030178 In r embodiment, the computer system makes a recommendation of what treatment should be applied to a stand or portion thereof based on the comparison of the measured LAI with the expected LAl.

Figure 4 illustrates a flowchart of steps med by a computer system in accordance with one embodiment of the disclosed technology to estimate how well a stand is growing by comparing the measured LAl of the stand as determined from remotely sensed data with an expected LAI.

Beginning at 400, a computer system receives remotely sensed data, such as t image data or LiDAR data for a stand or portion thereof. At 404, the computer system converts the remotely sensed data to a measured LAl for the stand. At 406, the computer system compares the measured LAI for the stand to an expected LAl.

At 408, it is determined if the ed LAl of the stand is greater than the expected LAI. If so, the stand is marked for thinning or other silviculture techniques at 410.

Such techniques generally serve to remove or se vegetation that is competing with the desired species in the stand. if the answer at 408 is no, the computer determines at 412 if the measured LAI of the stand is less than the expected LAI. If so, the current LAI is ed to one or more LAl values from previous years at 414. If the stand LAI shows continued declining values, the stand is marked at 416 as potentially being damaged such as from insects, disease or from natural causes, e.g., storms, etc. If the stand LAl shows a slow increase of LAl from a previously measured LAI, the stand is marked at 418 for hardwood release, fertilization or other silviculture techniques that may increase the growth rate of desired species in the stand.

At 420, the computer system tes a map or list that identifies those stands or portions thereof where the measured LAI is greater than or less than (i.e., differs from) the expected LAI. In addition, or alternatively, the computer system can produce reports with lists g stands or portions f where the measured LAl differs from the expected LAl. The report may also suggest a particular silviculture treatment to be applied.

W'O 2012/134961 PCT/U52012/030178 By viewing the map or the reports of where the measured LAl differs from an expected LAl, a forester or other individual can prescribe the application of one or more silviculture treatments. Alternatively, the location of such stands or portions thereof can be put on a list to physically inspect before making such a recommendation. in addition, because the map or list shows if a stand is over or under performing, the forester can be prepared to treat the stand so that the correct tools are brought along when inspecting a stand, thereby reducing the chance that multiple trips are necessary to treat the stand.

The ed Vl index is useful not only for estimating the growing conditions of planted trees (Le, a primary crop), but also for estimating the growing conditions of a secondary crop. it is ng more common to use the space between trees in a tree farm for growing secondary crops. Examples of such crops can include switchgrass or other biomass that can be used to make ls. Such crops can also benefit from the application of fertilizers or other techniques to maximize their growth and can suffer from over harvesting. Just as it is difficult to physically inspect forest lands to ine which silviculture techniques should be applied for trees, the same problem holds for inspecting lands to manage these secondary crops.

In accordance with r aspect of the disclosed technology, techniques that are similar to using the measured VI index for the ment of trees can be used to manage understory crops. in one exemplary system, a computer system receives or computes a measurement of the VI index for an area of land at a time when the secondary crop is present (e.g. during the growing season). In one embodiment, the calculated Vl index is then converted to a Leaf Area index for the same area of land. The calculated LAl is then used as an aid in managing the growth of the secondary crop. For example, if the ary crop is harvested year after year, then the nutrients in the crop are being removed from the land. Over time, the land may become less productive both for the secondary crop and the primary crop (e.g., trees). By comparing the ed LAI for the same plot of land from measurements that are taken at the same time of year and for the same secondary crop, the differences in the measured LAI e insight into the productivity of the land. if the LAI deviates from a pattern, range or expected trajectory, W'O 2012/134961 PCT/U52012/030178 then a remedial technique such as the application of fertilizer, pesticides or other techniques may be required to increase the productivity of the land.

In some instances, it may be desirable to estimate how much understory crop is present on a plot of land. In that case, the computer system calculates a differential VI index from measurements taken during the winter when the tory crop is dormant and during the growing season when the understory crop is growing. The difference in VI measurements can therefore be attributed to the additional vegetation that is the understory crop. The differential VI index can then be used in growth model that maps the differential VI index to an amount of understory crop for harvest. Such a model is built from ground truth data (actual measurements) for the amount of crop available for harvest versus differential VI measurements for selected plots of land. The model is stored in a computer memory and used to predict crop size from additional differential VI measurements Another way to te of an amount of ary crop that is available for harvest can be based on an analysis of LiDAR data for the land area in question. As indicated above, LiDAR data indicates the height above ground at which a laser pulse was ted. Therefore by determining the density of LiDAR data points from vegetation that are reflected at a height equal and below to the height of the secondary crop, a good estimate of total amount of the ary crop to the entire amount of crop on the land can be determined.

In one exemplary embodiment, the er system receives LiDAR data for the land area in question and ines a tage of LiDAR return reflections from vegetation that are from a height below some predetermined value as compared to the total returns from the same area. In one embodiment, the predetermined height value is set to a value such as 30% of the expected average tree height in the area. The percentage from the total LiDAR data points that are coming from vegetation that are ted from below the predetermined height is then compared to the differential VI index measured during the growing season. Both measurements will be highly correlated. The percentage of the LiDAR reflected points below the threshold value and the differential VI index measured gives an approximation of how much biomass is present. These two W'O 2012/134961 PCT/U52012/030178 values can be used in the model that predicts how much of the secondary crop is available for harvest versus a measured differential VI index value or the percentage of LiDAR return below the threshold. ln r embodiment, the differential VI index is tracked over time to detect changes from harvest to harvest, year to year or if the differential Vl index varies below an expected amount or diverts from an expected trajectory. If the computer system measures any abnormalities in the computed differential Vl index, the computer may produce an indication that a particular plot of land is becoming less productive. The computer may produce a report that indicates that one or more appropriate remedial measures such as the ation of fertilizer may need to be performed. If fertilizer is applied then it would be expected that the ential Vl index, as well as the total VI of the system, would increase. The computer can measure the increase in the differential Vl index value and therefore manage the growth of the secondary crop. As will be appreciated, the er can also receive and analyze the LiDAR compensated Vl index values as an alternative to a differential Vl index value as a measure of how much secondary crop is present in an area. The computer system can e s or maps ronic or printed) showing areas where secondary crops may need the application of one or more silviculture treatments. In addition, the computer system may convert the VI index values into corresponding LAI values for analyzing or use the model etc. in order to manage the secondary crop.

Although the disclosed technology is described in terms of growing trees, it will be appreciated that the technology can be used for other crops as well. For example, the technology can be used for determining if other crops such as bamboo, rice, corn, wheat or other vegetation are growing as expected. Therefore, the term "stand" is meant to e more than just a stand of trees. ments of the subject matter and the operations described in this specification can be ented in digital electronic circuitry, in er software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural lents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented as one or more W'O 2012/134961 PCT/U52012/030178 computer programs, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions, encoded on a non-transitory computer le medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus.

The non-transitory computer readable medium can be, or can be included in, a computer-readable storage device, a computer-readable storage substrate, a random or serial access memory array or device, or a combination of one or more of them.

Moreover, while a computer storage medium is not a propagated signal, a computer storage medium can be a source or destination of computer program ctions encoded in an artificially-generated propagated signal. The computer e medium also can be, or can be included in, one or more separate physical components or media (e.g., multiple CDs, disks, or other e devices). The operations described in this specification can be implemented as ions performed by a data sing apparatus on data stored on one or more computer-readable storage devices or received from other s.

The term “data processing apparatus" encompasses all kinds of apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a er, a system on a chip, or multiple ones, or combinations, of the foregoing. The apparatus can include special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit). The tus also can include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in on, e.g., code that constitutes sor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, a cross- platform runtime environment, a virtual machine, or a combination of one or more of them.

The apparatus and execution environment can realize various different computing model infrastructures, such as web services, distributed computing and grid computing infrastructures.

A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script or code) can be n in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, declarative or procedural languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, object, or other unit le for use in a computing environment. A computer program may, but W'O 2012/134961 PCT/U52012/030178 need not, correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more s stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub-programs, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.

The ses and logic flows described in this specification can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer ms to perform actions by ing on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logic try, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit).

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more sors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive ctions and data from a read-only memory, a random access memory or both. The ial elements of a computer are a processor for ming s in accordance with instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto—optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computer need not have such devices.

Moreover, a computer can be embedded in another device, e.g., a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile audio or video player, a game console, a Global Positioning System (GPS) er, or a portable storage device (e.g., a universal serial bus (USB) flash drive), to name just a few. Devices suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., al hard disks or removable disks; W'O 2012/134961 2012/030178 magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic try.

To provide for interaction with a user, embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented on a computer having a display device, e.g., an LCD (liquid crystal display), LED (light emitting diode), or OLED (organic light emitting diode) monitor, for displaying information to the user, a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to the computer.

In some entations, a touch screen can be used to display information and to receive input from a user. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including ic, speech, or tactile input. In addition, a computer can interact with a user by sending documents to and receiving documents from a device that is used by the user; for example, by g web pages to a web browser on a user’s client device in response to requests received from the web browser.

Embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented in a ing system that includes a back-end component, e.g., as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g., an application server, or that es a front-end component, e.g., a client computer having a graphical user ace or a Web r through which a user can interact with an entation of the subject matter described in this specification, or any combination of one or more such nd, middleware, or front—end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”) and a wide area network (“WAN”), an inter—network (e.g., the Internet), and peer-to-peer networks (e.g., ad hoc peer—to—peer ks).

The computing system can include any number of clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a -server relationship to W'O 2012/134961 PCT/U52012/030178 each other. In some ments, a sewer transmits data (e.g., an HTML page) to a client device (e.g., for purposes of displaying data to and receiving user input from a user interacting with the client device). Data generated at the client device (e.g., a result of the user interaction) can be received from the client device at the server.

From the foregoing, it will be iated that specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.

Claims (17)

The claims defining the invention are as follows:

1. A computer system comprising: a memory for storing a sequence of program instructions; processor electronics configured to execute the m ctions to identify stands of vegetation that are not growing as expected by: measuring a leaf area index for a stand of vegetation or n thereof of a certain age; comparing the ed leaf area index to an expected leaf area index determined for an age of vegetation corresponding to the age of the vegetation in the stand; and identifying stands or portions thereof as over performing or underperforming where the measured leaf area index differs from the expected leaf area index.

2. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the processor electronics are configured to execute program instructions to e a map that tes one or more stands or portions thereof where the measured leaf area index is above the expected leaf area index.

3. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the processor electronics are configured to execute program instructions to produce a map that indicates one or more stands or portions thereof where the measured leaf area index is below the expected leaf area index.

4. The computer system of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the processor onics are configured to execute program instructions to measure the leaf area index of a stand from LiDAR data.

5. The computer system of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the processor onics are configured to execute program instructions to measure the leaf area index of a stand from satellite image data.

6. The er system of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the processor electronics are configured to e program instructions to e the leaf area index of a stand from aerial multispectral data.

7. The computer system of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the processor electronics are configured to execute program instructions to measure the leaf area index of a stand from aerial hyperspectral data.

8. The computer system of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the processor electronics are configured to e a report g one or more silviculture treatments to be applied to a stand based on the comparison of the measured leaf area index and the ed leaf area index.

9. A non-transitory computer readable media with instructions thereon that are executable by processor electronics to identify stands that are not growing as expected by: measuring a leaf area index for a stand of vegetation or portion thereof of a certain age; ing the measured leaf area index to an expected leaf area index determined for an age of vegetation corresponding to the age of the vegetation in the stand; and identifying stands or portions thereof as over performing or underperforming where the measured leaf area index differs from the expected leaf area index.

10. The non-transitory computer readable media of claim 9, further comprising: instructions executable by the processor electronics to produce a map that indicates one or more stands or portions thereof where the determined leaf area index is above the expected leaf area index.

11. The non-transitory computer readable media of claim 9, further comprising: instructions executable by the processor electronics to produce a map that indicates one or more stands or portions thereof where the measured leaf area index is below the ed leaf area index.

12. The non-transitory computer readable media of any one of claims 9 to 11, further comprising: ctions executable by the processor electronics to measure the leaf area index of a stand from LiDAR data.

13. The non-transitory computer readable media of any one of claims 9 to 11, further sing: instructions executable by the processor onics to determine a leaf area index of a stand from ite image data.

14. The non-transitory computer readable media of any one of claims 9 to 11, r comprising: instructions executable by the processor onics to measure a leaf area index of a stand from aerial multispectral data.

15. The non-transitory computer readable media of any one of claims 9 to 11, further comprising: instructions executable by the processor electronics to measure a leaf area index of a stand from aerial hyperspectral data.

16. The non-transitory computer readable media of any one of claims 9 to 15, further comprising: instructions executable by the processor electronics to produce a report, listing one or more silviculture treatments to be applied to a stand based on the comparison of the measured leaf area index and the expected leaf area index.

17. A computer system of claim 1, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to any one of the