NZ613474B2 - An ac or dc power transmission system and a method of measuring a voltage - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to an AC or DC power transmission system. The system comprises a first electrical conductor, a second electrical conductor and an insulating space there between. The system further comprises an electric field measurement device comprising the following components being mounted in optical continuation: a first optical fibre being connected to a light source, a first optical lens, a circular polarization filter, a crystal rod having electro-optical properties, a linear polarization filter, a second optical lens, and a second optical fibre being connected to a light detection unit. The electric field measurement device is located adjacent the first electrical conductor and defines a first minimum distance between the crystal rod and the first electrical conductor and a second minimum distance between the crystal rod and the second electrical conductor. The second minimum distance is at least 10 times larger than the first minimum distance. mounted in optical continuation: a first optical fibre being connected to a light source, a first optical lens, a circular polarization filter, a crystal rod having electro-optical properties, a linear polarization filter, a second optical lens, and a second optical fibre being connected to a light detection unit. The electric field measurement device is located adjacent the first electrical conductor and defines a first minimum distance between the crystal rod and the first electrical conductor and a second minimum distance between the crystal rod and the second electrical conductor. The second minimum distance is at least 10 times larger than the first minimum distance.

Description

An AC or DC power ission system and a method of measuring a voltage The present invention relates to an AC or DC power transmission system, a method of measuring a voltage and a method of calibrating a voltage measurement system.

The power industry has a need for monitoring the condition of power transmission systems. For these purposes, it has been known to make current measurements using only optical technology. One example of such optical current sensors utilizing the y effect is described in the applicant's own international application WO/2004/099798. In a Faraday effect current sensor, the polarization plane of a polarized incident light undergoes a rotation, which is a function of the magnetic field created by the electric current to be ed.

Such Faraday effect current s have the advantage over generally known Rogowski coils and similar ic current s that they may be constructed entirely from dielectric materials and may thus be d in locations where a very high electric field is present.

It has also been known to carry out voltage measurements using an optical sensor. This may be achieved by utilizing the Pockels effect, which is an optical effect in anisotropic crystals. In a voltage sensor utilizing the Pockels , the zation plane of incident light passing through the crystal undergoes a rotation if there is an electric field applied over it. The main principle of such Pockels effect voltage s thus resembles the principle of the above mentioned Faraday effect current sensor, namely that the induced electric field over the sensor element gives rise to a small variation in the polarization of the light going h the sensor. This variation can be measured and from such measurements the electric field strength may be derived. From the derived ic field strength at the location of the sensor, the voltage on the wire may be determined.

There are several advantages of using an optical voltage , the first being simplicity. The optical voltage sensor is comprised of few parts and hence is easy to assemble. Further, the measured signal is solely optical so that there is no electrical noise induced in the measurement. Yet r, there is no electrical connection between the conductor to be measured and the ground like in a conventional voltage r. Such electrical connection may cause problems such as a short circuit.

The physics behind the optical voltage sensor is based on the Pockels effect, which was discovered in the late 19th century. It has since been used in various known optical s such as Q—switches and Chlrped pulse amplification. The effect is expressed in the linear term of the following equation: 1 1 —2—-l—7‘E+RE2 n 710 wherein E is the electric field. n, no, r and R are all tensors, respectively describing the refractive index, the ordinary refractive index, the linear and quadratic electro-optic coefficient. If E is applied correctly with respect to the r tensor (the crystal) and the quadratic term is neglected, n will become non— symmetric, thus giving rise to birefringence. This means that light sees a different refractive index depending on the orientation of the polarization with respect to the r tensor.

In known optical voltage sensors, the crystals which exhibit the Pockels effect have electrodes attached to them and have a predetermined trajectory for light passing h. The above configuration is generally known as a Pockels cell and functions as a voltage-controlled wave plate. Such configurations are usecl in various prior art publications. One e includes an IEEE ation titled “230 kV Optical Voltage Transducer Using a Distributed Optical Electric Field Sensor " by P. P. Chavez, F. Rahmatian and N. A. F. Jaeger. The proposed sensor system uses a Pockels effect crystal located within an insulating section between line voltage and ground. The full line voltage thus is applied over the s cell, which at least for medium e and above requires a high insulation level.

US 6,285,182 discloses an electro-optic voltage sensor having no need for a ground reference. However, the voltage sensor still needs metallic electrodes in the vincinity of the Pockels l. EP 0338542 discloses a similar electro~optic voltage sensor using a Pockels sensor and capacitive e divider d within a common housing. Thus, only AC e is measureable.

Further prior art describing the use of Pockels cells voltage sensors located within an insulating section for measuring the voltage on high voltage lines, or similar technologies, are among others: US 6,380,725, US 5,029,273, US ,635,831, US 6,388,434, US 6,946,827, US 6,411,077, JP 64, WO2009/138120, US 483, US 6,492,800, US 7,769,250, US 7,057,792, US 6,353,494, JP 2005315815, JP 03044563, WOOD/13033, EP 0011110, US 4253061, W098/13698, CA 2,289,736 and GB 1353543.

Using a conventional Pockels cell configuration as described above has the disadvantage that metallic electrodes need to be attached adjacent the crystal within the voltage sensor. For high e or medium voltage purposes, this necessitates a large amount of insulation, resulting in a very large voltage sensor. Furher, since metallic objects are located wihtin a high electric field, there is a risk of insulation failure and a dielectric breakdown within the voltage sensor. Such dielectric failures would result in the immediate e of the ‘15 voltage sensor and possibly in an interruption of the power transmission system.

It would therefore be an age to have a voltage sensor with no odes attached to the crystal. Thus, it is the object of the t invention to provide s and systems for ing the voltage of a conductor without the involvement of any metallic materials other than the conductor itself.

It is an object of preferred embodiments of the present invention to address some of the aforementioned disadvantages. An additional or alternative object is to at least provide the public with a useful choice.

The above need and the above object together with numerous other needs and objects, which will be t from the below detailed description, are according to a first aspect of the present invention obtained by an AC or DC power transmission system sing a first electrical conductor, a second electrical conductor and an insulating space between the first electrical conductor and the second electrical conductor, the power transmission system further comprising an electric field measurement device, the electric field measurement device comprising: a housing made of dielectric al and defining a first Open end and a second open end opposite the first open end, a first opticai fibre being ted to a light source, a first optical lens being mounted in the housing at the first open end and in optical continuation of the a first optical fibre, a circular polarization filter mounted in the g in l uation of the first optical lens, a crystal rod received in and encapsulated within the housing in optical continuation of the circular polarization filter, the crystal rod being made of a material having electro—optical properties, a linear polarization filter mounted in the g in optical continuation of the crystal rod, preferably oriented 45° relative to the induced optical axis of the crystal rod, a second optical lens mounted in the housing at the second open end in optical continuation of the linear polarization filter, and a second l fibre in optical continuation of the second optical lens, the second optical fibre being connected to a light detection unit, the eiectric field measurement device being d adjacent the first electrical conductor within the insulating space and defining a first minimum distance between the l rod and the first electrical conductor and defining a second minimum distance between the crystal rod and the second electrical tor, the second minimum distance being at least 10 times larger than the first minimum distance, such as 100 times, preferably 1,000 times, more preferred ,000 times, most preferred 0 times.

The term "comprising" as used in this specification and claims means "consisting at least in part of". When interpreting statements in this specification and claims which include the term "comprising", other features besides the features prefaced by this term in each statement can also be present. Related terms such as ise" and ised" are to be interpreted in similar manner.

In the present context, the applicant has surprisingly found that even if the ground reference is located remote from the energized conductor, the electric field strength in a very close proximity to the conductor is sufficient to produce a measurabie retardance in a crystal exhibiting the Pockels effect. The present system has the additional advantage over some prior art systems that both AC and DC may be measured. The ude of the intended current of the power transmission system is typically at least from a few Ampere up to several hundreds or thousands of Amperes.

The electric field measurement device may constitute a voltage sensor for ing the voltage of the first electrical conductor ve to the second electrical conductor. The insulating space between the first electrical tor and the second electrical conductor may be tuted by a gas such as air, or a solid insulator such as an insulator made of glass, porcelain or polymeric materials.

The housing of the ic field measurement device is typically made of polymeric al such as plastic. It should preferably be opaque to prevent any ambient light from the outside to influence the measurement. The light source is typically constituted by a light—emitting diode or laser which is optically connected to the first optical lens by the first l fibre. The optical fibre ensures that no substantial amount of light is lost between the light source and the first l lens. In this way, the light source may be located at a distant location, i.e. in a voltage measurement module easily accessible to maintenance staff. The first optical lens is used for collimating all of the incoming light from the first optical fibre s the circular polarization filter. The circular polarization filter causes the incoming light to be circularly polarized before entering the crystal rod. The crystal rod has electro-optical properties exhibiting the Pockels effect so that when the crystal rod is exposed to an electric field, the incoming light experiences retardance. Depending on how the crystal is cut and the direction of the incoming light, the crystal may be oriented in any ion relative to the electric field d by the first tor and generated by the current. Typically, however, the crystal will be oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the electric field from the first electrical conductor. The length of the crystal rod is typically between 5mm and 20mm. The material used may be e.g. KD*P (DKDP, potassium dideuterium phosphate). When leaving the crystal rod, and in case an electric field is applied, the outgoing light has been retarded so that the circular polarization is turned into elliptical polarization. A last linear polarization filter is typically oriented at 45° to the induced optical axis in the crystal rod, which means parallel or perpendicular to the major axis of the ellipse. The ude of the light leaving the linear polarization filter thus corresponds to the electric field th at the location of the crystal rod. The value of the electric field strength at the location of the crystal rod may be translated into a voltage of the first conductor. Since the linear polarization filter will allow 50% of the light to pass when the first conductor is grounded, i.e. the light leaving the crystal rod remains circularly polarized, positive and negative voltages may be distinguished as either an increase or a decrease in light. The light g the linear polarization filter is ted by a second optical lens and via a second optical fibre led to a light detection unit detecting the light intensity of the light leaving the optical voltage sensor. The relative value of the light emitted by the light source and the light detected by the light ion unit corresponds to the voltage of the first conductor.

The crystal rod of the electric field ement device should be positioned in a fixed on close to the first conductor. The ic field measurement device should be placed in a position exhibiting an electric field, such as between a power line and the ground, and not encapsulated inside the first conductor, between two conductors exhibiting the same electrical potential or within a metallic object. For high accuracy, the distance between the crystal rod and the first tor shouid be as small as possibie. The minimum distance between the crystal rod and the second electrical conductor should exceed the distance between the crystal rod and the first electrical conductor at least 10 times, preferably 100 times or more.

In a further ment according to the first aspect, the first electrical conductor comprises an overhead line or a metallic object electrically connected to an overhead line. The sensor may be placed either close to a metal plate of the same potential as the conductor of interest or on the conductor . The conductor is typicaily an overhead line.

In a further embodiment according to the first aspect, the second electrical conductor comprises a metallic object being insuiated in relation to the first electrical conductor. The second conductor may be e.g. a power line having a voltage, frequency or phase angle different from the first conductor.

In a further embodiment ing to the first aspect, the second electrical conductor constitutes the ground. Further, the second tor may constitute a ground reference such as a metallic pylon supporting one or more power lines, or the ground surface below an overhead line.

In a further ment according to the first aspect, the first electrical conductor of the power transmission system has a rated voltage of between 0,1kV and 1000kV, preferably n 1kV and SOOkV, more preferred between SW and IOOkV, most preferred between 10kV and SOkV. The power transmission system is intended for power transmission voltages of at least 0,1kV and above. Typical power transmission voltages range between 1kV and SOOkV for both AC and DC.

In a further ment according to the first aspect, the crystal rod is being exposed to an ive electric field strength of between 1*104 V/m and 1.2"‘108 V/m, preferably between 1*10S V/m and 1.2”‘107 V/m, when the power ’15 transmission system is being operated at its rated voltage. The above ranges define typical electric field strengths within which the present voltage sensor is capable of delivering te measurements.

In a r embodiment according to the first aspect, the first minimum distance is between 0,1mm and 100mm, preferably between 1mm and 10mm.

For high accuracy of the voltage measurement, the voltage sensor should be positioned as close as le to the first conductor, where the electric field strength is high in comparison to a more distant location.

In a further embodiment according to the first aspect, the second minimum distance is between 0,1m and 100m, preferably between 1m and 10m. The voltage sensor should be positioned as far as possible from the second tor in order to have no influence on the voltage measurement. The second conductor may, as explained above, be tuted by another power line, the ground, or a grounded object.

In a further ment according to the first aspect, the light path through the l rod is oriented ntially parallel to the electric field at the first conductor, or alternatively, the light path through the crystal rod is oriented substantially perpendicular to the electric field at the first conductor. By orienting the crystal rod_substantia|ly perpendicular to the electric field, the crystal rod may be oned closer to the conductor. However, by orienting the crystal rod substantially parallel to the electric field, a smaller and thus less complex and less costly crystal may be used.

In a further embodiment according to the first aspect, the circular polarization filter consists of a quarter-wave plate and a linear polarizer. In a preferred embodiment, the linear polarizer and the quarter-wave plate are made from a single sheet in order to minimize light losses. atively, the linear polarizer and the quarter-wave plate constitute two separate parts. The linear polarizer and the r-wave plate should be oriented in such a way that the light first enters the linear polarizer and subsequently the quarter-wave plate.

In a r embodiment according to the first aspect, the crystal rod, preferably made of potassium phosphate, exhibits the Pockels effect. Potassium phosphate is a preferred material as it exhibits a high birefringence when applying an ic field, which is characteristic of the Pockels effect.

In a further embodiment according to the first aspect, the electric field measurement device r comprises: a first sealing means for sealing the first end of the housing, the first sealing means having an aperture for receiving the first optical fibre, a first fixture means for ng the first optical fibre to the housing, a first reception part being attached to the first optical lens and adapted for receiving the first fixture means, a second fixture means for fixating the second optical fibre to the housing, a second reception part being attached to the second l lens and adapted for receiving the second fixture means, a second sealing means for sealing the second end of the housing, the second sealing means having an aperture for receiving the second optical fibre, and a first and a second lid fixated to the first and second end, tively, of the housing, the first and second lid including an aperture for receiving the first and second optical fibre, respectively. By using a fixture means for fixating the optical fibre and a reception part attached to the optical lens for receiving the fixture means, the l fibre may be optimally positioned with respect to the optical lens when assembling the optical voltage sensor in the field without access to high precision equipment. In this way, the loss of light intensity may substantially be avoided. Further, the sealing means and the lids prevent moisture from ng the housing, making the optical voltage sensor weather-proof.

In a further ment according to the first aspect, the housing is made of polymeric material, such as plastic. c is preferred since it is durable and constitutes a tric material which does not influence the electric field.

Further, plastic may be made essentially opaque for preventing any ambient light from entering the crystal rod, thereby bing the ement results.

The above need and the above object together with numerous other needs and objects, which will be evident from the detailed description below, are according to a first aspect of the t invention obtained by a method of measuring a voltage of a first electrical conductor in relation to a second electrical conductor spaced apart from the first electrical conductor by an insulating space, the method comprising providing an electric field measurement device, the electric field measurement device comprising: a housing made of dielectric material and defining a first open end and a second open end opposite the first open end, a first optical fibre being connected to a light source, a first optical lens being mounted in the housing at the first open end and in optical continuation of the first optical fibre, a circular polarization filter mounted in the housing in optical uation of the first optical lens, a crystal rod received in and encapsulated within the housing in l continuation of the circular polarization , the crystal rod being made of a material having electro-optical properties for causing retardance, a linear polarization filter mounted in the housing in optical continuation of the crystal rod, a second optical lens mounted in the g at the second open end in optical continuation of the linear polarization filter, and a second optical fibre in optical continuation of the second optical lens, the second optical fibre being connected to a light detection unit, the method further comprising the following steps: positioning the electric field measurement device nt the first ‘10 electrical conductor within the insulating space so that a first minimum distance defined between the crystal rod and the first electrical conductor is at least 10 times larger than a second minimum distance defined between the crystal rod and the second electrical conductor, such as 100 times, preferably 1000 times, more preferred 10,000 times, most preferred 100,000 times, and ‘15 detecting a relative retardance between light emitted by the light source and Eight ed by the light detection unit.

The above need and the above object er with numerous other needs and objects, which will be evident from the detailed description below, are according to a first aspect of the present invention obtained by a method of ating an electric field measurement device included in a power transmission system, the power transmission system comprising a first electrical conductor having a known voltage, a second ical conductor having another known voltage and an insulating space between the first electrical tor and the second electrical tor, the electric field ement device comprising: a housing made of dielectric al and defining a first open end and a second open end opposite the first open end, a first optical fibre being connected to a light source, a first optical lens being mounted in the housing at the first open end and in optical uation of the first optical fibre, a circular zation filter mounted in the housing in optical continuation of the first optical lens, a crystal rod received in and encapsulated within the housing in optical continuation of the circular polarization filter, the crystal rod being made of a material having electro~optical properties for causing retardance, a linear polarization filter mounted in the housing in l continuation of the crystal rod, a second optical lens mounted in the housing at the second open end in optical continuation of the linear polarization filter, and a second optical fibre in optical continuation of the second optical lens, the second optical fibre being connected to a light detection unit, the electric field measurement device being located adjacent the first electrical conductor within the insulating space and defining a first minimum distance between the crystal rod and the first electrical conductor and defining a second minimum distance n the crystal rod and the second electrical tor, the second minimum distance being at least 10 times larger than the first minimum distance, such as 100 times, preferably 1000 times, more preferred ,000 times, most preferred 0 times, the method comprising the steps of: detecting a ve retardance between light emitted by the light source and light detected by the light detection unit, and calculating a calibration constant based on the ve retardance and the known voltages.

It is evident from the above that the methods according to the second and/or third aspects may be used in combination with the system according to the first .

In a preferred embodiment, the ting space constitutes a gas insulated space, such as a space filled by N2, SF6 or, preferably, atmospheric gas.

Typically, the first electrical conductor tutes an overhead line and the insulated space will consequently constitute atmospheric gas. The ic field measurement device may thus be located adjacent the first electrical conductor without compromising the electrical insulation properties of the insulating space.

It is contemplated that other gaseous matter may be used for the insulating space, such as N2 or SFe insulating gas.

Brief description of the gs Fig 1 shows the working principle of the electric field measurement device, Fig 2 shows possible positions of the voltage sensor relative to the power line, Fig 3 shows a power line and voltage sensor holder, Fig 4 shows a high voltage pylon and a voltage sensor, Fig 5 shows an alternative holder and insulator, Fig 6 shows an alternative e sensor, Fig 7 shows the results of a first proof of concept experiment, Fig 8 shows the results of a second proof of concept experiment, and Fig 9 shows the results of a third (solid line) and fourth (dashed line) proof of concept experiment.

Detailed description of the drawings Fig 1A shows a sectional view of a first embodiment of an ic field measurement device constituting a voltage sensor 10 according to the t invention. The main principle of the e sensor 10 is the Pockels technology.

The e sensor 10 is basically a phase retarder with a retardance proportional to an applied electric field. The working principle of the voltage sensor 10 is as follows: Light generated by a light source 12, e.g. a laser or LED, is led through a first optical fibre 14 to a sensor housing 16. The sensor housing 16 ses a c casing with the first optical fibre 14 ng at one end of the housing 16 and a second optical fibre 18 leaving the opposite end of the housing 16. The second optical fibre 18 is connected to a photo detector 20, comprising e.g. a photo diode. Both optical fibres 14, 18 couple into respective lenses 22, 24 which collimate the light through the center of the housing 16. In the housing 16, the incoming light is focused by the first lens 22 to pass through the interior components of the voltage sensor 10. The light path is d as being along the Z-axis. All optical parts of the sensor are placed perpendicular to the light path (hence in the XY—plane). The interior of the housing 16 is comprised of three parts: a sheet constituting a circular polarizer 26, an electro- optical crystal 28 and a linear zer 30. The circular polarizer 26 is in turn made up of a linear polarizer and a quarter-wave plate. The light travels through all parts, i.e. all parts are positioned in optical continuation. The circular polarizer 26 is cut from a sheet and must be placed in the sensor so that the light enters 3O first the linear polarizer, then the quarter-wave plate. The circular zer 26 makes the incoming light circularly polarized. After passing the circular polarizer 26, the light passes through the electro—optical crystal 28, made of e.g. KD*P (DKDP, potassium dideuterium phosphate), in which the optical axis, induced by the electric field, is arranged in the XY-plane. When ted to an electric field, the electro-optica] crystal 28 causes a change of polarization of the incoming circularly polarized light into elliptically polarized light. Finally, the light passes through a linear polarizing filter 30 oriented at a 45° angle to the induced optical axis of the eiectro-optical crystal 28. The linear polarizing filter 30 will allow more or less light to pass h, depending on the ellipticity of the polarization of the incoming light, which ellipticity in turn depends on the strength of the electric field subjected to the electro—optical crystal 28.

Fig 18 shows a graph describing the polarization of the light after passing the linear polarizer of the circular polarizer 26 of the voltage sensor 10 of Fig 1A. rized light from the light source enters the linear polarizer of the circular polarizer 26 of the voltage sensor 10, which linear polarizer makes the light ly polarized with an angle of 45° to the x—axis.

Fig 1C shows a graph describing the polarization of the light after passing the r-wave plate of the circular polarizer 26 of the voltage sensor 10 of Fig 1A.

The quarter—wave plate introduces a 90° phase shift between the light’s E-field component along the x-axis and the light’s E-field component along the y-axis, thus making the light circularly polarized.

Fig 1D show two respective graphs describing the zation of the light after g the o—optical crystal 28, which have been cut so that when an electric field is applied over the crystal 28, the induced optical axis is in the xy- plane. When the circularly polarized light enters the l 28 and an electric field is applied onto the crystal 28, the phase shift between the light’s E~fie|d component parallel and perpendicular to the induced optical axis is slightly increased, as shown in Fig 1D, or slightly decreased, as show in Fig 1E, depending on the direction of the applied electric field. The circular polarization of the incoming light is thus squeezed from a circle, shown in full, into an ellipse, shown as a dashed line, which ellipse is oriented either 45° or —45° to the optical axis, depending on the ion of the applied field. A higher applied electric field yields a greater ellipticity.

The azimuthal on of the crystal with respect to the circular polarizer 26 is inconsequential, as the resulting s polarization is circular, which is azimuthally symmetric. In effect, a circular polarizer is a 90° phase retarder. The electro-optical crystal, preferably a KD*P crystal, is oriented so that an electric field applied parallel to the light path induces an l axis perpendicular to the light path. This phenomenon is called Pockels effect. This will induce a phase retardance between linearly polarized light perpendicularly and parallel to this axis: nmgv Ago = wherein Atp is the difference in phase between light polarized perpendicularly and el to the optical axis, r is the linear electro—optical cient, A is the vacuum wavelength of the light and V is the electric potential over the crystal.

The already circularly polarized light will thus experience a further phase retardance depending on the strength and direction of the electric field. This will make the polarization state of the light elliptical, with the long axis being either 45° or -45° to the optical axis in the crystal as shown in Figs 1D and 1E (the d optical axis is orientated along the y-axis).

The dotted line shown is the state of the light as it exits the sensor, after g the linear polarizing filter 30. A longer clotted line, as in Fig 1D, means higher amplitude of the light wave, which in turn means higher light intensity. A shorter dotted line, as in Fig 1E, means lower amplitude of the light wave, which in turn means lower light intensity. So there is a correlation between the strength and direction of the applied electric field and the resulting light intensity. This variation can be measured by the photo detector, eg. a light-sensitive diode, and can be translated into the voltage of the conductor to be measured.

The last linear polarizing filter 30, which the light enters uent to the crystal 28, is a polarizer oriented at a 45° angle to the induced i axis. The last zer 30 is also cut from a sheet and must be ed at 45° to the induced opticai axis in the l 28. In the present case, the filter is rotated 45° rclockwise. The curve shows the light polarization state after it has passed this last polarizer. If no field is applied over the crystal 28, half of the incident iight is allowed through the last filter (under ideal circumstances with no iight loss except from polarization effects). If the ellipse is “stretched” along the polarizer, as in Fig 113, more than half of the light is allowed through, as indicated by the line. Whereas, if it is “squeezed”, less than half the light is allowed through. Hence a higher electric field resuits in a bigger stretch/squeeze of the ellipse, which gives a higher resulting light variation from half intensity.

This is the main principle of the sensor.

In the present context, the half intensity of the incoming light may be designated DC light. The overlying light variation from the polarization effects may be designated AC light, since it is a result of the AC e applied to the conductor the potential of which is to be measured. The AC light signal is in the present context very small compared to the DC light signal, and thus the DC light may be ed away from the total signal in the electronics leaving only the AC light signal. The amplitude of the AC light can then be calibrated so that it translates into the amplitude of the voltage of the conductor the sensor is ed to.

Fig 1F shows the light intensity as a function of retardance ( I = Io sin2(tp) ) of the light after passing the last linear polarizing filter 30 of the e sensor 10 of Fig 1A. The reason for using a ar polarizer instead of just a linear polarizer can be seen when g at Fig 1F. If there were no retardance prior to the crystal 28, the variation in intensity, due to the AC field over the crystal 28, would be around zero, which is where the derivative of the intensity function is at its minimum. This wouid also mean that there is no difference in light intensity between a positive and a negative field, thus making phase determination difficult. By moving the “zero voltage” point to correspond to a 90° retardance bias, two ages will become apparent: Firstly, there is an obvious difference between positive and negative applied electric fields, and secondly, the function around the “zero voltage”, i.e. at the half intensity of the incoming light, is approximately linear, resulting in a m sensitivity to retardance variation around the “zero voltage”. In the figure, this area has been encircled.

Fig 2A shows a first embodiment describing a possible positioning of the voltage sensor 10. The voltage sensor 10 is positioned adjacent an overhead line constituting an electrical power line 32, e.g. a high voltage line. The ground is designated the reference numeral 34. The electric field lines are shown between the power line 32 and the ground 34. The ic field must be applied in parallel to the light path through the l 28. The voltage sensor 10 is placed so that the electro-optical crystal 28 of the voltage sensor 10 is located as close to the power line 32 as possible. The distance between the electro-optical crystal 28 and the power line 32 has been designated A, and the distance between the optical l 28 and the ground 34 has been designated B. The ce B is at least 10 times longer than the distance A. The electric field strength at the crystal 28 adjacent the power line 32 is approximately linear and decreases quadratically to the distance from the power line 32.

Fig 28 shows a second embodiment describing a possible positioning of the voltage sensor 10. It is also possible to cut the crystal 28 in such a way that both the current path and the field will lie at a 90° angle to the direction of light through the crystal 28. This has the advantage that it is easier to place the crystai close to the power line without the lens and fibre being in the way.

Fig 2C shows a third ment describing a possible positioning of the voltage sensor 10. It is also possible to cut the l 28 in such a way that the field will lie at a 90° angle to the direction of light through the crystal 28, while the current path lies parallel to the light through the crystal 28. This embodiment has the advantage that it is easier to place the crystal 28 close to the power line without the lens and fibre being in the way. Also it is easier to boost the sensitivity by increasing the length of the l 28.

Fig 20 shows a fourth embodiment describing a possible oning of the e sensor 10. It resembles Fig 2C, but further es a plate 36 for holding the voitage sensor 10. The plate 36 may be made of conducting material, Le. a metal or a dielectric material such as plastic. Using a metal for the plate causes the plate 36 to assume the same potential as the power line 32.

The voltage sensor 10 may be constructed in such a way that the fibre 14 and the lens (not shown here) pass through a hole in the metal plate 36 which has the same electric potential as the tor. The plate 36 may thus be used for allowing the crystal 28 to be located even closer to the conductor than otherwise possible, thereby minimizing the distance A.

Fig 2E shows a fifth embodiment describing a possible positioning of the voitage sensor 10. It resembles Fig 28, but further includes a piate 36’ for holding the voltage sensor 10. The upper part of the plate 36’ constitutes a hook-shaped member which is used for grabbing the power line 32, either temporarily or permanently.

Fig 2F shows a sixth ment describing a possible positioning of the voltage sensor 10. It resembles Fig 2A, but further includes a plate 36" for holding the voltage sensor 10.

Fig 2G shows a seventh ment describing an alternative placement of the voltage sensor 36 above the power line 32. The present ment resembles Fig 2C, but is as such ible with the other above mentioned embodiments.

Since the outwardly projecting electric field lines will, adjacent to the conductor, form a linear field around the conductor 32, it is not required to on the voltage sensor 10 immediately below the power line 32. Any position around and adjacent the conductor 32 is allowable. The electric field lines will initially project outwards, evenly distributed around the conductor, before eventually going towards the ground. Therefore, in the present ment, the electric field lines will go upwards through the crystal 28 of the voltage sensor 10 before bending towards the ground.

Fig 3A shows a perspective view of a voltage sensor holder 38 being attached to a power line 32. The power line holder 38 is made of metal and comprises a snap holder 40 and a screw holder 42. The snap holder 40 is held by a hinge 4S and loaded by a spring (not shown). The screw holder 42 comprises a threaded rod 44. The threaded rod 44 is located in a threaded receptacle 46. A handle 48 for turning the ed rod 44 and thereby either fixating or releasing the screw holder 42 is attached to the end of the threaded rod 44 facing away from the power line 32. A fixation spacer 50 is attached to the end of the threaded rod 44 facing towards the power line 32. The fixation plate 36 provides a larger fixation area to fixate the power line 32 in a secure position. The fixation spacer 50 may preferably be slightly undulated, corresponding to the outer surface of the power line 32. By turning the handle 48 ise, the power line 18 may be firmly fixated to the power line holder. Consequently, by turning the handle 48 anticlockwise, the power line 18 may be released.

The voltage sensor holder 38 r comprises an extension 52 and an elongated rod 54 ed to the extension and opposite the remaining part of the voltage sensor holder 32. The voltage Sensor 10 is attached to the elongated rod 54. Since the e sensor holder 38 is made of metal, the elongated rod will have the same potential as the power line 32.

Fig 3B shows a side view of a voltage sensor holder 38 being attached to a power line 32, similar to the already shown holder of Fig 3A.

Fig 4 shows a high voltage pylon 56 ing multiple power lines 32, 32’, at least some of which operate at different voltages, frequencies and/or phase angles with respect to one another. The design of the pylon shown in Fig 4 is only to be ued as an example and may vary depending on national and local circumstances. The power lines 32 are separated from the grounded pylon 56 by insulators 58. The electro-optical crystal (not shown) of the voltage sensor defines a minimum distance A to the power line 32. An electric field is established from the power line 32 to the grounded pylon 56, to another power line 32' which operates at another voltage, frequency and/or phase angle, and to the ground 34. The electro- optical l (not shown) of the voltage sensor 10 defines a minimum distance Bl to the high voltage pylon 56 which is a ground reference, a minimum distance 82 to another power line 32’ which operates at another e, frequency and/or phase angle, and a minimum distance B3 to the ground 34 surface on which the high voltage pylon 56 is located. Depending on the ion and location of the voltage sensor 10, any of Bl, 82 or BB may be the minimum distance. Typically, as shown, the voltage sensor 10 is located close to the pylon and preferably near the insulator 58, and the distance Bl will be the minimum distance. However, in case the voltage sensor 10 is located in n two pylons 56, the minimum distance 82 or B3 to either another power line 32’ or the ground will be smaller than the minimum distance Bl to the pylon Fig 5A shows a combined tor and voltage measurement system. In a l embodiment, a hollow insulator 58’ is coupled to a voltage sensor holder 38' made of dielectric material. The voltage sensor holder is in principle r to the holder 38 of Fig 3A, but in on comprises a hollow loop 60 and a hollow cylindrical base 62 attached to the hollow loop 60. The hollow cylindrical base 62 has a circular opening 64 for accessing the inner space defined by the hollow cylindrical base 62 and the hollow loop 60. The hollow loop 60 is attached to the hollow cylindrical base 62 on the closed side opposite the circular opening 64. The power line holder 38 may be used to fixate the t measurement system to the power line 32 in a flexible way. The power line 32 comprises an elongated wire or a set of wires having a diameter of approximately 10 mm. For normal air-insulated overhead applications, the power line 32 does not have any insulating coating. The power line 32 may also comprise a set of thinner wires bundled together. The power line 32 is made of a metal having excellent current- conducting capabilities, typically aluminium, alternatively copper. A spacer 50 made of soft material such as plastic or rubber may be used to avoid direct contact between the holder 38’ and the power line 32. The hollow loop 60, the hollow cylindrical base 62 and the power line holder 38’ are made of a dielectric material with sufficient rigidity to withstand many years of rs use. Such material may e.g. be a composite polymeric material.

A voltage sensor 10 is located in a specific measurement position 10’ (dashed line) inside the hollow loop 60. The voltage sensor comprises a small and elongated cylinder made of plastic material and has a size fitting inside the hollow loop 60. The specific measurement position is defined at a position osed and perpendicular to the power line 32 so that the electric field lines in the direction of the light beam through the voltage sensor 10 are maximized.

The voltage sensor 10 is fixated in the specific measurement position by a fixation part 66. The on part 66 ses a flexible rod 68 and a gripping member 70. The ng member 70 is ed to the flexible rod 68 and comprises two claws ng the voltage sensor 10 and holding it in a secure position. The flexible rod 68 is substantially ht in its relaxed state. By positioning the flexible rod 68 inside the hollow loop 60, the flexible rod 68 will assume a substantially bent state, thereby applying a friction force on the inner wall of the hollow loop 60. The distance of the rod 68 will position the voltage sensor 38 in the measurement position. The fibres 14, 18 are odated inside the hollow loop 60. The optical fibre has a limited flexibility and may break or be damaged when subject to a high bending force or curvature. The curvature of the hollow loop 60 should not extend the maximum allowed curvature of the optical fibres 14, 18. The fibres 14, 18 are preferably encapsulated in rubber, plastic or the like. The hollow loop 60 must be made of a non-conducting material to prevent it from shielding the sensor 10 from the electric field.

Fig SB shows a high voltage pylon 56 including a holder 38’ and hollow insulator 58' as bed above. The holder 38' is mounted on the hollow insulator 58' so that the optical fibres 14, 18 may be led though the tor 58'. In this way, the voltage sensor 10 and the optical fibres 14, 18 are well protected from wind and weather. The optical fibres 14, 18 may be led via the pylon 56 to the base of the pylon 56.

Fig 6A is a cross-sectional View of a second embodiment of a voltage sensor 10” which is particularly adapted for outdoor use. The voltage sensor 10” comprises an oblong housing 16' defining a first and an opposite second end designated 16” and 16’” respectively. At the first end 16” of the housing 16’ a first sealing 72 is mounted, the first sealing 72 having an aperture for receiving a first optical fibre 14’. A first fibre fixture 74 is mounted in the housing 16’. The first fibre fixture 74 has an re for receiving the opticai fibre 14’. A first optical lens 22 has a first receiving section 76 for ing the optical fibre 14’ and the first fibre fixture 74. A circular polarization filter 26’ is d in optical continuation of the first optical lens 22’. A crystal rod 28’ of electro-optical material is located in optical continuation of the circular polarization filter 26’. At ‘10 the opposite end of the crystal rod 28’ a linear polarization filter 30’ is mounted in optical continuation thereof. A second optical iens 24’ is d in optical continuation of the second polarizatiOn filter 30’. The second optical lens 24’ includes a second receiving section 78 for receiving a second fibre e 80. A second sealing 82 having an aperture for receiving a second l fibre 18’ is iocated in optical continuation of the second fibre fixture 80.

Two optical fibres 14’, 18’ are inserted through the first and second seaiing 72, 82 into the first and second fibre fixtures 74, 80, respectively. The optical fibres 14’, 18’ are ically fixated to the housing 16’ by means of two sensor lids 84, 86, respectiveiy. The sensor lids 84, 86 fixate the fibres 14’, 18’ and seal the voltage sensor 10”.

Fig 68 is a schematic perspective View of a voltage sensor 10’, illustrating a groove 90 in the housing 16’ extending paraliel to the l rod 28’. The groove 90 may have a planar bottom wall or alternatively a rounded bottom wall for improving the fixation of the voltage sensor 10’ to an electrical conductor. The groove 90 is incorporated in the housing in order to bring the crystal rod 28’ as close to the power line as possible and has the further advantage of fixating the voltage sensor 10’ at a 90° angle with respect to the power line. The groove 90 may be of arbitrary length, but is preferably of the same iength as the crystal rod 28’ or shorter.

Fig 6C is a schematic ctive View of a voltage sensor 10’ illustrating the housing 16’ which may further comprise a set of wings 88 for mounting the voltage sensor 10’ to a power line by plastic strips or other fastening means. The al used for the g 16’ and lids 84, 86 is preferably a plastic material capable of withstanding temperature ranges from -40 to 150°C and having electrical ting properties. The material is preferably non—permeable to light in the 400 to 1000 nm range. Materials having the above-mentioned properties may be piastic materials such as Ultem or Peek. The fixation wings 88 may be incorporated in a geometrical expansion of the groove 90 (not shown).

The l voltage sensor according to the present invention is very compact and may advantageously be integrated in an optical voltage module (not shown) which generates an analogue voltage over e.g. a CAN bus in an existing LV or MV module. Hence, there is no need for specific changes to ng modules and measurement setups.

Proof of concept Fig 7 shows the s of the first proof of t experiment. The x—axis is the applied voltage (in volts) and the y-axis is an arbitrary value representing the measurement. In the first experiment, a sensor was built to be compatible with a DISCOS® Opti module, which is a commercially avaiiable current ement module produced by the applicant company. Thus the onic measurement hardware, as well as the fibres and lenses, are ail commercially available. The sensor house, electro-opticai glass rod and polarization filters in the normal DISCOS® current sensor were replaced by a different custom-designed voltage The first step of the proof of concept was to perform theoretical calculations to check the feasibility of the present system and method. A computer program was made, based on Jones a, which program can simulate the polarization state of light passing though different media. The minimum current which is detectable in a commercially ble optical current sensor module is approximately 1A. The simulator was used to calculate the change in light intensity resulting from 1A AC using the commercially ble current sensor module. Subsequently it was determined which voltage was needed to be applied to a voltage sensor in order to achieve the same light intensity change. The result of the simulation was that a 1V signal from the voltage sensor corresponded to a current signal of 50A. This means that a minimum voltage of 20mV is detectable, which is extremely sensitive, considering that the typically voltages within the technical field of power distribution are many kV.

The i setup had the lens with the incoming light from a light—emitting diode entering the sensor in one end. The light then traversed i eiements (filters as weil as the crystal) before exiting into the other lens which focused the light into the fibre, leading it back to a photo diode. The first filter was a linear polarizer; the next a quarter-wave plate; then the light entered the KD*P crystal and finally a second polarizer (also referred to as the analyzer). Electrodes were also inserted on each side of the crystal, generating an electric field over the crystal parallel to the light trajectory. This is calied a longitudinal sensor or longitudinal setup, because the electric field is parallel to the light trajectory.

The first sensor used polaroid s cut from a sheet similar to the ones used in the t sensor. The half—wave plate used was of extremely high precision and was acquired from the company BBT. The electro~optical crystals were acquired from the company EKSMA. Such crystals may be specifically grown and cut ing to specifications. The dimensions of the crystals used were (x,y,z) = (1,1,2) cm, with the z-axis being parallel to the light trajectory. The crystal was cut so that an electric field applied along the z-axis induced a i axis along the x—axis (thus making it a longitudinal sensor). The electrodes were thin copper plates, each with a hole in the middle to allow the sensor and the light to pass through.

The fibre was connected to the above mentioned DISCOS® Opti module, which is a current sensor, and ements were taken with a graphical PC tool known as nTM. The result of the first experiment is shown in the graph in Fig 7.

As can be seen from Fig 7, one applied Volt reads almost as one Ampere signal from a current . The results are well within the sensitivity of the equipment used, albeit not quite as good as theoretically predicted when using the above mentioned software. The pancy in relation to the theoretically predicted results may be explained by the fact that quite a large amount of light was lost in the filters.

It was discovered that the length of the crystal along the light path was inconsequential, as the increase in retardance clue to length was cancelled out by the decrease in the electric field due to the increased distance between the electrodes on either side of the crystal. However, a shorter crystal has other advantages such as reduced loss of light and reduced cost. So the next sensors were made with 5mm long crystals. Further, it was discovered that modern 3D glasses, such as the ones used in cinemas for viewing 30 movies like the well- known movie Avatar, are in fact circular polarizers. Hence it was possible to replace the first polarizer filter and the ive r—wave plate by a single film cut from such 3D glasses. The polarizing film used in the 3D glasses is also commercially available in the form of sheets.

Fig 8 shows the results of the second proof of concept experiment. The x-axis is the applied voltage and the y-axis is the ement. In the second experiment, a combined first polarizer filter and quarter-wave plate was used.

This resulted in a lower loss of light compared to using a separate poiarizer filter and quarter-wave plate.

In order to achieve a maximized E-field over the electro-optical l, the voltage should be applied to ng electrodes located on each side of the crystal and constituting ground and line voltage, respectively. However, any conductor radiates an electric field, and close to the conductor the electric field strength can be quite intensive. Since it is possible to measure a potential drop over the crystal of only a couple of volts, a wire of 10 kV will also be measurable, even though there may be several meters to the nearest ground.

Fig 9 shows the result of two measurements made very close to the conductor.

The x-axis is the d voltage (in W) and the y—axis is an arbitrary value representing the measurement. The solid line in Fig 9 shows the results of a voltage measurement in which the sensor points away from the conductor at a distance of about 2 cm. The results show that the voitage is certainly eable even in case the ground is located at a distant location. r, 3O this approach makes the voltage sensor more susceptible to the E— field from neighboring phases in a three—phase system, which neighboring phases must of course not influence the measurement. However, the field strength drops proportionally to the reciprocal of the squared distance, and as the neighboring conductor is at least about 100 times r away from the sensor than the tor to be ed and the field vector of the neighboring phase is typically at an angle to the crystal, the effect of the neighboring phase may be neglected.

The next phase was to build an all—optical combined sensor. For the attempt a standard overhead DISCOS® Outdoor Combined Sensor was used. Two fibres were pulled through the top part of the sensor, one of which went to the current sensor aiso placed in the top part. The other fibre went all the way through the top part to the e sensor which was placed just under the top part. The voltage sensor was placed so that light pointed away from the conductor, which was parallel to the ic field radiated by the conductor. An empty insulating tube was attached to the the sensor's bottom, which was a metal plate ted to the ground potential. This created a more powerful and neous field inside the tube (in which the sensor was placed). The result is shown by the dashed line in Fig 9.

The measurement by the overhead sensor was carried out without the bottom plate being grounded. However, connecting the plate gave only a small change in signal, possibiy due to the relatively large length of the tube (28 cm) and thus distance to the grounded bottom. This does give some support to the idea that the close field is indifferent to the far away geometry, thus eliminating the necessity of a ground tion in the sensor, even if there are other phases in the vicinity. Later calculations have confirmed that the close proximity field is in fact almost independent of nearby wires of different potential.

The specifications of the proposed all-optical combined sensor can easiest be described by comparing them to the DISCOS outdoor ed sensor. The specifications of the former are very similar to the latter, with some key differences.

Specification of the prototype: Voltage range: 100 V — 500.000 V. The lower voltage can be as low as about 1 V, but this will require electrodes being attached on either side of the sensor, which will lower the max voltage.

Estimated accuracy: 2%. The ion in light intensity is much like that caused by the current sensor, and the electronics will be very (or maybe y) similar, hence the accuracy will likely be about the same.

Material of conductor: preferably aluminum, copper or any other tive material Operational temperature: —40°C to 75°C Weight: ~ 500 9 Expected lifetime: 50 years Reference numerals with reference to the figures:

Claims (40)

1. An AC or DC power ission system comprising a first electrical conductor, a second electrical conductor and an insulating space between said first electrical conductor and said second electrical conductor, said power transmission system further comprising an electric field measurement device, said electric field measurement device comprising: a housing made of dielectric material and defining a first open end ‘10 and a second open end opposite said first open end, a first optical fibre being connected to a light source, a first optical lens being mounted in said housing at said first open end and in optical uation of said first optical fibre, a circular polarization filter mounted in said housing in optical 15 continuation of said first optical lens, a crystal rod received in and encapsulated within said housing in optical continuation of said circular zation filter, said crystal rod being made of a material having electro-optical properties, a linear polarization filter mounted in said g in optical 20 continuation of said crystal rocl, a second optical lens mounted in said housing at said second open end in optical continuation of said linear polarization filter, and a second optical fibre in optical continuation of said second optical lens, said second optical fibre being connected to a light detection unit, said 25 electric field measurement device being located adjacent said first electrical conductor within said insulating space and defining a first m ce between said crystal rod and said first ical conductor and defining a second minimum ce between said crystal rod and said second electrical conductor, said second minimum distance being at least 10 times larger than said first 30 minimum ce.

2. The power transmission system according to claim 1, n said second minimum distance is at least 100 times larger than said first minimum distance.

3. The power transmission system according to claim 1, n said second minimum distance is at least 1000 times larger than said first minimum distance.

4. The power transmission system according to claim 1, wherein said second minimum distance is at least 10,000 times larger than said first minimum distance.

5. The power transmission system according to claim 1, wherein said 10 second m distance is at least 0 times iarger than said first minimum distance.

6. The power transmission system according to claim 1, wherein said first eiectrical conductor comprises an overhead line or a metallic object 15 electrically connected to an overhead line.

7. The power transmission system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said second electricai conductor comprises a metallic object being insulated in relation to said first electrical tor.

8. The power transmission system according to any one of the preceding , wherein said second electrical tor constitutes the ground. 25

9. The power transmission system according to any one of the preceding ciaims, wherein said first electrical conductor of said power transmission system has a rated voltage of between 0,1kV and 1000kV.

10. The power transmission system according to any one of claims 1—8, 30 wherein said first electrical conductor of said power transmission system has a rated voltage of nlkv and SOOkV.

11. The power transmission system ing to any one of claims 1-8, wherein said first electrical conductor of said power transmission system has a 35 rated voltage of between SW and 100kV.

12. The power transmission system according to any one of ciaims 1-8, wherein said first electrical conductor of said power transmission system has a rated voltage of between 10kv and SOkV.

13. The power transmission system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said crystal rod is being exposed to an effective electric fieid strength of between 1"‘104 V/m and l.2"‘108 V/m when said power transmission system is being operated at its rated voltage. ‘10

14. The power transmission system according to any one of claims 1- 12, wherein said crystal rod is being exposed to an effective electric fieid strength of between 1*105 V/m and 1.2”‘107 V/m when said power transmission system is being operated at its rated voltage.

15 15. The power transmission system according to any one of the ing claims, wherein said first minimum distance is between 0,1mm and 100mm.

16. The power transmission system according to any one of the 20 preceding claims 1—14, wherein said first minimum distance is n 1mm and 10mm.

17. The power transmission system according to any one of the preceding claims, n said second minimum distance is between 0,1m and 25 100m.

18. The power transmission system according to any one of the ing claims 1—16, n said second minimum distance is between 1m and 10m.

19. The power transmission system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the light path through said crystal rod is oriented substantially parallel to the electric field at said first tor, or alternatively, wherein the light path h said crystal rod is oriented ntially 35 perpendicular to the electric field at said first conductor.

20. The power transmission system according to any one of the preceding , wherein said ar polarization filter consists of a quarter- wave plate and a linear polarizer.

21. The power transmission system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said crystal rod exhibits the Pockels effect.

22. The power ission system according to claim 21, wherein said crystal rod is made of potassium phosphate. 10

23. The power ission system according to any one of the ing claims, wherein said electric field measurement device further comprises: a first sealing means for sealing said first end of said housing, said first sealing means having an aperture for receiving said first l fibre, 15 a first fixture means for fixating said first optical fibre to said housing, a first reception part being attached to said first optical lens and adapted for receiving said first fixture means, a second fixture means for fixating said second optical fibre to said 20 housing, a second reception part being attached to said second optical lens and adapted for ing said second fixture means, a second sealing means for sealing said second end of said housing, said second sealing means having an aperture for ing said second optical 25 fibre, and a first and a second lid fixated to said first and second end, respectively, of said g, said first and second lid including an aperture for respectively receiving said first and second optical fibre. 3O

24. The power transmission system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said housing is made of polymeric al, such as piastic.

25. A method of measuring a voltage of a first eiectrical conductor in 35 relation to a second electrical conductor spaced apart from said first electrical conductor by an insulating space, said method comprising providing an electric field measurement device, said electric field measurement device comprising: a housing made of dielectric material and defining a first open end and a second open end opposite said first open end, a first optical fibre being connected to a light source, a first optical lens being mounted in said g at said first open end and in optical continuation of said a first optical fibre, a circular polarization filter mounted in said housing in optical continuation of said first l lens, a crystal rod received in and encapsulated within said housing in optical continuation of said ar polarization filter, said crystal rod being made 10 of a material having electro-opticai properties, a linear polarization filter mounted in said housing in optical continuation of said crystal rod, a second optical lens mounted in said housing at said second open end in optical continuation of said linear polarization filter, and 15 a second l fibre in l continuation of said second optical lens, said second optical fibre being connected to a light detection unit, said method further sing the following steps: positioning said electric field measurement device adjacent said first electrical conductor within said insulating space so that a first minimum distance 20 defined between said crystal rod and said first electrical conductor is at least 10 times larger than a second minimum distance defined between said crystal rod and said second ical conductor, and detecting a ve retardance between light d by said light source and light detected by said light detection unit.

26. The method of claim 25 wherein said second minimum distance is at least 100 times larger than said first minimum distance.

27. The method of claim 25 wherein said second minimum ce is 30 at least 1000 times larger than said first minimum distance.

28. The method of claim 25 wherein said second minimum distance is at least 10,000 times larger than said first minimum distance. 35

29. The method of claim 25 wherein said second minimum distance is at least 100,000 times larger than said first minimum distance.

30. A method of calibrating an electric field measurement device included in a power transmission system, said power transmission system comprising a first electrical conductor having a known voltage, a second electrical conductor having another known voltage and an insulating space between said first ical conductor and said second electrical conductor, said electric field measurement device comprising: a housing made of dielectric material and ng a first open end and a second open end opposite said first open end, a first optical fibre being connected to a light , 10 a first optical lens being mounted in said housing at said first open end and in optical continuation of said first optical fibre, a circular polarization filter mounted in said housing in optical continuation of said first optical lens, a crystal rod received in and encapsulated within said housing in 15 optical continuation of said ar polarization filter, said crystal rod being made of a material having eiectro—optical ties, a linear polarization filter mounted in said housing in optical continuation of said crystal rod, a second optical lens mounted in said housing at said second open 20 end in optical continuation of said linear polarization filter, and a second optical fibre in optical continuation of said second optical lens, said second l fibre being connected to a light detection unit, said electric field measurement device being located adjacent said first ical conductor within said insulating space and defining a first minimum distance 25 between said crystal rod and said first electrical conductor and defining a second minimum distance between said crystal rod and said second electrical conductor, said second minimum distance being at least 10 times larger than said first minimum distance, said method sing the steps of: 30 ing a relative retardance between light emitted by said light source and light detected by said light detection unit, and calculating a calibration constant based on said relative rotation and said known voltages. 35

31. The method of claim 30 wherein said second minimum distance is at least 100 times larger than said first minimum distance.

32. The method of claim 30 wherein said second minimum distance is at least 1000 times larger than said first minimum distance.

33. The method of claim 30 wherein said second minimum distance is at least 10,000 times larger than said first minimum distance.

34. The method of claim 30 wherein said second minimum ce is at least 100,000 times larger than said first minimum distance. 10

35. The power transmission system according to any one of the claims 1—24, wherein said insulating space constitutes a gas insulated space.

36. The power transmission system of claim 35, wherein said gas insulated space is a space filled by one of N; or SFa. 15

37. The power transmission system of claim 35, wherein said gas insulated space is a space filled by heric gas.

38. An AC or DC power transmission system substantialty as herein bed with reference to any embodiment shown in the accompanying 20 drawings.

39. A method of measuring a e substantially as herein described with reference to any embodiment shown in the accompanying drawings. 25

40. A method of calibrating an electric fieid measurement device included in a power ission system, said method substantially as herein described with reference to any embodiment shown in the accompanying drawings. WO 98099