NZ611894B - Indented tendons, processes of forming and uses thereof - Google Patents
Indented tendons, processes of forming and uses thereofInfo
- Publication number
- NZ611894B NZ611894B NZ611894A NZ61189413A NZ611894B NZ 611894 B NZ611894 B NZ 611894B NZ 611894 A NZ611894 A NZ 611894A NZ 61189413 A NZ61189413 A NZ 61189413A NZ 611894 B NZ611894 B NZ 611894B
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- tendon
- indentation
- radius
- indentations
- rod
- Prior art date
Links
- 210000002435 Tendons Anatomy 0.000 title claims abstract description 259
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 45
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 95
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 60
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 50
- 230000003014 reinforcing Effects 0.000 description 41
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 31
- 238000005097 cold rolling Methods 0.000 description 26
- 239000011440 grout Substances 0.000 description 26
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000001070 adhesive Effects 0.000 description 13
- 210000000614 Ribs Anatomy 0.000 description 10
- 238000011068 load Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010622 cold drawing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001294 Reinforcing steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009415 formwork Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002965 rope Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007788 roughening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000677 High-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene (PE) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000003742 Solidago odora Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001010 compromised Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011513 prestressed concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003908 quality control method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002459 sustained Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Abstract
tendon comprising a plurality of indentations that have been cold-rolled into the tendon along the length and around the circumference thereof, each indentation having opposing edges which generally extend longitudinally and in parallel to a longitudinal centreline of the tendon, wherein, when the tendon is viewed in transverse cross-section through the indentation from one edge to the other, and an axis is projected from the longitudinal centreline of the tendon to bisect a chord that extends between the edges, a base of each indentation is defined by a radius which extends from a point on the axis which is near to but offset from the tendon centreline, with the radius being approximately equal to or less than a radius of the tendon at an unindented portion thereof. tendon is viewed in transverse cross-section through the indentation from one edge to the other, and an axis is projected from the longitudinal centreline of the tendon to bisect a chord that extends between the edges, a base of each indentation is defined by a radius which extends from a point on the axis which is near to but offset from the tendon centreline, with the radius being approximately equal to or less than a radius of the tendon at an unindented portion thereof.
Description
INDENTED TENDONS, PROCESSES OF FORMING AND USES THEREOF
TECHNICAL FIELD
Disclosed herein is a tendon that comprises a plurality of indentations that have
been cold-rolled into the tendon, with the indentations being formed along the length
and around the circumference of the tendon. A process of cold-forming such an
indented tendon is also disclosed. The cold-rolling of the indentations can produce a
tendon having high tensile resistance as well as a low relaxation characteristic. The
tendon into which the indentations are cold-rolled may itself be cold-drawn. The cold-
rolling can also allow for more precise control of volume and shape of the indentations.
The tendon may be employed as a reinforcing element and, as such, the
indentations in the tendon may be configured to provide for an increased bond with
material to be reinforced (e.g. concrete, rock, etc). The disclosure is to be broadly
interpreted in that the tendon may also take the form of a rod or wire, or may comprise
a plurality of rods or wires bundled to form a composite strand and/or cable (i.e. that
comprises a plurality of strands). A reinforcing element comprising the one or more
tendons may be used to reinforce, for example, concrete or rock structures, but it should
be appreciated that its application is not so limited.
BACKGROUND ART
Elongate reinforcing elements, such as wire, rod and bar, and combinations
thereof, are used to reinforce materials with poor tensile strength such as cement,
concrete and rock. To form such elongate reinforcing elements, either a hot-rolling or a
cold-rolling process may be employed in which a metal element is roll formed between,
for example, two or more work rolls. For certain reinforcing applications, the
mechanical properties and residual stresses resulting from hot-rolling may not be
suitable for purpose in comparison to reinforcing elements formed by cold-rolling.
When hot-rolling rod or bar to form a reinforcing element, the rod or bar is
rolled at a temperature above the recrystallization temperature of the material (metal).
This enables grains within the metal rod or bar that are deformed during rolling to
recrystallize, thereby preventing the metal from work hardening.
When the reinforcing element is to have ribs formed thereon by hot-rolling, a
heated rod or bar is fed between work rolls that have been machined to have teeth
thereon. The ribs are formed by an extrusion or flow of the hot metal into gaps between
the teeth and, at the same time, the portions of the rod or bar located between adjacent
ribs are squeezed by the apex of opposing roll teeth, whereby the diameter of the rod or
bar is also reduced. When ribs are formed by hot-rolling, poor consistency in the height
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
of ribs moving along the rod or bar can result, as can variability in the depth of
indentations between adjacent ribs moving along the rod or bar. Examples of bar and
rod having ribs that are hot-rolled thereon are shown, for example, in each of
GB 646,801 and EP 601,630.
In many applications of reinforcing bar and rod, consistency in rib height and
consistency in indentation depth are not important considerations, so that a hot-rolled
rod or bar may be suitable for such applications.
However, because the deformed grains of the hot roll-formed rod or bar are able
to recrystallize, the rod or bar will have higher ductility but a lower tensile strength
when compared to a cold-rolled rod or bar of the same material. Also, a hot-rolled rod
or bar displays higher strain relaxation than a cold-rolled rod or bar. Hence, for certain
reinforcing applications, hot roll-formed rod or bar can be unsuitable. More
specifically, low relaxation, cold-drawn bars are most suitable to pre- and post-
tensioning reinforcing applications.
In the cold-rolling of a metal rod or bar to form a reinforcing element, the rod or
bar is usually rolled at room temperature, with the metal being worked by the rolls
below its recrystallization temperature. The strength of the rod or bar is increased by
strain hardening, occurring as a result of plastic deformation of the metal. Cold rolling
is known to produce reinforcing elements with higher tolerances and less variability
along the length of the rod or bar. Cold rolling also results in considerably less
diameter reduction of the resultant rod or bar.
Both hot- and cold-rolled rod, bar and wire can be used to reinforce materials
such as concrete slabs and vertical or horizontal rock structures to increase their tensile
strength. The rod, bar or wire may also be formed into grid or mesh prior to being
embedded in the slabs and structures.
Such components can assist with the transfer of loads applied to the material.
For example, rod, mesh and bar used in concrete slabs can provide increased tensile
strength to complement the inherent compressive strength of the concrete. Similarly, a
rock bolt can be inserted and grouted or adhered into a rock structure to provide tensile
strength and resistance to shifting loads (e.g. to help prevent collapse of walls and
ceilings of an underground wall, tunnel, etc). Further, to more effectively bond to the
concrete or grout, the rod, bar or wire may be roughened, corrugated, ribbed or indented
to provide additional surface area, as well as providing for “keying” of the bond
between the rod, bar or wire and the concrete.
However, when reinforced concrete is to be used in load-bearing applications
(e.g. in bridges, bearers, etc) the concrete may be ‘prestressed’. One way to prestress
concrete is by pre-tensioning the reinforcing element, wherein concrete is poured and
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
cured around an elongate reinforcing element that is already under longitudinal tension.
Once the concrete has cured/set, the tensioning of the reinforcing element is released,
whereby the element tends to contract, thus causing the concrete to be compressed (i.e.
be placed into compressive stress). However, the concrete may also maintain the
reinforcing element in a stressed tensile state.
In use, when a load is applied to the reinforced concrete, the tensed reinforcing
element as well as the compressed concrete function in a composite manner, whereby
the structure is able to absorb additional stress (e.g. through a reduction in the inherent
compressive force in the concrete). Further, because the concrete is always under
compression it is less subject to failure.
Another way to pre-stress concrete is by post-tensioning, which involves
compressing the concrete to apply tension to a reinforcing element after the concrete
has been poured and cured. Post-tensioned concrete may either be “bonded”, whereby
tension is applied to the reinforcing elements after curing of the concrete and then e.g.
grouted in place, or may be “un-bonded”, whereby each reinforcing element has
freedom of movement relative to concrete (e.g. each element extends in its own sheath,
with each sheath extending through the concrete). In either case, the reinforcing
element can be tensioned by jacks, anchors or anchor plates located at opposing
edges/ends of the concrete.
Because cold-rolled rod, bar or wire has a higher tensile strength and low
relaxation (i.e. less tendency to lose strain when under tension) compared to hot-rolled
rod or bar, when a cold-rolled reinforcing element is placed in a stressed tensile state
(such as by pre- or post-tensioning) it is inherently better able to sustain, for the lifetime
of the structure, the compressive load on material being reinforced (e.g. concrete, grout,
etc) than is a hot-rolled product.
Further, where an effective bond between the cold-rolled reinforcing element
and the reinforced material can be maintained, then such compressive load can be better
sustained, and hence improved performance of the composite material can be achieved.
Thus, a cold-rolled reinforcing element can be more suited to certain load-bearing
applications.
Rods, bars and wires having various dimensions and indentation patterns for use
in reinforcing concrete are known in the art. For example, CN 201908391 discloses a
large diameter steel wire having oblique surface indentations. The spacing between
indentations is quite large, with only a small proportion of the wire being indented. The
indenting of only a small proportion is to maintain the overall tensile strength of the
wire.
In another example, CN 201908230 discloses the use of a combination of
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
indented and unindented wires to form a strand for use as a reinforcing element for
prestressed concrete.
Similarly, CN 201339272 discloses the use of an indented reinforcing steel bar,
in the form of three wires that are wound together to form a strand, for use in railway
sleepers.
In a further example, CN 201678906 discloses a reinforcing steel bar for use in
concrete slabs. The bars are laid in a grid-like manner and have indentations on their
surface, similar to those described in CN201339272. A polyethylene plastic is cast onto
its surface at locations where the bars overlap in the grid formation.
Alternatively, when reinforcing materials such as vertical or horizontal rock
structures, rock bolts or cable bolts are placed into pre-drilled holes in the rock
structure. Grouting may then be pumped into the hole, or adhesive (e.g. in pre-installed
capsules) may be released to surround the bolt and secure it in place. In order to
sufficiently bond the grout to the bolt, a number of wires or rods are often wound
together to form a strand or tendon, and a number of strands or tendons can be used to
form the bolt. The spacing between the wires or rods, and strands or tendons, provides
additional surface area for the grout or adhesive to bond to. Roughening, corrugating,
indenting or ribbing of the bolt surface (e.g. such as by forming a threaded bolt) to
provide additional surface area for bonding between the bolt and the grout/adhesive is
also known. For example, US 3,653,217, and WO 01/77493 each
disclose rock bolts having various configurations, including indented or ribbed bars, as
well as cables having a number of twisted wires wound together.
The above references to the background art do not constitute an admission that
the art forms a part of the common general knowledge of a person of ordinary skill in
the art. The above references are also not intended to limit the application of the
tendon, rock bolt and forming process thereof, as disclosed herein.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
Disclosed herein is a tendon comprising a plurality of indentations that have
been cold-rolled into the tendon along the length and around the circumference thereof.
Cold-rolling of the tendon to form the indentations can produce a tendon having high
tensile resistance as well as a low relaxation characteristic. The tendon into which the
indentations are cold-rolled may itself be cold-drawn. Cold-rolling of the tendon can
also enable each of the indentations to be formed with a high and consistent tolerance,
and consistently along the length of the tendon, as well as allowing for more precise
control of the volume and shape of each indentation, in comparison to the variability of
hot rolling processes. Such characteristics can be desirable to an end user of the tendon,
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
and can make the “products” in which the tendons are employed more efficiently
formed, and of increased composite strength and performance.
Each indentation can be cold-rolled into the tendon to have opposing edges
which generally extend longitudinally, and in parallel, to a longitudinal centreline of the
tendon.
In a first aspect of the disclosure, when the tendon is viewed in transverse cross-
section through the indentation, from one edge to the other, and an axis is projected
from the longitudinal centreline of the tendon to bisect a chord that extends between the
edges, a base of each indentation can be defined by a radius which extends from a point
on the axis which is near to but offset from the tendon centreline. The radius is
approximately equal to or less than a radius of the tendon at an unindented portion
thereof.
In other words, a base of each indentation is defined by a depth on the axis from
the unindented portion and by a radius that is approximately equal to or less than a
radius of the tendon at an unindented portion thereof.
In this first aspect, the base of each indentation which is defined by the offset
radius can extend for a substantial proportion of the indentation base when the tendon is
viewed in transverse cross-section. Thus, the base as defined by the offset radius may
almost extend from one edge to the other. For example, the base defined by the offset
radius may extend for greater than 95% and may approach up to 99% of the edge-to-
edge extent of the indentation.
By way of further example, the extent of the base as defined by the offset radius
may result in a corner radius at each of the opposing edges of the indentation that is less
than half the depth of the indentation. A process for cold-forming such an indentation
may accordingly be configured to produce such “tight” corners.
Maximising the extent of the base that is defined by the offset radius, as well as
minimising the extent of the base that is affected by the corner radii, also maximises the
resultant indentation volume, especially in comparison to prior art indentations of
similar length and width.
Thus, when the tendon is used, for example, as a reinforcing element, the greater
indentation volume allows more of the material being reinforced, or more of the
filler/grout/adhesive, to extend into the indentations and bond with the tendon. Further,
when such a reinforcing element is placed in a stressed tensile state (such as by pre- or
post-tensioning) it is inherently better able to sustain a compressive load on the material
being reinforced, and hence an improved performance of the composite material can be
achieved.
In addition, notwithstanding the greater indentation volume, it has been
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
surprisingly observed that the target breaking load strength of the tendon can be
maintained.
Here, it should be understood that the ability to more precisely and consistently
form the indentations, each with a base of such extent, arise from the careful and unique
control of a cold-forming process. Such precision would simply not be possible with a
hot-rolling process.
In addition, having the base of each indentation defined in this manner means
that the base has approximately the same curvature, but is offset from, the curvature of
the tendon surface. This provides a more uniform depth across substantially the entire
base of the indentation as compared with indentations previously achievable for cold-
formed tendons (e.g. rod and wire), thus maximising the average (i.e. median) depth of
a given indentation.
Thus, a cold-rolling process for producing the indentations in the tendon can be
performed such that a very full extent of base as defined by the offset radius may result.
In this regard, feed tendon specification/tolerances, tendon feed speed and/or machining
of the cold-work rolls may each be controlled to exceptionally high tolerances.
In a second aspect of the disclosure, when the tendon is viewed in transverse
cross-section through the indentation, from one edge to the other, a chord ‘e’ can be
defined as the straight line distance between adjacent edges of adjacent indentations.
The sum of each such chord, when moving one revolution around the centreline of the
tendon, may produce a value in the range of 0.1 of the circumference of the unindented
tendon. For example, a cold-rolling process for producing the indentations in the
tendon can be controlled to result in tolerances whereby the sum of each such chord is
0.1 ± 0.01.
Again, such precise and consistent formation of the indentations on the tendon
arises from the careful and unique control of the present cold-forming process.
There are a number of country-specific standards in place relating to the
summation of chord lengths for a nominal wire diameter. This is generally referred to
as the “Σe” (or “sum e”) value.
In Australia, for example, the use of steel prestressing materials is governed by
the Australian Standard: AS4672, which dictates that Σe be less than 0.3 of the wire
circumference. This is to ensure that a sufficient bond between the wire and
surrounding material can be achieved. Currently available wires, such as those
disclosed in CN201339272 and CN201078906, for example, have a Σe that is
approximately equal to the value stipulated in the Australian Standard. To the contrary,
CN 201908391 teaches a wire having a Σe value of more than 0.3 of the wire
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
circumference which would therefore prevent its use, in Australia, as a prestressing
material. The present disclosure represents a significant reduction in Σe compared to
values considered acceptable by Australian Standards [AS4672] and in comparison to
known steel prestressing materials. Reduction of this Σe value therefore results in a
higher proportion of the circumference of the tendon being indented, thus providing for
a higher degree of bonding of the tendon with the surrounding material.
Thus, a cold-rolling process for producing the indentations in the tendon can be
controlled whereby the Σe value (i.e. each chord length) can be reduced, whilst at the
same time the formation of thin and weak steel fins on the tendon can be prevented, and
a target breaking load strength of the tendon can be maintained.
In one form, for a given length of tendon, there can be a total circumferential
surface area SA which is equal to the circumference of the tendon, at an unindented
portion thereof, multiplied by the given length. The SA represents the total
circumferential surface area of the indented tendon, but as if the tendon were
unindented (i.e. the surface area that is “missing” due to the indentation is included in
the total circumferential surface area). There is also an indented surface area SA which
is that part of the total circumferential surface area SA which has been indented (i.e.
that part of the total circumferential surface area that has been removed, or is
missing/vacant, due to the indentation of the tendon). The indented surface area SA
may be approximately equal to or greater than 50% of the total circumferential surface
area SA . For example, the indented surface area SA may be between approximately
tot i
50 to 75% of the total circumferential surface area SA , in order to prevent fins
forming on the tendon and to maintain the strength of the tendon.
When the tendon is used as a reinforcing element, having an indented surface
area approximately equal to or greater than 50% of the total circumferential surface
area, this has been observed to greatly increase the surface area available for the tendon
to bond to the surrounding material. For example, when the tendon is used as a
reinforcing element for pre-tensioned concrete, the additional surface area can allow the
tension to be released from the reinforcing element earlier than usual, because the
material need not be cured for as long, or fully cured, and yet the same extent of
bonding, locking and/or securement between the tendon and the concrete can be
achieved.
Alternatively, a lower strength concrete may be used, in place of current higher
strength concretes, due to the increased securement of the material as a result of the
increased indentations.
In addition, the indented area may be maximised in a manner such that thin,
weak steel fins are not formed on the tendon between the indentations. Accordingly, a
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
target breaking load strength of the tendon may be maintained.
For example, a cold-rolling process for producing the tendon can be controlled
to result in such an increased indented surface area, along with a substantially constant
depth of indentation, to thereby provide a tendon that is reliable and consistent when in
use. Because the increase in indented surface area allows for a greater proportion of
material to bond to the tendon, improved performance of the resultant composite
material can result and this can also assist in preventing its failure in use.
In one form of the tendon, a depth of a given indentation, defined as the distance
between an unindented surface of the tendon and a base of the indentation, may be
substantially consistent for the entire base of the indentation, with a maximum variation
of depth being approximately 10%. By ensuring a consistent, substantially uniform
depth for a given indentation, a better and more uniform bonding between the
surrounding material and the tendon can be achieved.
The Australian Standard AS4672 dictates that the maximum permissible depth
variation for a given indentation is up to 50%. For example, a cold-rolling process for
producing the tendon can be controlled to result in a significant reduction of depth
variation, in a manner hitherto fore not contemplated, to thereby provide an indented
tendon that behaves more consistently and that is less prone to the surrounding material
pulling out of the indentation.
By way of comparison, rods or wires in the prior art can have an indentation
base with a varying profile, which provides indentation regions that are more
susceptible to withdrawal or to separation of material from the indentation (thus leading
to failure of the rod or wire in use).
In one form, an average depth for a given indentation, defined as the average
(i.e. median) distance between the base of the indentation and an unindented surface of
the tendon, may be substantially consistent to the average depth of other indentations.
The maximum variation of average depth may be approximately 10%. For example, a
cold-rolling process for producing such a tendon can be controlled to result in the
average depth of indentations being consistently produced.
Having indentations that are of a substantially consistent profile also contributes
to reliable performance of the tendon in-use. A consistent indentation depth for a given
tendon may also provide a user with confidence in how the tendon will perform in use,
whether it be a portion of the tendon (i.e. if the tendon has been cut to predetermined
lengths for use in smaller sections), or the entire length of tendon (i.e. there can be
consistency for the entire tendon length). Thus, the performance of a large section of
reinforced material will be reliable, as will be smaller sections that may be cut from the
larger (e.g. whole) section.
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
In one form, each indentation may have a volume such that the total volume for
all indentations is approximately greater than or equal to 5% of the volume of a pre-
indented tendon. The total volume of indentations can influence the ability of the
tendon to bond with the material (i.e. it can maximise the volume of surrounding
material that can bond with the tendon). Again, a cold-rolling process for producing
such a tendon can be controlled to result in a consistent total volume of all indentations
being produced.
Prior art rods often have a total indentation volume of as little as 1.5%. This is
due, in part, to the need to minimise deformation of the rods to ensure that sufficient rod
strength is maintained, such as is disclosed in CN 201908391 or CN 201678906.
However, when the cold-rolling process is carefully controlled to maximise total
indentation volume, it has been observed that the strength of the tendon is not
compromised in comparison to prior art rods.
The tendon as disclosed herein may take the form of a rod, bar or wire. When
the tendon takes the form of a rod or wire, a number of rods or wires may be wound
together to form a strand. Similarly, a number of strands may be wound together to
form a cable or rope. Strands and/or cables may find particular use in applications such
as rock bolting, ropes, lifting cables, mooring cables, road barriers, etc.
In one form, the process of cold-forming can produce a low-relaxation wire.
When indented, such low-relaxation wire may find particular use in concrete
reinforcement and foundations, such as for railway sleepers, concrete bearers, bridges,
buildings, causeways, dams or any other concrete structure. In an alternative form, the
wire may take the form of a low carbon wire. The low carbon wire may find particular
use in standard reinforced concrete applications, such as a wire meshing.
In one form, the tendon may be suitable for use as a reinforcing element. For
example, the tendon may be used as a concrete reinforcing element, or may form part of
a rock bolt or cable bolt.
The use of such a tendon, as defined above, as a reinforcing element is also
disclosed. For example, the use of the tendon as a concrete reinforcing element, or as
part of a rock bolt, etc, is disclosed.
Also disclosed herein is a process of cold-forming an indented tendon. The
process comprises providing and then cold-rolling a first length of unindented tendon
through a set of toothed rolls.
As mentioned above, cold-forming of the tendon can produce a tendon having
high tensile resistance as well as a low relaxation characteristic (i.e. less tendency to
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
relax due to strain hardening), making the tendon highly suitable for material
reinforcing applications. The unindented tendon into which the indentations are cold-
rolled may itself be cold-drawn.
As set forth above, the cold-rolling process step can be controlled such that each
of the indentations is formed with a high and consistent tolerance, and in a consistent
manner along the length of the tendon, as well as providing for more precise control of
the volume and shape of each indentation, in comparison to the variability of hot rolling
processes.
For example, the process can be operated to ensure a high and consistent
tolerance in the unindented “feed” tendon provided to the cold-rolling stage. In this
regard, careful control may be exercised when e.g. cold-drawing the feed tendon.
In addition, the toothed rolls can be configured (e.g. carefully and closely
machined) to cold-form the indentations with a high and consistent tolerance, and in a
consistent manner along the length and around the circumference of the tendon.
Further, the tendon feed speed (roll speed) can be carefully controlled to further
maximise consistency in the indenting of the tendon.
In one form of the process as disclosed herein, the cold-rolling can be controlled
such that the sum of the volumes of each indentation is approximately greater than or
equal to 5% of the volume of the tendon. Controlling the total indentation volume for a
given length of tendon has been observed to produce a tendon that will perform
consistently in use.
When a second length of unindented tendon, of the same given size as the first
length of tendon, is cold-rolled through the set of toothed rolls, indentations can be
created along the length and around the circumference of the second length of tendon.
The total volume of all indentations on the second tendon can be measured, as a % of
the total tendon volume.
The process can be operated so as to ensure that the total volume of indentations
on the second tendon varies from the total volume of indentations of the first tendon, as
a % of total tendon volume, by less than 20%.
For example, where the total volume of indentations on the second tendon varies
by more than 20% from the total volume of indentations for the first tendon, the second
length of tendon can be discarded. Again, this can provide consistency to the
processing of any given length of a tendon, including of subsequently rolled tendons.
Where a subsequently rolled tendon has a total indentation volume that falls within such
controlled process parameters, this indicates to a user of such tendons that they may
rely on the tendon’s integrity and performance characteristics in use, regardless of when
the tendon was manufactured. Further, by operating the process to consistently monitor
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
for non-conformance with the specifications (e.g. total indentation volume), tuning or
refining of drawing and rolling parameters such as by controlling diameter of an
unindented tendon, adjusting the location/alignment of the toothed rolls, and
replacement of the toothed rolls, can be implemented as required.
In a further form of the process as disclosed herein, rolling can be controlled
such that, when the tendon is viewed in transverse cross-section through the indentation
from one edge to the other and an axis is projected from the longitudinal centreline of
the tendon to bisect a chord that extends between the edges of the indentation, a base of
each indentation can be defined by a radius which extends from a point on the axis
which is near to but offset from the tendon centreline. The radius can be approximately
equal to or less than a radius of the tendon at an unindented portion thereof. A base of
the indentation having a radius approximately equal to the radius of the tendon can
result in a base that is substantially parallel to the arc of the circumference of the
unindented portion of the tendon. The base may, in this regard, be considered to form
an arc that is substantially concentric to the arc of the circumference of the unindented
portion. The toothed rolls may be precision ground, during machining of the rolls, to
accordingly cold-form such a base, and to the specific size of the intended product.
In yet another form of the process as disclosed herein, rolling of the tendon can
be controlled such that, when the tendon is viewed in transverse cross-section through
the indentation from one edge to the other, a chord ‘e’ can be defined as the straight line
distance between adjacent edges of adjacent indentations, where each edge is defined as
where each indentation commences. The sum of each such chord, when moving one
revolution around the centreline of the tendon, can produce a value in the range of 0.1
of the circumference of the unindented tendon. The toothed rolls may accordingly be
precision ground, during machining of the rolls, to be configured to reduce the Σe value
(i.e. the summed value of chords ‘e’ moving one revolution around the tendon), whilst
maintaining the integrity of the tendon. For example, a cold-rolling process for
producing the indentations in the tendon can be controlled to result in tolerances
whereby the sum of each such chord is 0.1 ± 0.01.
In yet another form of the process as disclosed herein, rolling can be controlled
so that a depth of a given indentation, defined as the distance between an unindented
surface of the tendon and a base of the indentation, is substantially consistent for the
entire base of the indentation. The maximum variation of depth for a given indentation
can be approximately 10%. When the variation in depth for a given indentation is more
than 10%, the tendon may be discarded. This implementation of the process has been
observed to establish strict quality control to ensure that users are provided with a
consistent product that will perform in a consistent manner.
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
In one form, the rolling may be further controlled so that the average depth of a
given indentation is substantially consistent with the average depth of other
indentations. The maximum variation in average depth for indentations may be
approximately 10%. Again, when the average depth of indentation varies by more than
10% between indentations, the tendon can be discarded. Ensuring consistency in the
resultant tendon provides a reliable and dependable product.
In one form, the indented tendon formed by the process as disclosed herein may
undergo further processing. The further processing may include heat treatment and/or
loading of the tendon. Further processing may also include coating, polishing or
roughening the tendon.
In one form, the tendon resulting from the process as disclosed herein may be
cut to a predetermined length. The cut length of tendon may then be used as, for
example, a reinforcing element.
Also disclosed herein is a rock bolt. The rock bolt comprises a plurality of
straight tendons having at least one co-terminated end. The ends may be co-terminated
by a member, such as a boss, that extends, in the finished rock bolt, beyond the
outermost tendons to form a shoulder for abutment against the rock or a plate, to assist
with anchoring the bolt to the rock. The co-terminated end eliminates the need to use,
for example, an additional anchor head or clamp to secure the tendons together.
In one form, the tendons may be co-terminated such that a pre-determined
spacing is maintained therebetween. Providing a spacing between the tendons at their
co-terminated ends allows grout or filler, which is pumped into the bore hole in which
the rock bolt is being positioned, or a pre-existing adhesive (e.g. in a capsule), to have
an increased tendon surface area with which to bond. Spacing between the tendons can
also simplify or make injection of the grout or filler, or the flow of adhesive, easier.
The tendon ends may be co-terminated by a head portion, which may be moulded,
sagged, clamped, welded, cast or bolted to the ends. Intermediate spacers may be used
to maintain the pre-determined spacing along the length of the tendons. Maintenance of
the spacings along all, or part, of the length of the tendons ensures maximum volume
between tendons for grout/adhesive to flow into, thus providing for additional
securement of the rock bolt.
In one form, at least one of the tendons of the rock bolt may comprise a tendon
that is formed as disclosed above. For example, the rock bolt may comprise up to eight
such tendons, and two of the tendons may be as disclosed above. In another form, each
of the tendons of the rock bolt may comprise a tendon as disclosed above. The use of
such cold-formed indented tendon(s) as rock bolt tendons further increases the surface
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
area to which the grout, filler or adhesive can bond, and provides for additional
securement by the interlocking of the grout, filler or adhesive with the indentations.
This helps to prevent pull-out of the tendons from the grout, filler or adhesive.
In one form, one or more of the tendons may be of a different length to the other
tendons. A rock bolt may generally be positioned into a drilled hole in rock, and grout
pumped into the hole to secure the bolt in the rock. Having tendons of differing lengths
can assist with pumping of the grout into the hole, and ensuring that the tendons are
adequately surrounded by the grout to provide adequate securement to the rock.
Further, tendons of different length can allow some parts to be stronger than other parts
of the bolt.
In one form, one or more of the tendons may be in the form of a tube, having a
hollow centre and indentations formed along the length and around the circumference
of the tubular material. This can assist with pumping of the grout into the hole. For
example, where grouting tubes are used in the tendon, they can be of different lengths
to allow the grout to penetrate into different parts of the bore hole.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the tendon,
rock bolt and forming process thereof as set forth in the Summary, specific tendon
embodiments, rock bolt embodiments and forming processes thereof will now be
described, by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings in
which:
Figure 1 shows a side schematic view of a tendon embodiment, in accordance
with the present disclosure;
Figure 2 shows a cross-sectional schematic view of the tendon shown in Figure
1, with Figure 2a showing a detail of Figure 2;
Figure 3 shows a plan view of the circumferential surface area of the tendon
shown in Figures 1 and 2;
Figure 4 shows a side view of an embodiment of a rock bolt, in accordance with
the present disclosure;
Figure 5A to 5C respectively show side and plan views, and a cross-sectional
detail, of a toothed roll suitable for implementing the process as disclosed herein to
produce indented tendon as disclosed herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
Referring firstly to Figures 1 and 2, a portion of a tendon, in the form of rod 10,
is shown. The rod 10 may itself comprise a cold-drawn rod, the diameter of which has
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
been carefully formed in the preceding cold-drawing process stage. Indentations 20, 30
and 40 are cold-rolled into the rod 10 along the length and around the circumference of
the rod.
The cold-drawing of the rod 10 and the cold-rolling of the indentations 20, 30
and 40 provides the rod 10 with high tensile resistance as well as a low relaxation
characteristic. The cold-rolling of the indentations 20, 30 and 40 also enables each
indentation to be formed with a high and consistent tolerance, as well as consistently
along the length of the rod. The cold-rolling also allows for more precise control of the
volume and shape of each indentation, especially when compared to hot rolled product.
The rod 10 is shown having a longitudinal centreline LC (e.g. central axis), a
length L and a circumference C , which is the circumference of the rod if it were
unindented (i.e. calculated using the radius R of an unindented portion of the rod 10, as
taken from the longitudinal centreline LC). The indentations 20, 30, 40 are cold-formed
around the circumference C of the rod 10 and are repeated along its length L. Each
indentation 20, 30, 40 has opposing edges 22, 24; 32, 34; 42, 44, respectively, which
edges generally extend longitudinally, and in parallel to the longitudinal centreline LC
of the rod 10. Each indentation 20, 30, 40 has a base 26, 36, 46 which extends between
the two opposing edges 22, 24; 32, 34; 42, 44.
The configuration of base 26 of indent 20 will now be described in detail, with
reference to Figures 2 and 2a. Base 26 is configured to have a radius that is
approximately equal to, or slightly less than, the radius R of an unindented portion of
the rod 10. By way of example, if indentation 20 is considered, it will be seen that the
radius R of the base 26 of indentation 20 extends from a point P on an axis B-B.
i20 20
Axis B-B is the bisector of the chord C-C, which extends between the edges 22 and 24
of indentation 20, with axis B-B extending through the longitudinal centreline LC of the
rod 10. It can be seen in Figure 2 that point P , from which the indentation radius R
i20
extends, is near to but offset from the longitudinal centreline LC of rod 10. The point
P is located on axis B-B on an opposite side of the longitudinal centreline LC of rod
to the base 26.
It will also be seen that the distance that point P is offset from the longitudinal
centreline LC on axis B-B is equivalent to (i.e. establishes) the depth D of the
indentation 20. Further, it will be seen that the depth D is the average distance
between the base 26 of indentation 20, and the circumference C of an unindented
portion of rod 10 if it were to continue where the indent is located (i.e. see dotted
circumference line in Figure 2).
While only the configuration of base 26 has been described above, bases 36 and
46 are of a similar configuration and thus a similar explanation to the above applies to
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
the bases 36 and 46 of indentations 30 and 40.
It can be clearly seen in Figure 2 that, due to radius R being approximately
equal to, but offset from, radius R , the depth D of indentation 20 remains
u i20
substantially constant across the base 26 and for a large edge-to-edge extent. This is
also true for the bases 36, 46 of indentations 30, 40, whereby a maximum average depth
variation between indentations is 10%. This results in a concentric circle-like
arrangement of bases 26, 36, 46 with respect to the circumference C .
As also shown in Figure 2, the extent (i.e. edge-to-edge) of the base 26, 36, 46
of each indentation 20, 30 and 40, as defined by the offset radius R , represents a
substantial proportion of the indentation when the tendon is viewed in transverse cross-
section. For example, the extent of the base 26, 36 or 46 formed by the offset radius R
usually extends for at least 95%, and can approach up to 99%, of the edge-to-edge
extent of the indentation. This maximising of the extent of the base that is defined by
the offset radius also maximises the resultant indentation volume, especially in
comparison to prior art indentations of similar length and width.
More particularly, as revealed in the detail of Figure 2A, the high tolerance and
precision cold-forming of the indentations, can result in a corner radius R at each of the
opposing edges of the indentation that is less than half the depth D of the indentation,
whereby a tight corner results. In other words, the edge-to-edge extent of the base of
each indentation is substantial.
The process and roll set-up as described herein are thus carefully and
controllably configured and operated so as to produce a rod with such precise
configuration of the indentations.
It can also be seen in Figure 2 that a chord ‘e’ can be defined between edge 34
of indent 30 and edge 42 of indent 40 (i.e. the adjacent edges of adjacent indentations).
Similar such chords ‘e’ can also be defined between edge 44 of indent 40 and edge 22
of indent 20, as well as edge 24 of indent 20 and edge 32 of indent 30.
Again the cold-forming process and roll set-up as described herein are
configured and operated such that the sum of each such chord (i.e. “Σe”), when moving
one revolution around the centreline of the rod, is able to produce a value in the range
0.1 of the circumference C , and to a tolerance of ±0.1. This represents a significant
reduction (i.e. of about or greater than one third) of the Σe when compared to values
considered acceptable by Australian Standards [AS4672] as well as when compared to
the Σe values of known steel prestressing materials. Further, it has not previously been
thought possible to produce, nor has the significance been recognised of, such a low Σe
value.
Where the cold-forming process and roll set-up are configured and operated to
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
produce such a low Σe value, a higher proportion of the circumference C of the rod 10
is indented. This increased amount of indentation has been observed to provide and
allow for a greater extent/degree of bonding of the rod 10 with a surrounding material
(e.g. concrete, cement, grout, adhesive, etc).
Referring now to Figure 3, a plan view of the circumferential (i.e. expanded)
surface area of rod 10, illustrating a useful indent pattern, is shown (i.e. as if the
circumference C of the rod 10 has been opened out into a 2-dimensional
representation, to thereby show the indented 20, 30, 40 and unindented areas of the rod
).
Using the rod representation of Figure 3, it will be understood that the total
circumferential surface area SA is equal to the circumference C multiplied by the
tot u
length L of the rod 10. Further, the indented surface area SA is determined as the
combined surface areas of indents 20, 30 and 40 along the length L of the rod 10. The
indented surface area SA represents that part of the total circumferential surface area
SA which has been indented. As shown in Figure 3, the cold-forming process and roll
set-up as described herein are able to be configured and operated such that the indented
surface area SA is approximately equal to or greater than 50% of the total
circumferential surface area SA of rod 10.
It can also be deduced from the rod representation of Figure 3 that the volume
for a given indentation, for example indentation 20, can be determined to be the surface
area SA multiplied by the depth D of the indentation. Again, the cold-forming
i20 i20
process and roll set-up as described herein are able to be configured and operated such
that, for the indentations 20, 30, 40, the total volume for all indentations for a given
length of rod 10 is approximately greater than or equal to 5% of the volume of the rod
10, if it were unindented.
Experiments conducted by the applicant have also shown that a greater
extent/degree of bonding of the tendon with a surrounding material can occur when the
indented surface area SA is equal to or greater than 50% of the total circumferential
surface area SA and/or when the total volume for all indentations for a given length of
rod is approximately greater than or equal to 5% of the volume of the rod.
Reference is now made to Figure 4, which shows a side view of a rock bolt 50.
The rock bolt 50 has five tendons (only three of which can be seen in Figure 4), with
each tendon being defined by a rod 10. The rods 10 of rock bolt 50 are generally as
described above with reference to Figures 1 to 3 (i.e. having a plurality of indentations
20, 30, 40 around their circumferences and along their length). The rock bolt 50 is also
shown with the rods 10 having ends 52 that are co-terminated by a head portion in the
form of a boss 54. The boss 54 maintains a spacing, or gap, between rods 10 to allow
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
for grout, filler or adhesive to be pumped or to flow therebetween, and to thereby
provide additional surface area for bonding with the grout, filler or adhesive. It is also
possible to provide intermediary spacers along the length of the tendons to maintain, or
to widen or narrow, the spacing/gaps therebetween.
While the rock bolt 50 in Figure 4 is shown having all five tendons in the form
of rods 10, it should be appreciated by a person of ordinary skill in the art that the
tendons may take another form, such as straight (unindented) rods, or rods with ribs (i.e.
raised rather than indented), or with other indentation patterns. Similarly, the tendons
may be a combination of rods some or parts of which have indentations/ribs, and some
or parts of which do not. Similarly, while the rock bolt 50 is shown having five
tendons, a person of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that fewer or more
tendons may be utilised, and depending on the use requirements of the rock bolt.
Reference is now made to Figures 5A to 5C, which show side and plan views,
and a cross-sectional detail taken on the line C-C, of one (of a number of) toothed rolls
suitable for implementing a cold-forming process as described herein to produce
indented tendon as described with reference to Figures 1 to 4.
Each toothed roll 60 comprises a number of teeth 62 formed in and around a
groove 64 that extends around the periphery 66 of the circular roll. In addition, a
plurality of discrete, spaced and transversely extending but transversely angled mini
grooves 68 are formed in the roll, across the peripheral groove. Adjacent grooves 68
define a respective tooth 62 therebetween.
As best shown in Figure 5C, each groove 68 is provided with opposing side
walls 69 which extend out from a base of the groove at an incline. Whilst Figure 5C
shows the incline as 40º, the inclination may vary. In addition, a chamfer is provided
along an edge of each side wall, i.e. where it intersects with a respective tooth 62.
Again, whilst Figure 5C shows a 0.2 mm chamfer, the chamfer may be varied. It is this
combination of transverse and angled extending of the grooves 68, together with a
predetermined incline and chamfering, which enables the teeth 62 to impart the
predetermined configuration to the indentations 20, 30 and 40 (i.e. as described above
for Figures 1 to 3) of a given rod 10. In this regard, such indentations are imparted to
an unindented metal (e.g. high carbon steel) rod that is fed and passed in and through
opposing grooves 64 of a number of opposing such toothed rolls 60.
Examples
Non-limiting Examples of a reinforcing element employing the rod 10 of
Figures 1 to 3 will now be described to illustrate how the rods were utilised in, for
example, a rock bolt such as that shown in Figure 4, or in concrete reinforcement. It
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
should, however, be appreciated that the rod 10 was able to be modified for use in other
reinforcing applications and arrangements.
In each instance, a cold-drawn rod 10 was cold-rolled through a set of toothed
rolls three times, to obtain the indentations 20, 30, 40 around the circumference and
along the length thereof. Depth and chord ‘e’ measurements were taken to ensure that
the rod 10 (and subsequent rods) were within the accepted specifications.
Example 1
A rod 10 for use in concrete railway sleepers was selected. In this application,
five full length rods were required, with the sleepers being cut from a larger concrete
slab.
Each rod was suitably spaced and positioned in a mould, and was tension
applied longitudinally thereto. Concrete was then poured into the mould to surround
and bond to the rods, and was allowed to cure for less than 24 hours. After this time, it
was possible to release the tension from the rods and remove the concrete from the
mould.
The concrete slab was then cut into predetermined size segments in a known
manner to form the railway sleepers. The sleepers were left to finish curing for 28 days.
It was observed that the new indentation configurations allowed the tension to be
released from the rods earlier than with known rods. This was equivalent to a time
saving of about 15%.
Example 2
A rod 10 for use in a concrete slab was selected. In this application, sixteen half
length rods were required, so eight rods were selected and cut in half. Each half-rod
was suitably spaced and positioned in a grid formation within an area framed by
formwork at the location where the slab was being poured. Longitudinal tension was
then applied at the ends of each rod.
Concrete was then poured into the formwork to surround and bond to the rods,
and was allowed to cure for three days. It was then possible to remove the tension from
the rods and the concrete was left to finish curing for 28 days. In this example, it was
observed that the use of the newly configured indented rods allowed a lower grade of
concrete to be used, without a reduction in the overall strength of the concrete structure.
Example 3
A rod 10 for use in forming a rock bolt 50 was selected. The rock bolt 50 was
fabricated with five tendons, such as a rock bolt as shown in Figure 4. Each tendon
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
comprised an indented rod 10. A single length of rod was cut into five varying lengths
to form the five tendons, whereby each tendon comprised a plurality of indentations
around its circumference and along its length. At one end of the to-be-formed rock
bolt, an end of each tendon was aligned with an end of each other tendon, and the
tendons were then co-terminated by moulding a head portion around the ends. In the
resultant head portion the tendon ends were maintained spaced apart, to maintain a
spacing between the tendons in the finished rock bolt. Discrete, intermediate spacers
were also positioned at various distances along the length of the tendons to maintain the
spacing.
The finished rock bolt 50 was part-way inserted into a pre-drilled bore hole.
Grout was pumped into the bore hole and was able to flow in to surround and extend
between the tendons of the rock bolt. The grout was continued to be pumped as the
rock bolt was inserted fully into the bore hole and the rock bolt was held in place until
the grout set/cured.
Example 4
A rod 10 for use in forming a rock bolt was selected. The rock bolt was
fabricated with seven tendons, having a combination of four indented rods 10 and three
unindented rods. A single length of rod 10 was cut into four equal lengths to form the
four indented tendons, whereby each indented tendon comprised a plurality of
indentations around its circumference and along its length. A length of unindented rod
was also cut into three lengths, equal to the lengths of the cut indented tendons, to form
the three unindented tendons. The seven tendons were then arranged such that one of
the indented tendons formed a core tendon and around which the other six tendons were
arranged. The remaining three indented and three unindented tendons were arranged
alternatingly (i.e. an unindented tendon had indented tendons located on either side
thereof, and vice versa). At one end of the to-be-formed rock bolt, an end of each
tendon was aligned with an end of each other tendon, and the tendons were then co-
terminated by welding a head portion around the ends. Again, in the resultant head
portion the tendon ends were maintained spaced apart, to maintain a spacing between
the tendons in the finished rock bolt. Discrete, intermediate spacers were also
positioned at various distances along the length of the tendons to maintain the spacing.
Again, the finished rock bolt was part-way inserted into a pre-drilled bore hole
and grout was pumped thereinto, to flow in and to surround and extend between the
tendons of the rock bolt. The grout was continued to be pumped as the rock bolt was
fully inserted into the bore hole, and the rock bolt was held in place until the grout
set/cured.
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
It is noted that the controlled cold-rolling of indentations into especially a cold-
drawn tendon such as wire, rod and bar as disclosed herein is able produce a tendon
having a number of desirable characteristics for an end user of the tendon (e.g. a
builder, a miner, or a manufacturer of concrete reinforced products). Such
characteristics include high tensile resistance, low relaxation characteristic, indentations
formed with a high and consistent tolerance, as well as consistently along the length of
the tendon, with more precise control of the volume and shape of each indentation.
Such tendons can make the end uses in which the tendons are employed more efficient,
and of increased composite strength and performance.
Whilst a number of specific tendons, rock bolts and cold-forming processes
thereof have been described, it should be appreciated that the tendons, rock bolts and
cold-forming processes can be embodied in many other forms.
In the claims which follow, and in the preceding description, except where the
context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word
“comprise” and variations such as “comprises” or “comprising” are used in an inclusive
sense, i.e. to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence
or addition of further features in various embodiments of the tendons, rock bolts and
cold-forming processes thereof as disclosed herein.
6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/12/14
Claims (6)
1. A tendon comprising a plurality of indentations that have been cold-rolled into the tendon along the length and around the circumference thereof, each indentation 5 having opposing edges which generally extend longitudinally and in parallel to a longitudinal centreline of the tendon, wherein, when the tendon is viewed in transverse cross-section through the indentation from one edge to the other, and an axis is projected from the longitudinal centreline of the tendon to bisect a chord that extends between the edges, a base of each indentation is defined by a radius which extends from 10 a point on the axis which is near to but offset from the tendon centreline, with the radius being approximately equal to or less than a radius of the tendon at an unindented portion thereof.
2. A tendon as claimed in claim 1 wherein the base of each indentation which is 15 defined by the offset radius extends for a substantial proportion of the indentation base when the tendon is viewed in transverse cross-section.
3. A tendon as claimed in claim 2 wherein the extent of the base defined by the offset radius results in a corner radius at each of the opposing edges of the indentation 20 that is less than half the depth of the indentation.
4. A tendon as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein, when the tendon is viewed in transverse cross-section through the indentation from one edge to the other, a chord ‘e’ can be defined as the straight line distance between adjacent edges 25 of adjacent indentations, each edge being where each indentation commences, such that the sum of each such chord, when moving one revolution around the centreline of the tendon, produces a value in the range of 0.1 of the circumference of the unindented tendon. 30
5. A tendon as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein, for a given length of tendon, there is a total circumferential surface area SA which is equal to the circumference multiplied by the given length, and wherein there is an indented surface area SA which is that part of the total circumferential surface area SA which has been i tot indented, whereby the indented surface area SA is approximately equal to or greater 35 than 50% of the total circumferential surface area SA .
6. A tendon as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein a depth of a 6080607_1 (GHMatters) P89418.NZ SAMANTHA 24/
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2014203107A AU2014203107B2 (en) | 2012-06-29 | 2014-06-06 | Indented tendons, processes of forming and uses thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2012902798A AU2012902798A0 (en) | 2012-06-29 | Indented tendons, processes of forming and uses thereof | |
AU2012902798 | 2012-06-29 | ||
AU2013204419A AU2013204419A1 (en) | 2012-06-29 | 2013-04-12 | Indented tendons, processes of forming and uses thereof |
AU2013204419 | 2013-04-12 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ611894A NZ611894A (en) | 2015-01-30 |
NZ611894B true NZ611894B (en) | 2015-05-01 |
Family
ID=
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN103088920B (en) | Pre-tensioning prestressed composite beam structural system and construction method thereof | |
JP6165357B2 (en) | Pretension type centrifugal concrete pile with steel strands and method for manufacturing the same | |
CA2813703C (en) | Reinforcement bar and method for manufacturing same | |
US7765752B2 (en) | Anchor system with substantially longitudinally equal wedge compression | |
CN103249899A (en) | Self-reinforced masonry blocks, walls made from self-einforced masonry blocks, and method for making self-<wbr/>reinforced masonry blocks | |
Singhal et al. | Cyclic behaviour of precast reinforced concrete beam-columns connected with headed bars | |
KR20130100681A (en) | Hybrid beam with separated double swellings and assembling method thereof | |
CN203096949U (en) | Pre-tensioning method prestressing force superposed beam structural system | |
US11414867B2 (en) | Rebar anchoring system and method | |
AU2013204419A2 (en) | Indented tendons, processes of forming and uses thereof | |
AU2014203107B2 (en) | Indented tendons, processes of forming and uses thereof | |
US9315998B1 (en) | Cable lock-off block for repairing a plurality of post-tensioned tendons | |
NZ611894B (en) | Indented tendons, processes of forming and uses thereof | |
CN110777960A (en) | Beam hinge assembly type self-resetting friction connection node structure and method | |
KR101701416B1 (en) | Precast Concrete Deck for Long-Span Slab and the Slab using it | |
US11982086B2 (en) | Ultra high-performance concrete bond anchor | |
TW202221204A (en) | Steel bar anchoring system and method wherein the system includes a steel bar, an anchoring head and a bolt | |
CN210563543U (en) | External unbonded prestressed underpinning node | |
KR200291793Y1 (en) | Pssc complex girder | |
CA2548508A1 (en) | A structural element | |
KR102587742B1 (en) | manufacturing method of centrifugal formed concrete pile reinforced by fiber reinforced plastic tube with shear key | |
CN219315402U (en) | Self-stress cement concrete precast slab for road | |
CN213927093U (en) | PSB finish rolling deformed steel bar prestressed concrete member | |
CN220927530U (en) | Device for rapidly positioning tensioning end of corrugated pipe | |
CN220450598U (en) | Concrete pavement structure composed of self-stress plates and pretensioning precast plates |