NZ610906A - Improved complexes and compositions containing curcumin - Google Patents

Abstract

610906 A complex including a phospholipid and curcumin, characterised in that the phospholipid is sourced from a marine oil. Marine oils are high in omega-3 fatty acids. Also disclosed are compositions comprising the complex and a method for preparing the complex.

Description

IMPROVED COMPLEXES AND COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING CURCUMIN TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to improvements in and relating to the bioavailability of curcumin, and methods of producing complexes and compositions providing improved bioavailability of curcumin.

BACKGROUND ART Curcumin is a compound present in the spice turmeric. Curcumin has been shown in many studies to have pharmacologic effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities. As such, curcumin represents a target to fight diseases such as cancer, heart disease diabetes, Crohn’s disease and various neurological diseases. For this reason, there has been significant research on curcumin over the past 20-30 years.

A significant advantage of curcumin is its wide acceptance due to it being a natural compound used for centuries as a spice in food such as curries. A further advantage is that, even at high doses, there are little to no side effects. It is also relatively cheap to source, and stores well at room temperature.

Despite these advantages, an overriding issue which has yet to be addressed is curcumin’s well known problem of low bioavailability in animals. This is thought to be due to a combination of factors including poor solubility and hence poor absorption, elimination from the system and/or rapid metabolism.

In the past, this poor solubility has been overcome, at least in in vitro studies, by adding carriers such as DMSO or Tween 80 which help to increase solubility of the curcumin.

However, addition of these carriers in a therapeutic medicament would not be suitable reasons, primarily because carriers such as DMSO lead to a foul taste, it adds to the manufacturing cost and process, and detracts from the advantage that curcumin is a natural product (which consumers like).

Combining curcumin with an oil can improve the uptake of curcumin into the systemic system. However, because the curcumin does not bind with the oil, the majority drops out of suspension after mixing.

Agitating the curcumin and oil mixture vigorously can provide a slightly improved product due to a small percentage being solubilised. Regardless of how vigorously the curcumin and oil mixture is mixed, centrifuging the product will effectively precipitate most of the curcumin from the oil.

In order to try to overcome the poor absorption/stability issue and to maximise from curcumin’s beneficial effects, numerous approaches have been investigated over the past few decades. These include preparation of liposomal or phospholipid structures, nanoparticles, and structural analogues. Anand et al., Mol. Pharmaceutics, 2007, 4 (6), 807-818 provides a good review of these different approaches.

For example, describes a phospholipid complex with curcumin using phospholipids from vegetable or synthetic origin. A molar ratio of curcumin to lipid of 1;2 or 1;4 was provided having about 16.9% curcumin in the resulting complex. However, the resulting product was a viscous wax. This would make it substantially impossible to encapsulate in soft gels, and hence the product would almost certainly be provided in a tablet form. Although tablets are a suitable form for delivery of the complex, from the manufacturing perspective, encapsulation can be a more attractive option particularly for oil based formulations. Encapsulation in soft gels is only readily achievable if the resulting complex solution is not too viscous. An alternative method is using hard gel capsules whereby the paste is pumped into the gelatin capsules at slightly elevated temperatures.

A different avenue many research groups are exploring is combining curcumin with adjuvants. Compounds like piperine, quercetin and / or Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and/or eiscosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have recently been shown to produce a synergistic therapeutic effect when used in combination with curcumin, although the exact modes of action are still uncertain. These approaches have also been outlined in Anand et al, 2007.

It is also thought that this synergy of curcumin is limited to a relatively small subset (about 8) of Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids including DHA and EPA. For example, Altenburg et al., BMC Cancer 2011, 11;149 describes the synergy of DHA and curcumin in inhibiting numerous breast cancer cell lines.

In a further study, Swamy et al., Nutrition and Cancer 2008, 60: S1, 81-89 reported that a ratio of about 2.5:1 (DHA to curcumin) showed the greatest effect on apoptosis in BxPC-3 cells, a form of pancreatic cancer cells.

Therefore, although there is reasonable information guiding the formulator to optimal ratios of curcumin to adjuvants such as DHA, it can often be difficult to formulate a composition retaining the desired ratios (which may differ depending on the exact therapeutic effect desired), whilst also trying to accommodate for the issues around instability, insolubility and poor absorption of curcumin, as well as other factors of the composition such as preferred viscosity requirements.

Therefore, despite certain advances, there is still significant need to improve on the bioavailability and therapeutic effect of curcumin, the ability to increase loading of curcumin, the stability of resulting compositions, as well as the ease/cost of manufacturing the medicament in a convenient dosage form.

It is an object of the present invention to address one or more of the foregoing problems or at least to provide the public with a useful choice.

All references, including any patents or patent applications cited in this specification are hereby incorporated by reference. No admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. The discussion of the references states what their authors assert, and the applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinency of the cited documents. It will be clearly understood that, although a number of prior art publications are referred to herein, this reference does not constitute an admission that any of these documents form part of the common general knowledge in the art, in New Zealand or in any other country.

Throughout this specification, the word "comprise", or variations thereof such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps.

Further aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the ensuing description which is given by way of example only.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a complex including a phospholipid and curcumin, characterised in that some or all of the phospholipid is a marine phospholipid.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition including a complex with a phospholipid and curcumin, characterised in that some or all of the phospholipid in the complex is a marine phospholipid.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of preparing a complex or composition substantially as herein described above the method including the steps of: a) forming a first solution by dissolving a quantity of curcumin in a solvent; b) forming a further solution by adding slowly to the first solution a suitable quantity of marine phospholipid c) processing the further solution to form the complex d) separating the complex from the solvent by distillation.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of treatment using the composition substantially as herein described above, wherein the composition is used to treat or prevent, or at least provide complementary treatment or prevention, to one of the following conditions:  cancer,  heart disease,  diabetes,  Crohn’s disease, and  various neurological diseases.

The present invention surprisingly and advantageously benefits from the clever use of marine based organisms that have a high content of phospholipids and are naturally enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids such as DHA and EPA. In brief, the present invention: - allows formation of a stable complex using marine phospholipids, and by forming a stable complex, prevents separation of the components (therefore the present invention helps to improve effective absorption of the curcumin) - provides a high level of phospholipids, and by default a high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as DHA and EPA (inherently present as in the tails of the marine phospholipids). This increased level of fatty acids therefore helps to achieve a desired molar ratio of curcumin to fatty acids, which in turn is beneficial to provide the synergistic effect seen between these fatty acids with curcumin.

Throughout this specification the term marine phospholipid should be taken as meaning any phospholipid which is sourced from sea-based organisms such as fish and shellfish wherein the phospholipid or phospholipids contains at least one type of polyunsaturated fatty acid, and most preferably either DHA and/or EPA.

Some specific examples of such marine phospholipids are from marine oils include mussel oil, krill oil, salmon oil, squid oil and so forth. Another example of marine oils may be the oil from roe, again perhaps from fish or shellfish.

As also highlighted in other documents such as EP 1871399, marine phospholipids (typically sourced from marine oils) that are also rich in these polyunsaturated fatty acids include algae, phytoplankton and other plant based organisms. These marine phospholipid sources are clearly encompassed by the present invention.

Marine oils such as these exemplified above beneficially have relatively high phospholipid content. Therefore these may be beneficially used for the present invention to help achieve a preferred molar ratio of curcumin to phospholipids and fatty acids, as discussed further below. By using marine oils such as those exemplified above, the complex also beneficially provides the synergistic therapeutic effect offered by the Omega -3 fatty acids such as DHA or EPA with the curcumin present in the marine oil sourced lipids.

It should be appreciated that it is possible that the phospholipids are first extracted from the marine oil (for instance through acetone precipitation) and then subsequently bound to the curcumin to form the complex. During the extraction process, a waxy substance may result after the above acetone precipitation of the phospholipids, which may then be thinned down with a diluent before being complexed, or bound, with the curcumin.

Throughout this specification the term complex should be generally understood to be the binding together, through some form of chemical interaction or forces, of at least one part of the phospholipid and at least one curcumin compound. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the inventor envisages that the binding occurs through binding of the curcumin to the choline head group of the phospholipid so as to form a complex.

Alternatively the phospholipids may be obtained by adding several volumes of chilled ethanol to a suitable oil such as krill oil in which case the phosphatidylcholine (a preferred type of phospholipid as discussed further below) will become solubilised in the supernatant and can be drawn off and obtained in that manner.

Preferably, the composition includes marine oil. This is a preferred option because it is possible many of the components of the marine oil may be improving the therapeutic effectiveness or stability of curcumin. For example, mussel oil has about 91 different types of fatty acids.

Despite this synergy between the fatty acids DHA and/or EPA with curcumin being known for considerable time, no one in the industry has yet arrived at the present invention of actually bonding the curcumin to a marine derived phospholipid(s) to form acomplex.

Up until now, researchers have only been demonstrating a combination of DHA/Omega 3 with curcumin, but have never thought to actually form the complex by bonding the curcumin with the marine phospholipids which are rich in such components, thereby achieving two beneficial effects with a single component (namely benefiting from the synergy between the fatty acids and curcumin, and also using the marine phospholipids to form the complex.

On the other hand, researchers have primarily turned to using vegetable oil such as soyabean lecithin oil to bond the curcumin to the relevant phospholipid headgroups It is thought that soy phospholipids have been the mainstay for this curcumin complexing because they are known to be highly absorbed in humans, and do not show any chronic effects on animals in vivo, even at high dosages. Also the high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid present in soyabean oil has made it an attractive option for reducing the risk of diseases like heart disease. Yet, a major disadvantage is that there is no reported synergy with shorter chain fatty acids in vegetable oils (like linoleic acid) and curcumin.

Throughout this specification the term phospholipid should be taken as meaning any type of lipid that includes a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head. Phospholipids, in context of this invention, are used to form micelles whereby the choline group (if using phosphatidylcholine) head binds with the curcumin, while the phosphatidyl portion envelops the bound part.

Preferably, the marine oil contains greater than 20% w/w phospholipid. Marine oils such as salmon oil, mussel oil, krill oil and squid oil are all known to have phospholipid contents above 20%. One particularly preferred marine oil with high levels of phospholipid is mussel oil, with levels up to 65% w/w phospholipid.

Most preferably, the marine oil contains approximately 40% w/w phospholipid.

More preferably, the phospholipid is selected from the group consisting of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositiol phosphate (PIP), phosphatidylinositiol biphosphate (PIP2), and phosphatidylinositiol triphosphate (PIP3).

Most preferably, at least a portion of the phospholipid in the complex is phosphatidylcholine (PC).

This is because PC accounts for at least 50% of the outer membrane of all the trillions of cells in the human body. It is possible that the choice of PC as the marine phospholipid, in light of their prevalence in the cells of the human body, may help to improve absorption of the curcumin and fatty acids into cells where they can perform their therapeutic roles and synergy.

However, potentially any one or combination of phospholipids could be used with the present invention.

Again, good examples of marine oils that have both PC and PI include mussel oil, krill oil and salmon oil.

Alternatively, the phospholipid is selected from the broad class of phosphosphingolipids.

In this alternative embodiment, the phospholipid is selected from the group consisting of ceramide phosphorylcholine or ceramide phosphorylethanolamine (Sphingomyelin, SPH or Cer-PE respectively) and ceramide phospholipid.

Throughout this specification the term curcumin should be taken as meaning any curcuminoid. A curcuminoid may simply be curcumin as shown in the structure below, or may be a derivative of curcumin with varied chemical groups which provide improved stability or other pharmacokinetic properties of the compound.

The curcumin may be isolated from a natural source such as turmeric, or it may be synthetically prepared through a range of techniques.

Most preferably, demethoxycurcumin is used. In Cuomo et al, J. Nat. Prod. 2011, 74 664- 669, it was shown that phospholipid formulation increased the absorption of demethoxylated curcuminoids much more than that of curcumin, therefore making it particularly applicable for use in the current invention. A further commonly used alternative curcumin is bisdemethoxycurcumin.

However, any other form of curcumin, either known currently or developed in future, may be used as part of the present invention without departing from the scope thereof.

Preferably, the complex includes above 1% w/w curcumin.

Preferably, the complex includes between 1 to 5540 % w/w curcumin.

As discussed previously, a higher concentration and loading of curcumin is one strategy to improve the ultimate aim of greater absorption of curcumin into the body.

More preferably, the complex includes approximately between 2-8% w/w curcumin. It would certainly be possible to increase the level of curcumin beyond 8% within the complex of the present invention. This is discussed further in the specification.

Preferred example of molar ratios in the complex Preferably, the molar ratio of the curcumin to phospholipids in the complex is in the range of about 1:1 to 1:20.

Preferably, the molar ratio of the curcumin to phospholipids in the complex is in the range of about 1.1 to 1:5.

As discussed previously with reference to Altenburg and Swamy, there are reports to show that the most preferred molar ratio which provides the most effect synergy for the cancer cell lines studied was about 2.5 to 1 (DHA to curcumin). However it is clear a higher ratio upwards of 20:1 (DHA and/or other fatty acids such as EPA to curcumin) also show synergy, but to a lesser degree. It quite possible that depending on the particular therapeutic use (for example, the type of cancer cells to be targeted), the molar ratio that provides a heightened synergy could vary.

Such preferred ratios are beneficial as they are seen to effectively work with the trial examples performed by the inventor and are well documented to provide suitable complexing of curcumin with the phospholipid. For example, provides shows in Example 4 that up to 16% w/w curcumin could be achieved in a stable complex when the ratio of curcumin to phospholipid is as high as 1:4. Obviously, one could achieve a stable complex if the amount of phospholipid is increased in this ratio.

An example of how a particularly preferred 1:10 ratio of curcumin to phospholipids is provided below.

Mussel oil has approximately 65% w/w phospholipids, and also contains about 24% w/w EPA, 13% DHA and about 4-5% of six other Omega 3 acids, totalling about 41-42% Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids which are predominantly bound to the phospholipids.

Therefore, if one were to add 4 kg of curcumin to 100 kg (approximately 100 L) of mussel oil, a ratio of approximately 1:16 (curcumin to phospholipid) may be achieved in the resulting complex, and provide about a 40 g/L (or 4% w/w) curcumin in the complex.

Research shows that there can be a therapeutic effect of curcumin in the body (suggested by in vitro trials) with a molar ratio of curcumin to phospholipids of only 10 uM.

Preferably, the complex includes an amount of lecithin.

This may be to help achieve/and or maintain a preferred molar ratio of curcumin to phospholipids (although this may vary), and also help avoid the problem with an increased viscosity which may happen as a result of the fatty acids from the marine phospholipids.

This is a particularly preferred concept for the encapsulation of a lower viscosity oil based liquid containing the complex of the present invention.

Throughout this specification the term lecithin should be taken as meaning any mixture of substances from animal or plant tissue which includes phospholipids together with other components such as phosphoric acid, choline, fatty acids, glycerol, glycolipids, and/or triglycerides. The term lecithin throughout this specification should similarly be understood that it is a different substance to the marine phospholipid of the present invention and may or may not provides a source of phospholipids but is devoid of longer chain Omega-3 fatty acids such as DHA and EPA, i.e. carbon chains of 20 or above.

One scenario is that the amount of curcumin may be increased in the complex and composition supported by the phospholipids from the lecithin and from the marine oil phospholipids. As a result, it allows the molar ratio of the curcumin to fatty acids (from the marine oil phospholipids) to be increased within the complex, because the amount polyunsaturated fatty acids is not increased in the complex. Not only does this allow the formulator to increase the molar ratio of curcumin to fatty acids if so desired, but it also avoids the deleterious increase in viscosity attributed to the fatty acids. The molar ratio must always refer to phospholipids, the fatty acids are there purely as the extension (tails) of the phosphatidylcholine.

Preferably, the ratio of lecithin to marine oil in the composition is between 1:3 to 3:1. Most preferably, the ratio of lecithin to marine oil in the composition is approximately 2:1.

In a preferred embodiment, the lecithin is a vegetable lecithin oil. For example, the vegetable lecithin oil may be soybean lecithin oil or sunflower lecithin oil which are considered by the inventor to be particularly applicable to the present invention. This is because both sunflower lecithin oil and soyabean lecithin oil provide choline as a health supplement for brain function. However, other sources of lecithin are also within the scope of the present invention.

The inventor foresees that the lecithin is best provided in a liquid form opposed to a powdered form to avoid disadvantageously and unnecessarily increasing the viscosity.

Preferably, the composition includes a diluent.

The inventor foresees that the amount of phospholipid provided by the marine oil and lecithin is sufficient to support a stable complex with a concentration of curcumin up to 5% w/w and potentially higher as documented in . Yet, at these higher concentrations of curcumin above about 5% w/w, even with lecithin added to the composition in place of portion of the marine oil phospholipids, the viscosity of the complex may increase beyond what is practical to encapsulate in soft gels Preferably, additional components may be incorporated into the composition. These components do not necessarily bind to the complex but may help to improve stability, or for instance, may be added as adjuvants to improve the therapeutic effect of the composition.

Preferably, the composition includes quercetin which can bond with and form a complex with phospholipids.

Preferably, the composition includes piperine.

Both quercetin and piperine are known to be valuable adjuvants to curcumin, for example to increase absorption or potency of the curcumin for an improved therapeutic effect.

Preferably, some or all of the adjuvants are simultaneously complexed with the phospholipids. As discussed below, the quercetin and piperine are preferably added together with the curcumin prior to dissolving in the solvent, and prior to the addition of the phospholipids sourced from the marine oil. In this way, the quercetin is able to be complexed with the phospholipids in the same manner as the curcumin.

Method of manufacture According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of preparing a composition substantially as herein described above the method including the steps of: a) dissolving a quantity of curcumin in a solvent (preferably warm) to form a first solution, placing said solution under vacuum and 40- 50 degrees centigrade until gentle refluxing. b) mixing slowly to above solution a quantity of the marine phospholipid to form a second solution; c) processing the second solution to form the complex; and d) separating the complex from the solvent, preferably by vacuum distillation.

The solvent(s) used in the present invention may vary depending upon the type or amount of curcumin used, and the type or amount of phospholipid and/or other components intended for the composition or complex. Therefore the exact composition of the solvent should not be seen as being limiting.

Preferred embodiments in which the first constituent is a natural plant or animal based extract may utilise one or more solvents from the following list, it should be appreciated however that this list is not exhaustive and therefore should not be seen as being limiting.

 Hexane  Benzene  Toluene  Diethyl ether  Chloroform  Acetic acid  Butanol  Isopropanol  Propanol  Ethanol  Methanol  Formic acid  Dimethyl Sulfoxide,  Acetone.

Preferably, the solvent is a Protic solvent. Throughout this specification, the term Protic solvent should be taken as meaning any solvent that has a hydrogen atom bound to an oxygen (i.e. a hydroxyl group) or a nitrogen (i.e. an amine group). From the list above, protic solvents include acetic acid, butanol, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol and formic acid.

Most preferably, the solvent is ethanol.

Preferably step a) includes mixing approximately 40-50 parts volume of solvent to about 1 part curcumin.

This ratio helps to ensure the curcumin is properly dissolved and prevents precipitation during the mixing process. The process may also be aided by performing the dissolving step at warmer temperatures.

Solvents such as ethanol may be advantageous as utilise food grade quality ethanol is commercially available for processing techniques such as this.

The step of processing the second solution to form the complex may be achieved through numerous ways. There are many known techniques to form micellar complexes using phospholipids and a drug or compound, for example as documented in .

Yet without forming the complex, the curcumin and phospholipid are unstable and will separate quickly. This is not only a problem for shelf-life stability, but it also lowers the bioavailability of the curcumin as noted in the background art. To improve absorption, techniques including forming complexes help to keep the curcumin bound to the phospholipids for improved absorption in the body.

Preferably, step c) includes separation by way of evaporation.

Preferably, step c) includes heating the second solution to raise the temperature of the second solution to greater than the boiling point of the solvent, but less than the remaining components in the second solution.

Preferably, step c) includes heating the second solution in a pressure vessel.

Most preferably, the second solution is heated at below atmospheric pressure. This reduces the boiling point of the solvent and fluid and allowing efficient evaporation at lower temperatures. For example, the method may be performed under vacuum.

In some embodiments the pressure in the pressure vessel may be reduced sufficiently to facilitate evaporation of the solvent at room temperature.

In some embodiments the pressure in the pressure vessel may be raised to increase the boiling point of the solvent and fluid.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the method of manufacture, the method includes the steps of: a) dissolving a quantity of curcumin in ethanol to form a first solution; b) mixing the first solution with a quantity of a marine phospholipids to form a second solution, and c) boiling off the ethanol from the second solution to result in a complex formed between the phospholipid and curcumin.

In some preferred embodiments the step of boiling may be performed at atmospheric pressure or above, whereby the further solution is heated in order to exceed the boiling point of the ethanol.

In preferred embodiments the ethanol that is boiled off is condensed and recovered.

In some preferred embodiments the step of boiling may be performed by reducing the pressure in a vessel containing the further solution, the reduced pressure lowering the effective boiling point of the ethanol.

Reducing the temperature of evaporation by applying a vacuum is advantageous as it reduces the chance of the oil becoming rancid. Oils are sensitive to heat, light and exposure to oxygen. The use of a vacuum reduces both the contribution of heat and of oxygen to the degeneration of the oil.

Preferably, step c) includes applying a slow vacuum at around 40-50°C for 1 – 2 hours and then a full vacuum until all the ethanol is boiled off.

In some embodiments a combination of reduced pressure and heating of the further solution may be employed to evaporate off the ethanol.

.In some embodiments the pressure may be increased, thereby increasing the boiling point of the ethanol, thereby requiring a greater degree of heating to evaporate the ethanol.

It will be appreciated that the rate of evaporation may be controlled by increasing and decreasing the pressure within the pressure vessel in which the further solution is contained.

In preferred embodiments the vacuum pressure in the pressure vessel is in the range of 1- 100 torr.

ADVANTAGES OF THE PRESENT INVENTION: - Bonding the curcumin marine to a phospholipid improves bioavailability as the curcumin is protected by the complex.

- Bonding the curcumin to the phospholipid prevents separation which is seen when curcumin is simply added in combination with an oil (without complexing).

- Sourcing the phospholipid from a marine organism allows a preferred molar ratio of curcumin to omega 3 in the complex to be achieved.

- Using a marine oil sourced phospholipid beneficially maintains the synergistic effect seen between Omega 3 fatty acids with curcumin. Omega 3 fatty acids are by default always present in marine phospholipids.

- There is good public acceptance and trust of marine oils used in therapeutic compositions.

- The present invention also provides provision of a stable complex and ability to achieve higher molar ratios of curcumin to fatty acids by increasing the concentration. However, in such embodiments, the most preferred option would be tabletting or use of hard gels due to the higher viscosity of the composition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS Further aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following description which is given by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a flow diagram of one preferred method of preparing a composition in accordance with the present invention, and BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Figure 1 is a flow diagram illustrating the overall stages of producing a particularly preferred composition in accordance with the present invention. Box 1 of Figure 1 depicts the stage of combining of the various components such as curcumin, ethanol, marine phospholipids . It will be appreciated that combination may be performed in any order without departing from the scope of the invention; however the preferred option is adding the phospholipid to the curcumin and ethanol.

Box 2 of Figure 1 depicts a mixing step in which the further solution is mixed in order to evenly distribute the different components. It will be appreciated that this step could be combined with the combination step of box 1 and/or the reflux/evaporation of step 3. The mixing step 2 may be performed for a fixed period prior to reflux/evaporation step 3 so as to ensure even mixing.

Box 3 of Figure 1 depicts a reflux/evaporation step. Reflux/evaporation may be achieved in a number of ways, including:  boiling the mixed further solution at ambient pressure until the solvent has been evaporated off;  boiling the mixed further solution at elevated temperatures at above ambient pressure;  boiling the mixed further solution at reduced temperatures at below ambient pressure.

The boiling point of the solvent may be substantially lower than that of other fluids in the further fluid, as such the temperature/pressure may be controlled so that only the solvent is boiled off.

The evaporation stage may be controlled either manually, or by way of a control system, to control the rate of evaporation.

Typically the curcumin to be used will be initially as a powder. The powder can be dissolved in the solvent and the resulting solution added to the at least one or more further compounds. If the one or more further compounds include powdered compounds these can also be dissolved in the solvent prior to combining with the other compounds. The solvent may also be combined with a particularly viscous fluid in order to make the viscous fluid more fluent.

In some embodiments a further step may be included which involves taking a sample of fluid during the reflux/evaporation stage and centrifuging the sample to ascertain the degree of bonding between at least the first constituent and at least one of the at least one further constituents. It will be appreciated the in cases where bonding has not occurred centrifuging results in sedimentation of the first constituent forming. Where strong bonding has occurred little or no sedimentation is formed during centrifuging.

Examples The invention is further described by way of reference to the following examples. These examples should not however be construed as being limiting.

Example 1 – Method of manufacture In this example, the amounts of each component added is based on a “by weight” amount as illustrated in Example 2.

Step 1: In a vacuum tank, 40-50 parts of warm ethanol is mixed with an amount of curcumin, quercetin and piperine.

Step 2: Mixing occurs under reflux and vacuum (less than 100 mBar) and at a temperature of approximately 40-50°C until all the components are in suspension.

Step 3: An amount of mussel oil is slowly added to the solution formed by step 2.

Step 4: After 30 minutes of reflux, the mixture from step 3 is further mixed under a slow vacuum at around 40-50°C for 1 – 2 hours and then a full vacuum until all the ethanol is boiled off and collected in a evaporator leaving the curcumin bound to the phospholipid as a complex.

Step 5 (optional): Lecithin may then be added to the final composition, if required.

Example 2 – Exemplary composition of the present invention Component Relative amount Demethoxycurcumin 3.76% w/w Mussel oil 31.9% w/w Vegetable oil lethicin 63.9% w/w Piperine 0.04% w/w Quercetin 0.2% w/w Total Approx 100% Example 3 To illustrate the effectiveness of forming the curcumin-phospholipid complex on stability, the following study was done.

A control composition was produced by directly mixing 4% by weight curcumin powder with 500ml of mussel oil with a blender. The mixture was vigorously mixed in the blender for 20 minutes.

A comparable trial composition (4% curcumin) was then produced according to the method outlined in example 1 (method of manufacture) and 2 (example composition) and in accordance with the present invention.

The control and trial compositions were both placed in an IEC DPR6000 centrifuge and subjected to 4500 rpm (5550 G) for 1 hour. The resulting precipitate was weighed for each of the control mixtures.

The results showed that the control composition had only 0.3% by weight as soluble curcumin. This correlates to known rates of between 0.2 to 0.5% w/w solubilisation of curcumin. Oppositely, the trial composition did not produce any precipitate indicating that the entire 4% w/w of curcumin had been bound to the mussel oil derived phospholipids .

Example 4: The inventors compared a composition having just marine oil to a composition having both marine oil and lecithin. The concentration of curcumin was kept at 4% w/w for both compositions. It was found that the stability of the complex was not affected in the composition having lecithin. This meant that convenient encapsulation techniques could still be achieved for the lecithin-containing composition even when curcumin loading was increased beyond 4% w/w.

Aspects of the present invention have been described by way of example only and it should be appreciated that modifications and additions may be made thereto without departing from the scope thereof.

WHAT I/WE

Claims (29)

CLAIM 1. IS:

1. A complex including a phospholipid and curcumin, characterised in that some or all of the phospholipid is a marine phospholipid.

2. The complex as claimed in claim 1 wherein the phospholipid includes DHA and/or EPA.

3. The complex as claimed in any one of the above claims wherein at least a portion of the phospholipid in the complex includes phosphatidylcholine.

4. The complex as claimed in any one of the above claims wherein the complex includes between 1 to 15% w/w curcumin.

5. The complex as claimed in any one of the above claims wherein the complex includes approximately 2-8% w/w curcumin.

6. The complex as claimed in any one of the above claims wherein the molar ratio of the curcumin to phospholipids in the complex is in the range of about 1:2 to 1:20.

7. The complex as claimed in any one of the above claims wherein the molar ratio of the curcumin to phospholipids in the complex is in the range of about 1:1 to 1:5.

8. The complex as claimed in any one of the above claims wherein the ratio (w/w) of curcumin to phospholipid in the complex is between 1:100 to 1: 2

9. The complex as claimed in any one of the above claims wherein the ratio (w/w) of curcumin to phospholipid in the complex is between 1: 2.5 and 1:20.

10. The complex as claimed in any one of the above claims wherein the complex also includes piperine and/or quercetin.

11. A composition including the complex as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10.

12. The composition as claimed in claim 11 wherein the composition includes a marine oil.

13. The composition as claimed in claim 12 wherein the marine oil contains greater than 20% w/w phospholipid.

14. The composition as claimed in claim 12 wherein the marine oil contains approximately 40% w/w phospholipid.

15. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 11 to 14 wherein the composition includes an additional source of polyunsaturated fatty acids DHA and/or EPA.

16. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 11 to 15 wherein the composition includes an adjuvant.

17. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 11 to 16 wherein the composition includes quercetin.

18. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 11 to 17 wherein the composition includes piperine.

19. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 11 to 18 wherein the composition is provided in a liquid form in a soft gel capsule.

20. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 11 to 18 wherein the composition is provided in a solid dosage tablet form or hard gel.

21. A method of preparing a complex as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10, the method including the steps of: a) dissolving a quantity of curcumin in a solvent to form a first solution; b) mixing the first solution with a quantity of marine phospholipid to form a second solution; c) processing the second solution to form the complex; and d) separating the complex from the solvent.

22. The method as claimed in claim 21 wherein the solvent is a Protic solvent.

23. The method as claimed in claim 21 wherein solvent is ethanol.

24. The method as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 23 wherein step a) includes mixing approximately 40-50 parts volume of solvent to about 1 part curcumin.

25. The method as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 24 wherein step a) includes adding quercetin and/or piperine.

26. The method as claimed in any one of claims 22 to 25 wherein steps a), b) and/or c) include refluxing the solvent.

27. The method as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 26 wherein step c) includes applying a slow vacuum at around 40-50°C for 1 – 2 hours and then a full vacuum until all the solvent is boiled off from the solution.

28. A complex or composition including a complex as herein described and illustrated with reference to Example 2 in the Best Modes Section.

29. A method of manufacturing a complex or composition including a complex as herein described and illustrated with reference to Example 2 in the Best Modes Section.