NZ509714A - Sound absorbent cementitious tiles have perforations with a cut quality index greater than 0.98 - Google Patents

Abstract

A sound absorbing tile (20) comprising cementitious material having a plurality of punched perforations (22,24) extending into the cementitious material. The cut edges of the perforations have a cut quality index of greater than 0.98. The cut quality index is defined as the ratio of pixels occupied by the perimeter of a digitized image of a perforation after a smoothing operation has been applied, to the number of pixels occupied by the perimeter of a digitized image of a perforation before a smoothing operation has been applied. The smoothing operation comprises four levels of binary erosion followed by binary dilation.

Description

50 9 7 i £ NEW ZEALAND PATENTS ACT, 1953 No: Divided out of No. 337767 Date: Dated 9 April 1998 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION SOUND ABSORBENT CEMENTITIOUS TILES We, BPB PLC, a British company of Langley Park House, Uxbridge Road, Slough, Berkshire SL3 6DU., Great Britain, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: 'followed by page - la-" INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE OF N Z. " 2 FEB 2001 RECEIVE - la - SOUND ABSORBENT CEMENTITIOUS TILES.

This specification has been divided from Parent New Zealand Specification No. 337767.

The present invention relates to a cementitious tile having good acoustic properties. Also described herein are a method of making such a tile and a die assembly for use in the method.

Beard made from gypsum plaster is generically termec plasterboard. Conventional paper faced plasterboard is used as a cladding for building interiors, either to give, or to provide a base for, the desired decorative fimsn.

Plasterbcarc nas oser. successfully used ir. other applications, such as ceiling tiles, out nas not generally beer, very successful ir. applications wr.sre goca acoustic absorption properties are required. GB-A-2 2C3 "ill discloses a plasterbcarc. having relatively good acoustic absorption properties. The boarc is perforated by holes or slits which are covered on one face of the board ay cloth sendee to me boarc. wc—A-S7/QC11S ciscloses a plasterboard for use a"s an acouttic tils perforated «ritn regular slots. It has been desired to improve the acoustic absorption properties of plasterooard tiles; it has also been desired to achieve this in a tile of aestnetically pleasing appearance.

In known perforated plasterooard tiles, the edges cf the perforations tend to be somewhat indistinct, perhaps because fibres from the lining material extend into tnem.

Claims to the invention can be found in the present specification and in the Parent New Zealand Specification No. 337767.

According to tne invention there is provided a sounc aosorbent tile comprising cementitious material having a plurality of punched perforations wr.ich extend into the csmer.ticious material, tne perforations having a cut quality incex oreatei than 0.98 wnerem tre cut quality index is defined as the ratio cf pixels occupiec by tne perimeter cf a digitised image cf a perforation after £ smoothing operation to the r.uirjser of pixels occupies by tr.e digitised image of the perimeter before the smoothing operation, the smoothing operation comprising four levels of binary erosion followec by binary dilation.

Preferably, at least some of the perforations are fissure-like perforations. Also preferably some of the perforations are circular m section.

By "fissure-like" is meant generally elongate perforations having irregular edges, preferably with an aspect ratio (the ratio of the length of the fissure to its maximum width) of at most 6:1, preferably no more that 4:1. An aspect ratio of at least 2:1 is preferred.

Preferably, the tile is lined, for examplec wit-h a paper liner ana the Imea surface has an array of indentations which extend through tne liner and terminate in the cemer.titious material. The liner of tne plasterboard is ruptured. giving rise to a product of distinctive appearance. The liner is forced into the indentations during cneir formation giving rise to a level of contrast in oetweer. the two extremes produced by the machining operations described previously.

Preferaoiy, tne openings of the through perforations on the side of the boarc opposite the lined surface (if any) are covered. In an especially preferred embodiment, these openings are covered with a sound absorbent material, preferably m she®*- form such as acoustic paper or felt.

Preferably, the cut quality index is at least 0.99.

Preferably, tne cut quality index is derived from a mean of a plurality of measurement of cut quality index.

Preferably, 16 measurements of cut quality incex are made from which the cut quality index is derived.

Preferaolv, the pixels are derived by a digital camera operating at a magnification of x5.325.

An emoodiment of the invention will now be described in detail, by way of example, which reference to the accompanying drawings, m which: Figure 1 shows a perspective view of a punch for making sound absorbent tiles embodying the invention; Figure 2 shows a cross-section through the punch of Figure 1; Figure 3 shows a side elevation of the punch of Figures 1 and 2; Figure 4 shows schematically a plan view of a punch plate for use m a die assembly for making sound absorbent tiles embodying the invention, with the punches absent; Figure 5 is a schematic cross sectional view of a die assembly m use to make a tile embodying the invention; and 10 Figure 6 shows part of a tile embodying the invention. _ 4 - The punch 10 shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3 is solid and made of high carbon steel. It is of elongate section with a change of direction part way along the section, shaped to form a fissure-like perforation in a plasterboard tile. The side faces 12 of punch are corrugated, and the end faces 14 are rounded. In another embodiment, the end faces taoer to a ridge; the perforations formed in the tile by punches of this embodiment have more pointed ends than those formed by the punches of Figures 1, 2 and 3. The leading face 16, that is, the face which in use impinges first on the tile being perforated, has a saw tooth profile along its length. The pitch of the saw tooth profile is the same as that of the corrugations, 3 mm. The preferred included angle a is 120°; this has been found to give perforations with sharp, clean edges. As is best seen m Figure 3, the saw tooth profile of the leading face 16 is such that there is a peak 18 at each end of the face.

A punch intended to be used both to perforate and indent tiles may have teeth with an included angle of between 115° to 150°. A preferred range is 120° to 130°. The tooth depth, that is the distance between the tooth tip and base is preferably up to 1.5 mm with a preferred depth of 1.0 mm.

Where the punch is intended to be used only to perforate, the included angle may be between 90° to 150° with a preferred range of 110° to 130° and a still preferred angle of 120°. The tooth depth may be up to 2 mm with a preferred depth of 1 mm.

The angles and depth of the punch for use with a fully perforated punch are less critical. Where a tile is being indented, the depth of the hole is important The correct depth will product a shadow that is very similar to that produced by a full perforation. As will be explained, this is useful as it allows perforated and indented tiles to be mixed without loss of aesthetic effect If the tooth angle is too great, or the tooth depth too large, the tips of the teeth will penetrate the bottom paper of the tile while still only indenting the tile. This has an unwanted aesthetic effect and may vary the acoustic properties.

The punches 10 are, m use, mounted in a punch plate 20, shown in Figure 4. The punch plate has punch holes 22 corresponding to various shapes of punch 10, as well as circular punch holes 24 for circular punches. The circular punches also have a leading face having a saw tooth profile and have preferred and acceptable included angles between teeth and tooth depths as the elongate punch illustrated in Figure 3. Moreover, it has been found that the circular punches having the preferred profile can produce cuts as clean as those produced by the elongate punch. By providing a punch plate 20 having a large number of punch holes 22,24, a variety of punch patterns can be made without changing the punch plate, by rearranging or removing some of the punches.

The punch plate 2 0 can be provided with long and short punches, the long punches for making through perforations m the plasterboard tile and the short punches for making perforations or indentations extending into but not passing through the tile.

Both the punches 10 and the holes 22,24 in the punch plate 20 are preferably formed by wire erosion cutting. This enables the punches to fit the holes very accurately, to a total tolerance of about 5 /urn (that is, for a circular hole, 2.5 Aim around the circumference). This enables exact reproduction of punch patterns to be achieved.

Figure 5 illustrates part of a die assembly 40 which includes long punches 42 and short indentor punches 44 attached to a punch plate 20. The punches 42 are as shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3, and the punch plate 20 is as shown m Figure 4.

The die assembly 40 also includes a top, stripper, plate 4S having apertures 48,48' corresponding to and large enough to accommodate the long punches 42 and short indentor punches 44, and a bottom, die, plate 50 having apertures 52 corresponding to the long punches 42. In use, the die assembly 40 is mounted m a press and a lined plasterboard tile 54 is sandwiched between the rigidly mounted stripper 46 and die 56 plates. As the punch plate 20 is moved towards the tile 54, the punches and then the inaentors exert a pressure of about 1.5 iMN/m2 on the tile. The long punches 42 pass through the apertures 4 8 in the stripper plate 4 6 and press into the plasterboard. The long punches 42 force plugs of plasterboard through the openings 52 in the die plate 50. In this way, the perforations are formed m the tile 54 before the short indentor punches 44 engage the tile. As the punch plate 18 continues to advance towards the tile 54, the short indentor punches 44 pass through the holes 48' in the stripper plate 4 6 and are embedded in the tile. Once the paper liner 56 of the tile 54 has been ruptured by the short indentor punches 44, the operation is complete and the punch plate 18 is withdrawn.

The clearances between the long punches 42 and the corresponding holes 52 m the die plate 50 should be chosen to ensure that the paper backing, if any, of the plasterboard tile 54 is cut cleanly away where the punches exit the plasterboard, while allowing the punches to be withdrawn from the die plate. If the top face of the tile is lined, for example with paper, the appearance of the top surface of the tile can be determined by the clearance between the punches 42,44 and the holes 48,48' through the stripper plate 46. A very small clearance will give perforations and indentations having sharply defined edges while a greater clearance will give perforations and indentations with less well defined edges, where the fibres of the liner material are visible at those edges.

The holes 52 m the die plate 46 is preferably made by wire erosion, as are the punches 42,44 and the punch mounting holes m the punch plate 20. This enables a very close fit to be achieved between the punches and the holes m the die plate, giving a very clean edge to the exit holes.

After being punched, the fissure (or fissure and circular hole) pattern on the tile can be supplemented by a pinhole pattern imposed by spiking the surface of the plasterboard using a roller having spikes mounted radially on its periphery. The spikes m contact with the tile at any given time have a much smaller cross sectional area than the punches 42,44 so the force on the roller required to drive the spikes into the plasterboard is significantly less than the force required on the punch place 18 to produce the fissure indentations.

A tile 60 produced by use of the die assembly 10 is shown m Figure 6. The tile has fissure-like indentations A and circular perforations B. Preferably the ratio of fissure-like to circular perforations is preferably within the range 2:1 to 1:2. It has been found that satisfactory acoustic properties are achieved, without significant loss of strength, when about 6% of the total area of the principal faces of the tile has perforations. An aesthetically pleasing effect is achieved when additionally about 6% of the total area of the front face of the tile has indentations which do not pass through the tile.

By varying the proportion of the surface area of the tile taken up by perforations, the acoustic properties of the tiles can be varied. The appearance of the tiles can be kept constant by providing indentations instead of perforations; the indentations have no significant effect on the acoustic properties of the tile.

The preferred tiles, which can be made using punches described herein, have very sharp, clean holes on both surfaces This provides an attractive finish to the tiles, which cannot be achieved with prior art techniques.

One use of the preferred tiles is m the constructions of suspended ceilings. It may be desired to provide an acoustically absorbent suspended ceiling having different acoustic properties m different parts. Tiles of similar appearance to the preferred tiles can be manufactured having no perforations but only fissure-like indentations; such tiles can be used with the preferred tiles to provide a suspended ceiling of uniform appearance but with acoustic properties which vary over the ceiling.

As discussed above, a punch may be used to produce a perforated or indented cementitious tile that has exceptionally clean edges to the perforations or indentations. These edges are unusually sharp, well defined, edges.

The cleanliness or sharpness of the edge may be measured ana a quantative measure of edge Quality derived.

It has been observed that a rough hole will have a larger perimeter for a given shape compared to an ideal minimum, due to the jagged edge of a rough hole. Thus, for a simple example of a circular hole the ideal perimeter is 2tiD. For a very jagged edge, the actual perimeter may be m the order of where D is the diameter of the hole As perimeter values will vary with hole shape, frequency and size, we have developed a technique for deriving an absolute measure of hole cleanliness using perimeter smoothing techniques.

A digital image of the hole is formed and the periphery is measured, for example by counting the number of pixels occupied by the perimeter successive smoothing operations. Measurements may be made using an Optimas 5.2 image analysis system with Cohu high performance CCD camera on a Kaiser copy stand. A 50 mm Cosmicar TV lens at f/5.6 was used with a 10 mm extension tube and 2 shims. The column height was 42.2 mm with the camera mounted on the front tripod socket giving a resultant magnification on a 10 mm thick tile of x5.325. Correct illumination is important to achieve satisfactory results. This may be achxeved by positioning four 75 watt tungsten lamps at the lowest angle, widest spacing and greatest separation possible. Adequate illumination is achieved with two pairs of lamps either side of the specimen at a distance of 56 cm from the optical axis, with 3 0 cm spacing between lamps and at a height of 12.5 cm above the tile surface. As the perimeter is smoothed, so the perimeter length and the number of pixels occupied by the perimeter decreases. The cut quality is then defined as the ratio of measured perimeter after smoothing operations to that of the original. It will be appreciated that a high figure indicates a smooth cut as the smoothing operations have not reduced the perimeter greatly.

The value will vary according to the number of smoothing operations performed. For the present purposes, the measurement is defined as the ratio of pixels occupied by the perimeter after four smoothing operations performed using a standard smoothing algorithm.

To achieve reproducible results, the final cut quality index is a mean value of a number of measurements, for example 16, with the samples rotated 45° per set of measurements to eliminate any orientation effects.

On this basis, an index of 1 would indicate an ideal perimeter and the lower the index the worse the perimeter quality. We have found that a hole punched with the preferred punch of Figures 1 to 3 having an included angle of 120° and a tooth depth of 1 mm has an index of 0.99, whereas a prototype punch has an index of 0.90. We have further established that a cut, to be visually acceptable must have a cleanliness index greater or equal to 0.98.

The smoothing algorithm used is a standard binary erosion followed by a binary dilation. The first level comprises one erosion and then one dilation. In binary morphology an erosion is an operation where foreground pixels that are 8-connected (referring to neighbouring pixels left, right, above, below and on the diagonals) to a background pixel are eliminated. A dilation is the opposite of an erosion. After segmenting a grey scale image into a binary image, the dilate operation identifies background pixels that are 8-connected to a foreground pixel and changes them to foreground. Finally, the dilated bit-map is copied to the frame grabber.

The erosion operation is performed by an erode filter which performs grey scale to binary (white on black only) conversion and then does a binary erosion operation. The bit-map is then copied back. The filter uses the following arguments: ArgO• NULL use the current region of interest (ROD Arg2 : NULL use default lower foreground value(s) Arg3 : NULL use default upper foreground value(s) Arg4 : NULL use default 3by3 square structuring element Arg6 . NULL every pixel is m the Arg4 by Arg5 rectangular structuring element.

Arg7. NULL the origin in the X direction is located at width/2 Arg8 : NULL the origin m the Y direction is located at height/2 The dilation operation is performed using a dilation filter which enlarges foreground regions of an image by performing grey scale to binary (white on black only) conversion and then a binary dilation operation. The dilated bit-map is then copied back. The arguments used are as follows: ArgO: NULL use the current region of interest (ROI) Arg2 • NULL use default lower foreground value(s) Arg3 : NULL use default upper foreground value(s) Arg4 . NULL use default 3by3 square structuring element Arg6 : NULL every pixel is in the Arg4 by Arg5 rectangular structuring element.

Arg7NULL the origin m the X direction is located at width/2 Arg8. NULL the origin in the Y direction is located at height/2 An outline filter is also used to create white boundaries around foreground regions. This function first thresholds a grey scale image into foreground and background components. Foreground pixels m the resulting binary image which are 4-connected to a background pixel remain unchanged. All other pixels change to background. This produces an 8-connected foreground boundary. The outline bit-map is then copied back to the frame grabber. This filter uses the following arguments: ArgO: NULL use the current region of interest (ROI) Argl: NULL use default lower foreground value(s) Arg2 : NULL use default upper foreground value(s) The Optimas macro is shown below from which it will be seen that there are four iterations of the smoothing algorithm. The first level has been described. The second level uses two erosions and then two dilations, the third level three erosions and then three dilations etc.

We have determined that an acceptable cut quality is achieved where the perforations have an index of 0.9 8 or greater measured as the average of 16 sets of measurements, each involving four iterations of the smoothing algorithm as discussed above at a magnification of x 5.325. Preferably, the index is 0.99 or greater.

We have also determined that unacceptable cut qualities fall below the index of 0.98 The following results were obtained: % Perimeter Standard Sample Shape of Perforation Mean Value after Deviation IS Fields (n-1) R&D pilot 1/2 tool circular & elongate 0.90 0.024 Gyptone Quattro 20 square 0.97 0.010 Gyptone Line No 4 rectangular slots 0.97 0.020 Yoshxno Board circular 0.96 0.018 Production tool circular & elongate 0.99 0 .100 Image Analysis Script - Optimas Smoothing Algorithm GrayToBmary (,0.0,67.0); OutlmeFilter () ; Histogram(NULL); MacroMessage(ArRO|HistogramStats[0] /255) ; Undo(); BINB_ilterations=1; ErodsFilter(,BINB_iIterations) ; DilateFilter(,BINB_ilterations) ; BIN3_ilterations=l; OutlmeFilter () ,-Histogram(NULL); MacroMessage(ArRO|HistogramStats[0] /255) ; Undo(); BINB_ilterations=2; ErodeFilter(,BINB_ilterations) , DilateFilter(,BINB_ilterations) ; BIN3_ilterations=l; OutlmeFilter () ; Histogram(NULL); MacroMessage(ArRO|HistogramStats[0] /255) ; Undo(); BINB_ilc.erations = 3 ; ErodeFilter ( , BIN3_ilterar:ions) ; DilateFilter(,BIN3_ilterations) ; BINB_ilterations=l; OutlmeFilter () ; Histogram(NULL); MacroMessage(ArRO|HistogramStats[0]/255); Undo(); BINB_ilterations=4; ErodeFilter(,BINB_ilterations) ; DilateFilter(,BINB_ilterations) ; BINB_ilterations=l; OutlmeFilter () ; Histogram(NULL); MacroMessage (ArRO | HistogramStats [0 ] /255) ,-Undo();

Claims (6)

WHAT WE CLAIM IS:

1. A sound absorbent tile comprising cementitious material having a plurality of punched perforations with extend into the cementitious material, the perforations having a cut quality index greater than 0.98 wherein the cut quality index is defined as the ratio of pixels occupied by the perimeter of a digitised image of a perforation after a smoothing operation to the number of pixels occupied by the digitised image of the perimeter before the smoothing operation, _ the smoothing operation comprising four levels of binary erosion followed by binary dilation.

2. A cementitious tile according to claim 1, wherein the cut quality index is at least 0.99.

3. A cementitious tile according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the cut quality index is derived from a mean of a plurality of measurements of cut quality index.

4. A cementitious tile according to claim 3, wherein the mean value is derived from 16 sets of measurements of the cut quality index.

5. A cementitious tile according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the pixels are derived by a digital camera operating at a magnification of x 5.325

6. A sound absorbent tile substantially as herein described with reference accompanying drawings. to Figure INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE OF N.Z. " 2 FEB 2001 RECEIVED of the