NZ505432A - Infrared heaters and elements therefor - Google Patents
Infrared heaters and elements thereforInfo
- Publication number
- NZ505432A NZ505432A NZ505432A NZ50543298A NZ505432A NZ 505432 A NZ505432 A NZ 505432A NZ 505432 A NZ505432 A NZ 505432A NZ 50543298 A NZ50543298 A NZ 50543298A NZ 505432 A NZ505432 A NZ 505432A
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- strip
- elements
- heater
- heating element
- length
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 235000011468 Albizia julibrissin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 241001070944 Mimosa Species 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012809 cooling fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002250 progressing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
- H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
- H05B3/24—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor being self-supporting
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/0033—Heating devices using lamps
- H05B3/009—Heating devices using lamps heating devices not specially adapted for a particular application
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/032—Heaters specially adapted for heating by radiation heating
Landscapes
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Control Of Resistance Heating (AREA)
Abstract
A heating element for an infrared heater is made from an elongate strip (1) of sheet metal such as nickel chrome. The strip (1) has a constant or varying cross-sectional area along its length, for example by having a non-uniform width, in order to provide an electrically resistive heating effect, which varies along the length of the element. The strip (1) spans end mountings (2) and is energised by a voltage below 50 volts to provide long wave and medium wave infrared emission.
Description
1
TITLE: INFRA-RED HEATERS AND ELEMENTS THEREFOR
This invention relates to infra-red heaters and to elements (sometimes called emitters) therefor Such elements produce radiant heat as a result of the resistive heating effect of an electric current passing through the element.
According to one aspect of the invention there is provided an electrically energisable heating element for an infra-red heater, the heating element comprising an elongated strip of sheet metal having, along its length, a constant or varying cross-sectional area chosen to impart a desired heating effect along the length of the element, wherein the strip of sheet material is planar or substantially planar and the respective ends of the strip are provided with mountmgs for supporting the element in the heater with the length of the strip spanning the mountings without additional support
Preferably, the resistance of the element is in the range of 0 001 to 1 0 ohms, its thickness is in the range 0 5 to 2mm and its length in the range 0.2 to 2 0 metres
The strip of sheet metal may be nickel chrome alloy strip and the mountings are preferably copper mounting brackets for mounting the element m the mfra-red heater, eg by bolting or friction welding The mounting brackets may have through passages for the passage of cooling fluid (eg water) to cool the mounted ends of the element m use
In certain preferred embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the strip varies along the length of the element, the smaller the cross-sectional area the greater the resistive heating effect and therefore the greater the local temperature of the element and the shorter the wavelength of the mfra-red radiation emitted by the element
The thickness of the element may be constant, its width being varied in order to provide the desired variation in cross-sectional area The effective width may be varied by
Printed from Mimosa
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shaping one or both longitudinal edges, by incorporating apertures in the strip or by both of these expedients The longitudinal edges may be joggled, eg to form a sinuous shape, to increase strength and focus radiant energy in required directions
As an alternative, or m addition, to varying the width of the element, the thickness of the element may be varied
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided an infra-red heater comprising a plurality of electrically energisable heating elements each according to said one aspect
According to a yet further aspect of the invention there is provided an infra red heater comprising a plurality of electrically energisable heating elements each comprising an elongated strip of sheet metal, wherein respective ends of the strip are provided with mountmgs which support the element m the heater with the length of the strip spanning the mountings without additional support
The elements may be arranged in the heater m any grouping to suit the required overall heating effect, but a preferred arrangement is for the elements to be mounted in spaced parallel relationship For example, m the application of the invention to a heater m the form of an mfra-red oven (or grill), the elements are positioned m spaced parallel relationship above a conveyor which is guided for movement in a direction transverse to the direction of elongation of the elements, the conveyor being suitable for conveying beneath the array of elements items to be heated such as food items to be cooked, grilled or browned or non food items to be heat treated The array of elements above the conveyor may be supplemented by a further array of elements positioned below the conveyor, depending on the required direction of application of radiant heat to the items to be treated It will be appreciated that the heating elements may be positioned to one or both sides of the item to be heat treated, and that the heating elements may be shaped and positioned to treat curved or specially shaped items.
The invention solves the problem of a reduced heating effect at the conveyor edges,
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3
because by reducing the cross-sectional area of certain (or all) of the heating elements at regions adjacent their ends, the radiant heating effect at these regions is increased It will be appreciated that, in general, each element can have a particular variation of cross-sectional area along its length to impart any desired heating variation along the width or along the length of the conveyor.
The elements are preferably detachably mounted in the heater, eg by fixing bolts and tensioning means such as tension springs, weights, hydraulic cylinders or gas springs, so that individual elements can be changed or replaced easily and quickly, enabling the power density distribution both across and along the conveyor to be readily modified to suit particular items to be treated
The invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, m which.
Figures 1 and 2 are plan and edge views respectively of a first embodiment of heating element,
Figures 3 to 16 are similar views of second to eighth embodiments of heating element,
Figure 17 is a side elevation of an oven conveyor including heating elements according to the invention,
Figure 18 is a plan view of the oven conveyor of Figure 17, and
Figure 19 shows various possibilities for connecting the heating elements in parallel, series or series/parallel arrangements.
The heating element illustrated m Figure 1 is made of an elongate strip 1 of nickel chrome alloy of constant width (as shown m Figure 1) and constant thickness (as shown in Figure 2) At each end, a copper mounting bracket 2 is bolted to the strip. Each mounting
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WO 99/34645 PCT/GB98/03916
4
bracket has a through bore 3 for the passage of cooling fluid One mounting bracket, that shown at the left hand end of Figures 1 and 2, has an outer flange with spaced holes 4 for attaching this end of the element in a heater. The other bracket has an end flange with a single hole to receive a tension spring 5 for mounting this end of the element in the heater The end flange may have a plurality of holes receiving the ends of a corresponding plurality of tension springs arranged m parallel
In Figures 3 to 16 similar parts to those m Figures 1 and 2 are given the same reference numerals Strip 1 of the element of Figures 3 and 4 is of constant thickness but its width tapers uniformly from one end of the heating element to the other, by virtue of the longitudinal edges of the strip 1 converging in a direction progressing from left to right m Figures 1 and 2 As a result, the cross-sectional area of the strip varies linearly from one end to the other, the end having the smaller cross-sectional area producing a greater radiant heating effect and therefore producing infra-red radiation of a higher frequency
The strip 1 of the element of Figures 5 and 6 is again of uniform thickness but it is of varying width as illustrated in Figure 5 The width varies so that the strip has end regions 6 which are waisted m order to increase the heating effect at these regions near the ends of the heating element
A similar effect is achieved by the element shown m Figures 7 and 8, where adjacent each end of the strip 1 a diamond shaped aperture 7 is provided in order to decrease the effective cross-sectional area of the strip 1 in these regions.
The strip 1 of the element of Figures 9 and 10 has formed therein an elongated rectangular aperture 8 which extends for the complete length of the strip, save for a small length at each end thereof
In the element of Figures 11 and 12 the strip 1 has a series of longitudinally spaced apertures 9, imparting to the strip a cross-sectional area which progressively increases and decreases in a stepwise fashion along the length of the strip.
Printed from Mimosa
A further variation of apertures is shown in the element of Figures 13 and 14 where the strip 1 has four symmetrically arranged apertures 10, with each aperture 10 being of rectangular elongated shape and extending for rather less than half the length of the heating element
The strip of Figures 15 and 16 is of constant width but its thickness varies along its length In particular, the thickness is reduced over two longitudinally spaced regions 11, those reduced-thickness regions 11 being shown in the enlarged scale part of Figure 16
Each heating element of Figures 1 to 16 has a total resistance between its mounting brackets in the range of 0 001 to 1 0 ohms, has a thickness in the range 0 5 to 2mm and a length m the range 0 2 to 2 0 metres
Figures 17 and 18 show a heater having an endless conveyor 12 guided for movement by rollers 13 m a direction shown by arrow 14 in Figure 18. An upper horizontal run of the conveyor path passes between an upper array 15 of heating elements and a lower array 16 of heating elements Each element of the upper and lower array extends transversely to the direction of movement of the upper horizontal run of the conveyor The elements of the upper array 15 occupy a common horizontal plane and the elements 16 of the lower array similarly occupy a common horizontal plane. The elements may instead be staggered vertically, or occupy a common plane inclined to the upper horizontal run of the conveyor.
As shown in Figure 18, the heater has along each side a water cooled copper bus bar 17 which, by means of individual heater connections, feeds electrical power to the heating elements of the arrays 15 and 16 The bus bars 17 are powered by a transformer supply at a voltage of somewhat less than 50 volts at a current of 1000 A and at a frequency of 50 Hz Pipes 18 along respective sides of the heater supply cooling water to the cooling passages at each end of each heating element The elements may be connected in groups in parallel, such groups then being connected in series The elements may also be connected in series Various connection possibilities are illustrated m Figure 19
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6
Products to be heated, shown diagrammatically at 19 in Figure 17, are delivered to the mfeed end of the conveyor 12, pass between the upper and lower heater arrays 15, 16 and are removed from the conveyor at the outfeed end
Each of the heating elements shown in Figures 17 and 18 may be of the form shown in Figures 1 to 16, or any other chosen shape for imparting a required power density to the horizontal run of the conveyor The heating element shapes may differ along the length of the conveyor and may differ between the upper array 15 and the lower array 16, dependent on the required heating effect required It is expected that a heating element having the shape of Figures 5 and 6 (or Figures 15 and 16) will be particularly beneficial for use in an oven conveyor because the waisted regions at each end of the element overcome the problem of undue cooling at the conveyor edges.
The all-metal elements are of sufficient strength not to require intermediate support, le each element spans its mounting brackets without additional support The mountings accommodate thermal expansion and contraction of the elements
The product to be heat treated may be supplied to the conveyor in spaced lanes, with the shaping of the heating elements being chosen to suit, or the products may be fed onto the conveyor so that they crowd onto the conveyor and do not form predetermined lanes of movement
The electrical supply to the oven may be an a.c. or d c source and at any voltage or current, but a maximum voltage of about 50 volts has the advantage of safety This produces a watt density for each element in the range 12 to 25 watts per cm2, with an operating temperature in the range 650°C to 1150°C.
Further advantages of the described oven are that it is robust and safe for the food industry, without the use of glass or quartz
The inventive element offers a wide spectrum of mfra-red emissions, both long wave and medium wave from a single emitter element
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WO 99/34645 PCT/GB98/03916
7
Heating element lengths are normally 0 2 metres to 2 0 metres but would be made to fit the production requirements, le if products were to be heated on a conveyor 600mm wide then that would be the desired length of the elements It is anticipated that a heater element longer than 2.0 metres would not be required, but there is scope for heater elements up to 3 metres under special circumstances In practical terms there is an eventual limitation for heaters elements of very short length, but small domestic units requiring heater elements less than 0.2 metres are possible, provided the ratio of length of cross-sectional area is maintained This would then mean heater element lengths of 0 1 metres would be possible
The all metal direct resistance of the elements differs from known elements which typically require a resistance of about 50 ohms for a lkW heater By contrast, a mid range all metal element according to the invention may have a resistance of about 0.02 ohms
A typical resistance for the all-metal heater element would be within the range of 0.001 ohms to 1 0 ohms This low resistance demands a heavy cross section for the element, and ensures the input voltage remains below 50 volts to comply with regulations for exposed electrical apparatus Resistances quoted are for a complete heater element length rather than per unit length, because, if a change m section is incorporated, the resistance will vary along the length depending on the cross sectional area.
A design feature of the heater element is to be able to work withm a wet and arduous environment This is made possible by using, as a power source for the heater, a low voltage supply via a fully isolating double wound transformer There is no glass/quartz, ceramics or fibres to be affected by thermal shock and the heater element will withstand complete immersion m many fluids whether energised or not, without suffering any damage The heater element will withstand thermal shock and severe mechanical distortion without risk of failure
Under normal conditions elements with a temperature in excess of 300 deg. C present a fire risk when used in areas that contain flammable materials
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WO 99/34645 PCT/GB98/03916
8
Using the all metal mfra red heater element according to the invention this risk is reduced, making it possible to use the heater element in a food environment where fat is likely to splash on to the heater element
When fat drops onto the emitter or element, providing the temperature of the element is above 800 deg C the fat will tend to lift off the surface of the heater element and flow away on the natural repulsion created by a gas layer between the two.
Heaters are quoted as emitting watts per cm2 of heater area The average known ceramic or metal sheathed heater emits energy at quite low power densities ranging from > 0 to 10 watts/cm2 for normal convection and radiative use, le without forced air-cooling If the watt density goes above 12 watts/cm2 the heater will not be able to get rid of the heat energy and subsequently overheats and burns out A kettle element is different in so much as it emits 25 watts/cm2 but has the water-cooling to prevent it from burning out The all metal heater element accordmg to the invention will operate at values from 10 to 25 watts/cm2 without added cooling, or risk of burn out The mam reason for this is that the strip of metal is the heating element It does not have to radiate the energy through other media or supports, but radiates the energy as medium wave infra-red from both sides of the large and open surface area
It is anticipated that the watt density will be m the range of 12-25 watts/cm2 giving rise to a temperature range between 650 to 1150°C
The thickness of the sheet used for the all metal heater element will be in the range of 0.5-2mm, enabling rapid heating and coolmg times from when it is first energised to being de-energised. Due to the absence of supports, ceramic backing or other materials m close proximity to the heater, there is no other thermal mass to be heated up, or cooled off with the heater
One of the mam advantages of the heater element is the ability to work at very high temperatures within the medium wave infra-red wavelengths It would be possible for the heater to operate at temperatures from >0 up to 1150°C However there would be little
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or no advantage working at lower temperatures when the design has been developed to work in the upper ranges beyond existing heater limits Elevated temperatures beyond 650 °C long wave infra-red and convection temperatures are impossible to achieve with existing heaters of all metal self-supporting construction. All other heaters working above 650 °C need intermediate support along and within the working area
It is important with infra-red heating to ensure the items being heated are within line of site of the heater element Any other materials within the working area will influence the heat transfer and distort or filter the broad spectrum of infra-red energy The all metal heater is best suited to temperatures m the range of 650-1150°C This equates to wavelengths between 2-4^m The all metal heater will potentially radiate a much broader spectrum of mfra-red from 1 9-5/im.
Existing heaters using quartz supporting tubes, filter out large sections of infra-red withm the longer wavelengths of 3-4/im leaving less heat available to heat the product, thus reducing their efficiency
A flat strip can radiate considerably more heat from its larger surface area than a round bar, because it has a large surface area per unit length m relation to cross-sectional area This large surface area enables the all metal flat heater element according to the invention to work at much higher watt densities and temperatures compared to conventional heaters, thus allowing a much greater wattage of electricity to be converted into heat energy than has been possible before
A conventional strip or rod heater is limited m power output or power density because of its very small surface area If more power is applied, then the heater gets hotter, however, if it does not have the surface area to radiate the heat energy, it just gets hotter and burns out This is staged as watt density To obtain medium wave mfra-red, the radiatmg surface must have a temperature above 650°C and this requires a high power input.
The new all metal flat heater according to the invention is able to convert this increased
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WO 99/34645 PCT/GB98/03916
electrical input into heat energy without giving rise to existing limitations Furthermore the all-metal flat strip heater is able to profile this elevated power density along its length when it is formed to the various shapes as indicated in the accompanying drawings.
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11
Claims (12)
1 An electrically energisable heating element for an infra-red heater, the heating element comprising an elongated strip of sheet metal having, along its length, a constant or varying cross-sectional area chosen to impart a desired heating effect along the length of the element, wherein the strip of sheet material is planar or substantially planar and the respective ends of the strip are provided with mountings for supporting the element in the heater with the length of the strip spanning the mountings without additional support
2 A heating element accordmg to claim 1, wherein the resistance of the element is in the range 0 001 to 1 0 ohms
3 A heating element accordmg to claim 1 or 2, wherein the element has a thickness in the range 0 5 to 2mm and a length in the range 0 2 to 2.0 metres
4 A heating element according to any of the preceding claims, wherem the strip of sheet metal is nickel chrome alloy strip
5 A heating element accordmg to any of the preceding claims, wherein the mountings are mounting brackets havmg through passages for the passage of cooling fluid to cool the mounted ends of the element m use
6. A heating element according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the thickness of the strip is constant, its width being varied along its length in order to provide the desired variation in cross-sectional area
7 A heating element according to claim 6, wherem the effective width of the strip is varied by shaping one or both longitudinal edges of the strip.
8 A heating element according to claim 6, wherein the effective width of the strip is Printed from Mimosa WO 99/34645 12 varied by incorporating apertures m the strip PCT/GB98/03916
9 A heating element according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the thickness of the strip is varied to vary the effective cross-sectional area
10 An infra-red heater comprising a plurality of electrically energisable heating elements each according to any of the preceding claims
11 An infra red heater comprising a plurality of electrically energisable heating elements each comprising an elongated strip of sheet metal, wherein respective ends of the strip are provided with mountings which support the element in the heater with the length of the strip spanning the mountings without additional support.
12. An infra-red heater according to claim 10 or 11 and including energising means for electrically energising each element with a voltage not exceeding 50 volts 13 An infra-red heater accordmg to claim 12, wherem the watt density of each element is in the range 12 to 25 watts per cm2, with an operating temperature m the range 650°C to 1150°C 14 An infra-red heater according to claim 12 or 13, wherem the elements are mounted in spaced parallel relationship 15 An infra-red heater according to claim 14, wherein the elements are positioned in spaced parallel relationship above a conveyor which is guided for movement m a direction transverse to the direction of elongation of the elements, the conveyor being suitable for conveying beneath the array of elements items to be heated such as food items to be cooked, grilled or browned or non food items to be heat treated 16 An mfra-red heater accordmg to claim 15, wherein the array of elements above the conveyor is supplemented by a further array of elements positioned below the conveyor Printed from Mimosa WO 99/34645 PCT/GB98/03916 13 17 An mfra-red heater according to claim 15 or 16, wherein the elements are detachably mounted in the heater, so that individual elements can be changed or replaced, enabling the power density distribution both across and along the conveyor to be readily modified to suit particular items to be treated. Printed from Mimosa
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9727492A GB2332844A (en) | 1997-12-29 | 1997-12-29 | Infra-red heaters and elements therefor |
| PCT/GB1998/003916 WO1999034645A1 (en) | 1997-12-29 | 1998-12-24 | Infrared heaters and elements therefor |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NZ505432A true NZ505432A (en) | 2002-03-28 |
Family
ID=10824325
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NZ505432A NZ505432A (en) | 1997-12-29 | 1998-12-24 | Infrared heaters and elements therefor |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1050193B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2002500426A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU1776099A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2317006A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69811124T2 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2332844A (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ505432A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1999034645A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TW546943B (en) | 1999-04-29 | 2003-08-11 | Inventec Corp | Chinese character input method and system with virtual keyboard |
| US6657165B1 (en) * | 2000-11-03 | 2003-12-02 | R. A. Jones & Co. Inc. | Sealing system for forming thermal seals and method of operation thereof |
| FR2823632B1 (en) * | 2001-04-11 | 2003-09-26 | Klein Denis Sommeria | INFRARED TRANSMITTER WITH VERY LOW THERMAL INERTIA |
| GB0126150D0 (en) | 2001-10-31 | 2002-01-02 | Gw Pharma Ltd | A device method and resistive element for vaporising a substance |
| JP3924153B2 (en) * | 2001-11-05 | 2007-06-06 | 助川電気工業株式会社 | Carbon heater unit |
| SE522581C2 (en) | 2002-02-27 | 2004-02-17 | Sandvik Ab | Molybdenum silicide type element |
| DE102008005220B4 (en) * | 2008-01-18 | 2016-07-14 | Bernard J. Michels | Honeycomb material sheet welding machine |
| EP3327395A1 (en) | 2016-11-29 | 2018-05-30 | Valmet Technologies Oy | Radiation device for treating a fiber web and/or eliminating bubbles of a coating of a fiber web and method of treating a fiber web and/or eliminating bubbles of a coating of a fiber web by radiation |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB884826A (en) * | 1959-08-14 | 1961-12-20 | Cav Ltd | Electric resistance elements |
| US4410564A (en) * | 1981-10-19 | 1983-10-18 | Raivi S.A. | Manufacturing process for heat emitting plates |
| US4494316A (en) * | 1983-03-14 | 1985-01-22 | Impact Systems, Inc. | Apparatus for drying a moving web |
| DE3437397A1 (en) * | 1984-10-12 | 1986-04-17 | Drägerwerk AG, 2400 Lübeck | INFRARED RADIANT |
| JPH02129884A (en) * | 1988-11-08 | 1990-05-17 | Nkk Corp | Infrared ray radiating body |
| GB2235115A (en) * | 1989-08-17 | 1991-02-20 | Apv Corp Ltd | Microwave baking ovens |
| DE4229375C2 (en) * | 1992-09-03 | 2000-05-04 | Ego Elektro Blanc & Fischer | Radiant heater |
| GB2278722A (en) * | 1993-05-21 | 1994-12-07 | Ea Tech Ltd | Improvements relating to infra-red radiation sources |
| FR2756253B1 (en) * | 1996-11-27 | 1999-01-29 | Eurocopter France | RESISTIVE ELEMENTS FOR HEATING AN AERODYNAMIC PROFILE, AND DEVICE FOR HEATING AN AERODYNAMIC PROFILE INCORPORATING SUCH ELEMENTS |
-
1997
- 1997-12-29 GB GB9727492A patent/GB2332844A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1998
- 1998-12-24 NZ NZ505432A patent/NZ505432A/en unknown
- 1998-12-24 WO PCT/GB1998/003916 patent/WO1999034645A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1998-12-24 DE DE69811124T patent/DE69811124T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-12-24 EP EP98962636A patent/EP1050193B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-12-24 AU AU17760/99A patent/AU1776099A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-12-24 JP JP2000527126A patent/JP2002500426A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-12-24 CA CA002317006A patent/CA2317006A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1050193B1 (en) | 2003-01-29 |
| WO1999034645A1 (en) | 1999-07-08 |
| AU1776099A (en) | 1999-07-19 |
| DE69811124T2 (en) | 2005-05-12 |
| JP2002500426A (en) | 2002-01-08 |
| GB9727492D0 (en) | 1998-02-25 |
| EP1050193A1 (en) | 2000-11-08 |
| DE69811124D1 (en) | 2003-03-06 |
| GB2332844A (en) | 1999-06-30 |
| CA2317006A1 (en) | 1999-07-08 |
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