NZ237837A

NZ237837A - Composition comprising cross-linked anionic or amphoteric polymer

Info

Publication number: NZ237837A
Application number: NZ23783791A
Authority: NZ
Inventors: Roderick Glyn Ryles; Dan S Honig; Elieth W Harris; Roger Edgar Neff
Original assignee: American Cyanamid Co
Priority date: 1991-04-16
Filing date: 1991-04-16
Publication date: 1994-02-25

Description

<div class="application article clearfix" id="description"> New Zealand Paient Spedficaiion for Paient Number £37837 23 78 37 or bptio ificDtion f utid: n-v. .CQ.8i^ks:..C»aE?j£8-l Publication Date: . „?5.f & W.'. P.O. Journ.V. .; ~: .,.. J^TCl No.: Date: NEW ZEALAND PATENTS ACT, 1953 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION CROSS-LINKED ANIONIC AND AMPHOTERIC POLYMERIC MICROPARTICLES k/We, american cyanamid company, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Maine, United States of America, and having its executive offices at One Cyanamid Plaza, Wayne, State of New Jersey 07470, United States of America, hereby declare the invention for which 5c / we pray that a patent may be grantff.d to «x«/us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: ^ ^ 4 v,c\ - 1 - (followed by page la) 16 APR 1991 y ft- , 237837 - 31,320 CROSS-LINKED ANIONIC AND AMPHOTERIC 5 POLYMERIC MICROPARTICLES The present invention relates to structured anionic and amphoteric polymeric microparticles and a method for their preparation. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 10 Cross-linked anionic and amphoteric, organic polymeric compositions are known to those skilled in the art and are useful in a variety of solid-liquid separation applications, particularly in the flocculation of various dispersions of suspended solids, such as sewage sludge, and in the 15 thickening of cellulosic paper pulp suspensions. Modern concerns about environmental pollution and the increasing cost of materials have made it highly desirable to produce flocculating agents which cause higher degrees of separation at lower dosage levels. 20 EP 0,202,780 describes the preparation of polymeric, crosslinked, cationic acrylamide polymer beads by conventional inverse emulsion polymerization techniques. Crosslinking is accomplished by the incorporation of a difunctional monomer, such as methylenebisacrylamide, into 25 the polymer. This crosslinking technology is well known in the art. The patentee teaches that the crosslinked beads are useful as flocculants. Typically, the particle size of polymers prepared by conventional inverse water-in-oil emulsion polymerization 30 processes are limited to a range of about 1-5 microns, since no particular advantage in reducing the particle size has hitherto been apparent. The precise particle size which is achievable in inverse emulsions is determined by the concentration and activity of the surfactant(s) employed and 35 these are customarily chosen on the basis of emulsion stability and economic factors. 23 7 83 7 - 2 - 10 15 20 25 30 35 Leong, et al., in Inverse Microemulsion Polymerization, J. of Phys. Chem., Vol. 86, No. 23, 6-24-82, pp 2271-3, discloses polymerization of acrylamide in an inverse microemulsion. The author, also discloses having prepared crosslinked polyacrylamide latices or microgels by using a 100:1 mixture of acrylamide-methylenebisacrylamide. No anionic or amphoteric monomers are mentioned or is their use as a flocculating agent or paper-making additive. EPO 0173605 teaches the production of microbeads having a diameter ranging from about 49-87 nm and produced from terpolymers of vinyl acetate (84.6), ethyl acrylate (65.4) and acrylic acid (4.5) or methacrylonitrile (85), butyl acrylate (65) and acrylic acid (3). These polymeric beads are disclosed as added to an LBKP pulp slurry in order to evaluate the resultant paper for sizing degree, paper force enhancement and disintegratability. These polymer beads fall outside the scope of those claimed in the present invention in that the ionic content thereof is too small to impart any appreciable improvement during usage. Additionally, U.S. Patent No. 4,681,912 discloses the production of microparticles of acrylamide and acrylic acid, for example, utilizing a microemulsion process. The patent, however, fails to teach the cross-linking of the particles so as to render them water-insoluble or their use in paper-making. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the present invention, there are provided compositions comprising crosslinked, anionic and/or amphoteric, organic, polymeric, microparticles, having an unswollen number average particle size diameter of less than 0.75 micron, preferably less than 0.5 micron, a solution viscosity of at least 1.1, preferably from 1.1 to 2.0, mPa.s, a crosslinking agent content of above 4 molar parts per million, based on the monomeric units present in the polymer, and an ionicity of at least 5%. oi. f 11 JUN1993 ~j E \^ 237837 10 15 20 25 30 35 - 3 - The preferred anionic monomers for use in the practice of the present invention comprises acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-alkylsulfonic acids where the alkyl group contains 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as 2-acrylamido-2-propane-sulfonic acid or mixtures of any of the foregoing and their alkaline salts. Especially preferred are the sodium salts of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid. The preferred amphoteric polymers for the use in the practice of the present invention comprise copolymers of one or more of the foregoing anionic monomers and one or more of the following cationic ethylenically unsaturated monomers selected from, from example,acryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride; diallydimethylammonium chloride; 3-(meth)acryl-amidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride; 3-acrylamidopropyl-trimethylammonium-2-hydroxypropylacrylate methosulfate; trimethylammoniumethyl methacrylate methosulfate; l-trimethylammonium-2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate methosulfate; methacryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride; or mixtures of any of the foregoing. The preferred ethylenically unsaturated non-ionic monomers for use in the practice of the present invention are selected from acrylamide; methacrylamide; N,N-dialkyl-acrylamides; N-alkylacrylamides; N-vinylmethacetamide; N-vinyl methylformamide; vinyl acetate; N-vinyl pyrrolidone and mixtures thereof. Especially preferred is acrylamide. The preferred compositions encompassed by the present invention are 1) anionic monomers alone or 2) a mixture of anionic and cationic monomers, each copolymerized with the ethylenically unsaturated non-ionic monomers disclosed above. Especially preferred is acrylamide copolymerized with sodium acrylate. Also, according to the present invention, there is provided a process for the preparation of compositions as defined above, the process comprising: (a) admixing 23 7 83 4 (i) an aqueous solution comprising at least one ethylenically unsaturated anionic monomer alone or in admixture with a cationic monomer and at least one crosslinking agent and, optionally, at least one ethylenically 5 unsaturated non-ionic monomer; (ii) an oily phase comprising at least one hydrocarbon liquid? and (iii) an effective amount of surfactant or surfactant mixture, so as to form an 10 inverse emulsion which, when subjected to polymerization conditions, results in a polymer having a particle size of less than 0.75 micron in unswollen diameter; and (b) subjecting the inverse emulsion obtained in step 15 . . . (a) to polymerization conditions. A preferred feature of the present invention, comprises a process employing an aqueous solution comprising sodium acrylate as the anionic monomer, N,N-methylenebisacrylamide as the crosslinking agent and acrylamide as the non-ionic 2 0 monomer; an oily phase comprising a saturated hydrocarbon; and an effective amount of a surfactant mixture comprising polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate and polyoxyethylene sorbitol hexaoleate, sufficient to produce particles of less than 0.75 micron in unswollen number average particle size 25 diameter. Polymerization of the inverse emulsion may be carried out by adding a polymerization initiator, such as sodium metabisulfite or tert-butyl hydroperoxide, or by subjecting the inverse emulsion to ultraviolet irradiation. Also contemplated by the present invention is adding an effective amount of chain-transfer agent to the aqueous solution of the inverse emulsion, such as an alcohol, mercaptan, phosphite, sulfite or mixture of any of the foregoing. The process of the present invention may also comprise a step 35 for recovering the composition from the inverse emulsion. o 11JUN11993 \\ 23 7 83 7 - 5 - The resultant organic polymeric particles are useful in a method of making paper from an aqueous suspension of cellulose fibers, whereby the drainage properties of the suspension are improved by including in the suspension 0.1 to 2 0 lbs/ton, based on the dry weight of paper furnish solids, of the anionic or amphoteric cross-linked organic polymer microbead having an unswollen number average particle size diameter of less than 0.75 micron, a solution viscosity of at least 1.1, preferably 1.1 to 2.0 mPa.s, a cross-linking agent content of above 4 molar parts per million, based on the monomeric units present in the polymer, and at least 5% ionicity, preferably in the presence of a molecular weight cationic polymer, as described in New Zealand Patent Specification No. 238402. Cross-linked, anionic or amphoteric, organic polymeric microbeads having an unswollen number average particle size diameter of less than 0.75 micron, a solution viscosity of from 1.1 to 1.5 mPa.s, a crosslinking agent content of above 4 molar parts per million, based on the monomeric units present in the polymer, and an ionicity of at least 5%, are generally formed by the polymerization of at least 5% of an ethylenically unsaturated anionic monomer and, for amphoteric microparticles, at least 5% of one cationic monomer, and, optionally at least one non-ionic comonomer in the presence of a crosslinking agent in a water-in-oil inverse emulsion employing an effective amount of surfactant or surfactant mixture to produce microbeads of less than 0.75 micron. The amphoteric polymers for the use in the practice of the present invention comprise copolymers of one or more of the foregoing anionic monomers and one or more of the following cationic ethylenically unsaturated monomers DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 11 JIMS93 - 6 2378 37 (meth)acrylates of dialkylaminoalkyl compounds/ and salts and quaternaries thereof and in particular monomers of N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylamides, and salts and quaternaries thereof, such as N,N-dimethylaminoethy-acrylamides; and the acid or quaternary salts thereof and the like. Cationic monomers which may be used herein are of the following general formulae: Ri 0 R2 II r4 where R^ is hydrogen or methyl, R2 is hydrogen or lower alkyl of 1-4 carbon atoms, R3 and/or R4 are hydrogen, alkyl of 1-12 carbon atoms, aryl, or hydroxyethyl and R2 and R«j, or R3 and R4, can combine to form a cyclic ring containing one or more hetero atoms, and Z is the conjugate base of an acid; X is oxygen or -NR^ wherein R^ is as defined above, and A is an alkylene group of 1-12 carbon atoms, or CHg CHe II II r5-c c-r6 < ii > i i h2c ch2 b z- R7 Re where Rg and Rg are hydrogen or methyl, R7 is hydrogen or alkyl of 1-12 carbon atoms, and Rg is hydrogen, alkyl of 1-12 carbon atoms, benzyl or hydroxyethyl; and Z is as defined above. These ethylenically unsaturated anionic, cationic and non-ionic monomers may be copolymerized to produce anionic and amphoteric copolymers. Preferably, acrylamide is copolymerized with a anionic monomer. Anionic copolymers 2 3 7 8 3 - 7 - useful in the practice of this invention comprise from about 0 to about 95 parts, by weight of non-ionic monomer and about 5 to about 100 parts, by weight, of anionic monomer, based on the total polymer weight. Amphoteric polymers may be produced from about 1-99 parts, by weight, same basis, of 5 anionic monomer and from about 99-1 parts, by weight, of cationic monomer, optionally with from about 0-75 parts, by weight, of a non-ionic monomer, the total weight of the anionic monomer and cationic monomer being at least 5%. Polymerization of the monomers is conducted in the presence 10 of a polyfunctional crosslinking agent to form the crosslinked composition. The polyfunctional crosslinking agent comprises molecules having either at least two double bonds, a double bond and a reactive group, or two reactive groups. Illustrative of those containing at least two 15 double bonds are N,N-methylenebisacrylamide, N,N-methylenebismethacrylamide, polyethyleneglycol diacrylate, polyethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, N-vinyl acrylamide, divinylbenzene, triallylammonium salts, N-methylallylacrylamide and the like. Polyfunctional 20 branching agents containing at least one double bond and at least one reactive group include, glycidyl acrylate, acrolein, methylolacrylamide and the like. Polyfunctional branching agents containing at least two reactive groups include aldehydes such as glyoxal, diepoxy compounds, 25 epichlorohydrin and the like. Crosslinking agents are to be used in sufficient quantities to assure a crosslinked composition. Preferably at least about 4 molar parts per million of crosslinking agent, based on the monomeric units present, are employed to 30 induce sufficient crosslinking and preferred is a crosslinking agent content of from about 4 to about 6000 molar parts per million, more preferably about 20-4000 and most preferably about 50-2000 molar parts per million. One method of obtaining the polymeric microparticles of 35 this invention is to polymerize the monomers in a microemulsion. Polymerization in microemulsions and inverse 23 7 83 7 - 8 - 10 15 microemulsions is known to those skilled in this art. P. Speiser reported in 1976 and 1977 a process for making spherical "nanoparticles" with diameters less than 800A by (1) solubilization of polymerizable molecules, e.g. acrylamide and methylenebisacrylamide and other materials, e.g. drugs, in micelles and (2) polymerizing the monomers in the micelles. J. Pharm. Sa., 65(12), 1763 (1976) and United States Patent No. 4,021,364. Both inverse water-in-oil and oil-in-water "nanoparticles" were prepared by this process. While not specifically called microemulsion polymerization by the author, this process does contain all the features which are currently used to define microemulsion polymerization. These reports also constitute the first examples of polymerization of acrylamide in a microemulsion. Since then, numerous publications reporting polymerization of hydrophobic polymers in the oil phase of microemulsions have appeared. See, for example, Stoffer and Bone, J. Dispersion Sci. and Tech., 1(1), 37, 1980 and Atik and Thomas, J. Am. Chem. Soc'y, 103(14), 4279 (1981); and GB 2161492A. The ionic and amphoteric microemulsion polymerization process may be conducted by (i) preparing a monomer microemulsion by adding an aqueous solution of the monomers to a hydrocarbon liquid containing appropriate surfactant or surfactant mixture to form an inverse monomer microemulsion consisting of small aqueous droplets which, when polymerized, result in polymer particles of less than 0.75 micron in size, dispersed in the continuous oil phase and (ii) subjecting the monomer microemulsion to free radical polymerization. In order to obtain an inverse microemulsion, it is generally necessary to use particular conditions whose main parameters are as follows: surfactant concentration, HLB of surfactant or surfactant mixture, temperature, nature of the organic phase and composition of the aqueous phase. 35 The aqueous phase comprises an aqueous mixture of the monomers, anionic or a mixture of anionic and cationic anj^f^TV ,/V' t3 o\\ If 11 JUN1993 20 25 30 237837 - 9 - optionally non-ionic, and the crosslinking agent, as defined above. The aqueous monomer mixture may also comprise such conventional additives as are desired. For example, the mixture may contain chelating agents to remove polymerization inhibitors, pH adjusters, initiators and 5 » other conventional additives. Essential to the formation of the microemulsion, which may be defined as a swollen, transparent and thermodynamically stable micelle solution without agitation, comprising two liquids insoluble in each other and a 10 surfactant, in which the micelles are much smaller than in an emulsion, is the selection of appropriate organic phase and surfactant. The selection of the organic phase has a substantial effect on the minimum surfactant concentration necessary to 15 • . obtain the inverse microemulsion. This organic phase may comprise of a hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixture. Saturated hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof are the most suitable in order to obtain inexpensive formulations (lower surfactant content) of inverse microemulsions. Typically, the organic 20 » phase will comprise benzene, toluene, fuel oil, kerosene, odorless mineral spirits and mixtures of any of the foregoing. The ratio by weight of the amounts of aqueous and hydrocarbon phases is chosen as high as possible, so as to 25 . ... obtain, after polymerization, a microemulsion of high polymer content. Practically, this ratio may range, for example from about 0.5 to about 3:1, and usually is about 2:1. The one or more surfactants are selected in order to If) ( , obtain an HLB (Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance) value ranging from about 8 to about 11. In addition to the appropriate HLB value, the concentration of surfactant must also be optimized, i.e. sufficient to form an inverse emulsion having the correct particle size. Typical surfactants 35 useful in the practice of this invention, in addition to those specifically discussed above, may be anionic, cationic 2 7 1 Q ^ 3/8o - 10 - or non-ionic and are selected from polyoxyethylene (2 0) sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan trioleate, sodium di-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate, oleainidopropyldimethylamine; sodium isostearyl-2-lactate and the like. Polymerization of the emulsion may be carried out in 5 . ... any manner known to those skilled in the art. Initiation may be effected with a variety of thermal and redox free-radical initiators including azo compounds, such as azobisisobutyronitirle; peroxides, such as t-butyl peroxide; organic compounds, such as potassium persulfate and redox 10 couples, such as ferrous ammonium sulfate/ammonium persulfate. Polymerization may also be effected by photochemical irradiation processes, irradiation, or by ionizing radiation with a 60 Co source. Preparation of an aqueous product from the emulsion may be effected by 15 • . . inversion by adding it to water which may contain a breaker surfactant. Optionally, the polymer may be recovered from the emulsion by stripping or by adding the emulsion to a solvent which precipitates the polymer, e.g. isopropanol, filtering off the resultant solids, drying and redispersing 20 in water. The product of this invention is useful in facilitating a wide range of solid-liquid separation operations. The products of this invention may be used to dewater biologically treated suspensions, such as sewage and other 25 .... , municipal or industrial sludges; the drainage of cellulosic suspension, such as those found in paper production, e.g. paper waste; and the settling and dewatering of various inorganic suspensions, e.g. refinery waste, coal waste, etc. 30 DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The following examples illustrate the present invention. They are not be construed as limitations on the present invention except as set forth in the appended claims. 2378 37 - 11 - Examples 1-5 Procedure for the Preparation of Anionic Microemulsion The master batch of aqueous phase is made by mixing acrylic acid (AA), as the sodium salt, 200 parts deionized 5 water, 56.5% sodium hydroxide, crystal acrylamide (AMD), 0.3 part 10% pentasodium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate, 39.0 parts additional deionized water, and 1.5 parts of 0.518% copper sulfate pentahydrate together. To 110.2 parts of this aqueous phase solution, 6.5 parts deionized water, 0.25 10 part 1% t-butyl hydroperoxide and N,N-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) are added. This aqueous phase is mixed with an oil phase containing 77.8 parts of low odor paraffin oil, 3.6 parts sorbitan sesquioleate and 21.4 parts polyoxyethylene sorbitol hexaoleate. 15 . . . This emulsion is deaerated with nitrogen for 20 minutes. The polymerization is then initialed with gaseous S02. The polymerization is then allowed to exotherm to 40°C and is controlled at 40°C (+ 5°C) with ice water. The ice water is removed when cooling is no longer required. The 20 « . . nitrogen is continued for one hours. The total polymerization time is 2.5 hours. If desired, the polymer may be recovered from the emulsion by stripping or by adding the emulsion to a solvent which precipitates the polymer, e.g. isopropanol, filtering 25 off the resultant solids, drying and redispersing in water. At the time of use e.g. as a paper-making additive, the recovered polymer may be dispersed in water. The emulsion, microbeads may also be directly dispersed in water. Depending on the surfactant and levels used in the emulsion 3 0.. ... .... dispersion may require using high a hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) inverting surfactant such as an ethoxylated alcohol; polyoxyethyllated sorbitol hexaoleate; diethanolamine oleate; ethoxylated laurel sulfate etc. as in known in the art. The procedure for preparing amphoteric emulsions e.g. 15AA/60AMD/25 dimethylaminoethylacrylate (DMEA) /349 ppm 237837 12 MBA, is repeated for the preparation of the anionic emulsions with the exception that the concentration of the individual monomers employed are adjusted accordingly. Various monomers are polymerized in accordance with the above procedure. The results are set forth in Table I, 5 below 10 15 20 25 30 35 237837 - 13 - Table I Preparation of Anionic Microbeads 5 Copolymer Compositions (Mole %} MBA PS SV Example AMD AA NaAPS PPM NM mPa.S 1 70 30 349 130 1.19 10 2 40 60 1381 120 1.10 3 0 100 1985 80 1.35 4 70 30 995 -- 1.37 5 70 30 10,086 — 1.15 15 6 70 30 1000 464 — 7 70 30 1000 149 1.02 8 70 30 1000 106 1.06 20 NaAPS = Sodium 2-Acrylamido-2- methylpropane Sulfonic Acid PS = Number Average Particle Size in Nanometers SV = Solution Viscosity (0.1% polymer in using a Brookfield UL adapter at 60 M NaCl, 25°C rpm 25 30 35 237837 - 14 - Example 9 In paper making processes it is found that the addition of anionic microbeads, preferably with a high molecular weight cationic polymer to a conventional paper making stock increases the drainage rate of water from the paper. The 5 following examples illustrate this utility but are not to be construed to limit the invention in any manner whatsoever. A 70/30 hardwood/softwood bleached kraft pulp is used containing 25% CaCC>3 for alkaline papermaking at a pH of 8.0 Drainage is a measure of the time required for a certain 10 volume of water to drain through the paper and is here measured as alOX drainage. (K. Britt:, TAPPI 63.(4) p67 (1980). Hand sheet are prepared on a Noble and Wood sheet machine. In the test examples, the linear cationic copolymer is a 10 mole % of acryloxyethyltrimethylammonium 15 chloride (AETMAC) and 90 mole % of acrylamide (AMD) of 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 mol. wt. with a charge density of 1.2 meg./g. and SV-4.0 cps. The anionic microbeads in Table II are added separately to the thin paper stock. The cationic polymer is added to the test furnish in a "Vaned 20 • Britt Jar" and subjected to 800 rpm stirring for 30 seconds. The anionic microbead is then added and subjected to 800 rpm stirring for 30 seconds and then drainage times are measured. The results of testing are set forth in Table II, below. 30 237837 - 15 - Table II Drainage Aid Test Data 5 Anionic Polymer Drainag« Cationic Dosage Microbead of Dosage Time Example Polvmer (lb/ton) Example No. flb/tonl (Sec} 10 6 -0- — 161.1 7 10 AETMAC/ 90 AMD 2 116.9 8 do 2 -1- (0.5) 75.8 15 9 do 2 -1- (1.0) 72.1 10 do 2 -1- (2.0) 84.3 11 do 2 -2- (0.5) 66.3 12 do 2 -2- (1.0) 72.4 20 13 do 2 -2- (2.0) 74.7 14 do 2 -3- (0.5) 78.8 15 do 2 -3- (1.0) 74.1 16 do 2 -3- (2.0) 80.2 25 17 do 2 -4- (0.5) 95.0 18 do 2 -4- (1.0) 86.6 19 do 2 -4- (2.0) 95.5 20 do 2 -5- (0.5) 119.7 30 21 do 2 . -5- (1.0) 121.8 22 do 2 1 -5- (2.0) 111.4 35 237837 - 16 - The drainage time for the untreated alkaline paper stock is 161.1 seconds. Addition of the linear, cationic polymer, 10 AETMAC/90 AMD, at a level of 2 lbs/ton decreases the drainage time to 116.9. Further decreases in drainage time are obtained by the' joint addition of the anionic 5 microbeads of this invention of doses of 0,5, 1.0 and 2.0 lbs/ton with the 2 lbs/ton of the cationic polymer. The microbead 70 AMD/30 Na AMPS/10,086 ppm MBA has little effect on drainage due to the excessively high degree of cross-linking and is outside the scope of this invention. 10 The higher degree anionicity of 2 microbeads (40 AMD/60 AA/1381 ppm MBA-120nm and 100AA/1985 ppm MBA-80 nm) improves drainage time over those of the lower degree of anionicity microbeads 70 AMD/30 NaAPS/995 ppm MBA. The 1.0 lb/ton dosage of anionic microbead gives better drainage times than either the 0.5 or 2.0 lbs/ton dosage. The only exception is with the microbead 40AMD/60 AA/1,381 ppm MBA where the 0.5 lb/ton dosage is the most desirable. Examples 23 - 27 2 n Anionic microbeads of 5 and 10 mole percent of anionic charge and amphoteric microbeads with a 5 mole % higher anionic charge than cationic charge are made by the procedure of Example 1 and are shown in Table III. The microbeads have a particle size under 0.5 micron in Examples 25 23-27. 30 35 237837 - 17 - Table III Preparation of Anionic and Amphoteric Microbeads Example Copolymer Compositions (Mole %) MBA PS SV AMD NaAc NaAPS DMEA PPm NM mPa.S 10 15 23 24 25 26 27 DMEA = 90 95 85 55 60 10 5 10 25 5 20 40 Acryloxylethyltrimethyl-ammonium Chloride 496 97 1026 5101 100 1.34 1.89 1.40 1.59 100 20 25 See Table I for other legends 30 35 </div>

Claims

<div class="application article clearfix printTableText" id="claims"> 23 - 18 - Example 28 The anionic and amphoteric microbeads of Table III are used in the paper making process described in Example 2. The results are substantially the same. 10 15 20 25 30 Examples 29-33 The procedure of Example 1 is again followed except that different monomers are employed in the preparation of the micorbead. The results are set forth in Table IV, below. Example 29 30 31 32 33 MAM MMA VSA DADM Non-Ionic Monomer (%) AM-50 AM-6 5 AM-7 5 MAM-90 Table IV Anionic Monomer _X%) MMA-50 VSA-35 DADM-25 NaAPS-100 AA-10 MBA PPM 117 226 198 316 441 methacrylamide methacrylic acid vinylsulfonic acid diallydimethylammonium chloride The above mentioned patents and publications are incorporated herein by reference. Many variations of the present invention will suggest themselves to those skilled in this art in light of the above detailed description. Chain-transfer agents may be optionally added to the monomer solution. Also contemplated are all methods of polymerization and dewatering processes. All such obvious modifications are within the full intended scope of the appended claims. 35 237 - 19 - WHAT WE CLAIM IS:

1. A composition comprising cross-linked anionic or amphoteric, organic polymeric microparticles, said microparticles having an unswollen number average particle size diameter of less than 0.75 micron, a solution viscosity of at least 1.1 mPas and a crosslinking agent content of above 4 molar parts per million, based on the monomeric units present in the polymer, and an ionicity of at least 5.0%.

2. A composition as defined in Claim 1 wherein said crosslinking agent is a difunctional monomer selected from N,N1-methylenebisacrylamide, N,N'-methylenebismethacryl-amide, polyethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, polyethyeneglycol diacrylate, N-vinyl acrylamide, glycidyl acrylate, divinylbenzene, acrolein, aldehydes, glyoxal, diepoxy compounds, epichlorohydrin and mixtures of the foregoing.

3. A composition as defined in Claim 2 wherein said crosslinking agent comprises N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide.

4. A composition as defined in any one of Claims 1 to 3 wherein said unswollen diameter is less than 0.5 micron.

5. A composition as defined in any one of Claims 1 to 4 when said solution viscosity is from 1.1 to 2.0 mPas.

6. A composition as defined in any one of Claims 1 to 5 wherein the organic polymer microparticle is composed of at least one anionic monomer selected from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, 2-acrylamido--2-methylpropane-sulfonic acid and mixtures or salts thereof.

7. A composition as defined in any one of Claims 1 to 5 wherein the organic polymer microparticle is amphoteric and is composed of from 1% to 99% fay weight of an anionic monomer selected from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, / •X*;-*>- 23 78 37 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and salts thereof and from 99% to 1% by weight of a cationic monomer selected from aeryloxymethy 1 trimethylamitioniuxn chloride, 3-methyacrylamido-propyltrimethylammonium chloride, diallydimethylammonium chloride and mixtures thereof.

8. A composition as defined in any one of Claims 1 to 5 wherein the organic polymer microparticle is composed of sodium acrylate and acrylamide.

9. A process for the preparation of a composition as defined in Claim 1, said process comprising: (a) admixing (b) subjecting the inverse emulsion obtained in step (a) to polymerization conditions.

10. A process as claimed in Claim 9 wherein said monomer solution of step (a)(i) comprises sodium acrylate as said anionic monomer, N,N-methylenebisacrylamide as said crosslinking agent and acrylamide as said non-ionic monomer. (i) an aqueous solution comprising at least one ethylenically unsaturated anionic monomer alone or in admixture with a cationic monomer, and at least one crosslinking agent and, optionally, at least one ethylenically unsaturated non-ionic monomer; (ii) an oily phase comprising at least one hydrocarbon liquid; (iii) an effective amount of surfactant or surfactant mixture, so as to form an inverse emulsion; and

11. A process as defined in Claim 9 or Claim 1 0 wherein said aqueous solution of step (a) (i) additionally contains an effective amount of a chain-transfer agent selected from j an alcohol, mercaptan, phosphite, sulfite, and mixtures thereof. CM By the authorised agents A J PARK & SON </div>