NZ233009A - Optical fibre support structure - Google Patents
Optical fibre support structureInfo
- Publication number
- NZ233009A NZ233009A NZ233009A NZ23300990A NZ233009A NZ 233009 A NZ233009 A NZ 233009A NZ 233009 A NZ233009 A NZ 233009A NZ 23300990 A NZ23300990 A NZ 23300990A NZ 233009 A NZ233009 A NZ 233009A
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- matrix
- optical fibers
- overhead ground
- fibers
- structure according
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 title claims description 62
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004696 Poly ether ether ketone Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002530 polyetherether ketone Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004734 Polyphenylene sulfide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000069 polyphenylene sulfide Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010292 electrical insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000289 melt material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- HJHVQCXHVMGZNC-JCJNLNMISA-M sodium;(2z)-2-[(3r,4s,5s,8s,9s,10s,11r,13r,14s,16s)-16-acetyloxy-3,11-dihydroxy-4,8,10,14-tetramethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16-dodecahydro-1h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-ylidene]-6-methylhept-5-enoate Chemical compound [Na+].O[C@@H]([C@@H]12)C[C@H]3\C(=C(/CCC=C(C)C)C([O-])=O)[C@@H](OC(C)=O)C[C@]3(C)[C@@]2(C)CC[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)CC[C@@H](O)[C@H]2C HJHVQCXHVMGZNC-JCJNLNMISA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
- G02B6/4401—Optical cables
- G02B6/4429—Means specially adapted for strengthening or protecting the cables
- G02B6/4434—Central member to take up tensile loads
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
- G02B6/4401—Optical cables
- G02B6/4407—Optical cables with internal fluted support member
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
- G02B6/4401—Optical cables
- G02B6/4415—Cables for special applications
- G02B6/4416—Heterogeneous cables
- G02B6/4422—Heterogeneous cables of the overhead type
Description
233009
Priority Oate(s): ...
Complete Specification Filed^V*. .3. "3rT Cites; . G.O.^j3 .t? 1 .C+.W.
Publication Date: ....^5.'!^..^. P.O. Journal, No:
f:
Patents form No 5 PATENTS ACT 1953
Number Dated
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
IMPROVED SUPPORT STRUCTURES FOR OPTICAL FIBRES IN OVERHEAD GROUND WIRES AND OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES
*/WE SOCIETA' CAVI PIRELLI S.p.A., an Italian company of Piazzale Cadorna, 5-Milan, Italy do hereby declare the invention for which </we pray that a Patent may be granted to jne/us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:
The present invention relates to improved support structures for optical fibers in optical fiber overhead ground wires and optical fiber cables.
In overhead ground wires of aerial systems for the transport of electric energy which in recent times have been also used as elements adapted to accommodate optical fibers for the transmission of optical signals, transient situations at high temperature are foreseen which take place when said overhead ground wires, being struck by lightning, are run through by a short-circuit current.
Under this situation it is known that in the radially innermost region of the overhead ground wire it is possible to reach temperatures even in the order of 300 "c.
In the optical fiber telecommunication cables a& well r the occurrence of a transient situation at high temperature cannot be excluded, due to accidents taking place in the environment in which the cables are positioned or as a result of possible short circuits in the conductors for feeding the optoelectronic repeater which may be incorporated therein.
Support structures for optical fibers substantially fully consisting of plastic material are known. Said known structures are comprised of a reinforcing element, in the form of a rod made of plastic material and including mechanically resisting fibers and/or threads occupying the radially innermost position in the structure, surrounded by a plastics matrix provided with hollows extending along the longitudinal axis of the matrix and in which the optical fibers are loosely accommodated.
0145c :AB - 2 -
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Also known are optical fiber overhead ground wires and optical fiber cables incorporating the above described structure.
Known optical fiber overhead ground wires of the type referred to in the invention have the structure set forth hereinafter.
At the longitudinal axis of the overhead ground wires there is a reinforcing element consisting of a rod made of plastic material and incorporating mechanically resisting and electrically non-conductive threads or fibers, for example fiber glass.
A matrix or tubular layer, disposed around the rod, is made of plastic material as well and is provided with hollows extending along the overhead ground wire axis, for example forming an open or closed helix with respect to said axis; loosely housed in the hollows are the optical fibers.
In particular the hollows provided in said matrix or tubular layer can consist of grooves formed in the radially outermost surface of the same.
The matrix is surrounded by a metal envelope comprising a sheath made for example of aluminium and around said sheath there are layers formed by windings of mechanically resisting metal wires and/or metal rods and/or metal quoins and/or metal straps which in their whole form the mechanically resisting structure of the overhead ground wire adapted to bear the mechanical stresses including those arising when a lightning strikes the overhead ground wire itself.
Known optical fiber cables to which the present invention refers have a structure which can differ from the one described
0145c :AB - 3 -
2330
above in that the mechanically resisting threads or fibers incorporated in the plastics rod can also be made of metal and in that the metal envelope may not be provided with the layers of wire and the like wrapping around the sheath.
In the above described known optical fiber overhead around wires said mechanically resisting structure, besides performing the function of exerting a mechanical resistance, also accomplishes the task of dissipating heat generated therein due to the short-circuit current produced by a lightning striking it, in order to prevent the temperature from reaching so high values that the plastics support structure of the optical fibers incorporated therein may be damaged.
The bigger the thickness of the mechanically resisting structure of the overhead ground wire is, the higher the heat dissipation.
Present optical fiber overhead ground wires have a mechanically resisting armor much greater in thickness than it would be necessary for resisting the mechanical stresses applied thereto, so as to allow heat generated by the short-circuit current originating from a lightning, to be dissipated. This dissipation must be sufficient to avoid the plastics support structure of the optical fibers housed therein being damaged.
As a result known overhead ground wires, due to the oversizing of their mechanically resisting armor, have a very high weight per length unit and low flexibility. Their stringing in aerial systems for the distribution of electric energy is therefore difficult. In addition, due to the high weight of the known optical fiber overhead ground wires, their
0145c:AB - 4 -
2330 0
support structures must be oversized as well.
A further drawback present in known optical fiber overhead ground wires and known optical fiber cables embodying a support structure for the optical fibers comprising a reinforcing element made of plastic material including mechanically resisting threads and/or fibers and surrounded by a plastics matrix provided with longitudinal hollows inside which the optical fibers are loosely accommodated, is given by the possible presence of unevenesses on the surface of said hollows, which involves the risk of damages to the optical fibers due to microbendings in these latters; in fact on the occurrence of this damage overhead ground wires become unserviceable as regards their capability of transmitting optical signals and optical fiber cables become unserviceable as well.
The present invention aims at overcoming the above mentioned drawbacks by providing optical fiber overhead ground wires of the type in question with a lower weight per length unit and greater flexibility than known types while ensuring at the same time that in the optical fiber overhead ground wires and optical fiber cables thus produced no damage can occur to the optical fibers housed inside them in the presence of high-temperature transient situations, the possibility of damages to the optical fibers by effect of unevenesses on the surfaces of the hollows accommodating them being also avoided.
The object of the present invention is a support structure for optical fibers in optical fiber overhead ground wires and cables of the type comprising a reinforcing element
0145c:AB
233009
surrounded by a matrix made of plastic material provided with channels loosely accommodating optical fibers, and an outer metal envelope, wherein the matrix is formed of polyether-ether ketone and said reinforcing element is formed of a plastic material melting at temperatures in the order of 280 *C or higher and having a decomposition temperature with gas emission not lower than 340*C.
The present invention will be best understood from the following detailed description given by way of non limiting example with reference to the accompanying drawing sheet, in which:
-Fig. 1 is a sectional view of an optical fiber overhead ground wire in accordance with the invention;
-Fig. 2 is a sectional view of an optical fiber cable according to the invention.
Shown in Fig. 1 is a sectional view normal to the longitudinal axis, of an optical fiber overhead ground wire in accordance with the invention.
As shown in said figure 1 the structure of the optical fiber overhead ground wire is as set forth hereinafter starting from the inner part thereof and going towards the outside.
The radially innermost element in the overhead ground wire is a rod or reinforcing element 1 made by impregnating mechanically resisting and electrically non-conductive threads or fibers, for example fiber glass, threads and/or fibers or an aronatic polyamide and the like, with plastic material.
Disposed around the rod 1 and in contact therewith, is a matrix or tubular layer 2 formed by plastics extrusion and generally provided with hollows extending in a longitudinal
0145c:AB - 6 -
233009
direction to the matrix or tubular layer 2 and, in the particular embodiment shown in Fig. 1, with grooves 3 (a particular embodiment of hollows) extending in a longitudinal direction and recessed in the radially outermost surface of the matrix or tubular layer 2.
Preferably grooves 3 extend in a helical form with respect to the longitudinal axis of the matrix or tubular layer 2 and said helix can be either of the closed type or of the open type that is formed with alternate S-shaped and Z-shaped lengths.
Loosely housed in each groove 3 is at least an optical fiber 5; at least a tape wrapping (not shown in the figures) made of a polyamide for example, closes grooves 3. Finally a metal envelope adheres to the radially outermost surface of said tape wrapping.
Said metal envelope is comprised of a sheath 4,
preferably made of metal, for example aluminium, and a number of metal wires 6 disposed around the sheath so as to form coaxial and superposed layers forming all together the mechanical resisting element of the overhead ground wire; in particular the number of said metal wires 6 and their section is selected so as to realize a structure offering only mechanical resistance to the mechanical stresses to which the overhead ground wire can be submitted in the conditions of use it is intended for.
Alternatively, instead of the metal wires 6 it is possible to use metal rods, metal quoins or metal straps in order to form the mechanically resisting element of the overhead ground wire.
0145c:AB - 7 -
2 3 3 0 0 9
An essential feature to the ends of the present invention is that the plastic material of which the matrix or tubular layer 2 provided with hollows for loosely housing the optical fibers is made, must be polyether-ether ketone of extrudable type and that the plastic material forming the rod 1 constituting the reinforcing element for said matrix must have a decomposition temperature with gas emission not lower than 340*C.
A polyphenylene sulfide is one example of the plastic material adapted for rod 1.
One example of polyether-ether ketone of extrudable type of which the matrix or tubular layer 2 is made is the one having the following features:
-Apparent viscosity determined with a capillary rheometer at 380"c and at a cutting speed of 3000 sec-1 200 to 300 pascal x sec o
Density 1.25 to 1.35 gr/cm
-melting temperature 340 - 370*C
minimum temperature of the melt material coming out of the extruder 345*C
One example of the polyphenylene sulfide of which the rod or reinforcing element 1 is made is the one having the following features:
-Apparent viscosity determined with a capillary rheometer at 290*C and at a cutting speed of 3000 sec-1 100 to 200 pascal x sec
-density 1.30 to 1.40 gr/cm
-melting temperature 280 to 310°C
0145c:AB
233009
-decomposition temperature producing gas formation -340 *C
Shown in Fig. 2 is a sectional view normal to its axis of an optical fiber cable in accordance with the invention.
The cable shown in Fig. 2, starting from the inside and going outwardly exhibits a rod 7 the characteristics of which are the same as previously set forth with reference to the rod 1 of the optical fiber overhead ground wire shown in Fig. 1. In particular the mechanically resisting threads or fibers included in the rod can be electrically conductive/ for example metal wires.
Extending around the rod 7 is a matrix or tubular layer 8 formed by extrusion and having the same features as the matrix or tubular layer 2 of the optical fiber overhead ground wire 1.
The matrix or tubular layer 8 is generally provided with hollows extending longitudinally to the cable and in the particular embodiment shown in Fig. 2 said hollows consist of grooves 9 extending longitudinally to the cable for example in the form of a helix and are recessed in the radially outermost surface of the matrix or tubular layer 8.
Loosely housed within each groove 9 is at least an optical fiber 10 and said grooves are closed outwardly by at least a tape wrapping made of a polymeric material (not shown in Fig. 2) and the whole is covered with a metal envelope 11 in the form of a metal, for example copper or aluminium, sheath which can also perform the function of an electric lead powering the optoelectronic signal repeaters for signals transmitted along the cable.
0145c:AB
2 3 300
While not shown in Fig. 2, in the case of submarine cables, the metal envelope 11 comprises a number of for example metal wires disposed around the sheath so as to form coaxial and superposed layers which all together create the structure offering mechanical resistance to the stresses applied during the cable laying or recovery.
A layer of polymeric material 12 having electrical insulation properties is disposed around the metal envelope 11.
From the above described particular embodiments of an optical fiber overhead ground wire and optical fiber cable and from the following consideration it will be apparent that they achieve the intended purposes as above stated.
As previously said, an essential element to the ends of the present invention is that the matrix or tubular layer provided with hollows loosely accommodating the optical fibers must be made of a polyether-ether ketone, that is a polymeric material having a melting temperature not lower than 340*C, i.e. much higher than the temperature of 300*C which can normally be reached in the radially innermost region of any overhead ground wire also non-incorporating optical fibers when submitted to a short circuit caused by a lightning. Therefore a overhead ground wire in accordance with the invention, unlike the known ones including optical fibers, does not need any oversizing of the mechanically resisting structure, since the melting temperature of the matrix material is higher than the temperature which can be reached by effect of short-circuit currents passing through the overhead ground wire when struck by a lightning and consequently deformations of said matrix due to temperature are not to be feared.
0145c:AB - 10 -
"" "* 1 * "' /" " • - • v1 ** , _ o- •' 4
233009
However, polyether-ether ketone, in spite of its high melting temperature, cannot allow by itself the accomplishment of a support structure for optical fibers due to the insufficient mechanical characteristics it can offer as it is a
''••wr'
polymeric material.
The accomplishment of a support structure for optical fibers needs therefore, as known, the presence of a ^ mechanically resisting element in the form of a rod made of plastic material reinforced with mechanically resisting fibers or threads and electrically non-conductive in the case of optical fiber overhead ground wire. The presence of such a rod must not however entail any defect on the matrix or tubular layer provided with hollows for loosely accommodating the optical fibers and in particular on the surface of said hollows with which said optical fibers may be brought into contact.
For the above reason, another essential element to the ends of the present invention is that the plastic material of which the reinforcing rod of the matrix is made, besides having ' a melting temperature in the order of 280 *C so as to allow the matrix of plastic material to be formed thereon, which operation must necessarily take place by extrusion, should have a decomposition temperature with gas emission much higher than the melting temperature of the material of which said matrix is formed and in particular a temperature not lower than 340 °C.
In this manner during the manufacture by extrusion of the support structure for optical fibers no decomposition vith gas formation can take place as regards the plastic material of the rod.
0145c:AB - 11 -
^'
233009
Therefore in the matrix there is no formation of gas bubbles and consequently no unevenesses can occur on the surfaces of the hollows formed in said matrix and designed to accommodate the optical fibers.
It is therefore clear why the two essential elements pointed out above to the ends of the present invention allow any oversizing of the mechanically resisting structure for overhead ground wires to be avoided and why both in the optical fiber overhead ground wires and optical fiber cables there is no risk that the optical fibers loosely housed in the hollows provided in said support structure should be damaged, since the cause of formation of unevenesses in the surfaces of said hollows is eliminated.
While some embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated, it is understood that all modifications accessible to a person skilled in the art are intended to fall within the scope of the inventive idea.
0145c:AB
233000
Claims (7)
1. A support structure for optical fibers in optical fiber overhead ground wires and cables of the type comprising a reinforcing element surrounded by a matrix made of plastics material provided with channels loosely accommodating optical fibers and an outer metal envelope, wherein the matrix is formed of polyether-ether ketone and said reinforcing element is formed of a plastics material melting at temperatures of substantially 280°C or higher and having a gas emission temperature not lower than 340°C.
2. A structure according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing element is made of polyphenylene sulfide incorporating mechanically resisting threads and/or fibers.
3. A structure according to claim 2, wherein the mechanically resisting threads and/or fibers are fiber glass.
4. A structure according to claim 1, wherein the outer metal envelope comprises a number of mechanically resisting metal wires and/or rods and/or quoins wound in the form of a helix around the matrix and provided with channels loosely accommodating the optical fibers.
5. A structure according to claim 1, wherein the outer metal envelope comprises a tubular sheath.
6. A structure according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the channels consist of grooves disposed on the radially outermost surface of the plastics matrix.
7. A support structure substantially as hereinbefore described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings. WEST-WALKER, McCABE 'i Per: v32 4 APR 1991 ATTORNEYS FOR THE APPLICANT 0145c:AB ^ ~ 13 -
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT8919900A IT1228878B (en) | 1989-03-24 | 1989-03-24 | IMPROVEMENT IN OPTICAL FIBER SUPPORT STRUCTURES FOR GUARD ROPES AND FIBER OPTIC CABLES. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NZ233009A true NZ233009A (en) | 1991-06-25 |
Family
ID=11162185
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NZ233009A NZ233009A (en) | 1989-03-24 | 1990-03-20 | Optical fibre support structure |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU614462B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9001647A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2022008A6 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2230109B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1228878B (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ233009A (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5822484A (en) * | 1996-06-21 | 1998-10-13 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Lightweight optical groundwire |
| US20040120664A1 (en) * | 2002-12-19 | 2004-06-24 | Alcatel | Anti-rotational central strength member |
| US10173381B2 (en) | 2015-03-10 | 2019-01-08 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Method of manufacturing a distributed acoustic sensing cable |
| US10215015B2 (en) | 2015-03-10 | 2019-02-26 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Strain sensitive optical fiber cable package for downhole distributed acoustic sensing |
| US10215016B2 (en) | 2015-03-10 | 2019-02-26 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Wellbore monitoring system using strain sensitive optical fiber cable package |
| US10365537B1 (en) | 2018-01-08 | 2019-07-30 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Directional sensitive fiber optic cable wellbore system |
| US10247838B1 (en) * | 2018-01-08 | 2019-04-02 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Directional sensitive fiber optic cable wellbore system |
| US11619097B2 (en) | 2021-05-24 | 2023-04-04 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | System and method for laser downhole extended sensing |
| US11725504B2 (en) | 2021-05-24 | 2023-08-15 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Contactless real-time 3D mapping of surface equipment |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS61204609A (en) * | 1985-03-07 | 1986-09-10 | Power Reactor & Nuclear Fuel Dev Corp | Optical transmission body |
| GB8600294D0 (en) * | 1986-01-07 | 1986-02-12 | Bicc Plc | Optical cable |
| JPS62184410A (en) * | 1986-02-10 | 1987-08-12 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | Optical fiber core wire |
| GB2197497A (en) * | 1986-11-13 | 1988-05-18 | Stc Plc | Optical fibre cable |
| IT1215529B (en) * | 1987-06-01 | 1990-02-14 | Pirelli Cavi Spa | OPTICAL FIBER CABLE. |
| GB2214652B (en) * | 1988-01-21 | 1991-05-01 | Stc Plc | Ruggedised optical fibres |
| GB2214653A (en) * | 1988-01-21 | 1989-09-06 | Stc Plc | High Temperature optical cables |
-
1989
- 1989-03-24 IT IT8919900A patent/IT1228878B/en active
-
1990
- 1990-03-20 AU AU52042/90A patent/AU614462B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1990-03-20 NZ NZ233009A patent/NZ233009A/en unknown
- 1990-03-23 ES ES9000993A patent/ES2022008A6/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-03-23 BR BR909001647A patent/BR9001647A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-03-26 GB GB9006707A patent/GB2230109B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES2022008A6 (en) | 1991-11-16 |
| GB2230109B (en) | 1993-08-18 |
| BR9001647A (en) | 1991-05-07 |
| IT1228878B (en) | 1991-07-05 |
| GB9006707D0 (en) | 1990-05-23 |
| AU614462B2 (en) | 1991-08-29 |
| IT8919900A0 (en) | 1989-03-24 |
| AU5204290A (en) | 1990-09-27 |
| GB2230109A (en) | 1990-10-10 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| RENW | Renewal (renewal fees accepted) |