NZ223375A - Carbon michael cure activated by tertiary amines and epoxides; compositions comprising carbon michael-reactive components and a tertiary amine and an epoxide - Google Patents

Description

New Zealand Paient Spedficaiion for Paient Number £23375 £23 3 7 5 ~"s o. oa„,, cc4o^hb,,. .OB.»i^ LL:- NEW ZEALAND PATENTS ACT, 1953 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION s-- - °|i *1^81988^ CARBON MICHAEL CURE ACTIVATED BY TERTIARY AMINES AND EPOXIDES f/We, ROHM AND HAAS COMPANY, a Corporation organised and existing under the laws of Delaware, United States of America, of Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19105, United States of America hereby declare the invention for which-I- / we pray that a patent may be granted to me/us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- It 3 7 CARBON MICHAEL CURE ACTIVATED BY TERTIARY AMINES AND EPOXIDES Background of the Invention This invention relates to ambient cure compositions based on the base-activated Carbon Michael reaction between active methylene groups and active alkene groups. More particularly, the invention is directed toward use of tertiary amines and epoxides to activate the Carbon Michael reaction. In more specific aspects, the invention is directed toward classes of active methylene groups, active alkene groups, tertiary amines and epoxides that provide low cost, color and hazard, in two-pack coatings with good pot life, cure speed, gloss and durability on exposure to high humidity and ultraviolet light. Two-pack aliphatic urethane coatings represent the best current technology and provide targets for pot life, cure speed, gloss and durability, but alternatives to urethanes are needed with advantages in economy, safety, and ease of handling, especially for coatings with low levels of volatile solvent.

Heckles, U.S. Patent Nos. 4,217,396, 4,217,439, 4,218,515 and 4,229,505 teach crosslinked polymers from polyfunctional acrylates and difunctional acetoacetates, diacetoacetamides, ureadiacetoacetamides and cyanoacetates with diacetoacetoamides and ureadiacetoacetamides. The crosslinking is activated by strongly basic catalysts such as sodium methoxide, sodium metal, sodium ethylate, and 'oenzyl-trimethyl ammonium methoxide.

Bartman et al, U.S. Patent 4,408,013 also teaches the use of base catalysts with sufficient activity to activate Michael cure reactions, such as potassium hydroxide, - la - tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide, potassium amylate, sodium methoxide, potassium ethoxide and other alkali metal derivatives o£ alcohol, and quaternary ammonium bases. However, Bartman et al note that amines are generally 'not sufficiently strong to catalyze the Michael reaction between acrylic polymers having pendant acetoacetate groups and multifunctional acrylic esters.

Brindopke et al, Australian Patent No. 8540807-A teaches that strong bases such as alkali metal hydroxides or alcoholates cause yellowing and cloudiness with the acrylic polymers having pendant acetoacetate groups. They specify other active methylene compounds, with activation by diazabicyclooctane (triethylenediaraine, DABCO); halides of quaternary ammonium compounds, especially fluorides; organic phosphonium salts; amidines, such as tetrarnethylguanidine, diazabicycloundecene, and diazabicyclononene; phosphanes; alkali metal alcoholates; and quaternary ammonium compounds, such as alkylammonium, arylammonium and/or benzylammonium hydroxides or carbonates. Brindopke et al also teach that these catalysts or catalyst mixtures can be used in the presence of tertiary aliphatic amines which in themselves are not active at room temperature. Brindopke et al teach use of a broad range of compounds having at least two active alkene groups, excluding only those taught by Bartman et al. They specifically include derivatives of cinnamic acid, crotonic acid, citraconic acid or anhydride, raesaconic acid, fumaric acid, dehydrolevulinic acid or sorbic acid, but prefer acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and/or maleic acid or anhydride.

There are problems associated with use of all of the above catalysts for cure of those Carbon Michael-Reactive components which are preferred on the basis of cost, hazard to users and reactivity at ambient temperature. # 3 With the components taught by Bartman et al, combining good cure with pot life is problematic: at the level of base catalyst required to give good ultimate cure, the pot life of the composition is too short. By use of quaternary ammonium salts of volatile acids, this problem can be overcome, but then combination of early cure and gloss becomes problematic: with salts of carbonic acid the surface cure is too fast at levels of catalyst giving good ultimate cure, resulting in low gloss from shrinkage due to loss of solvent after the surface has crosslinked, while with salts of less volatile acids the cure is slower than desired.

Also, as mentioned by Bartman et al, combination of the required components in two stable packages is problematic: bases strong enough to activate the cure typically lose activity on extended aging when combined with either compositions having pendant acetoacetate groups or compositions having other than the most resistant classes of ester bonds. In particular, activity is lost on storage of the active base catalyst with acrylic polymers containing acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate (AAEM) and the polyacrylate crosslinkers taught in U.S. Patent No. 4,408,018. This severely limits the packaging options: the systems either have three packages, one for each component, or one large and one very small package, the small package containing the catalyst. It is desired to have only two packages of the same order of magnitude in size.

Similar problems exist when the Carbon Michael-reactive methylene groups are esters of acetoacetic acid other than acrylic polymers containing acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate, or when the Carbon Michael-reactive methylene groups are esters of malonic or cyanoacetic acid. 3 22 3 3 Similar problems exist when the Carbon Michael-reactive alkene component is a polyester containing fumarate and rnaleate moieties. Use o£ such polyesters as alkene component is highly desirable because they are less irritating than most multifunctional acrylates, and also because of potential for low cost. However, in addition to these pot-life/cure, cure rate/gloss, and packaging problems associated with the activators taught previously, their utility is problematic for another reason: such polyesters give weaker compositions than desired when the Carbon Michael-reactive methylene component is low in functionality/molecule. When the Carbon Michael-reactive methylene component is high enough in molecular weight and active methylene content per molecule for good strength and hardness, as with acrylic polymers containing pendant acetoacetate moieties, achieving good gloss and durability is problematic, probably because of incompatibility or phase-separation between the relatively high molecular weight alkene and methylene components.

Still another problem with polyesters containing fumarate and maleate moieties is their susceptibility to hydrolysis. It is known to minimize this by use of 2,2-alkylsubstituted 1,3-propanediols as glycols, however then polyesters tend to be readily crystal1izable with neopentyl glycol and expensive with less readily available 2,2-alkylsubstituted 1,3-propane diols.

A solution to the above problems is needed to provide alternatives to urethanes for ambient cure, especially for applications requiring exterior durability. 22 Summary of the Invention It has been discovered that the pot-life/cure, cure rate/gloss and packaging problems with preferred alkene-containing and methylene-containing components can be overcome by use of tertiary amines and epoxides as the main activator of Carbon Michael cure, with a key element being the occurrence of most of the reaction between tertiary amine and epoxide in the presence of both the activated alkene component and the activated methylene component. Without limiting the scope of the invention, it is believed that the activation of Carbon Michael cure results from the conversion of the tertiary amine to a quaternized nitrogen compound via reaction with the epoxy group in the presence of the Michael-reactive components. When tertiary amines are mixed with epoxides in the absence of Michael-reactive components, the typical result is a complex mixture of quaternary ammonium compounds, their alkaline decomposition products, and polyether moieties from epoxy homopolymerization. It is believed that in the presence of activated methylene component the reaction between amine and epoxide forms quaternary ammonium salts with the weakly acidic methylene component, activating the methylene component for reaction with the alkene component.

Without limiting the scope of the invention, the pot-life/cure problem is believed overcome by two fundamental advantages of this method of activation. First, the pot-life is extended because the activator concentration starts at a low level, and second, the rate of formation of activator is greater in the film than in the pot because the concentrations of amine and epoxide increase due to loss of solvent. 22 3 Without limiting the scope of the invention, the cure-rate/gloss problem is believed overcome by the same mechanism as the pot-life/cure problem. The cure rate increases with time as activator is formed from reaction of amine and epoxide, allowing solvent to leave the film while it is thermoplastic, yet giving a fast cure as sufficient levels of activator are formed.

Since the tertiary amines have much lower alkalinity than alkali or quaternary ammonium bases, they can be packaged with components having high concentrations of hydrolyzable ester groups, while the alkali or quaternary ammonium bases cannot.

Triethylenediamine does not give sufficient activation of Carbon Michael cure in the absence of epoxide. However, in the presence of epoxide, triethylenediamine gives faster activation than other tertiary amines, which is useful when a fast cure rate is needed.

The activation by triethylenediamine can in fact be so fast that levels of triethylenediamine needed for complete cure give pot lives shorter than desired. This problem can be overcome by using a combination of triethylenediamine with a another tertiary amine which gives a slower rate of activation. Combination of triethylenediamine with other, less volatile amines is also preferred for optimum crosslinking of-the surface of the film to give optimum mar res istance.

When both the tertiary amine component and the epoxide component are low in molecular weight and not selected according to the preferred embodiments described below, films prepared using the invention tend to blister when exposed to water. This problem is overcome by a variety of solutions involving either the amine component or the epoxide component:(1) the amine can be incorporated into the active methylene component, ~for example by use of acrylic copolymers that contain both pendant acetoacetate moieties and tertiary amine from amine-containing monomers such as dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate or dimethylaminopropyl' methacrylamide; (2) the amine can be incorporated into the alkene component; (3) the epoxide can be incorporated into the active methylene component, for example by use of acrylic copolymers that contain both pendant acetoacetate moieties and epoxide from copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate, or (4) the epoxide can be incorporated into the alkene component.

A preferred class of amine-containing active methylene components is derived from copolymerization of a monomer mixture containing both acetoacetate-functionai and tertiary amine-functionai monomers such as dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate or dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide. The level of the tertiary amine-functionai monomer is selected according to the level of the acrylic polymer in the binder, to provide, along with other amine components, the ratios of amine to epoxide specified below. The level of tertiary amine-functionai monomer then is from 2 percent by weight of total monomer for binders with a high level of acrylic to 15 percent for binders with a low level of acrylic.

A preferred class of amine-containing alkene components is derived from reaction of alkene components with compounds containing both tertiary amine and primary or secondary amine groups. It is believed that the primary or secondary amine group reacts with the activated double bonds, giving pendant tertiary amine groups. Suprisinglv, even though they are of low molecular weight, simple compounds containing both tertiary amine and primary amine groups (for example, dimethylaminopropylamine) or both tertiary am-ine and secondary amine groups (for example, tetramethyliminobis-propylamine), give cure and water resistance similar to amine-containing alkene components. Without limiting the invention, it is believed that these compounds are incorporated into the alkene component during cure, giving compositions somewhat similar to those in which they are pre-reacted with the alkene component.

Another preferred class of low molecular weight tertiary amines is Mannich reaction products of secondary amine, formaldehyde and phenols, for example tris(dimethyl-aminomethyl)phenol.

The epoxide components include mono- and poly- functional glycidyl compounds, epoxides derived from alpha olefins, and mixtures thereof. Preferred poly- functional glycidyl compound are glycidyl-functionai (meth)acrylic polymers (for example polymerized from glycidyl acrylate and/or glycidyl methacrylate monomers) and glycidyl-functionai polyesters and mixtures thereof .

The preferred epoxide components contain the epoxide group as glycidyl esters, glycidyl ethers, or epoxidation products of alpha olefins. A preferred type for economy is the commercial liquid diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, for example EPON 828 from Shell. Other types of epoxide give slower cure, presumably because of their slower reaction rate with tertiary amines. For best water resistance, especially with low molecular weight amine components, the epoxide is incorporated in the Michael-reactive methylene or alkene component, for example by use of glycidyl methacrylate to give glycidyl esters in an acrylic copolymer containing pendant active methylene moieties. However, for economy and ease of adjustment of epoxide level, one can use low molecular weight glycidyl esters, glycidyl ethers, or epoxidation products of alpha olefins. When using the low molecular weight epoxide components, for best water resistance it is preferred to use an amine component incorporated into the Michael-reactive methylene or alkene component, or capable of reaction with one of--the Michael- r~-. reactive components during cure.

/"N A preferred method for incorporation of the epoxide in the Michael-reactive methylene component is use of acrylic polymers containing pendant acetoacetate groups, incorporating epoxide by use of a monomer mixture containing glycidyl methacrylate along with acetoacetate-functionai monomer. The level of glycidyl methacrylate in the acrylic polymer is selected according to the level of acrylic polymer in the binder, the level of any other acrylic or epoxide components, and the criteria for total epoxide level discussed below. With a high level of acrylic polymer and all of the acrylic polymer containing epoxide, the glycidyl functional monomer may be as low as 4 percent in the acrylic polymer. When both an amine-functionai acrylic and an glycidyl-functionai acrylic are used, the preferred level of glycidyl methacrylate may be 20 percent or more of the acrylic polymer with glycidyl and acetoacetate functionality.

There are three preferred ways to combine Carbon Michael-reactive, epoxide, and amine components to achieve stable packages. The epoxide can be mixed prior to use with the active methylene moieties, the Carbon Michael-reactive alkene moieties, or a combination of the Michael-reactive components.

The tertiary amine can be mixed prior to use with the active methylene moieties or the alkene moieties. When extended package stability is not required, the amine can also be mixed prior to use with a combination of the Michael-reactive components, but a slow reaction between the Michael-reactive components is often activated with this combination.

A particularly preferred method for achieving two packages of similar size is combination of the epoxide with either the active methylene moieties or the alkene moieties, and the tertiary amine with the other Carbon""Wi-&haai-_ reactive component.

The ratio of total moles of tertiary amine groups to epoxide groups is not critical, but is usually from 0.5 to 1.5. Since the speed of cure increases with concentration of both amine and epoxide groups, and the presence of an excess of amine is detrimental to acid resistance and weathering resistance, it is preferred to have the ratio of tertiary amine groups to epoxide groups from 0.5 to 1.0.

A useful statistic for the activator level is milliequivalents of epoxide per 100 grams of all activator and Carbon Michael reactive components, based on nonvolatile material. This gives a measure of the potential moles of strong base per total weight of binder. This number should exceed the level of acid in the binder by at least 2 milliequivalents/100 grams. When the binder contains low levels of acid, the preferred activator level is usually in the range 2-80 milliequivalents per 100 grams, and often in the range 10-40, with lower levels giving poor rate of cure and higher levels giving adverse effects on water or acid resistance.

The epoxide/tertiary amine activator can be supplemented by less than 10 milliequivalents of preformed strong base per hundred grams of binder, with the strong base selected from the group consisting of salts of tetramethylguanidine, 1,8-diazabicylo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene, or quaternary ammonium hydroxide with carbonic, acetic or hydrofluoric acids and mixtures thereof to accelerate cure. The level of strong base should be kept to the minimum level giving the desired improvement in early cure, due to adverse effects on water resistance. The carbonic salts give the best improvement of early surface cure, and are therefore usually preferred. This is thought to be due to the ease of loss of acid from the film as carbon dioxide. However, even at 10 milliequivalents per hundred grams of binder, the carbonic salts tend to give loss of gloss, and thick films can even wrinkle due to surface cure exceeding sub-surface cure and solvent loss.

If the level is kept below 5 milliequivalents of preformed strong base, the strong base can be added as hydroxide or free base rather than the salt while retaining useful, albeit shortened pot-life.

To minimize adverse effects on water resistance, it is preferred that the hydroxide or salts be selected from tetrabutylarnmonium, tetraethylammonium, and trimethylbenzylammonium. These are commercially available as methanolic or aqueous solutions, limiting packaging options to those in which the preformed base is kept separate from ester groups.

Improvement of early cure without the problems of preformed base can be accomplished by use of phenols, or combinations of phenols and alcohols. Without limiting the scope of the invention, it is believed that phenols and alcohols accelerate the reaction between tertiary amines and epoxides. Preferred phenols are alkylsubstituted, for example p(t-butyl)phenol and nonylphenol. Preferred levels of phenol are 5 to 30 milliequivalents per 100 grams total weight of activator plus Carbon Michael-reactive components. The alcohols are used at from 1 to 20 percent of the binder, with a preferred alcohol being 2-ethylhexanol.

Preferred active methylene moieties are esters or amides of acetoacetic acid, malonic acid, or cyanoacetic acid. Availability of acetoacetic esters or amides via reaction of alcohol or amine groups with diketene makes these moieties economically attractive. Malonic ester or amide moieties can be preferred for low color with certain 11 fM .2 5 ' 3 0 alkenes. A particularly preferred route to use of malonate moieties is as a polyester made by reaction of malonic esters with glycols and other difunctional esters or acids. Cyanoacetic esters or amides can be preferred for high reactivity with low levels of active methylene functionality per molecule or with alkene components that have poor reactivity with acetoacetate or malonate moieties.

Acrylic polymers with pendant active methylene groups are preferred where it is desirable to have high levels of active methylene functionality per molecule and hard compositions with short tack-free times. For economy and ease of synthesis, it is preferred with acrylic polymers to use pendant acetoacetate groups, for example by use of allyl acetoacetate, acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate, or acetoacetoxyethyl acrylate as monomers. Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate or acetoacetoxyethyl acrylate are favored for ease of copolymerization, especially when high levels of active methylene moiety are desired. The amount of acetoacetate-functionai monomer is selected to give adequate crosslinking. Higher levels of acetoacetate-functionai monomer are required as the molecular weight of the acrylic polyrrer is decreased and as the level of the acrylic polymer in the binder is decreased.- Greater than 15 percent acetoacetate-functionai monomer is preferred for solvent resistant coatings, with up to 60 percent being desirable for high solids coatings with low molecular weight acrylic polymers or binders having the acrylic polymer less than 40 percent of the total weight.

Acetoacetic, malonic, and cyanoacetic esters and amides of low molecular weight mono, di-, tri-, and higher functional alcohols and amines are preferred where it is desireable to have solventless arrbient cure compositions, or as viscosity-reducing components with hi-g.her molecular 12 weight methylene components. For low color, malonic esters are preferred.

The alkene component should have at least two alkene groups per molecule. Preferred alkene moieties for use with the above methylene components are alpha-beta unsaturated esters of acrylic acid, fumaric acid, mixtures of fumaric and maleic acid, and the Michael addition products of acrylic acid with 1-5 propionate units per double bond (for example, acryloxypropionic acid). Maleic esters are significantly less reactive than fumaric esters. Methacrylate esters are reactive enough only with cyanoacetic esters and amides.

For low color with acetoacetate as active methylene and over a broad range of ratios of alkene moiety to active methylene moiety, with molar ratio of alkene to methylene as low as 0.9, Michael addition products of acrylic acid are preferred as alpha-beta unsaturated acid. The simplest such Michael addition product is beta-acryloxypropionic acid. It is preferred to use the mixture of beta-acryloxypropionic acid and higher Michael addition products, with up to 5 propionate units per double bond, that result from reaction of acrylic acid in the presence of catalysts for the Oxygen Michael reaction. Without limiting the scope of the invention, it is believed that reversal of the Oxygen Michael reaction addition is triggered during Carbon-Michael cure when the active methylene content drops to a low level, allowing the binder to become more alkaline. The reversal of the Oxygen Michael reaction is believed to generate acid, preventing the film from becoming strongly alkaline, thus minimizing alkali-induced color formation. Although good color can be obtained with a variety of such esters, it is preferred for good hardness to use esters of a trifunctionai alcohol such as trimethylolpropane, and with a molar ratio of alkene to active methylene in the range 0.9-2.0.

With acrylic acid as the alpha-beta unsaturated acid and acetoacetate as the methylene moiety, color develops with aging of the cured binder unless the ratio of alkene to methylene is greater than 1.5. When the alpha-beta unsaturated acrylic esters have three or more alkene groups per molecule, the ratio of alkene to active methylene can be as high as 4.0. When the alpha-beta unsaturated acrylic esters have only two alkene groups per molecule, the molar ratio of alkene to active methylene should be in the range 1.5-2.2.

With fumaric acid or mixtures of fumaric acid and maleic acid as alpha-beta unsaturated acid, preferred alkene components are polyesters with a number average molecular weight greater than 500, an equivalent weight less than 7 00 grams per alkene moiety, and less than 0.2 equivalents of acid per 100 grams of polyester solids. Cure is poor outside of these ranges, and especially preferred for good cure are polyesters with number average molecular weight greater than 900, equivalent weight less than 500, and less than 0.1 equivalents of acid per 100 grams. The hardest and most chemically resistant films are obtained with binders containing lower levels of polyester. For such films, it is preferred that the equivalent weight be less than about 300, with use of correspondingly low levels of dibasic acids other than maleic/fumaric. The least expensive and most flexible films are obtained with binders containing higher levels of polyester. For such films it is preferred to use a coacid selected as described below.

For hydrolysis resistance, durability and economy, the polyfunctional aIcohols used are mixtures of neopentyl glycol, neopentyl glycol mono(hydroxypivalate) (ED204), 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, trimethylolpropane, and L. cyclohexane dimethanol. Especially preferred are mixtures of neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, and neopentyl glycol mono(hydroxypivalate).

A high level of fumaric acid is preferred for reactivity with methylene groups, however due to ready crystallizability of fumarate polyesters of neopentyl glycol, the preferred ratio of fumaric/maleic is in the range from about 80/20 to 20/80. For the best reactivity, the ratio of fumaric/maleic should be above 40/60.

For outdoor durability, it is preferred that the dibasic acid moieties other than fumaric and maleic are cycloaliphatic or aliphatic. It is then preferred that the polyesters have greater than 50 percent ester termination. A particularly preferred coacid for hardness and durability is cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid.

For gloss and durability with methylene-functionai acrylic polymers, it is critical that the acrylic polymer and the polyester form a homogeneous, single phase after evaporation of solvent. With neopentyl glycol as main glycol and maleic and fumaric acids as main diacids, preferred acrylic polymers have 30-50 percent by weight acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate and greater than 30 percent by weight of butyl or isobutyl methacrylate. Such acrylic polymers are also compatible with polyesters having substantial levels of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid together with maleic and fumaric acids. The film properties can be varied over a wide range while maintaining these limits by varying the ratio of the methylene-functionai acrylic polyer to unsaturated polyester and the equivalent weight of the polyester. A given polyester can be used over a range of ratios, however it is preferred to have at least 1 alkene group per active methylene group for reactivity and less than about 3 alkene groups per active methylene^groups for durability and early alkali resistance. 22 For the best water resistance it is preferred that the end-groups of the polyester are hydrophobic rather than hydrophilic alcohol groups. One preferred route to such polyesters is use of relatively high-boiling monofunctionai alcohol in combination with glycols in reaction with dibasic acids. This can be done in steps, first preparing an acid-terminated polyester, then reducing the acid number to a low value by reaction with monofunctionai alcohol. A preferred monofunctionai alcohol is 2-ethylhexanol. A second preferred route is post-reaction of hydroxy-terminated polyester with acetic anhydride. A third preferred route is post-reaction of hydroxy-terminated polyester with hydrophobic isocyanate, with a preferred embodiment for good cure being isocyanates of hydroxyalkyl acrylates, which give acrylate-terminated polyesters following reaction with the hydroxy-terminated polyester. A fourth route is reaction of polyester with an excess of isocyanate, followed by addition of monofunctionai alcohol. Again a preferred emmbodiment with this route is use of a hydroxyalkyl acrylate to give acrylate-terminated polyester. A fifth route to such polyesters is preparation from diesters and glycols by transesterification.

With hydroxy 1-terrninated polyesters, hardness and chemical resistance can be improved by adding . multifunctionai-isocyanate at the time of mixing Carbon Michael-reactive components, tertiary amine and epoxide.

Detailed Description of the Invention The present invention relates to an improved method for activating Carbon Michael cure with combinations of Carbon Michael-reactive active methylene compounds and Carbon Michael-reactive alkene compounds preferred for reactivity, economy, low hazard and low color. t ■ m 22 3 3 The invention also relates to coating or binder compositions including active methylene moieties, Michael-reactive alkene groups, epoxide groups, tertiary amines and supplementary additives for improvement of early cure.

The abbreviations used in the Examples are as follows: AAEM Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate BA Butyl acrylate bis-DMAPA bis-Dimethylaminopropyl amine (tetrametby1iminobispropylamine) BMA Butyl methacrylate ButAc Butyl acetate Capr Capryl alcohol DBM Dibutylmaleate DBUACETATE Diazabicycloundecene acetate DBUCARB Diazabicycloundecene carbonate DMAEMA Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate DMAM Dimethylaminomethyl-substituted phenol DMAPA Dimethylaminopropyl amine DMAPMA Dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide DMCD Dimethyl ester of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid DMM Dimethylmaleate EthH 2-Ethylhexanol GMA . Glycidyl methacrylate HEMA Hydroxyethyl methacrylate HOAC Acetic Acid IBMA Isobutyl methacrylate MAA Methacrylic acid MAnh Maleic anhydride meq Milliequivalent MMA Methyl methacrylate NPG Neopentyl glycol 22 Sty TBACARB TBAH TEDA TMGACETATE TMGCARB TMPAcAc TMPAOPATE TMPMal TMPTA Xyl Styrene Tetrabutylamrnonium bicarbonate Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide Triethylenediamine Tetramethylguanidine acetate Tetramethylguanidine bicarbonate Trimethylolpropane trisacetoacetate Trimethylolpropane tris(aopate), Mn = 570 Trimethylolpropane tri(ethyl malonate) Trimethylolpropane triacrylate Xylene EXAMPLE 1 - Preparation of Polyester A, an Alkene-Containing Component having a Low Fumarate/Maleate Ratio.

A 1000 ml. four-necked flask equipped with a thermometer, subsurface nitrogen ebullator, mechanical stirrer, 6" Vigreux column and strip condenser was charged with 360 g. dimethyl maleate (2.5 moles), 117 g. neopentyl glycol (1.125 moles), 148.5 g 2,2-Diethyl-l,3 propanediol (1.125 moles), 1.2 g. dibutyltin oxide and 0.1 g. phenothiazine. The resulting slurry was heated rapidly, under nitrogen, to 160 degrees C. to dissolve the diols and initiate the transesterification reaction. Methanol generated in the process was removed by fractional distillation through the Vigreux column. The mixture was kept 2 hours at 160 degree C. and then was heated gradually to 210 degrees C. over a period of 5-6 hours. Approximately 90% of the theoretical alcohol was collected. After a 1 hour hold, the resin was stripped of volatiles in vacuo (15 min., 30-40 mm.), allowing the temperature to decrease to 175-180 degrees C. The polyester was cooled to 140 degrees C. and then diluted with xylene to afford the finished * 22 3 3 product at 83.8 % solids, viscosity 4800 cps. The fumarate/maleate ratio estimated from an NMR spectrum was 11/89. Gel permeation chromatography indicated that the molecular weights were Mw = 2010 and Mn = 1320.

EXAMPLE 2 - Preparation of Polyester B, an Alkene-Containing Component having a High Fumarate/Maleate Ratio.

Polyester B was prepared from polyester A by isomerization with 0.7 wt. % di-n-butylamine, giving a fumarate/maleate ratio estimated by NMR of 90/10. The solids content was 84.6 percent, and the viscosity was 14,100 cps. Gel permeation chromatography indicated that the molecular weights of Polyester B were Mw = 2390, Mn = 1450 .

EXAMPLE 3 - Preparation of Acetoacetate Functional Polymer A, a Methylene-Containing Component.

Three hundred twenty (320) grams of reagent grade xylene solvent was weighed into a one liter four neck flask. A monomer mix was prepared from 96 grams methyl methacrylate, 96 grams butyl methacrylate, 96 grams styrene, 192 grams AAEM, and 7.2 grams of t-butyl peroctoate. A solution of n-dodecyl mercaptan was prepared by dissolving 12.1 grams of the mercaptan in enough of the solvent to make 60 ml of solution. The remaining solvent was stirred with a nitrogen sparge and heated to 105 degrees C. The monomer mix and mercaptan solution were then added simultaneously over a period of 95 minutes at 103-106 degrees C. Following completion of the additions the mixture was held at 105 degrees C. for another 150 minutes with 2 gram portions of t-butyl peroctoate being added after 45 and 95 minutes. The 22 3 3 7 5 resulting 816 grams of solution was found to contain 60.9 wt. % polymer solids. Gel permeation chromatography indicated that the molecular weights were Mw = 15,200, Mn = 5560. The monomer ratio was 40 AAEM/ 20 MMA/ 20 BMA/ 20 Styrene. The initiator was 1.5 % t-butyl peroctoate on polymer solids. The chain regulator was 2.5 % n-dodecyl mercaptan on polymer solids.

EXAMPLE 4 - Preparation of Acetoacetate Functional Polymer B, a Second Methylene-Containing Component having a Lower Molecular Weight Polymer B was prepared by the same procedure used with Polymer A, except for use of 1.5 % 2,21-azobis(2-methylbutanenitrile) as the initiator in place of t-butyl peroctoate, and use of 5.0 % n-dodecyl mercaptan in place of 2.5 %. Gel permeation chromatography indicated that the molecular weights were Mw = 8170, Mn = 2720.

EXAMPLE 5 - White Paints Demonstrating Pot Life/Cure and Gloss/Cure Problems with Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide as Activator In this example, a preformed strong base activator component believed to be the best activator of the prior art, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, was used. This example demonstrates fumarate gives unexpectedly superior results, even with an activator of the prior art. It also demonstrates the cure/gloss problem and demonstrates the pot life cure problem.

Pigment grinds were prepared using Titanium Dioxide as pigment with a high speed disperser, grinding the pigment in the acetoacetate functional polymers A and B. Eight and 22 3 3 nineteen hundreths grams of pigment grind containing 3.75 grams pigment, 2.50 grams polymer solids, and 1.94 grams xylene were mixed with additional acetoacetate polymer (3.31 grams solids), 2.13 grams xylene, and alkene component. The alkene components used were Polyester A (Maleate), Polyester B (Fumarate), and TMPAOPATE (trimethylolpropane tris(acryloxvpropionate, the ester of trimethylolpropane with acrylic acid Michael addition products, having three moles of alkene per 570 grams). The weight of alkene component solids in each case was 2.94 grams, giving close to 1.5 equivalents of alkene component per mole of AAEM in the acrylic. Since earlier work indicated that addition of butanol could lengthen pot life and improve gloss, the level of butanol was studied in addition to the level of catalyst, molecular weight of the AAEM polymer, and type of alkene component. The paints were completed by adding xylene or xylene and butanol to give 58-60 weight percent solids after catalyst addition and 0 or 25 weight percent butanol on binder solids, then finally adding 0.35, 0.52, or 0.78 grams of 31 wt. % tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in methanol, giving 4.8, 7.2 or 10.8 mmoles quaternary nitrogen/100 grams binder solids (1.25, 1.87, or 2.80 wt. % catalyst solids on binder solids).

The catalyst was added last, after obtaining a homogeneous mixture of the other components. Then the paint was mixed further for two minutes and drawn with a 4-mil gate on phosphatized cold rolled steel (Bonderite 1000 pretreated steel). Measurements were made of time to freedom from tack with a Zapon tack tester and a 500 gram weight, and of time to gelation of the remaining paint. Two panels were drawn with each paint. One panel was aged1 at ambient for two days, then held for three days in an oven at 140 degrees F., then two days at ambient. At this time the * 2 ? 3 3 ; gloss (20 degree) and Knoop Hardness were measured. The other panels were aged under ambient conditions. At 28 days with the set of panels using Acetoacetate Functional Polymer A and at 26 days with the set of panels using Acetoacetate Functional Polymer B, the Knoop Hardness was measured and also the response of the film to a spot of xylene, which was placed on the film and allowed to evaporate. The spot was rated for blistering using the ASTM blister size and frequency standards and for degree of soluble material at the perimeter of the spot, on a scale from very slight (VSlight) to severe.

Results are tabulated in Table 1. At the lowest catalyst levels and with the least reactive (low molecular weight acrylic copolymer, maleate as alkene component) systems, the gloss and pot-life are promising, but the cure is poor. At the higher catalyst levels, cure improves, but gloss and pot-life are poor.

In contrast to the teaching of Brindopke et. al., fumarate polyesters give better cure than maleate polyesters.

I Table 1. Deronstration of pot life/cure and qloss/cure problems with Example 5 activator and discovery of reactivity advantages for fumarate over maleate polyesters.

•ACETCftCETATE FUNCTIONAL POLYMER A-(Hiqh Mol. Wt.) % Wt. 500 qm.

Polyester Butanol Amt. Ca t.

Gel Time Zapon Tack Gloss Hardness Hardness Xylene Spot (meq/lOOq) (rains.) (mins.) (After Oven) (After Oven) (After 28 Days) (After 21 3 Days) A 0 4.8 429-1372 191-234 81.0 1.7 0.8 Severe A 0 7.2 306-329 228-232 73.0 3.0 1.4 Mod/Sev A 0 .8 241-277 176-221 67.6 .6 1.9 Moderate A 4.8 1347 167-214 79.5 1.7 1.0 9DBlist A 7.2 400-1340 160-210 57.6 2.8 1.3 Severe A .8 389-1328 149-199 72.0 6.0 1.9 Moderate B 0 4.8 54-80 133-184 61.0 9.2 2.8 Moderate R 0 7.2 4-36 72-87 26.1 11.8 3.7 Sit/Mod 13 0 .8 4-26 46-62 9.6 14.2 6.6 VSliqht ro B 4.8 135-153 99-114 67.0 9.0 2.9 Mod/Sev ro B 7.2 53-65 57-74 55.1 13.4 .7 Moderate 04 B .8 4-45 <50 46.7 14.3 6.5 Sliqht TMPAOPATE TMPAOPATE TMPAOPATE 25 25 4.8 7.2 10.8 >1056 102-1050 67-82 >1054 198-1048 46-60 81.0 61.8 52.1 2.4 6.7 10.7 2.2 4.5 .3 Moderate VSlight VSliqht 04: on 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ■ACETOACETATE FUNCTIONAL POLYMER B-(Low Mol. Wt.) 500 qm. ftmt. Cat. Gel Time Zapon Tack Gloss Hardness Hardness (meq/lOOg) (mins.) (mins.) (After Oven) (After Oven) (After 26 Days) 4.8 470-4304 487-4320 80.2 0.8 0.6 7.2 465-4298 481-4320 82.0 1.3 0.8 .8 449-4281 286-335 71.9 1.9 1.0 16.2 >4274 4248-279 62.7 4.6 1.4 4.8 >4274 451-4320 74.7 0.8 0.7 7.2 >4256 405-435 77.8 1.3 0.9 .8 >4251 302-335 62.5 2.0 1.0 .16.2 >4242 211-245 73.5 .0 1.6 4.8 85-89 329-352 71.3 4.6 1.9 7.2 38-49 160-204 46.5 9.5 3.2 .8 33-43 88-127 12.0 12.8 4.7 4.8 199-4036 177-203 75.5 4.5 2.2 7.2 92-95 170-193 65.4 8.7 3.8 .8 51-56 140-164 63.6 12.1 .1 4.8 >4030 180-4320 67.8 1.3 1.3 7.2 144-3966 146-4320 37.9 3.7 3.1 .10.8 42-134 51-92 39.7 8.4 3.6 n 3 37 EXAMPLE 6 - AAEM Copolymers C, D and E (20 AAEM, Higher Molecular Weight).

AAEM copolymers were prepared as described above except no mercaptan was used, the initiator was 2.16 wt. % t-butyl peroctoate on monomers, and the monomer compositions were as follows: AAEM copolymer C: 40 MMA/ 20 BA/ 20 Sty/ 20 AAEM AAEM copolymer D: 35 MMA/ 20 BA/ 20 Sty/ 20 AAEM/ 5 DMAEMA AAEM copolymer E: 38 MMA/ 20 BA/ 20 Sty/ 20 AAEM/ 1.5 DMAEMA/ 0.5 MAA.

Gel permeation chromatography indicated the following molecular weights: C - Mw = 35,000, Mn = 13,900; D - Mw = 49,700, Mn = 15,100; E - Mw = 43,300, Mn = 16,000.

EXAMPLE 7 - Effect of Eooxv Resin on Cure of AAEM Copolymers C, D and E with TMPAOPA in White Paints.

Grinds of titanium dioxide were prepared in the AAEM copolymers using a high speed disperser as above. Weights of grinds giving 6.01 grams polymer solids and 3.10 pigment were mixed with 1.51 grams TMPAOPA. This weight ratio gave 1.5 moles of alkene per mole of acetoacetate. One and eighty-eight one hundredths grams of n-butanol and sufficient xylene were added to make the paints 60 wt. percent solids after addition of activating additives. One set of paints contained 0.61 grams of epoxy resin DER-732 (a trademark of Dow), a polyglycol diglycidyl ether (alkylene oxide glycol type) with 305-335 epoxy equivalents per gram. This level of epoxy resin gave a 1/1 equivalent ratio 22 3 3 between epoxy and tertiary amine in the case where the copolymer contained 5% DMAEMA.

All paints contained 0.58 % choline based on binder solids, giving 4.8 mmoles quaternary ammonium/100 grams of binder. This level had given marginal cure in earlier experiments without epoxy added. The choline was added last, with the epoxy added as the final component in the mixes made prior to adding the choline. Viscosities of the paints were measured 2 minutes after adding the choline, and the paints were then drawn on phosphatized cold rolled steel (Bonderite 1000) panels using a 4 mil gate. Results are shown in Table 2. - 26 22 337 Table 2. Effect of combination of tertiary amine and epoxy on cure.

Sample Number 1_ 2 3_ _4 5_ 6_ Copolymer A B C A B C DMAEMA level in copolymer None % 1.5% None % 1.5% MAA level in copolymer None None 0.5% None None 0.5% Epoxy Resin Added —Yes No Viscosity at 2 minutes (cps) 176 220 178 204 278 212 Viscosity at 100 minutes 334 254 178 204 320 224 Viscosity at 300 minutes Gel 400 192 Gel 400 224 Viscosity at 3 days Gel 258 Gel 258 Minutes to pass 500g 265- >433 >433 75- 164- 280- Zapon Tack-Free 281 83 189 299 Film Properties after 13 days Ambient Core Degree Gloss, Panel A 77.1 83.8 83.9 70.5 82.3 86.0 tl II II II g 78.5 84.5 84.2 72.2 82.9 86.5 Knoop Hardness 0.95 8.59 2.16 2.30 2.17 1.20 Pencil Hardness HB 2H F F F HB Pencil after 10 sec. MEK <6B 2H <6B <6B <<6B <<6B Xylene Spot Attack Severe Slight Mod.

Mod.

Med.

Mod.

(Mod. = Moderate) Sample 2, combining 5% tertiary amine in the AAEM copolymer with a stoichiometric amount of added epoxy, has dramatically better film properties, combining good gloss and solvent resistance. In the absence of added epoxy, amine detracts from cure, and in the absence of amine in the copolymer epoxy detracts from cure. / ->'9 1 " ■* vJ 3 EXAMPLE 8 - Comparison of Eooxy Resins for Cure with No Clear enamels were prepared with an AAEM copolymer having composition 40 AAEM/ 15 MMA/ 20 BMA/ 20 Sty/ 5 DMAEMA and a polyester crosslinker prepared from (mole ratios): 3.0 Maleic Anhydride/ 2.0 Trimethylpentanediol/ 2.0 NeopentylGlycol.

The enamels were prepared at 51 wt. % solids with xylene as sole solvent.

Epoxy resins were added to give a 1/1 equivalent ratio between amine and epoxy. The weight ratio of AAEM copolymer solids/polyester solids was 668/332, giving 1.5 equivalent C=C/acetoacetate.

All of the enamels had extended pot life, gelling only after three or more days. Table 3 shows film hardness results.

Added Strong Base 22 3 37 Table 3. Hardness development with only epoxy/amine latent catalyst.

Epoxy Identification Chemical Composition Knoop Hardness 1 day 8 day 14day Araldite RD-1 Butyl Glycidyl Ether 0 .32 0.69 0. 82 Araldite CY-179 Cycloaliphatic Diepoxide 0 .38 0.52 0. 59 Araldite DY-025 C-12/C-14 Alkyl Glycidyl Ether tacky .77 9. 90 Araldite DY-027 C-8/C-10 Alkyl Glycidyl Ether 0 .36 3.28 7. 06 Araldite MY-720 N-Tetraglycidylmethylenbis-benzenamine 0 .34 1.54 . 72 Araldite Resin 500 4-Glycidyloxy-N,N-di-Glycidyl aniline 0 .32 .20 9. 65 Araldite Resin 510 Same as Resin 500 0 .38 4.54 9. 72 Heloxy MK-11S 2-Ethylhexyl Diglycidyl Ether 0 .36 4.38 9. 24 Heloxy WZ-67 1,4-Butanediol Diglycidyl Ether 0 .32 9.54 12. 55 Heloxy WC-68 Neopentylglycol Diglycidyl Ether 0 .33 9.18 11. 85 Heloxy MK-107 CyclohexyId imethanol Diglyc. Ether 0 .32 8.86 12.

Heloxy WC-69 Resorcinol Diglycidyl Ether 0 .31 9.80 13. 00 Heloxy WC-84 Aliphatic Polyol Di/Triglyc. Ether tacky 2.88 . 97 Epon 828 Bisphenol A Digylcidyl Ether 0 .39 9.82 14. 40 With the exception of butyl glycidyl ether and the cycloaliphatic diepoxide, all of the epoxy-functionai compounds gave good hardness development. t 22 3 3 7 EXAMPLE 9 - Cure with No Strong Base Added, Comparing Triethylenediamine with Dimethylaminomet'nyl-Substituted Phenol and Amine in the AAEM Copolymer, at Various Levels of Epoxy Resin Clear enamels were prepared using either an AAEM copolymer that did not have amine comonomer, with a composition 50 IBMA/ 10 Styrene/ 40 AAEM or a related composition containing dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide (DMAPMA): 50 IBMA/ 5 Styrene/ 40 AAEM/ 5 DMAPMA. The crosslinker was a polyester orepared from (mole ratio) 5 diethyl fumarate/ 4 2-methyl, 2-propyl, 1,3-propanediol. Neopentyl diglycidyl ether was used as the epoxy. The enamels with the resin without amine were formulated with triethylenediamine (TEDA) or dimethylaminomethyl-substituted phenol (DMAM) at 21, 42 or 63 meq amine nitrogen per 100 grams of binder. The epoxy was added at various levels relative to the amine. The enamels were drawn on phosphatized cold-rolled steel (Bonderite 1000) with an applicator having a 4 mil gate one hour after mixing.

Results are shown in Table 4. 22 3 3 Table 4. Evaluation of TEDA and DMAM as tertiary amine for latent catalyst system with epoxides.

Enamels using AAEM copolymer without copolymerized amine.

Amine Amine Level Epoxy Level Gel Time 500g Zapon Knoop Hardness Pencil Hardness Butyl Acetate Patch (meq/lOOgrams) (Hrs) (Minutes) Iday 14day 14day DMAM 21 21 >120 344-382 0.36 9.97 F <6B DMAM 42 42 >120 514-1419 0.76 15.50 H <6B DMAM 63 63 98-120 521-1416 1.76 13.95 H HB DMAM 42 84 98-120 518-1409 1.20 13.10 H HB DMAM 42 126 76-98 514-1405 1.52 12.35 H HB DMAM 21 63 >120 511-1406 0.58 11.10 F <6B TEDA 21 21 -24 180-274 3.72 13.33 F Film TEDA 42 42 <5 172-270 .52 12.75 F <6B TEDA 63 63 <5 173-267 6.74 12.65 . H B TEDA 42 84 <5 312-348 3.49 13.27 H <63 TEDA 42 126 <5 161-266 2.06 7.95 F <6B TEDA 21 63 <5 408-456 1.99 8.36 F <6B Enamel using AAEM copolymer with copolymerized amine.

DMAPMA 21 21 >120 404-452 0.33 11.43 H <6B ?2 3 3 TEDA was the only amine tested that gave an early cure comparable to added strong base.

The experiment suggests that for the best combination of pot life, early cure and ultimate properties a combination of TEDA with less rapidly reacting tertiary amines is preferred.

EXAMPLE 10 - Experiment Comparing Combinations of Tertiary Amines Enamels were prepared using a different pair of related AAEM copolymers with and without copolymerized amine: AAEM resin A: 20 BMA/ 20 MMA/ 20 Styrene/ 40 AAEM.

AAEM resin 3: 20 BMA/ 15 MMA/ 20 Styrene/ 40 AAEM/ 5 DMAEMA.

The crosslinker was a polyester made from (mole ratios): 7.35 Neopentyl Glycol/ 1.0 Isophthalic Acid/ 1.0 Terephthalic Acid/ 4.0 Maleic Anhydride// 2.0 Diethyl Fumarate. The crosslinker was used at a level giving one equivalent of C=C/acetoacetate (a weight ratio of about 67.5/32.5 AAEM copolymer/polyester solids). Films were drawn with a number of combinations of amine components, with the epoxy level adjusted to give one epoxy equivalent/equivalent of amine nitrogen except in one case with tertiary amine in the polymer and no added amine.

Films were drawn as in the above experiments. The epoxy was neopentyl diglycidyl ether. The results are shown in Table 5. ->? 3 37 Table 5. Comparison of combinations of amine components with epoxy addition at 1 equivalent epoxy/tertiary amine.

* AAEM Resin A without copolymerized amine, Resin B has 5% DMAEMA.

* TBACARB = Tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate.

Amines and AAEM Quat. Added Epoxy Knoop Hardness Pencil Patch Test Haze Resin (Type/eqvs. eqvs. 17day 17 day in per lOOgr.) —— lday 7day 17day _ ButAc Xyl Humid.

A None None 0.3 1.0 1.4 3B Soluble Soluble Heavy A TBACARB/5 None 1.2 2.7 3.5 F <6B <6B Slight A TEDA/10 0.9 .6 6.7 F <6BWrnkl <6B Moder.

A TEDA/20 2.3 8.0 8.6 F <6BBlstr <6BBlstr Moder A TEDA/10+ 1.3 8.0 .7 F <6B <6B Moder.

DMAM/10 B None None 0.5 1.1 1.6 B Soluble Soluble Heavy B TBACARB/5 1.2 7.8 11.9 H <6B <6B Moder.

B TEDA/10 "30 1.0 9.0 11.5 p <6B <6B None B TEDA/5 0.8 8.2 12.1 F <6B 2B None (B) = Blistered (W) = Wrinkled With the AAEM resin having no copolymerized amine, the combination of TEDA and DMAM gave better film properties at 17 days than TEDA alone at the same level of nitrogen. ? 0 3 3 7 The best properties were with the combination of copolymerized tertiary amine and TEDA.

EXAMPLE 11 - Heat Aging of TEDA with AAEM Copolymer In Column 4 (Examples 13 and 14) of U.S. Pat. 4,408,018, reference is made to loss of crosslinking activity on aging strong base catalysts with AAEM copolymer for 10 days at 140°F, a typical package stability test condition. It has been shown in the preceding examples that with triethylenediamine plus epoxy one can achieve speed of cure needed for ambient cure coatings and with combinations of triethylenediamine and other tertiary amines one can achieve this in combination with good pot life and film properties. A heat stability test was conducted to determine if the crosslinking activity was stable. The AAEM copolymer and crosslinker were: 50 IBMA/ 10 Styrene/ 40 AAEM and 5 Diethyl Fumarate/ 4 2-methyl, 2-propyl, 1,3-propanediol. Clear enamels with a 1/1 ratio of C=C/acetoacetate were used. Mixtures of TEDA and AAEM copolymer heat aged at 140°F for 10 days were compared with freshly prepared mixtures by combination with crosslinker and epoxy and comparison of tack-free time and hardness development of films and viscosity progression of enamels. No loss of crosslinking activity was observed when TEDA was heat-aged with the AAEM copolymer at levels giving 21, 43, or 64 milliequivalents of nitrogen. •w' EXAMPLE 12 - Preparation of Pigment Grinds for Deep-Tone Blue Paints.

Pigment dispersions for the paints were prepared in AAEM copolymer solutions by a sand mill procedure, using the It 3 3 following ratio of materials: 180 grams AAEM copolymer solids/ 34.63 grams Phthalocyanine Blue pigment (BT-4170, DuPont)/ 85.37 grams titanium dioxide (Ti-Pure R-960, DuPont)/ 200 grams xylene. The AAEM copolymers were at about 60 percent solids in xylene, with additional xylene added as required (to give 200 grams), based on the exact solids of the copolymer.

EXAMPLE 13 - Comparison in Blue Paints of Binder Based on Combination of AAEM/GMA/BMA and AAEM/DMAPMA/BMA Copolymers with TEDA with Binder Based on AAEM/MMA/BMA Copolymer and Tetrabutylammonium Carbonate, Using Fumarate Polyester as Alkene Component.

The AAEM copolymers were prepared without mercaptan chain transfer agent, with the following monomer compositions and molecular weights (Mw/Mn) indicated by gel permeation chromatography: AAEM Copolymer F: 40 AAEM/ 20 GMA/ 40 BMA (Mw/Mn = 16,700/6620) AAEM Copolymer G: 40 AAEM/ 10 DMAPMA/ 50 BMA (Mw/Mn = 10,600/4080) AAEM Copolymer H: 40 AAEM/ 5 MMA/ 55 BMA (Mw/Mn = 14,800/6550).

The polyester was prepared with the following mole ratios of components: 0.67 trimethylolpropane/ 4.51 neopentyl glycol/ 2 maleic anhydride/ 3 diethyl fumarate/ 2 dimethyl cyclohexanedicarboxylate. The molecular weights (Mw/Mn) indicated by gel permeation chromatography were 9250/1750. The ratio of fumaric to maleic indicated by NMR was 87/13.

The paints were prepared by mixing pigment grind, additional AAEM copolymer, polyester, xylene, and a silicone t 11 3 leveling aid (SF-1023, General Electric Co.) at 0.1 weight percent of binder solids to give a homogeneous mixture.

Then TEDA or tetrabutyl ammonium bicarbonate was added. All paints were 54.5 weight percent solids when complete and contained 0.364 grams Phthalocyanine Blue and 0.897 grams titanium dioxide per 10 grams binder. The TEDA was added as a 15 percent solution in methyl ethyl ketone. The tetrabutyl ammonium bicarbonate was prepared by car'oonation of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in methanol, and was 19.4 weight percent in methanol (0.64 meq/gram solution by titration). The TEDA level was 20 meq/100 grams binder (1.1 weight percent). The tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate level was 7.5 meq/10 0 grams binder. The ratio of AAEM copolymer/polyester solids was 2/1, giving 1 mole of alkene/mole of acetoacetate. With the system using AAEM copolymers F and G, the weight ratio of F/G was 1/1.

Paints were drawn with a 4 mil gate on phosphatized steel panels (Bonderite 1000) and on glass panels. The paint with tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate gave a pale blue, indicating flocculation of pigment. The paint with TEDA gave the desired deep-tone blue.

Table 6 shows film properties after ambient aging: Knooo and Pencil Hardness, impact resistance and gloss measured with the steel panels and volumetric swell ratio in butyl acetate measured with film lifted from the glass panels. The swell ratio measurement was based on increase in length of a 3 cm piece of film on swelling with butyl acetate, and calculated as the cube of the swelled length divided by the original length. 2 2 3 3 7 5 Table 6. Blue paint comparison of activation by tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate and by epoxide/tertiary amine with polyester as alkene component.

AAEM Copolymer F/G (1/1) H Additive TEDA TBACARB Blueness Deep Pale Knoop Hardness at 1 day 1.6 1.3 " " 4 days 4.5 1.5 14 days 8.9 2.4 Pencil Hardness at 1/4/14 days B/F/H B/B/B Swell ratio at 4/14 days 1.73/1.55 2.04/2.00 Direct Impact (in-lb) at 14 days 70-90 50-70 degree gloss at 14 days 81.2 66.0 The activator system of the invention shows much better development of hardness and combines excellent mechanical properties and solvent resistance with excellent gloss, while the preformed strong base activator gives marginal hardness and solvent resistance and poor gloss. The preformed strong base also causes a pigment flocculation. w* 3 7 EXAMPLE 14 - Comparison in Blue Paints of Binder Based on Combination of AAEM/GMA/BMA and AAEM/DMAPMA/BMA Copolymers with TEDA with Binder Based on The AAEM copolymers were F, G, and H described in Example 13. The paints were prepared as described in the Example 13, with the only difference being the ratio of AAEM polymer/alkene component, which was 745/255, again giving a 1/1 mole ratio of alkene groups to acetoacetate groups.

Table 7 shows film properties obtained as described in Example 13. The paint with tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate was pale like in the preceding example. The paint with TEDA was slightly less deep a blue than the corresponding paint with polyester.

AAEM/MMA/BMA Copolymer and Tetrabutylammonium Carbonate, Using TMPAOPA as Alkene Component. . t i 3 3 Table 7. Blue paint comparison of activation by tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate and by epoxide/tertiary amine with TMPAOPA as alkene component.

AAEM Copolymer F/G (1/1) H Additive TEDA TBACARB Blueness Nearly Pale Deep Knoop Hardness at 1 day 4.1 1.3 4 days 7.2 1.8 14 days 10.0 2.7 Pencil Hardness at 1/4/14 days F/F/H F/HB/HB Swell ratio at 4/14 days 1.41/1.34 1.58/1.54 Direct Impact (in-lb) at 14 days 70-90 >130 degree gloss at 14 days 82.9 79.1 The properties with tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate activator were better with TMPAOPA as alkene component than with polyester (Example 13), but the activator system of the invention again shows superiority in hardness development, solvent resistance, gloss and color. * 2. 3 3 EXAMPLE 15 - Preparation of Ethvlhexyl Terminated Polyester C.

A 1000 ml. four-necked flask equipped with thermometer, nitrogen sparge tube, overhead mechanical stirrer and Barrett trap above a six inch Vigreux column was charged with 44.3 g. trimethylolpropane (0.33 mol), 103.1 g. neopentyl glycol (0.99 mol), 194.2 g. maleic anhydride (1.98 mol) and 0.9 g. triphenyl phosphite. The resulting mixture was stirred with a nitrogen sparge and heated to approximately 130° C. At this point all of the solids melted and an exothermic reaction rapidly increased the temperature of the mixture to 180° C. Xylene was added through the condenser until the solution refluxed vigorously at a pot temperature of 180° C. Refluxing at that temperature was continued for two hours during which 18 ml. of aqueous distillate was collected in the Barrett trap. The mixture was then allowed to stand at room temperature overnight. The following day 130.2 g. 2-ethyl-l-hexanol (1.00 mol) and 1.8 g. dibutyltin oxide were added. The mixture was reheated, again under nitrogen, and refluxed at 190° C. for an additional 8 hours during which time approximately 16.5 ml. of water was collected in the trap. The course of the reaction was followed by periodically removing samples of the reaction mixture and titrating them with base to determine the amount of unesterified acid remaining. At the end of the reaction, the acid titer was 0.027 meq/g. of the 88.5% solids solution. Proton NMR showed the polyester had a 71 fumarate to 29 maleate mol ratio of isomers. Molecular weight as determined by GPC was Mw=12,300, Mn=1250.

EXAMPLE 16 - Preparation of Hvdroxyl Terminated Polyester D.

A 1000 ml. four-necked flask equipped with a thermometer, nitrogen sparge tube, overhead stirrer and Barrett trap on top of a six inch steam jacketed Vigreux condenser was charged with 445.8 g. neopentyl glycol (4.3 mols), 228.3 g. dimethyl cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate, 1.6 g. dibutyltin oxide and 1.6 g. triphenyl phosphite. Steam was turned on in the jacketed Vigreux, and the mixture was stirred with a nitrogen sparge and heated to 190° C. After one hour, the temperature was increased to 200° C. and held there for a total of 4.5 hours during which time 95% of the theoretical weight of distillate was collected. Actual weight loss, as determined by weighing the reaction mixture after allowing it to cool to room temperature, was 76.3 g. or 104.5% of the theoretical amount. There was then added 268.7 g. maleic anhydride (2.7 mols) and the mixture was reheated again under nitrogen but without steam in the jacketed Vigreux. Enough xylene was added through the condenser on top of the Barrett trap to cause steady reflux at a pot temperature of 200° C. Refluxing was continued at that temperature for a total of 7 hours during which 58 ml. of aqueous distillate was collected and the acid titer of the mixture dropped to 0 . 022 rneq per gram of reaction mixture. The product was then diluted to approximately 70% solids by adding xylene until the mixture refluxed at a pot temperature of 160° C. Proton NMR of the polyester showed an isomer mol ratio of 58 fumarate to 42 maleate. Molecular weight as determined by GPC was Mw=7340, Mn=2330. / 22 3 3 7 EXAMPLE 17 - Preparation of Aminated Polyesters from Polyester D.

Polyester E.

A 1000 ml. three-necked flask fitted with overhead stirrer and nitrogen sparge tube was charged with 480 g. of Polyester D which was stirred at room temperature in a nitrogen atmosphere while 17.3 g. 3-(dimethylamino)propyl amine was added. A mildly exothermic reaction occurred and a pale yellow color developed. Proton NMR showed the product to have an isomer mol ratio of 87 fumarate to 13 maleate.

Polyester F.

A 500 ml. three-necked flask fitted with overhead stirrer and nitrogen sparge tube was charged with 240 g. of Polyester D which was stirred at room temperature in a nitrogen atmosphere while 7.9 g. of bis((3- dimethylamino)propyl amine) was added. A pale yellow color developed. Proton NMR showed the product to have an isomer mol ratio of 65 fumarate to 35 maleate.

Polyester G.

A 300 ml. three-necked flask fitted with overhead stirrer and nitrogen sparge tube was charged with 102.3 g. of Polyester D. ' The polyester was stirred under nitrogen and heated to 100° C. and 3.4 g. of bis((3-dimethylamino)-propyl amine was added. After a ten minute hold at 100° C. the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. This product was slightly darker in color than Polyesters E and F. Proton NMR showed an isomer mol ratio of 76 fumarate to 24 maleate. t 22 3 37 EXAMPLE 18 - Preparation of Trimethylolpropane Tris(acetoacetate). /-"•s A 1000 ml. four-necked flask fitted with overhead stirrer, nitrogen sparge tube, thermometer and Barrett trap on top of a 6" steam jacketed Vigreux column was charged with 134.2 g. trimethylolpropane (1.0 mol), 580.6 g. methyl acetoacetate (5.0 mols), 0.8 g. triphenyl phosphite and 0.8 g. dibutyltin oxide. Steam was turned on in the jacketed Vigreux and the mixture was stirred with a nitrogen sparge and heated. When the pot temperature reached 142° C. methanol began distilling rapidly from the mixture. Heating was continued for a total of 50 minutes to a maximum pot temperature of 185° C. Vacuum was then applied and the excess methyl acetoacetate was removed first at 20 mm. Hg then at 1 mm. Hg with a maximum pot temperature of 180° C. Yield of orange liquid product was 372.4 g., 96% of theory. A small amount of white solid formed in the sides of the flask after cooling to room temperature. This was removed by gravity filtration. Proton NMR showed 100% conversion based on integration of methylene adjacent to esterified oxygen relative to methyl of trimethylolpropane.

EXAMPLE 19 - Preparation of Trimethylolpropane . Tris(ethylmalonate).

A 1000 ml. four-necked flask fitted with thermometer, nitrogen sparge tube and a 6" steam jacketed Vigreux with a Barrett trap on top was charged with 134.2 g. trimethylolpropane (1.0 mol), 800.0 g. diethyl malonate (5.0 mols), 1.0 g. triphenyl phosphite and 1.0 g. dibutyltin oxide. Steam was turned on in the condenser and heating was begun with a nitrogen sparge. The mixture cleared but became cloudy 2 3 3 7 again at approximately 130° C. When the pot temperature reached 160° C. ethanol began distilling from the mixture. Heating was continued for a total of 50 minutes with a maximum pot temperature of 180° C. Vacuum was then applied and excess diethyl malonate was removed. Temperature was allowed to fall rapidly to 100° C. to avoid crossesterification reactions which could yield high molecular weight materials. Final stripping was at 100° C. with 1 mm. Hg. Yield of product was 412 g. (86% of theory). Proton NMR was consistent with the proposed structure.

EXAMPLE 20 - Direct Comparison of Epoxy/Amine and Preformed Strong Base Activators Using the Same AAEM Copolymer with Both Activators, and Demonstration of Advantages in Water Resistance with TEDA when the Epoxy Component is an AAEM/GMA Copolymer Rather than a Low Molecular Weight Epoxide.

Blue paints were prepared as described above, using the following AAEM copolymers: AAEM Copolymer I: 40 AAEM/ 50 IBMA/ 10 DMAEMA AAEM Copolymer J: 40 AAEM/ 40 IBMA/ 20 GMA.

The alkene component was Polyester H, a hydroxy terminated polyester prepared similarly to Polyester D. The mole ratio of reactants used to make the polyester was 20.4 neopentyl glycol/9.7 dimethyl cyclohexanedicarboxylate/9.7 maleic anhydride. The equivalent weight was 435 grarns/alkene group. Gel permeation chromatograph indicated Mw = 7700, Mn = 2770. ?2 3 3 7 The ratio of AAEM copolymer to polyester was 40/60, giving more economical but softer binders than illustrated in preceding examples. The comparison of preformed strong base and epoxy/amine activation was with AAEM copolymer I. The epoxy was a commercial example of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (Epon 828, Shell). The latter epoxy/amine system was to be further compared with a system where the epoxy was from AAEM copolymer J, which was used at a 1/1 ratio with copolymer I (both then at 20 percent of total binder).

The strong bases were tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate and tetramethylguanidine bicarbonate, both prepared by carbonation of methanolic solutions. The tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate solution introduced more methanol into the paint, so the tetramethylguanidine was evaluated both with the minimum methanol and also with additional methanol added to give the same level as with tetrabutylammonium.

To test early cure and water resistance, pieces of the panels were exposed in a Cleveland Condensing (QCT) cabinet with the paint exposed to water vapor at 120 degrees F and the backside of the panel exposed to ambient conditions. Table 8 gives hardness results. Table 9 gives gloss before and after exposure in the Cleveland Condensing cabinet, and rating of blisters developed during exposure. The exposure in the cabinet started after 1 day of ambient cure and lasted for 3 days. The level of methanol (MeOH) shown is weight percent of binder. 22 3 3 7 5 Table 8. Hardness comparisons for Example 20.

AAEM Polymer MeOH (Wt %) Additive Epoxy Type Meq/lQOq Knoop Hardness Pencil 1/4/7 days 1/4/7/14 days J/I 0 GMA in I TEDA 28 0.5/1.3/1.9 5B/B/B/HB J 1.7 None TMGCARB 10 J 2.6 None TMGCARB 15 0.5/0.8/0,8 0.6/0.8/0.8 3B/B/B/B 3B/B/B/B 0 6pctEpon TEDA 28 0.5/2.6/4.0 3B/B/B/F J J .0 15.0 None None TBACARB TBACARB 15 0.4/0.6/0.6 0.5/0.6/0.7 5B/2B/B/B 3B/B/B/B J J .0 15.0 None None TMGCARB TMGCARB 15 0.4/0.7/0.7 0.6/0.8/0.8 3B/B/B/B 3B/B/B/B 0* 22 3 3 /""N Table 9. Condensing cabinet results for Example 20.

AAEM Poly- mer MeOH Epoxy Additive Type Meg/lOOg Degree Gloss Blisters Before After Size Density (ASTM) J/I 0 GMA in I TEDA 28 80.2 75.8 Micro MD J 1.7 None TMGCARB 10 J 2.6 None TMGCARB 15 57.5 53.7 9.6 11.3 7 D 3-5 D 0 6pctEpon TEDA 28 81.3 9.5 J 10.0 None TBACARB 10 73.8 68.0 Micro D J 15.0 None TBACARB 15 65.9 56.4 Micro D J J .0 15.0 None None TMGCARB TMGCARB 15 70.7 66.8 9.3 13.9 -7 3-5 D D MD = medium dense D = dense The hardness development was much better with amine/epoxy cata'lyst than with preformed strong base. The best gloss retention and blister resistance in the Cleveland Condensing Cabinet was with the system of the invention using GMA in an AAEM copolymer as epoxy. Methanol contributes to gloss with strong base activator, but gloss is still poor. Tetramethylguanidine gives very poor water resistance, with extremely severe blistering. Blistering is less severe, but still very bad when TEDA is used with low molecular weight epoxy resin. It is thought that blister - 47 22 3 3 7 resistance is related to low molecular weight water sensitive moieties that are osmotically active. High molecular weight water sensitive materials provide much less osmotic driving force for accumulation of water under the film.

EXAMPLE 21 - Blue Paint Evaluation of Strong Base Activators for Blister Resistance with an AAEM Copolymer not Containing Amine to Show Blistering is a Problem in the Prior Art even without Amine.

Paints were prepared and tested as in the preceding example, except that the AAEM polymer composition was 40 AAEM/ 55 IBMA/ 5 Styrene. This was done to see if the strong base catalysts were more water resistant in a polymer without amine. Table 10 shows the results.

Table 10.

Evaluations of strong base catalysts with 40/60 AAEM copolymer/polyester binder using AAEM polymer composition 40 AAEM/ 55 IBMA/ 5 Styrene.

Base MeOH Meq/100 q (wt %) TBACARB 10 10 TMGCARB 10 10 TMGACBTATE 2.6 15 DBUCARB 2.2 10 DBUCARB 3.3 15 DBUAcetate 3.3 15 Knoop Hardness Pencil 1/7/14 day 1/7/14 day 0.5/0.9/1.8 5B/B/B 0.6/0.9/1.6 2B/B/B -/0.7/0.9 -/<6B/6B 0.4/1.0/1.4 4B/B/B 0.5/1.1/1.3 3B/B/B - /0.7/1.4 -/6B/5B Gloss Blister In Out Size Density 72 61 Micro D 68 9 3-5 D Tacky at 1 day. 73 10 9 D 67 12 7-9 D Tacky at 1 day.

D = dense As shown by the gloss and blister results, the organic base activators TMG and DBU give poorer water resistance than tetrabutylamraonium hydroxide, even with a polymer system that does not have amine, further distinguishing preferred epoxy/amine activator systems from activators taught by Brindkopke et. al. o 3 EXAMPLE 22 - Blue Paint Comparison of a Polyester Similar to that Used in Example 20 with Amine Modified, Acrylate Modified, and Higher Fumarate Variants.

Polyester I was prepared by the same procedure and with the same raw materials as Polyester H of Example 20. The • molecular weights indicated by GLC were Mw = 9940, Mn = 2820. Polyester J was prepared by addition, at room temperature, of DMAPA to Polyester I in the ratio of of 1 mole of DMAPA per 20.4 NPG. Polyester K was prepared by reaction of Polyester I with 2 moles of the adduct between isophorone diisocyanate and hydroxyethyl acrylate per 20.4 NPG. The molecular weights were Mw = 9310, Mn = 1790.

Polyester L was prepared similarly to Polyester I except that 4.85 moles of fumaric acid and 4.85 moles of maleic anhydride were used instead of 9.7 moles maleic anhydride. The percent of the unsaturation present in the isomerized (fumarate) form in the final polyesters was 53 for Polyester I and 75 for Polyester L. GPC of polyester L indicated Mw = 13,400, Mn = 3720.

Pigment dispersions prepared as described above were combined with additional AAEM copolymer, xylene, a silicone flow aid (SF-1023, General Electric), triethylenediamine as a solution in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and polyester to give paints with the following composition: Total AAEM copolymer solids 4. 0 grams Polyester solids 6. 0 grams wt. percent DABCO in MEK 0. 8 grams SF-1023 0. 01 grams Xylene . 0 grams Phthalocyanine Blue 0. 364 grams Titanium Dioxide 0. 897 grams 3 3 7 5 The paints were drawn with a block having a 7 mil gate on cold rolled steel panels (Phosphate pretreated using Bonderite 1000 (Parker) pretreatment).

The compositions of the AAEM copolymers used were: Copolymer J: 40 AAEM/ 50 i-EMA/ 10 DMAEMA. (Mw/Mn = 15,600/5900) Copolymer I: 40 AAEM/ 40 i-EMA/ 20 GMA. (Mw/Mn = 14,600/7390) Copolyrrcer K: 40 AAEM/ 50 n-BMA/ 10 GMA. (Mw/Mn = 19,600/8880).

In one set of comparison paints the AAEM copolymer solids were a 1/1 blend by weight of I and J. In another set of comparison paints the AAEM copolymer solids were all from K. Tables 11 and 12 show key results from evaluation of the films. 22 3 3 Table 11. Comparison of unmodified and amine or acrylate modified polyesters using AAEM Copolyrrers I and J.

Polyester Identification I L K J Polyester Modification None None Acrylate Amine Fumarate/Maleate ratio 53 75 about 53 >75 47 25 about 47 <25 Knoop Hardness at Days of Ambient Cure: 1 day 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 3 days 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 7 days 1.3 1.5 2.0 2.3 18 days 2.6 2.6 2.8 3.4 Percent of original gloss retained for 1 day ambient aged film exposed to high humidity in QCT chamber: 88 88 94 93 Blistering in QCT chamber: 9MD 9MD 9M 9MD 22 3 3 7 Table 12. Conparison of unmodified and amine or acrylate modified polyesters using AAEM Copolymer K.

Polyester Identification Polyester Modification Fumarate/Maleate ratio Knoop Hardness at Days of Ambient Cure: 1 day 3 days 7 days 18 days I L K J None None Acrylate Amine 53 75 about 53 >75 47 25 about 47 <25 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.9 3.0 Percent of original gloss retained when 1 day ambient aged film was exposed to high humidity in QCT chamber: 62 76 91 92 Blistering in QCT chamber: 9M 9M 9M 9D Note the superior cure of the amine-modified polyester indicated by improved hardness and the improved gloss retention of the acrylate and amine modified polyesters in the critical test for humidity resistance at one day of ambient cure. 3 37 EXAMPLE 2 3 - Blue Paint Comparison of Polyesters Modified Using Increasing Levels of DMAPA, Study of Effect of Eooxy Level with Modified Polyesters.

A polyester (Polyester M) with the same composition as the Example 22 but with lower molecular weight (Mw=3730, Mn=1930) was reacted with DMAPA using 1, 2, 3, or 4 moles of DMAPA per 20.4 moles of NPG (polyesters N, 0, P, and Q.) A pigment dispersion was prepared as described in Example 22, using an AAEM copolymer with composition 40 AAEM/ 55 IBMA/ 5 Styrene. This dispersion was used with the same AAEM copolymer to make paints with the following compos ition: Total AAEM copolymer solids 3.4 grams Polyester solids 6.0 grams Epon 828 0.6 or 0.9 grams SF-1023 0.01 grams Xylene .0 grams Phthalocyanine Blue 0. 364 grams Titanium Dioxide 0.897 grams The paints were drawn with a block having a 7 mil gate on cold rolled steel panels (Phosphate pretreated using Bonderite 1000 ("Parker) pretreatment) .

Tables 13 and 14 show key results from evaluation of the films. Note the improved cure as measured by hardness and resistance to humidity at one day going from one to two moles of DMAPA/average polyester molecule, and the loss in acid resistance going from two to three moles of DMAPA/average molecule. Note that with the higher levels of amine the cure improves with the higher level of epoxy resin. 22 3 3 7 5 Table 13. Comparison of polyesters using binder composition AAEM polymer/ Epon 828/ Polyester = 34/ 6/ 60.

Polyester Identification N 0 P Q Moles DMAPA/20.4 NPG 1 2 3 4 Knoop Hardness at Days of Ambient Cure: 1 day 0.8 1.3 1.7 1.8 3 days 1.4 2.7 4.7 3.0 14 days 1.7 2.8 3.4 1.7 Gloss after QCT exposure of film exposed at 1 day ambient cure: 37 71 62 49 Pencil hardness of wet film from QCT test: 6B 5B 5B <61 Pencil Hardness at Days of Ambient Cure: 1 day 6B B HB HB 3 days 23 B HB HB 14 days B HB HB B Pencil hardness after 30 minute patch test with 10% aqueous acetic acid (14 days cure): 2B 5B <6B <61 22 3 3 Table 14. Comparison of polyesters using binder composition AAEM polymer/ Epon 828/ Polyester = 33/ 8.7/ 58.3.

Polyester Identification Moles DMAPA/20.4 NPG Knoop Hardness at Days of Ambient Cure Shown: 1 day 3 days 17 days Gloss after QCT exposure of film exposed at 1 day ambient cure: Pencil hardness of wet film from QCT test: Pencil Hardness at Days of Ambient Cure: 1 day 3 days 14 days Pencil hardness after 30 minute patch test with 10% aqueous acetic acid (14 days cure): 0 P Q 2 3 4 1.4 2.1 2.5 2.6 7.3 8.5 3.6 5.1 4.6 73 36 52 5B 5B 6B B HB HB B HB HB HB HB HB 5B <6B <6B EXAMPLE 24 - Accelerating Effect of Phenols and Alcohols.

Blue paints were prepared as described in Example 23, using the same AAEM copolymer and the 0.6 gram level of Epon 828 (binder composition AAEM copolvaier/Epon 828/Polyester = 22 3 3 34/6/60). The polyester was a repeat preparation of Polyester E (tertiary amine groups from bis-dimethylamino propylamine), with fumarate/maleate ratio by NMR = 69/31 and molecular weights estimated by gel permeation chromatography of Mw = 9370, Mn = 2900. One paint was prepared without additional additives, the other paints with 4 weight percent para-t-butyl phenol based on binder solids, with or without use of 2-ethylhexanol or capryl alcohol at 20 weight percent on binder solids and with or v/it'nout 0.4 weight percent TEDA based on binder solids.

Table 15 shows cure and viscosity progression for blue paints with or without p-t-butylphenol and the effect of using TEDA and/or octyl alcohols (2-ethylhexyl or capryl) with the phenol. 2-Ethylhexanol shortened the time to pass water spotting, but also shortened pot life and increased paint viscosity. It is clear that the phenol gave a dramatic improvement in time to pass water spot. With 4 wt. pet. phenol, 0.4 wt. pet. TEDA gave some further improvement in cure speed, while shortening pot-life but still allowing 6.5 hours to doubling of viscosity with this paint. A further benefit with 2-ethylhexanol seen here was improved resistance to blistering in high humidity. 2 3 3 Table 15. Effects of phenol, octyl alcohol and TEDA on aore of blue paints.

Sample Alcohol Butylphenol TEDA 1 2 3 4 5 6 None EthH Capr None None EthH None 4pct 4pct 4pct 4pct 4pct None None None None .4pct .4 pet Early Cure Properties Viscosity minutes 62 124 114 72 74 114 150 minutes 56 116 116 68 76 130 330 minutes 58 140 136 76 146 > 1000 Tack Free (Hr) Zero Gram -6 6-6.5 4-5.5 4-5.5 3-4 3-4 500 Gram 8-9 7-7.5 8-9 6-7.5 6-7 6-7 Water Spot Pass (Hr) 12-19 4-5 -7 -7 4-5 3-4 Film Properties (13 davs ambient cure) Knoop Hardness .1 2.8 2.2 3.0 3.6 2.1 Pencil Hardness HB B B HB HB B Blister after Mod.

None Few Mod.

Dense None 4 Days High Humidity Micro Micro Micro Micro EXAMPLE 25 - Effect of Polyester Type on Cure and Water Resistance with Use of a Mixture of TEDA and Bis-DMAPA as Amines.

Pigment dispersions were prepared with titanium dioxide as sole pigment, using a sand grind procedure with AAEM copolymers as vehicle. The AAEM copolymers were prepared without mercaptan, using t-butyl peroctoate as initiator with 4.5 or 9.0 weight percent t-butyl peroctoate based on monomers. The monomer composition was 40 AAEM/ 52 i-BMA/ 8 GMA. AAEM copolymer L, prepared with 9.0 percent t-butyl peroctoate, had Mw = 9,960, Mn = 2760. AAEM copolymer M, prepared with 4.5 percent t-butyl peroctoate, had Mw = 20,700, Mn = 6910.

Paints were prepared with 4.29 grams titanium dioxide and 10 grams of binder, with the binder solids being AAEM Polymer/ Polyester/ TEDA/ bis-DMAPA/ p-t-butyl phenol = 56/40/0.5/1.5/2. The polyesters were: Polyester C Repeat (ethyl hexyl terminated, Mw/Mn = 12,300/1250, Fumarate/Maleate = 71/29).

Polyester R: 8.7 NPG/2 ED204/9.7 MAnh, 9710/1800, 52/48, hydroxyl terminated.

Polyester S: 6.7 NPG/1.42 ED204/7.12 MAnh, 6730/2290, 55/45, hydroxyl terminated.

Polyester T: 4.44 NPG/1.11 ED204/4.55 MAnh, 4390/1760, 52/48, hydroxyl terminated.

Polyester U: 4.44 NPG/1.11 ED204/6.55 DBM, 2500/1270, 23/77, butyl terminated.

Polyester V: 4.44 NPG/1.11 ED204/6.55 DMM, 1810/1110, 12/88, methyl terminated.

Polyester W: 4.44 NPG/1.11 ED204/4.55 MAnh//2.0 Acetic Anhydride, 3560/1740, 46/54, acetate terminated. rN >.1 3 3 7 5 The paints were drawn with a 7 mil gate on phosphatized cold rolled steel (Bonderite 1000) and properties determined as described in Tables 16 and 17.

Table 16. Viscosity progression, water spot test for early cure, and 14 day ambient cure hardness as a function of AAEM polymer molecular weight and polyester type.

AAEM VISC vise WATER KHN PNCL 1PLE POLYMER POLYESTER 12 MN 8 HR SPOT 14 DA 14 DA 1 L R 162 274 8 .2 HB 2 L C 106 356 > 9Sldull 4.1 HB 3 M C 156 266 > 9Sldull .3 HB 4 M S 190 414 -J 1 00 .5 HB M T 156 264 9+ 7.3 HB 6 M U 106 166 >9(Ring) 2.7 B 7 M V 102 154 > 9(Ring) 2.6 B 8 M W 128 200 >9Sldull 4.0 HB VISC 12 MN: ICI viscosity at 12 minutes after mixing, cps.

VISC 8 HR: " " " 8 hours " " 11 WATER SPOT: Hours to no mark on film when a drop of water is allowed to dry on the film. A ring indicates the film is not crosslinked. A slight dulling indicates significant crosslinking, but not enough to pass the test.

KHN 14 DA: Knoop Hardness at 14 days ambient cure.

PNCL 14 DA: Pencil Hardness at 14 days ambient cure. 22 3 37 5 Table 17. Effect of AAEM polymer molecular weight and polyester type on humidity resistance.

AAEM 1 DAY AMBIENT CURE 11 DAY AMBIEM1 CURE SAMPLE POLYMER POLYESTER 20° GLOSS BLISTER 20u GLOSS BLISTER QCT 3 DAY 3 DAY QCT 3 DAY 3 DAY 1 L R 82.2 74.0 9MD 82.2 60.0 7-9D 2 L C 81.0 73.5 MicFM 82.3 81.0 9M 3 M C 83.6 77.5 MicFM 81.0 82.0 9FM 4 M S 80.7 67.0 9D 83.0 61.7 5-7D M T 82.5 65.0 7-9D 83.1 56.7 5-7D 6 M U 82.0 76.0 MicF 83.0 81.4 7-9MD 7 M V 82.2 73.7 MicF 84.2 79.1 9D 8 M W 82.9 78.0 MicFM 83.0 79.1 7-9MD QCT = 20 degree gloss when placed in Cleveland Condensing Cabinet with water vapor at 120 degrees F, after one day ambient cure. 3 DAY = 20 degree gloss or blister after 3 days exposure of ambient aged panels.

Polyesters U and V, with low fumarate level, gave poorer cure as indicated by hardness at 14 days and poorer early cure as indicated by water spot test (ring at 9 hours) and some dulling when exposed to high humidity after 1 day ambient cure.

However, the most dramatic response was the much poorer water resistance of the hydroxyl terminated polyesters R, S, and T indicated by blistering when exposed to high humidity after 1 or 11 davs ambient cure. o o / / 3 EXAMPLE 26 - Effect of Acceptor Type/Level on Hardness and Color.

This example demonstrates the superior color with TMPAOPATE as alkene component above a minimum level that is less than about 1 mole of alkene/mole of acetoacetate.

White paints were prepared as described in Example 25, using AAEM Copolymer N and either TMPAOPATE or the repeat of Polyester C described in Example 25. The binder composition for each paint contained a total of 9.15 grams AAEM copolymer plus alkene component (TMPAOPATE or Polyester C). The remainder was 0.6 grams Epon 828 and 0.25 grams bis-DMAPA. All paints also contained 0.2 grams p-t-butyl phenol and 0.01 grams Silicone SF-1023, with xylene as solvent. AAEM copolymer N was prepared with monomer composition 40 AAEM/55 i-BMA/5 Styrene, 1 weight percent 2,21-azobis(2-methylbutanenitrile as initiator and 1% n-dodecyl mercaptan, and had Mw/Mn = 21,900/9220.

Paints were drawn with a 7 mil gate on phosphatized cold rolled steel (Bonderite 1000). At 1 day ambient cure pieces were placed in an oven at 140 degrees F for 24 hours, followed by measurement of hardness and yellowness. These properties were measured after 14 days cure at ambient. Results are shown in Table 18. 22 3 3 7 5 Table 18. White paint study of acceptor type/level.

SAMPLE ACCEPTOR 1 2 3 4 6 7 None TMPAOPATE TMPAOPATE TMPAOPATE TMPAOPATE TMOAOPATE DONOR/ ACCEPT RATIO 91.5/0 85.5/6 79.5/12 73.5/18 67.5/24 61.5/30 Polyester C 54/37,5 ALKENE/ AAEM RATIO 0.00 0.13 0.36 0.63 0.96 1.33 1.59 KHN OVEN 4.9 4.9 5.4 6.8 6.8 7.6 8.7 DLTB OVEN 7.57 1.75 0.16 -0.33 -0.13 -0.20 5.92 KHN PNCL DLTB 14 DA 14 DA 14 DA 1.3 1.3 2.1 3.8 6.6 8.8 6.5 5B 3B B B F F F 0.97 0.51 0.09 -0.18 -0.07 -0.12 2.22 DONOR/ACCEPT RATIO: ALKENE/AAEM RATIO: KHN OVEN: DLTB OVEN: KHN 14 DA: PNCL 14 DA: DLTB 14 DA: Weight ratio of AAEM copolymer solids/alkene component solids.

Mol ratio of alkene moieties to acetoacetate moieties.

Knoop Hardness after 1 day in 140 F oven.

Yellowness (Hunter Delta B) after 1 day in 140° F oven.

Knoop Hardness after 14 days ambient cure.

Pencil Hardness after 14 days ambient cure.

Yellowness (Hunter Delta B) after 14 days ambient cure. >2 3 3 EXAMPLE 27 - Effect of Alkene/Acetoacetate on Color With Trimethylolpropane Triacrylate as Alkene Component.

This example shows that good color was obtained when the alkene/acetoacetate ratio was above about 2 and that good hardness was retained at an alkene/acetoacetate ratio of 3 with trimethylolpropane triacrylate as the alkene component.

White paints were prepared and tested as in Example 26, with AAEM Copolymer N and various levels of TMPTA as alkene component and a total of 9.4 grams AAEM copolymer plus TMPTA, with 0.6 grams Epon 828, 0.25 grams bis-DMAPA, and 0.2 grams p-t-butyl phenol.

Results are shown in Table 19. The abbreviations are the same as for Table 18.

Table 19. White paint study of various levels of TMPTA as alkene component.

SAMPLE ACCEPTOR BINDER ALKENE/ AAEM RATIO KHN OVEN DLTB OVEN KHN 14 DA PNCL 14 DA DLTB 14 DA 1 TMPTA 75/19/6 1.15 13.0 3.34 .3 2H 0.18 2 TMPPA 70/24/6 1.63 .9 1.05 18.8 2H -0.09 3 TMPTA 65/29/6 2.19 .0 0.41 .0 2H -0.29 4.

TMPTA 60/34/6 2.84 13.8 -0.41 14.8 2H -0.21 TMPTA 55/39/6 3.60 11.8 0.18 12.0 2H -0.32 BINDER: AAEM Copolymer N/TMPTA/Epon 828. 22 3 3 EXAMPLE 2 8 - Demonstration of Superior Color with Malonate as Donor.

A malonate functional acrylic copolymer was prepared by treatment of a hydroxyl functional acrylic with an excess of diethyl malonate in the presence of 0.5 wt % dibutyl tin oxide, removing ethanol formed by transesterification at. a temperature of 180 degrees C. The hydroxyl function acrylic had composition 61.5 iBMA/26.2 HEMA/12.3 MMA, Mw/Mn = 27,100/9630. The product was diluted with xylene, giving a solution having 65.8 weight percent of polymer with pendant malonate groups, about 218 grams polymer per active methylene group, in 75/25 xylene/diethyl malonate. The molecular weight as estimated by gel permeation chromatography was Mw/Mn = 47,700/11,900.

AAEM copolymers 0 and P were prepared with 4.5 weight % t-butyl peroctoate. Copolymer 0 had monomer composition 40 AAEM/50 iBMA/10 MMA, Mw/Mn = 16,500/6180. AAEM copolymer P had monomer composition 30 AAEM/50 iBMA/20 MMA, Mw/Mn = 16,000/6080.

Clear enamels were prepared at 60 weight percent solids in xylene, with acrylic polymer plus alkene component = 9.15 grams, 0.6 grams Epon 828, 0.25 grams bis-DMAPA, and 0.2 grams t-butyl phenol comprising the solids.

Alkene components used were Polyester R and TMPTA.

The enamels were drawn with a 7 mil gate on phosphatized cold rolled steel (Bonderite 1000) and two glass plates. One of the glass plates was held in an oven at 140 degrees F for 24 hours after 1 day ambient cure. The other glass plate was kept at ambient with the steel panel. Table 20 shows the yellowness index for the heated plate and hardness and yellowness index at 14 days for the panel and ambient plate. f 22 3 3 7 5 With the heat-aged panels there was much less yellowness with the malonate polymer as acceptor over the rainge of binder compositions tested. » 2 2 3 3 7 Table 20. Clear film comparison of AAEM polymers and Malonate polymer with polyester R and TMFTA as acceptors.

CO- POLY-SAMPLE POLYMER ESTER BINDER DONOR MOL KCLR EQ RATIO OVEN KHN 14 DA PNCL 14 DA KCLR 14 DA 1 AAEM 0 R 61.5/30/6/2.5 111 1.0 .76 .8 F 2.35 2 AAEM P R 61.5/30/6/2.5 83 1.4 8.95 4.0 HB 2.15 3 Malonate R 61.5/30/6/2.5 101 1.1 .56 .1 F 2.30 4 AAEM 0 TMPTA 76.5/15/6/2.5 138 0.9 7.13 9.2 F 1.61 AAEM P TMPTA 76.5/15/6/2.5 103 1.2 .61 .1 F 1.18 6 Malonate TMPTA 76.5/15/6/2.5 125 1.0 1.34 .2 F 1.15 7 AAEM 0 TMPTA 71.5/20/6/2.5 129 1.4 4.86 11.4 H 1.39 8 AAEM P TMPTA 71.5/20/6/2.5 96 1.8 1.22 11.1 H 1.78 9 Malonate TMPTA 71.5/20/6/2.5 117 1.5 0.72 .5 H 1.15 BINDER: A.crylic polymer/acceptor/Epon 828/bis-DMAPA solids.

DONOR EQ: Millimoles donor moiety/100 grams binder solids.

MOL RATIO: Mole ratio of alkene moieties/donor moieties.

KCLR OVEN: K-Color (Yellowness Index) measured with Color Meter for oven-treated plate.

KHN 14 DA: Knoop hardness after 14 days ambient cure.

PNCL 14 DA: Pencil hardness after 14 days ambient care.

KCLR 14 DA: K-Color measured after 14 days ambient cure. >337 EXAMPLE 29 - Demonstration of Cure with Acetoacetate and Malonate Reactive Diluents and Color Advantage with Malonate Reactive Diluent Relative to Acetoacetate.

Preparation of tris-malonate and tris-acetoacetate reactive diluents is described in Examples 18 and 19. The AAEM polymer used was prepared with monomer composition 40 AAEM/55 iBMA/5 Styrene, using 2.3 weight percent based on monomers of 2,2'-azobis(2-methylbutanenitrile) as initiator. The molecular weights estimated by gel permeation chromatography were Mw/Mn = 20,000/9120.

White paints with 4.29 grams titanium dioxide and 10 grams binder solids were tested with variation of weight ratio of AAEM polymer to polyester and with use of a combination of reactive diluent and AAEM polymer. The total weight of AAEM polymer plus reactive diluent plus polyester was 9.4 grams, with 0.6 Epon 828. The polyester was prepared from 20.4 NPG/9.7 DMCD/9.7 MAnh, aminated with 2.0 dimethylaminopropylamine. The fumarate/maleate ratio estimated by NMR was 85/15 and the molecular weights estimated by gel permeation chromatography were Mw/Mn = 3730/1930.

Films were drawn with a 7 mil gate on p'nosphatized cold rolled steel (Bonderite 1000). Results are shown in Table 21.

Table 21: Comoarison of tris-malonate and tris-acetoacetate diluents.

REACTIVE WTPC VISC KHN PNCL RET; KCLR DILUENT WT RATIO SOLD 4 MEN 14 DA 14 DA IMPACT 14 DA None 34/0/60 57.2 40 .2 HB -50 9.7 None 40/0/54 57.2 40 .9 HB -50 9.9 None 46/0/48 57.2 56 4.9 HB -20 .6 TMPMal /17/67 65.2 70 4.5 HB >110 9.7 TMPAcAc /17/67 65.2 70 1.9 B -30 12.6 WT RATIO: WTPC SOLD: VISC 4 MIN: KHN 14 DA: PNCL 14 DA: REV IMPACT: KCLR 14 DA: Weight ratio AAEM copolymer/reactive diluent/polyester.

Weight percent solids of paint.

Viscosity measured at 4 minutes after mixing (centipoise).

Knoop hardness after 14 days ambient cure.

Pencil hardness after 14 days ambient cure.

Reverse impact resistance (inch-lbs) after 14 days ambient cure.

Yellowness index (K Color) measured after 14 days ambient cure.

The hardness with the malonate reactive diluent approached that of the binders without reactive diluent, while the color was as good and the viscosity/solids was much better. The acetoacetate reactive diluent gave poorer color and hardness.

I * 2 ? 3 3 EXAMPLE 30 - Demonstration of Superior Chemical Resistance Properties with Use of Isocyanate and Hydroxyl Functional Polyesters.

Clear enamels were prepared with an AAEM copolymer prepared using monomer composition 40 AAEM/55 iBMA/5 Styrene and 2.3 wt. percent 2,2'-azobis(2-methylbutanenitrile) as initiator, giving molecular weights Mw/Mn = 19,400/8450. The polyester was prepared from 9.7 NPG/1 ED204/2.85 DMCD/6.85 MAnh, aminated with 0.5 bis-DMAPA, giving a fumarate/maleate ratio of 74/26 and Mw/Mn = 5710/2230.

The isocyanate components were Isocyanate A, an m-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate/trimethylolpropane adduct with 8.6% isocyanate at 80% solids from American Cyanamid, and Isocyanate B, an isophorone diisocyanate trimer with 12.4% isocyanate at 70% solids from Chemische-Werke Huls.

The other binder component was Epon 828. Enamels were prepared at 50 weight percent solids with xylene as solvent. Comparison was made between a binder having no isocyanate and no preformed strong base (sample 3), the same binder but with 10 milliequivalents/100 grams binder strong base in the form of tetramethylguanidine carbonate (sample 4), and binders with replacement of part of the AAEM copolymer and polyester with isocyanate A or B (samples 1 and 2). The binders with isocyanate have about 1 isocyanate per hydroxyl end group of the polyester.

Films were drawn with'a 7 mil gate on phosphatized cold rolled steel and glass (for measurement of swell ratio) and properties measured as shown in Table 22. 22 3 Table 22: Clear film evaluation of dual isocyanate/C-Michael cure.

ISO TM3- VISC VISC SAMPLE CYAN BINDER CARB 2MIN TIM 2 VISC WATER KHN KHN PNCL TIM 3 SPOT 1 DA 7 DA 7 DA 1 A 28/5/50/17 0 92 140/2hr 260/3hr 6-7 1.7 9.6 H 2 B /5/53/12 0 64 254/98m 640/3hr 6-7 0.8 6.2 F 3 None 34/6/60/0 0 66 70/90mn 76/3hr >9 0.5 4.4 HB 4 None 34/6/60/0 70 Glng57mn Gel/75mn <3.5 0.6 4.1 B SWRAT KHN PNCL HOAC HOAC HOAC NAOH NAOH SAMPLE 7 DA 14 DA 14 DA MN 3.5 H 6.5 H 3.5 H 6.5 H 1 1.59 16.3 H HB B 6B/SlMWh F HB 2 1.61 8.4 F F HB B F F 3 1.61 6.8 F B 3B <6B B/SlMWh B/ModWh 4 1.47 4.3 HB 2B <6B < 6BBlstr B/SlMWh B/SlMWh ISO CYAN: Isocyanate.

BINDER: Weight ratio (solids) of AAEM copolymer/Epon 828/Polyester/Isocyanate.

TMG-CARB: Meq. preformed strong base/100 grams binder.

VISC 2MIN: Viscosity at 2 minutes after mixing (cps.).

VTSC TIM 2: Viscosity/time (cps/minutes (mn) or hours(hr)).

VISC TIM 3: Viscosity/time (cps/minutes (mn) or hours(hr)).

WATER SPOT: Hours to absence of effect from drop of water allowed to dry on film.

KHN 1 DA: Knoop hardness at 1 day ambient cure. 22 3 3 7 5' KHN 7 DA": Knocp hardness at 7 days ambient cure.

PNCL 7 DA: Pencil hardness at 7 days ambient cure.

SWRAT 7 DA: Volumetric swell ratio in butyl acetate at 7 days. ambient cure.

KHN 14 DA: Knoop hardness at 14 days ambient cure.

PNCL 14 DA: Pencil hardness at 14 days ambient cure.

HOAC 30 MN: Pencil hardness at 14 days after 30 minutes exposure to 10% acetic acid in water.

HOAC 3.5 H: Pencil hardness after 3.5 hours exposure to 10% acetic acid in water.

HOAC 6.5 H: Pencil hardness after 6.5 hours exposure to 10% acetic acid in water.

NAOH 3.5 H: Pencil hardness after 3.5 hours exposure to 10% sodium hydroxide in water.

NAOH 6.5 H: Pencil hardness after 6.5 hours exposure to 10% sodium hydroxide in water.

Glng: Gelling.

Gel: Gelled.

SlMWh: Slight to moderate whitening.

ModWh: Moderate whitening.

The samples with the isocyanates have superior resistance to aqueous acetic acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide. ♦ 2123375

Claims (132)

WHAT WE CLAIM IS:

1. A method for reacting a methylene-containing component and an alkene-containing component comprising mixing a tertiary amine and an epoxide in the presence of the methyiene-containing component and the alkene-containing component.

2. The method according to claim 1 wherein a major portion of the tertiary amine and the epoxide react in the presence of the methylene-containing component and the alkene-containing component.

3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the tertiary amine is selected from the group consisting of a tertiary amino-functionai acrylic polymer; a tertiary amino-functional polyester; triethylenediamine; a compound containing both tertiary amine and primary or secondary amine groups;a Mannich reaction product of a secondary amine, formaldehyde and a phenol; and mixtures thereof.

4. The method according to claim 3 wherein the tertiary amino-functionai acrylic polymer is polymerized from a mixture comprising a tertiary amine-functionai, ethylenically unsaturated comonomer selected from the group consisting of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide and mixtures thereof.

5. The method according to claim 3 wherein the tertiary amino-functionai acrylic polymer includes the methylene-containing component.

6. The method according to claim 5 wherein the methylene-containing component includes acetoacetate functional groups.

7. The method according to claim 6 wherein the acrylic polymer is polymerized from monomers which comprise from 2 to 15 percent by weight of total monomer of tertiary amine functional monomer and from 15 to 73 22337!) I 60 percent by weight of total monomer of copolymerizable monomer containing the acetoacetate functional group.

8. The method according to claim 3 wherein the compound containing both tertiary amine and primary or secondary amine groups is selected from the group consisting of dimethylaminopropylamine, tetramethyliminobispropylamine and mixtures thereof.

9. The method according to claim 3 wherein the Mannich reaction product is a dimethylaminomethyl-substituted phenol.

10. The method according to claim 3 wherein the tertiary amino-functionai polyester is prepared by reaction between a polyester containing an alpha-beta unsaturated ester containing component and a tertiary amine containing a primary or secondary amine group.

11. The method according to claim 10 wherein the tertiary amine is selected from the group consisting of dimethylaminopropylamine, tetramethyliminobispropylamine and mixtures thereof.

12. The method according to claim 10 wherein the alpha-beta unsaturated ester containing component is selected from the group consisting of maleate, fumarate, acrylate and acryloxypropionate.

13. The method according to claim 1 wherein the epoxide is selected from the group consisting of a mono- and poly-functional glycidyl compound, an epoxide derived from an alpha-olefin and mixtures thereof.

14. The method according to claim 13 wherein the mono-and poly-functional glycidyl compound is selected from the group consisting of a glycidyl-functionai (meth)acrylic polymer, glycidyl-functionai polyester and mixtures thereof.

15. The method according to claim 14 wherein the glycidyl-functionai acrylic polymer is polymerized from a 74 mixture including monomers selected from the group consisting of glycidyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate and mixtures thereof.

16. The method according to claim 15 wherein the glycidyl-functionai acrylic polymer includes the methylene-containing component.

17. The method according to claim 16 wherein the methylene-containing component includes an acetoacetate functional group.

18. The method according to claim 17 wherein the acrylic polymer is polymerized from monomers which comprise from 4 to 20 percent by weight of total monomer of glycidyl functional monomer and from 15 to 60 percent by weight of total monomer of copolymerizable monomer containing the acetoacetate functional group.

19. The method according to claim 18 wherein the acetoacetate-functionai monomer is selected from the group consisting of acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate, acetoacetoxyethyl acrylate and mixtures thereof.

20. The method according to claim 1 wherein the epoxide is a glycidyl-functionai acrylic polymer and the tertiary amine of the first activator component is triethylenediamine.

21. The method according to claim 20 wherein the epoxide is a glycidyl-functionai acrylic polymer and the tertiary amine is triethylenediamine and a second tertiary amine selected from the group consisting of a tertiary amino-functionai acrylic polymer; a tertiary amino-functional polyester; a compound containing both a tertiary amine and a primary or secondary amine group, a Mannich reaction product of a secondary amine formaldehyde and a phenol; and mixtures thereof. 75 22li

22. The method according to claim 1 wherein the epoxide is selected from the group consisting of a mono-, di- and tri-functionai glycidyl compound and an epoxide of an alpha olefin, and the tertiary amine is selected from the group consisting of a tertiary amino-functionai acrylic polymer, a tertiary amino-functionai polyester, a compound having both a tertiary amine and a primary or secondary amine group, and mixtures thereof.

23. The method according to claim 1 wherein the epoxide is mixed with the methylene-containing component, the alkene-containing component, or both of the methylene-containing and alkene-containing components prior to mixing with the tertiary amine.

24. The method according to claim 1 wherein the tertiary amine is mixed with the methylene-containing component or the alkene-containing component prior to mixing with the epoxide.

25. The method according to claim 1 wherein the epoxide is mixed with the methylene-containing component or the alkene-containing component, and the tertiary amine is mixed with the other of the methylene-containing or alkene-containing component prior to mixing the epoxide and tertiary amine.

26. The method according to claim 1 wherein the ratio of the total moles of tertiary amine groups to epoxy groups is from 0.5 to 1.5.

27. The method according to claim 26 wherein the ratio of the total moles of tertiary amine groups to epoxy groups is from 0.5 to 1.0.

28. The method according to claim 1 wherein the ratio of epoxide groups to epoxide, tertiary amine, methylene-containing component and alkene-containing component is 2 to 80 milliequivalents of epoxide per 100 76 22.3375 grams total of epoxide, tertiary amine, methylene-containing component and alkene-containing component based on nonvolatile material.

29. The method according to claim 28 wherein the ratio of epoxide groups to epoxide, tertiary amine, methylene-containing component and alkene-containing component is 10 to 40 milliequivalents per 100 grams nonvolatile material.

30. The method according to claim 1 wherein less than 10 milliequivalents base per 100 grams of epoxide, tertiary amine, methylene-containing component and alkene-containing component, based on non-volatile material, is mixed with the epoxide, tertiary amine, methylene-containing component and alkene-containing component, the base being selected from the group consisting of carbonic, acetic and hydrofluoric acid salts of tetramethylguanidine, 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene, quaternary ammonium hydroxide and mixtures thereof.

31. The method according to claim 30 wherein the base is a carbonic acid salt.

32. The method according to claim 1 wherein less than ■5 milliequivalents total base per 100 grams of epoxide, tertiary amine, methylene-containing component and alkene-containing component, based on non-volatile material, is mixed with the epoxide, tertiary amine, methylene-containing component and alkene-containing component, the base being selected from the group consisting of tetramethylguanidine; 1,8-diazabicyclo(5 . 4 . 0)undec-7-ene; quaternary ammonium hydroxides; carbonic, acetic and hydrofluoric acid salts of tetramethylguanidine,1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene and quaternary ammonium hydroxide.

33. The method according to claim 32 wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, tetraethylammonium hydroxide and trimethylbenzyl ammonium hydroxide, and the carbonic, acetic and hydrofluoric acid salts thereof.

34. The method according to claim 33 wherein the base is a carbonic acid salt.

35. The method according to claim 1 wherein the methylene-containing component is selected from the group consisting of esters and amides of acetoacetic, malonic and cyanoacetic acid.

36. The method according to claim 35 wherein the acetoacetate moiety is pendant from a (meth)acrylic polymer backbone.

37. The method according to claim 36 wherein the acetoacetate moiety is the reaction product of the copolymerization of acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate or acetoacetoxyethyl acrylate.

38. The method according to claim 35 wherein the malonate moiety is connected by polyfunctionai alcohols.

39. The method according to claim 35 wherein malonate moiety is incorporated in a polyester with a polyol and a difunctional acid other than malonic acid.

40. The method according to claim 1 wherein the alkene-containing component is an alpha-beta unsaturated ester selected from the group consisting of a poly-acrylate a polv-beta-acryloxypropionate; a higher Michael addition product of acrylic acid; a poly-rnethacrylate; a poly-fumarate; a polv-maleate; and mixtures thereof.

41. The method according to claim 40 wherein the methylene-containing component is selected from the group consisting of an amide and an ester of cyanoacetic acid. - 78 - I 3 3 7 5

42. The method according to claim 1 wherein the methylene-containing component is selected from the group consisting of an ester and an amide of acetoacetic acid and malonic acid; and the alkene-containing component is an alpha-beta unsaturated ester selected from the group consisting of a poly-acrylate; a poly-beta- acryloxypropionate; a higher Michael addition product of acrylic acid; a poly-fumarate; a poly-maleate; and mixtures thereof.

43. The method according to claim 42 wherein the methylene-containing component is acetoacetate which is pendant from an acrylic polymer.

44. The method according to claim 43 wherein the alpha-beta unsaturated ester is selected from the group consisting of a poly-beta-acryloxypropionate and a higher Michael addition product of acrylic acid.

45. The method according to claim 44 wherein the unsaturated ester is an ester of a trifunctionai alcohol and the molar ratio of alkene to methylene is 0.9-2.0.

46. The method according to claim 43 wherein the alpha-beta unsaturated ester is selected from the group consisting of poly-acrylates.

47. The method according to claim 46 wherein the unsaturated ester is an ester of a trifunctional alcohol and the molar ratio .of alkene to methylene is 1.5-4.0.

48. The method according to claim 46 wherein the unsaturated ester is an ester of a difunctional alcohol and the molar ratio of alkene to methylene is 1.5-2.2.

49. The method according to claim 43 wherein the alpha-beta unsaturated ester is selected from the group consisting of a poly-maleate and a poly-fumarate.

50. The method according to claim 49 wherein the maleate and fumarate esters are polyesters having a number - 79 - I average molecular weight greater than 500, an equivalent weight less than 700 grams per alkene-containing component, and less than 0.2 equivalents of acid per 100 grams.

51. The method according to claim 50 wherein the polyester is prepared from polyfunctionai alcohols selected from the group consisting of neopentyl glycol, neopentyl glycol mono(hydroxypivalate), 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl-l,3-pentanediol, trimethylolpropane and mixtures thereof.

52. The method according to claim 50 wherein the number average molecular weight is greater than 900, the equivalent weight is less than 500 grams per alkene-containing component, and the acid level is less than 0.1 equivalents per 100 grams.

53. The method according to claim 52 wherein the polyester is prepared from polyfunctionai alcohols selected from the group consisting of neopentyl glycol, neopentyl glycol mono(hydroxypivalate), trimethylolpropane and mixtures thereof, and the ratio of fumarate to maleate double bonds is between 1 to 4 and 4 to 1.

54. The method according to claim 53, wherein the ratio of fumarate to maleate double bonds is between 2 to 3 and 4 to 1.

55. The method according to claim 53 wherein the alkene-containing component includes a dibasic acid component other than maleic acid and fumaric acid which is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic acid, cycloaliphatic acid and mixtures thereof.

56. The method according to claim 55 wherein the dibasic acid is cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid.

57. The method according to claim 55 wherein the acrylic polymer is 30 percent to 50 percent by weiqht acetoacetoxyethylmethacrylate and greater than 30 percent by weight o£ a compound selected from the group consisting of butylmethacrylate, isobutylmethacrylate and mixtures thereof.

58. The method according to claim 55 wherein the polyester has greater than 50 percent ester termination.

59. The method according to claim 40 wherein the alpha-beta unsaturated ester is a polyester comprising fumarate, maleate, acrylate and acryloxypropionate moieties, and has an acid level less than 0.2 equivalents per 100 grams.

60. The method according to claim 59 wherein the polyester is prepared by the reaction of a hydroxyl-terminated polyester having moieties selected from the group consisting of maleate, fumarate and mixtures thereof; a diisocyanate; and a hydroxyalkyl moiety selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkyl acrylate, hydroxyalkyl acryloxypropionate and mixtures thereof.

61. The method according to claim 59 wherein the polyester is prepared by the reaction of a hydroxyl-terminated polyester having maleate and fumarate moieties and a compound having both an isocyanate moiety and an acrylate moiety, selected from the group consisting of acrylate, acryloxypropionate and mixtures thereof.

62. The method according to claim 40 wherein the alpha-beta unsaturated ester comprises maleate and fumarate moieties incorporated in polyester urethanes formed by the reaction of hydroxy-terminated polyesters and di-isocyanates.

63. The method according to claim 40 wherein the alpha-beta unsaturated ester comprises maleate and fumarate moieties incorporated in hydroxy-terminated polyesters, and a multifunctional isocyanate is combined with the polyester so that the hydroxy-terminated polyester and multifunctional 81 223375 isocyanate react in the presence of the methylene-containing component, tertiary amine and epoxide.

64. The method according to claim 1 wherein a phenolic containing component is mixed with the me thy lene-conta'ining component, alkene-containing component and tertiary amine and epoxide.

65. The method according to claim 64 wherein the phenolic containing component is selected from the group consisting of alkylated phenols.

66. The method according to claim 64 wherein the level of phenolic containing component is 5-30 milliequivalents per 100 grams total weight of epoxide, tertiary amine, methylene-containing component and alkene-containing component.

67. A composition prepared by the method of claim 1.

68. A composition comprising a methylene-containing component, an alkene-containing component, and an in situ activator, said activator being formed by the reaction of a tertiary amine and an epoxide in the presence of said methylene-containing component and said alkene-containing component.

69. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the tertiary amine is selected from the group consisting of tertiary amino-functionai acrylic polymer; tertiary amino-functional polyester; triethylenediamine; a compound containing both tertiary amine and primary or secondary amine groups; Mannich reaction products of secondary amine, formaldehyde and phenols; and mixtures thereof.

70. The composition according to claim 69 wherein the tertiary amino-functionai acrylic polymer is polymerized from a mixture comprising a tertiary amine—functional, ethylenically unsaturated comonomer selected from the group consisting of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide and mixtures therec^ 223375

71. The composition according to claim 69 wherein the tertiary amino-functionai acrylic polymer includes a methylene-containing component.

72. The composition according to claim 71 wherein the methylene-containing component includes an acetoacetate functional group.

73. The composition according to claim 72 wherein the acrylic polymer is polymerized from monomers which comprise from 2 to 15 percent by weight of total monomer of tertiary amine functional monomer and from 15 to 60 percent by weight of total monomer of copolymer-izable monomer containing the acetoacetate functional groups.

74. The composition according to claim 69 wherein the compound containing both tertiary amine and primary or secondary amine groups is selected from the group consisting of dimethylaminopropylamine, tetramethyliminobispropylamine and mixtures thereof .

75. The composition according to claim 69 wherein the Mannich reaction product is a dimethylaminomethy1-substituted phenol.

76. The composition according to claim 69 wherein the '^ tertiary amino-functionai polyester is prepared by reaction between a polyester containing alpha-beta unsaturated ester component and a tertiary amine containing primary or secondary amine groups.

77. The composition according to claim 76 wherein the tertiary amine is selected from the group consisting of dimethylaminopropylamine, tetramethyliminobispropylamine and mixtures thereof .

78. The composition according to claim 76 wherein the alpha-beta unsaturated ester containing component is selected from the group consisting of maleate, fumarate, acrylate and acryloxypropionate.

79. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the epoxide is selected from the group consisting of a mono- and poly-functional glycidyl compound, an epoxide derived from an alpha-olefin and mixtures thereof.

80. The composition according to claim 76 wherein the mono- and poly-functionai glycidyl compound is selected from the group consisting of a glycidyl-f unctionai ( met'n) acryl ic polymer, glycidyl-functionai polyester and mixtures thereof.

81. The composition according to claim 80 wherein the glycidyl-functionai acrylic polymer is polymerized from a mixture including monomers selected from the group consisting of glycidyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate and mixtures thereof.

82. The composition according to claim 81 wherein the glycidyl-functionai acrylic polymer includes the methylene-containing component.

83. The composition according to claim 82 wherein the methylene-containing component includes an acetoacetate functional group.

84. The composition according to claim 83 wherein the acrylic polymer is polymerized from monomers.which comprise from 4 to 20 percent by weight of total monomer of glycidyl functional monomer and from 15 to 60 percent by weight of total monomer of copolymerizable monomer containing the acetoacetate functional group.

85. The composition according to claim 84 wherein the acetoacetate-functionai monomer is selected from the group consisting of acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate, acetoacetoxyethyl acrylate and mixtures thereof.

86. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the epoxide is a glycidyl-functionai acrylic polymer and the tertiary amine is triethylenediamine. t i

87. The composition according to claim 86 wherein the epoxide is a glycidyl-functional acrylic polymer and the tertiary amine is triethylenediamine and a second tertiary amine selected from the group consisting of a tertiary amino-functionai acrylic polymer; a tertiary amino-functional polyester; a compound containing both a tertiary amine and a primary or secondary amine group, a Mannich reaction product of a secondary amine formaldehyde and a phenol; and mixtures thereof.

88. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the epoxide is selected from the group consisting of a mono-, di- and tri-functionai glycidyl compound and an epoxide of an alpha olefin, and the tertiary amine is selected from the group consisting of a tertiary amino-functionai acrylic polymer, a tertiary amino-functionai polyester, a compound having both a tertiary amine and a primary or secondary amine group, and mixtures thereof.

89. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the composition is prepared by mixing the epoxide with the methylene-containing component, the alkene-containing component, or both of the methylene-containing and alkene-containing components prior to mixing with the tertiary amine.

90. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the composition is prepared by mixing the tertiary amine with the methylene-containing component or the alkene-containing component prior to mixing with the epoxide.

^ 91. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the composition is prepared by mixing the epoxide with the methylene-containing component or the alkene-containing component, and the tertiary amine is mixed with the other of the methylene-containing or alkene-containing component prior to mixing the epoxide and tertiary amine.

92. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the ratio of the total moles of tertiary amine groups to epoxide groups is from 0.5 to 1.5.

93. The composition according to claim 92 wherein the ratio of the total moles of tertiary amine groups to

94. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the ratio of epoxide groups to the epoxide, tertiary amine, methylene-containing component and alkene-containing component is 2 to 80 milliequivalents of epoxide per 100 grams total of epoxide, tertiary amine, methylene-containing component and alkene-containing component, based on non-volatile material.

95. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the ratio of epoxide groups to the epoxide, tertiary amine, methylene-containing component and alkene-containing components is 10 to 40 milliequivalents per 100 grams non-volatile material.

96. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the composition is prepared by mixing less than 10 milliequivalents base per 100 grams of epoxide, tertiary amine, methylene-containing component and alkene-containing component, based on non-volatile material, with the epoxide, tertiary amine, methylene-containing component and alkene-containing component, the base being selected from the group consisting of carbonic, acetic and hydrofluoric acid salts of tetramethylguanidine, 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene, quaternary ammonium hydroxide and mixtures thereof.

97. The composition according to claim 96 wherein the base is a carbonic acid salt.

98. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the composition is prepared by mixing less than 5 milliequivalents total base per 100 grams of epoxide, tertiary amine, methylene-containing component and alkene-containing component, based on non-volatile material, with the epoxide, tertiary amine, methylene-containing component and alkene-containing component, the base being selected epoxide groups is from 0.5 to 1.0. from the group consisting of I ¥ 223375 diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene; quaternary ammonium hydroxides; carbonic, acetic and hydrofluoric acid salts of tetramethylguanidine,l,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene and quaternary ammonium hydroxide.

99. The composition according to claim 98 wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, tetraethylammonium hydroxide and trimethylbenzylammonium hydroxide, and the carbonic, acetic and hydrofluoric acid salts thereof.

100. The composition according to claim 99 wherein the base is a carbonic acid salt.

101. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the methylene-containing component is selected from the group consisting of esters and amides of acetoacetic, malonic and cyanoacetic acid.

102. The composition according to claim 101 wherein the acetoacetate moiety is pendant from a (meth)acrvlie polymer backbone.

103. The composition according to claim 102 wherein the acetoacetate containing component is the reaction product of the copolymerization of acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate or acetoacetoxyethyl acrylate.

104. The composition according to claim 102 therein the malonate containing component is connected by polyfunctionai alcohols.

105. The composition according to claim 101 wherein malonate moiety is incorporated in a polyester with a polyol and a difunctional acid other than malonic acid.

106. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the alkene-containing component is an alpha-beta unsaturated ester selected from the group consisting of a poly-acrylate; a poly-beta-acryloxypropionate; a higher Michael addition product of acrylic acid; a poly-methacrylate; a poly- 223375

107. The composition according to claim 106 wherein the methylene-containing component is selected from the group consisting of an amide and an ester of cyanoacetic acid.

108. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the methylene-containing component is selected from the group consisting of an ester and an amide of acetoacetic acid and malonic acid; and the alkene-containing component is an alpha-beta unsaturated ester selected from the group consisting of a polv-acrylate; a poly-beta-acryloxypropionate; a higher Michael addition product of acrylic acid; a poly-fumarate; a poly-maleate; and mixtures thereof.

109. The composition according to claim 108 wherein the methylene-containing component is acetoacetate which is pendant from an acrylic polymer.

110. The composition according to claim 109 wherein the alpha-beta unsaturated ester is selected from the group consisting of a poly-beta-acryloxvpropionate and a higher Michael addition product of acrylic acid.

111. The composition according to claim 110 wherein the unsaturated ester is an ester of a trifunctionai alcohol and the molar ratio of alkene to methylene is 0.9-2.0.

112. The composition according to claim 109 wherein the alpha-beta unsaturated ester is selected from the group consisting of poly-acrylates.

113. The composition according to claim 112 wherein the unsaturated ester is an ester of a trifunctionai alcohol and the molar ratio of alkene to methylene is 1.5-4.0.

114. The composition according to claim 112 wherein the unsaturated ester is an ester of a difunctional alcohol and the molar ratio of alkene to methylene is 1.5-2.2.

115. The composition according to claim 109 wherein the alpha-beta unsaturated ester is selected from the group consisting of a poly-maleate and a poly-f umarate. 228375

116. The composition according to claim 115 wherein the maleate and fumarate esters are polyesters having a number average molecular weight greater than 500, an equivalent weight less than 700 grams per alkene-containing component, and less than 0.2 equivalents of acid per 100 grams.

117. The composition according to claim 116 wherein the polyester is prepared from polyfunctionai alcohols selected from the group consisting of neopentyl glycol, neopentyl glycol mono(hydroxypivalate), 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, trimethylolpropane and mixtures thereof.

118. The composition according to claim 117 wherein the number average molecular weight is greater than 900, the equivalent weight is less than 500 grams per alkene-containing component, and the acid level is less than 0.1 equivalents per 100 grams.

119. The composition according to claim 118 wherein the polyester is prepared from polyfunctionai alcohols selected from the group consisting of neopentyl glycol, neopentyl glycol mono(hydroxypivalate), trimethylolpropane and mixtures thereof, and the ratio of fumarate to maleate double bonds is between 1 to 4 and 4 to 1.

120. The composition according to claim 119 wherein the ratio of fumarate to maleate double bonds is between 2 to 3 and 4 to 1.

121. The composition according to claim 119 wherein the alkene-containing component includes a dibasic acid component other than maleic acid and fumaric acid which are selected from the group consisting of aliphatic acid, cycloaliphatic acid and mixtures thereof.

122. The composition according to claim 121 wherein the dibasic acid is cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid. / 20 rj 'j ►"•* r d 6 6 < 0

123. The composition according to claim 121 wherein the acrylic polymer is 30 percent to 50 percent by weight acetoacetoxyethylmethacrylate and greater than 30 percent by weight of a compound selected from the group consisting of butylmethacrylate, isobutylmethacrylate and mixtures thereof.

124. The composition according to claim 121 wherein the polyester has greater than 50 percent ester termination.

125. The composition according to claim 106 wherein the alpha-beta unsaturated ester is a polyester comprising fumarate, maleate, acrylate and acryloxypropionate moieties, and has an acid level less than o.2 equivalents per 100 grams.

126. The composition according to claim 125 wherein the polyester is prepared by the reaction of a hydroxvl-terminated polyester having moieties selected from the group consisting of maleate, fumarate and mixtures thereof; a diisocyanate; and a hydroxyalkyl moiety selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkyl acrylate, hydroxyalkyl acryloxypropionate and mixtures thereof.

127. The composition according to claim 125 wherein the polyester is prepared by the reaction of a hydroxyl-terminated polyester having maleate and fumarate moieties and a compound having both an isocyanate moiety and an acrylate moiety, selected from the group consisting of acrylate, acryloxypropionate and mixtures thereof.

128 . The composition according to claim 106 wherein the alpha-beta unsaturated ester comprises maleate and fumarate moieties incorporated in polyester urethanes formed by the reaction of hydroxy-terminated polyesters and di-isocyanates. -90- I 22 My 5

129. The composition according to claim 106 wherein the alpha-beta unsaturated ester comprises maleate and fumarate moieties incorporated in hydroxy-terminated polyesters, and a multifunctional isocyanate is combined with the polyester so that the hydroxv-terrainated polyester and multifunctional isocyanate react in the presence of the methylene-containing component, tertiary amine and epoxide.

130. The composition according to claim 68 including a phenolic-containing component.

131. The composition according to claim 130 wherein the phenolic-containing component is selected from the group consisting of alkylated phenols.

132. The composition according to claim 130 wherein the level of phenolic-containing component is 5-30 milliequivalents per 100 grams total weight of epoxide, tertiary amine, methylene-containing component and alkene-containing component. DATED T:;.!G /G <fQ AGENT;: !"■_ .