NO882199L - Emulsion explosives. - Google Patents
Emulsion explosives.Info
- Publication number
- NO882199L NO882199L NO882199A NO882199A NO882199L NO 882199 L NO882199 L NO 882199L NO 882199 A NO882199 A NO 882199A NO 882199 A NO882199 A NO 882199A NO 882199 L NO882199 L NO 882199L
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- explosive
- fuel
- weight
- discontinuous phase
- ammonium nitrate
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 title claims description 47
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 title claims description 26
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000003839 salts Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 8
- LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]N=O LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- -1 alkaline earth metal perchlorates Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 7
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 235000019271 petrolatum Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 5
- TZRXHJWUDPFEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OCC(CO[N+]([O-])=O)(CO[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+]([O-])=O TZRXHJWUDPFEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000026 Pentaerythritol tetranitrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229960004321 pentaerithrityl tetranitrate Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluorocyclohexane Chemical compound FC1(F)CCCCC1 ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004200 microcrystalline wax Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019808 microcrystalline wax Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000001593 sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000011069 sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229940035049 sorbitan monooleate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetamide Chemical compound CC(N)=O DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamide Chemical compound NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycolic acid Chemical compound OCC(O)=O AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylamine Chemical compound NC BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium nitrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004449 solid propellant Substances 0.000 description 2
- CUNWUEBNSZSNRX-RKGWDQTMSA-N (2r,3r,4r,5s)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol;(z)-octadec-9-enoic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O CUNWUEBNSZSNRX-RKGWDQTMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IIZBNUQFTQVTGU-PTTKHPGGSA-N (z)-octadec-9-enoic acid;propane-1,2,3-triol Chemical compound OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O IIZBNUQFTQVTGU-PTTKHPGGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLPULHDHAOZNQI-ZTIMHPMXSA-N 1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC JLPULHDHAOZNQI-ZTIMHPMXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IDCPFAYURAQKDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-nitroguanidine Chemical compound NC(=N)N[N+]([O-])=O IDCPFAYURAQKDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DYSXLQBUUOPLBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dinitrotoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1[N+]([O-])=O DYSXLQBUUOPLBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FALRKNHUBBKYCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(chloromethyl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile Chemical class ClCC1=NC=CC=C1C#N FALRKNHUBBKYCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WOKDXPHSIQRTJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[3-[3-[3-[3-[3-[3-[3-[3-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-2-hydroxypropoxy]propane-1,2-diol Chemical compound OCC(O)COCC(O)COCC(O)COCC(O)COCC(O)COCC(O)COCC(O)COCC(O)COCC(O)COCC(O)CO WOKDXPHSIQRTJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-3,3-difluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(Br)C=C GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium acetate Chemical compound N.CC(O)=O USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005695 Ammonium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N D-Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001353 Dextrin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004375 Dextrin Substances 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004166 Lanolin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195725 Mannitol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004280 Sodium formate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-AAZCQSIUSA-N Sorbitan monooleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-AAZCQSIUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IYFATESGLOUGBX-YVNJGZBMSA-N Sorbitan monopalmitate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O IYFATESGLOUGBX-YVNJGZBMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Thiocyanate anion Chemical compound [S-]C#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- MEESPVWIOBCLJW-KTKRTIGZSA-N [(z)-octadec-9-enyl] dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCOP(O)(O)=O MEESPVWIOBCLJW-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HOAKDRHIAARPFN-UHFFFAOYSA-K [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HOAKDRHIAARPFN-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000008431 aliphatic amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007933 aliphatic carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001963 alkali metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001485 alkali metal perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001964 alkaline earth metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019257 ammonium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940043376 ammonium acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- VZTDIZULWFCMLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium formate Chemical compound [NH4+].[O-]C=O VZTDIZULWFCMLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009172 bursting Effects 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FOCAUTSVDIKZOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCl FOCAUTSVDIKZOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940106681 chloroacetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004581 coalescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019425 dextrin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- HBRNMIYLJIXXEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecylazanium;acetate Chemical compound CC(O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCN HBRNMIYLJIXXEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FONBHTQCMAUYEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethane-1,2-diamine;nitric acid Chemical compound NCCN.O[N+]([O-])=O.O[N+]([O-])=O FONBHTQCMAUYEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000013467 fragmentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006062 fragmentation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- NDEMNVPZDAFUKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N guanidine;nitric acid Chemical compound NC(N)=N.O[N+]([O-])=O.O[N+]([O-])=O NDEMNVPZDAFUKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen thiocyanate Natural products SC#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004029 hydroxymethyl group Chemical group [H]OC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940039717 lanolin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019388 lanolin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RLJMLMKIBZAXJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)O[Pb]O[N+]([O-])=O RLJMLMKIBZAXJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940057995 liquid paraffin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- QHDUJTCUPWHNPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 7-methoxy-2h-indazole-3-carboxylate Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC2=C(C(=O)OC)NN=C21 QHDUJTCUPWHNPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PTIUDKQYXMFYAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylammonium nitrate Chemical compound NC.O[N+]([O-])=O PTIUDKQYXMFYAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940005654 nitrite ion Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019809 paraffin wax Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940059574 pentaerithrityl Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HLBBKKJFGFRGMU-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium formate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C=O HLBBKKJFGFRGMU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000019254 sodium formate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium octadecanoate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001570 sorbitan monopalmitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011071 sorbitan monopalmitate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940031953 sorbitan monopalmitate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960005078 sorbitan sesquioleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940083466 soybean lecithin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
- C06B47/14—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase comprising a solid component and an aqueous phase
- C06B47/145—Water in oil emulsion type explosives in which a carbonaceous fuel forms the continuous phase
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Colloid Chemistry (AREA)
- Cosmetics (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
Description
Foreliggende oppfinnelse gjelder et emulsjonssprengstoff. Mer spesielt gjelder det et emulsjonssprengstoff av den såkalte vann-i-olje- eller smelte-i-olje-type. The present invention relates to an emulsion explosive. More particularly, it applies to an emulsion explosive of the so-called water-in-oil or melt-in-oil type.
Ifølge oppfinnelsen tilveiebringes et emulsjonssprengstoff som omfatter en emulsjon i hvilken en vandig bestanddel som inneholder et oksyderende salt, danner en diskontinuerlig fase og en brensel-holdig bestanddel danner en kontinuerlig fase som er ublandbar med den diskontinuerlige fasen, idet sprengstoffet omfatter høyst 9 vekt% vann og den diskontinuerlige fasen har en krystallisasjonstemperatur på minst 80°C. According to the invention, an emulsion explosive is provided which comprises an emulsion in which an aqueous component containing an oxidizing salt forms a discontinuous phase and a fuel-containing component forms a continuous phase which is immiscible with the discontinuous phase, the explosive comprising no more than 9% by weight of water and the discontinuous phase has a crystallization temperature of at least 80°C.
Sprengstoffet kan omfatte 3-9 vekt% vann, f.eks.The explosive may comprise 3-9% by weight of water, e.g.
7-8 vekt%, den diskontinuerlige fasen har en krystallisasjonstemperatur på 80-90°C, f.eks. ca. 85°C. Denne krystallisasjons-temperaturen er også kjent på fagområdet som det såkalte krystallisasjonspunkt eller mykningspunkt for den diskontinuerlige fasen og representerer faktisk smeltepunktet for den diskontinuerlige fasen. 7-8% by weight, the discontinuous phase has a crystallization temperature of 80-90°C, e.g. about. 85°C. This crystallization temperature is also known in the field as the so-called crystallization point or softening point for the discontinuous phase and actually represents the melting point for the discontinuous phase.
Sprengstoffet kan være fenghette-følsomt, og er sensibilisert med gassbobler for å få en densitet på høyst 1,26 g/cm<3>The explosive can be cap-sensitive, and is sensitized with gas bubbles to obtain a density of no more than 1.26 g/cm<3>
ved 25°C. Sprengstoffet kan forsynes kjemisk med gass i form av nitrogenbobler, med en densitet i området 1,15-1,20 g/cm<3>at 25°C. The explosive can be supplied chemically with gas in the form of nitrogen bubbles, with a density in the range of 1.15-1.20 g/cm<3>
ved 25°C.at 25°C.
Når sprengstoffet tilføres gass-kjemisk skal det fortrinnsvis ha en kontinuerlig fase med et mykningspunkt over de maksimale, ventede omgivelsestemperaturene som det vil eksponeres for før bruk, f.eks. under lagring. Ved passende valg av bestanddeler i den kontinuerlige fasen, f.eks. ved å sette sammen en blanding av oljer og voks som f.eks. mikrokrystallinsk voks og/eller paraffinvoks, kan det oppnås et mykningspunkt over f.eks. 40°C med en sikkerhetsmargin på 5-15"C, for den kontinuerlige fasen. Egnet sammenblanding av bestanddelene i den kontinuerlige fasen kan også tilveiebringe en tilstrekkelig lav viskositet i den kontinuerlige fasen ved disse temperaturer, f.eks. ca. 75-95°C, som typisk forekommer på fagområdet, under dannelse av emulsjonen, for innføring og dispersjon i emulsjonen av gassbobler eller et passende kjemisk gass-avgivende middel, som f.eks. natriumnitritt, som danner nitrogenbobler i emulsjonen. When the explosive is supplied gas-chemically, it should preferably have a continuous phase with a softening point above the maximum, expected ambient temperatures to which it will be exposed before use, e.g. during storage. By appropriate selection of components in the continuous phase, e.g. by putting together a mixture of oils and waxes such as microcrystalline wax and/or paraffin wax, a softening point above e.g. 40°C with a safety margin of 5-15°C, for the continuous phase. Suitable mixing of the components in the continuous phase can also provide a sufficiently low viscosity in the continuous phase at these temperatures, e.g. about 75-95 °C, which typically occurs in the field, during formation of the emulsion, for the introduction and dispersion in the emulsion of gas bubbles or a suitable chemical gas-emitting agent, such as sodium nitrite, which forms nitrogen bubbles in the emulsion.
Den diskontuinuerlige fasen kan typisk omfatte minst ett oksyderende salt valgt fra gruppen omfattende: The discontinuous phase may typically comprise at least one oxidizing salt selected from the group comprising:
ammoniumnitratammonium nitrate
alkalimetallnitrateralkali metal nitrates
jordalkalimetallnitrateralkaline earth metal nitrates
ammoniumperkloratammonium perchlorate
alkalimetallperklorater ogalkali metal perchlorates and
jordalkalimetall-perklorater.alkaline earth metal perchlorates.
Det oksyderende saltet skal foreligge i form av en vandig løsning eller vann-holdig smelte i den diskontinuerlige fasen. The oxidizing salt must be present in the form of an aqueous solution or aqueous melt in the discontinuous phase.
Når det gjelder smelte-i-olje-emulsjoner eller emulsjonerIn the case of melt-in-oil emulsions or emulsions
i hvilke den diskontinuerlige fasen, på samme måte som den kontinuerlige fasen, inneholder meget lite om noe vann, kan den diskontinuerlige fasen fastgjøres ved omgivelsestemperatur, men sprengstoffet betraktes fortsatt som en emulsjon for formålet med foreliggende oppfinnelse. in which the discontinuous phase, in the same way as the continuous phase, contains very little if any water, the discontinuous phase can be fixed at ambient temperature, but the explosive is still considered an emulsion for the purpose of the present invention.
Spesielt kan den diskontinuerlige fasen omfatte ammoniumnitrat og minst én forbindelse valgt fra gruppen omfattende oksyderende salter eller organiske materialer som, sammen med ammoniumnitratet, danner en smelte som har et smeltepunkt som er lavere enn ammoniumnitratets, idet innholdet av oksyderende salt i sprengstoffet er 70-90 vekt% og de relative forhold mellom ammoniumnitratet og nevnte forbindelse eller forbindelser i den diskontinuerlige fasen er slik at det dannes, når de blandes sammen, en smelte med et smeltepunkt i området 75-130°C. En slik ytterligere forbindelse kan være et uorganisk salt som f.eks. litiumnitrat, sølvnitrat, blynitrat, natrium-nitrat, kalsiumnitrat, kaliumnitrat eller blandinger derav. Istedenfor eller i tillegg kan den forbindelse som sammen med ammoniumnitratet ved oppvarming danner en smelte med smeltepunkt som er lavere enn smeltepunktet for ammoniumnitratet, være en alkohol som f.eks. metylalkohol, etylenglykol, glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol, pentaerytritol eller blandinger derav. Andre forbindelser som i tillegg eller istedenfor kan anvendes for å danne nevnte smelter sammen med ammoniumnitrat, kan være karbohydrater som f.eks. sukkere, stivelser og dekstriner, og alifatiske karboksylsyrer og deres salter som f.eks. maursyre, eddiksyre, ammoniumformiat, natriumformiat, natriumacetat og ammoniumacetat. Ytterligere forbindelser som istedenfor eller i tillegg til kan anvendes for å danne nevnte smelter med ammoniumnitrat, omfatter glycin, kloreddiksyre, glykolsyre, ravsyre, vinsyre, adipinsyre og lavere alifatiske amider som f.eks. formamid, acetamid og urea. Ureanitrat kan også anvendes, som også visse nitrogenholdige substanser som f.eks. nitroguanidin, guanidin-nitrat, metylamin, metaylamin-nitrat og etylendiamindinitrat. Hver av disse substanser kan anvendes alene med ammoniumnitrat, eller blandinger derav kan anvendes for å danne nevnte smelte med ammoniumnitratet, idet blandingene velges slik at de danner smelter med ammoniumnitratet som har passende lave smeltepunkter og er i det vesentlige uløselige i den kontinuerlige fasen. In particular, the discontinuous phase may comprise ammonium nitrate and at least one compound selected from the group comprising oxidizing salts or organic materials which, together with the ammonium nitrate, form a melt having a melting point lower than that of the ammonium nitrate, the content of oxidizing salt in the explosive being 70-90 % by weight and the relative ratios between the ammonium nitrate and said compound or compounds in the discontinuous phase are such that, when they are mixed together, a melt with a melting point in the range 75-130°C is formed. Such a further compound can be an inorganic salt such as e.g. lithium nitrate, silver nitrate, lead nitrate, sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate or mixtures thereof. Instead or in addition, the compound which together with the ammonium nitrate when heated forms a melt with a melting point that is lower than the melting point of the ammonium nitrate can be an alcohol such as e.g. methyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol, pentaerythritol or mixtures thereof. Other compounds which can additionally or instead be used to form said melts together with ammonium nitrate, can be carbohydrates such as e.g. sugars, starches and dextrins, and aliphatic carboxylic acids and their salts such as formic acid, acetic acid, ammonium formate, sodium formate, sodium acetate and ammonium acetate. Further compounds that can be used instead of or in addition to to form said melts with ammonium nitrate include glycine, chloroacetic acid, glycolic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, adipic acid and lower aliphatic amides such as e.g. formamide, acetamide and urea. Urea nitrate can also be used, as can also certain nitrogen-containing substances such as e.g. nitroguanidine, guanidine nitrate, methylamine, methylamine nitrate and ethylenediamine dinitrate. Each of these substances can be used alone with ammonium nitrate, or mixtures thereof can be used to form said melt with the ammonium nitrate, the mixtures being selected so that they form melts with the ammonium nitrate which have suitably low melting points and are essentially insoluble in the continuous phase.
Det oksyderende saltet eller de oksyderende saltene kan være til stede i en mengde, som nevnt ovenfor, på fra 70 til 92 vekt% av sprengstoffet, fortrinnsvis 80-86%. The oxidizing salt or oxidizing salts may be present in an amount, as mentioned above, of from 70 to 92% by weight of the explosive, preferably 80-86%.
Generelt velges de substanser som skal danne smelter med ammoniumnitratet, avhengig av det kriterium, i tillegg til kostnaden, at de danner smelter med akseptabelt sikre og lave smeltepunkter, f.eks. som angitt ovenfor, innenfor området 75-130°C, selv om smelter med smeltepunkter over 130°C i prinsipp kan anvendes. In general, the substances that are to form melts with the ammonium nitrate are chosen depending on the criterion, in addition to cost, that they form melts with acceptably safe and low melting points, e.g. as stated above, within the range 75-130°C, although melts with melting points above 130°C can in principle be used.
Brenselbestanddelen i emulsjonen kan omfatte minst én vann-i-olje-emulgator valgt fra gruppen omfattende sorbitan-seskvioleat, sorbitanmonooleat, sorbitanmonopalmitat, natrium-monostearat, natriumtristearat, mono- og di-glyceridene av fett-dannende fettsyrer, soyabønnelecitin, derivater av lanolin, alkylbenzensulfonater, surt oleylfosfat, laurylamin-acetat, dekaglycerol-dekaoleat, dekaglycerol-dekastearat, 2-oleyl-4-4'-bis[hydroksymetyl]-2-oksazolin, polymere emulgatorer inneholdende polyetylenglykol-hovedkjeder med fettsyre-sidekjeder og polyisobutylen/ravsyreanhydrid-derivater. The fuel component of the emulsion may comprise at least one water-in-oil emulsifier selected from the group comprising sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sodium monostearate, sodium tristearate, the mono- and di-glycerides of fat-forming fatty acids, soybean lecithin, derivatives of lanolin, alkylbenzene sulfonates, acid oleyl phosphate, laurylamine acetate, decaglycerol decaoleate, decaglycerol dexastearate, 2-oleyl-4-4'-bis[hydroxymethyl]-2-oxazoline, polymeric emulsifiers containing polyethylene glycol main chains with fatty acid side chains and polyisobutylene/succinic anhydride derivatives.
Emulgatorene virker som overflateaktive midler og stabili-satorer for å fremme dannelsen av emulsjonen og å motstå krystallisasjon og/eller koalescens av den diskontinuerlige fasen. The emulsifiers act as surfactants and stabilizers to promote the formation of the emulsion and to resist crystallization and/or coalescence of the discontinuous phase.
Sprengstoffet kan omfatte 1-2 vekt% av nevnte vann-i-olje-emulgator, fortrinnsvis fra 1,3 til 1,5%. The explosive may comprise 1-2% by weight of said water-in-oil emulsifier, preferably from 1.3 to 1.5%.
Sprengstoffet kan i tillegg inneholde et fast brensel som f.eks. aluminium, som kan være malingsfint eller forstøvet aluminium. Når aluminium anvendes, kan sprengstoffet omfatte fra 3 til 8 vekt% aluminium som fast brensel, fortrinnsvis 3,5-6%. The explosive may also contain a solid fuel such as aluminium, which can be paintable or atomised aluminium. When aluminum is used, the explosive may comprise from 3 to 8% by weight of aluminum as solid fuel, preferably 3.5-6%.
Brenslet i den kontinuerlige fasen vil være ublandbart med og uløselig i vann. Spesielt kan brenslet være et organisk brensel som er ikke-selv-eksploderende og omfatter minst ett medlem av gruppen omfattende hydrokarboner, halogenerte hydrokarboner og nitrerte hydrokarboner, idet brenslet omfatter en voksbestanddel og har en mykningspunkt-temperatur i området 45-65"C, og den brensel-holdige bestanddelen danner 2-25 vekt% av sprengstoffet. Brenslet kan generelt utgjøre 2-25 vekt% av sprengstoffet, fortrinnsvis 3-12%. Som nevnt ovenfor, inneholder brenslet typisk ett eller flere voks, f.eks. paraffinvoks, mikrokrystallinsk voks og/eller råparaffinvoks, hvorved dets mykningspunkt og viskositet reguleres, og det kan også inneholde én eller flere av gruppen omfattende mineraloljer, brenseloljer, smøreoljer, flytende paraffin, xylen, toluen, vaselin og dinitrotoluen. The fuel in the continuous phase will be immiscible with and insoluble in water. In particular, the fuel can be an organic fuel that is non-self-exploding and comprises at least one member of the group comprising hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and nitrated hydrocarbons, the fuel comprising a wax component and having a softening point temperature in the range 45-65"C, and the fuel-containing component forms 2-25% by weight of the explosive. The fuel may generally constitute 2-25% by weight of the explosive, preferably 3-12%. As mentioned above, the fuel typically contains one or more waxes, e.g. paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax and/or crude paraffin wax, whereby its softening point and viscosity are regulated, and it may also contain one or more of the group comprising mineral oils, fuel oils, lubricating oils, liquid paraffin, xylene, toluene, petroleum jelly and dinitrotoluene.
Generelt vil vannet i den diskontinuerlige fasen holdes på et minimum overensstemmende med sammensetningen av den diskontinuerlige fasen og med sammensetningen av emulsjonen ved en forhøyet temperatur som er akseptabelt lav, for å unngå unødvendig bortkastet energi som stammer fra damp-produksjon ved eventuell detonering. In general, the water in the discontinuous phase will be kept to a minimum consistent with the composition of the discontinuous phase and with the composition of the emulsion at an elevated temperature that is acceptably low, in order to avoid unnecessary wasted energy arising from steam production in the event of detonation.
Basis-emulsjonens densitet vil være slik at det dannes en passende sprengstoffblanding etter innblanding av boblene. Basis-emulsjonen kan således ha en densitet på f.eks. 1,30- The base emulsion's density will be such that a suitable explosive mixture is formed after mixing in the bubbles. The base emulsion can thus have a density of e.g. 1.30-
1,56 g/cm<3>ved25'C. Densiteten av det ferdige sprengstoffet skal, som nevnt ovenfor, etter bobleinnføringen være mindre enn 1,2 6 g/cm<3>, fortrinnsvis i området 1,15 - 1,2 0 g/cm<3>ved 25°C. 1.56 g/cm<3>at 25'C. As mentioned above, the density of the finished explosive must, after the bubble introduction, be less than 1.26 g/cm<3>, preferably in the range 1.15 - 1.20 g/cm<3>at 25°C.
I en spesiell utførelsesform av oppfinnelsen omfatter den bestanddel som inneholder det oksyderende saltet fortrinnsvis minst delvis ammoniumnitrat, i hvilket tilfelle et kjemisk gasstilførselsmiddel omfattende nitritt-ioner, f.eks. natriumnitritt, kan anvendes, hensiktsmessig i form av en vandig løsning av 5-30% vekt/vekt konsentrasjon, f.eks. 20% vekt/vekt, som blandes inn i emulsjonen ved nevnte forhøyede temperatur. In a particular embodiment of the invention, the component containing the oxidizing salt preferably comprises at least partially ammonium nitrate, in which case a chemical gas supply agent comprising nitrite ions, e.g. sodium nitrite, can be used, suitably in the form of an aqueous solution of 5-30% weight/weight concentration, e.g. 20% w/w, which is mixed into the emulsion at said elevated temperature.
Så snart blandingen er startet, begynner nitritt-ionene å reagere med ammonium-ioner ifølge ligningen As soon as the mixing is started, the nitrite ions start to react with ammonium ions according to the equation
for å danne nitrogenbobler. to form nitrogen bubbles.
Det er ønskelig at sprengstoffet inneholder jevnt fordelte gassbobler i emulsjonen med en gjennomsnittstørrelse (diameter) i området 20-40, f.eks. 25, pm, og har bobler med en relativt jevn størrelse, d.v.s. en relativt smal boblestørrelsefordeling. Den ønskede boblestørrelse og boblestørrelsefordeling kan fremmes ved å velge en passende reaksjonshastighet (pH og katalysatorinnhold) og passende blandeegenskaper ved sammenset-ning av sprengstoffet. It is desirable that the explosive contains evenly distributed gas bubbles in the emulsion with an average size (diameter) in the range 20-40, e.g. 25, pm, and has bubbles of a relatively uniform size, i.e. a relatively narrow bubble size distribution. The desired bubble size and bubble size distribution can be promoted by choosing a suitable reaction rate (pH and catalyst content) and suitable mixing properties when composing the explosive.
Den mengde natriumnitritt som anvendes vil avhenge av mengden eller antallet bobler som kreves, d.v.s. av den endelige densiteten som kreves for sprengstoffet, og om ønsket én eller flere katalysatorer som f.eks. tiourea, tiocyanat eller urea kan oppløses i den diskontinuerlige fasen før nevnte blanding, for å akselerere nitritt-ion/ammonium-ion-reaksjonen. The amount of sodium nitrite used will depend on the amount or number of bubbles required, i.e. of the final density required for the explosive, and if desired one or more catalysts such as thiourea, thiocyanate or urea can be dissolved in the discontinuous phase before said mixing, in order to accelerate the nitrite ion/ammonium ion reaction.
Når det anvendes en voks-basert blanding som kontinuerlig fase, har materialet i den kontinuerlige fasen hensiktsmessig en hårdhet ifølge Stanhope Penetrometer-metoden på 6-16 mm, fortrinnsvis 13,5 mm, ved den maksimalt ventede omgivelsestemperatur, f.eks. ved 40° C, og et stivnepunkt ved 5-25°C, f.eks. 10°C, over nevnte ventede temperatur. When a wax-based mixture is used as the continuous phase, the material in the continuous phase suitably has a hardness according to the Stanhope Penetrometer method of 6-16 mm, preferably 13.5 mm, at the maximum expected ambient temperature, e.g. at 40°C, and a solidification point at 5-25°C, e.g. 10°C, above said expected temperature.
Sprengstoffet kan være fenghette-følsomt og brukes i patroner på 22 mm - 3 2 mm diameter, f.eks. som 2 2 mm, 25 mm eller 32 mm patroner. The explosive can be cap-sensitive and is used in cartridges of 22 mm - 3 2 mm diameter, e.g. as 2 2 mm, 25 mm or 32 mm cartridges.
Oppfinnelsen skal nå beskrives som illustrasjon med henvisning til følgende ikke-begrensende eksempler. The invention will now be described by way of illustration with reference to the following non-limiting examples.
Eksempler 1- 3Examples 1-3
Tre emulsjonssprengstoffblandinger ble fremstilt overensstemmende med foreliggende oppfinnelse, som angitt nedenfor, i hvilken forbindelsene er uttrykt som prosenter på vektbasis: Three emulsion explosive compositions were prepared in accordance with the present invention, as set forth below, in which the compounds are expressed as percentages by weight:
Når det gjelder det foranstående, skal det bemerkes at ammoniumnitratet og natriumnitratet, sammen med vannet, dannet den diskontinuerlige fasen. Sorbitanmonooleatet var emulgator og var Crill 4 sorbitanmonooleat fra Croda Chemicals [Syd-Afrika] [Proprietary] Limited; mineraloljen var P95-olje fra BP Syd Afrika [Proprietary] Limited; paraffinvoksen var Sasolwax fra Sasol Chemicals [Proprietary] Limited; den mikrokrystallinske voksen var BE SQUARE AMBER 175 voks fra Bareco Inc., USA; og det forstøvede aluminium var Supramex 2022 aluminium fra Hulett Aluminium Limited. Regarding the foregoing, it should be noted that the ammonium nitrate and the sodium nitrate, together with the water, formed the discontinuous phase. The sorbitan monooleate was emulsifier and was Crill 4 sorbitan monooleate from Croda Chemicals [South Africa] [Proprietary] Limited; the mineral oil was P95 oil from BP South Africa [Proprietary] Limited; paraffin wax was Sasolwax from Sasol Chemicals [Proprietary] Limited; the microcrystalline wax was BE SQUARE AMBER 175 wax from Bareco Inc., USA; and the atomized aluminum was Supramex 2022 aluminum from Hulett Aluminum Limited.
Natriumnitratet ble brukt som kjemisk gasstilførselsmiddel for å danne nitrogenbobler i sprengstoffet for å redusere dets densitet til 1,15 g/cm<3>, og tiourea virket som katalysator for den kjemiske gasstilførselsreaksjonen. The sodium nitrate was used as a chemical gas supply agent to form nitrogen bubbles in the explosive to reduce its density to 1.15 g/cm<3>, and thiourea acted as a catalyst for the chemical gas supply reaction.
De ovenstående blandingene ble patronert i standard 32 mm papirhylser og ble etter varm lagring ved 40°C (3 måneder og lenger) funnet å være fenghette-følsomme for detonering med en nr. 2D detonator-fenghette inneholdende 0,022 g pentaerytritol- tetranitrat [PETN]. I hvert tilfelle ble det oppnådd en ubegrenset detonasjonshastighet på ca. 4 km/sek. The above mixtures were cartridged into standard 32 mm paper sleeves and after hot storage at 40°C (3 months and longer) were found to be trap cap sensitive to detonation with a No. 2D detonator trap cap containing 0.022 g pentaerythritol tetranitrate [PETN] . In each case an unlimited detonation rate of approx. 4 km/sec.
Eksempel 4Example 4
Tretti kasser av sprengstoffet fra eks. 1 ble fremstilt, i patronform, patronert i 25 mm diameter plasthylser. Dette sprengstoffet ble fremstilt overensstemmende med foreliggende oppfinnelse med basis-emulsjon ved en temperatur på 100°C. Thirty boxes of the explosives from e.g. 1 was produced, in cartridge form, cartridged in 25 mm diameter plastic sleeves. This explosive was prepared in accordance with the present invention with a base emulsion at a temperature of 100°C.
Den diskontinuerlige fasen i dette emulsjonssprengstoffet hadde en krystallisasjonstemperatur eller mykgj©ringspunkt på 85,7°C, og en pH målt ved 99,3°C på 4,60. Emulsjonen ble kjemisk tilført gass ved hjelp av natriumnitritt til en densitet på 1,15-117 g/cm<3>. Emulsjonens utseende var tilfredsstillende uten tegn på fri smelte. The discontinuous phase in this emulsion explosive had a crystallization temperature or softening point of 85.7°C, and a pH measured at 99.3°C of 4.60. The emulsion was chemically gassed using sodium nitrite to a density of 1.15-117 g/cm<3>. The appearance of the emulsion was satisfactory with no evidence of free melting.
Tester ble utført for å bestemme detonasjonshastigheten i patronene, og det ble oppnådd verdier på 4,3-4,6 km/sek. Patronene kunne avfyres med en nr. 2D detonatorfenghette. De boble-energier som ble målt, var mellom 2,00 og 2,10 MJ/kg. Begrensede detonasjonshastigheter målt i et 1 m stålrør var av størrelsesorden 5,06 km/sek. Tests were carried out to determine the detonation speed of the cartridges, and values of 4.3-4.6 km/sec were obtained. The cartridges could be fired with a No. 2D detonator catch cap. The bubble energies that were measured were between 2.00 and 2.10 MJ/kg. Limited detonation velocities measured in a 1 m steel tube were of the order of 5.06 km/sec.
Brytningsforsøk ble utført med disse patronerte sprengstoffene med tilfredsstillende resultater. Akseptabelt avansement og fragmentering ble oppnådd. Bursting tests were carried out with these cartridge explosives with satisfactory results. Acceptable advancement and fragmentation were achieved.
Et utvalg av disse patronene ble lagret i 3 måneder ved 40°C og ga deretter når de ble detonert ved omgivelsestempera-turer detonasjonshastigheter på 3,2-3,5 km/sek. (i én test) og 3,8-4,2 km/sek. (i en annen test). I den første av disse testene var det nødvendig med en nr. 5D detonator-fenghette inneholdende 0,180 g PETN for minimum initiering, og i den annen av disse tester var det nødvendig med en nr. 4D detonator-fenghette inneholdende 0,090 g PETN for minimum initiering. A selection of these cartridges were stored for 3 months at 40°C and then when detonated at ambient temperatures gave detonation velocities of 3.2-3.5 km/sec. (in one test) and 3.8-4.2 km/sec. (in another test). In the first of these tests, a No. 5D detonator trap cap containing 0.180 g of PETN was required for minimum initiation, and in the second of these tests, a No. 4D detonator trap cap containing 0.090 g of PETN was required for minimum initiation .
Det er en fordel med oppfinnelsen, i det minste som illustrert i eksemplene, at det tilveiebringes et emulsjonssprengstoff med et lavt vanninnhold, som fører til et kraftig sprengstoff med redusert energitap ved detonering som stammer fra damp-produksjon. I motsetning til lignende blandinger med lignende lave vanninnhold, men hvor det anvendes glass-mikro ballonger istedenfor gassing med gassbobler, ble sprengstoffene ifølge eksemplene funnet å være vesentlig mer stabile og vesentlig mer følsomme for detonering, spesielt etter forlenget lagring ved forhøyede (40°C) temperaturer. Når mikroballonger anvendes istedenfor kjemisk gassing, finner det dessuten sted en uakseptabel krystallisasjon av den diskontinuerlige fasen. Det antas også at, spesielt i masseproduksjonsskala, sprengstoffene ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse blir mindre kostbare å fremstille enn lignende sprengstoffer som er sensibilisert med mikroballonger. It is an advantage of the invention, at least as illustrated in the examples, that it provides an emulsion explosive with a low water content, which leads to a powerful explosive with reduced energy loss upon detonation originating from vapor production. In contrast to similar mixtures with similar low water contents, but where glass micro-balloons are used instead of gassing with gas bubbles, the explosives according to the examples were found to be significantly more stable and significantly more sensitive to detonation, especially after prolonged storage at elevated (40°C ) temperatures. When microballoons are used instead of chemical gassing, unacceptable crystallization of the discontinuous phase also takes place. It is also believed that, especially on a mass production scale, the explosives according to the present invention will be less expensive to manufacture than similar explosives sensitized with microballoons.
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US4141767A (en) * | 1978-03-03 | 1979-02-27 | Ireco Chemicals | Emulsion blasting agent |
US4287010A (en) * | 1979-08-06 | 1981-09-01 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Company | Emulsion-type explosive composition and method for the preparation thereof |
US4383873A (en) * | 1980-10-27 | 1983-05-17 | Atlas Powder Company | Sensitive low water emulsion explosive compositions |
JPS6028796B2 (en) * | 1982-01-27 | 1985-07-06 | 日本油脂株式会社 | Method for producing water-in-oil emulsion explosives |
AU578460B2 (en) * | 1984-04-19 | 1988-10-27 | Ici Australia Limited | Water in oil emulsion explosives and stabilizers therefor |
JPH0717473B2 (en) * | 1986-01-14 | 1995-03-01 | 三洋化成工業株式会社 | Water-in-oil type emulsion |
GB2192391B (en) * | 1986-07-07 | 1989-12-20 | Aeci Ltd | Process for the production of an explosive |
-
1988
- 1988-05-03 ZW ZW51/88A patent/ZW5188A1/en unknown
- 1988-05-05 MW MW10/88A patent/MW1088A1/en unknown
- 1988-05-06 AU AU15673/88A patent/AU1567388A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1988-05-11 CA CA000566531A patent/CA1335330C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-05-17 GB GB08811640A patent/GB2204865A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1988-05-17 EP EP88304449A patent/EP0292234A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1988-05-20 NO NO882199A patent/NO882199L/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU1567388A (en) | 1988-11-24 |
CA1335330C (en) | 1995-04-25 |
GB8811640D0 (en) | 1988-06-22 |
NO882199D0 (en) | 1988-05-20 |
ZW5188A1 (en) | 1989-09-27 |
GB2204865A (en) | 1988-11-23 |
MW1088A1 (en) | 1989-01-11 |
EP0292234A3 (en) | 1989-05-03 |
EP0292234A2 (en) | 1988-11-23 |
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