NO881094D0 - Skumkomposittmateriale, samt fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av et slikt. - Google Patents

Skumkomposittmateriale, samt fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av et slikt.

Info

Publication number
NO881094D0
NO881094D0 NO881094A NO881094A NO881094D0 NO 881094 D0 NO881094 D0 NO 881094D0 NO 881094 A NO881094 A NO 881094A NO 881094 A NO881094 A NO 881094A NO 881094 D0 NO881094 D0 NO 881094D0
Authority
NO
Norway
Prior art keywords
preparing
procedure
foam composition
composition material
foam
Prior art date
Application number
NO881094A
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
NO881094L (no
Inventor
Malcolm John Stagg
Eric Petru Stern
Sunil Vidyarthi
Original Assignee
Bpco Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bpco Inc filed Critical Bpco Inc
Publication of NO881094D0 publication Critical patent/NO881094D0/no
Publication of NO881094L publication Critical patent/NO881094L/no

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/18—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer of foamed material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
    • B29C44/02—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • B29C44/12—Incorporating or moulding on preformed parts, e.g. inserts or reinforcements
    • B29C44/1214—Anchoring by foaming into a preformed part, e.g. by penetrating through holes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
    • B29C44/20—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of indefinite length
    • B29C44/32—Incorporating or moulding on preformed parts, e.g. linings, inserts or reinforcements
    • B29C44/321—Incorporating or moulding on preformed parts, e.g. linings, inserts or reinforcements the preformed part being a lining, e.g. a film or a support lining
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B29/00—Layered products comprising a layer of paper or cardboard
    • B32B29/002—Layered products comprising a layer of paper or cardboard as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B32B29/007—Layered products comprising a layer of paper or cardboard as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material next to a foam layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B29/00—Layered products comprising a layer of paper or cardboard
    • B32B29/08—Corrugated paper or cardboard
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
    • B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
    • B32B3/266—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by an apertured layer, the apertures going through the whole thickness of the layer, e.g. expanded metal, perforated layer, slit layer regular cells B32B3/12
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
    • B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
    • B32B3/28—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by a layer comprising a deformed thin sheet, i.e. the layer having its entire thickness deformed out of the plane, e.g. corrugated, crumpled
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/10—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products
    • E04C2/20—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products of plastics
    • E04C2/205—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products of plastics of foamed plastics, or of plastics and foamed plastics, optionally reinforced
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/10—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products
    • E04C2/24—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products laminated and composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/12, E04C2/16, E04C2/20
    • E04C2/246—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products laminated and composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/12, E04C2/16, E04C2/20 combinations of materials fully covered by E04C2/16 and E04C2/20
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2262/10—Inorganic fibres
    • B32B2262/101—Glass fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2266/00—Composition of foam
    • B32B2266/02—Organic
    • B32B2266/0214—Materials belonging to B32B27/00
    • B32B2266/0285—Condensation resins of aldehydes, e.g. with phenols, ureas, melamines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2266/00—Composition of foam
    • B32B2266/08—Closed cell foam
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2305/00—Condition, form or state of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2305/02—Cellular or porous
    • B32B2305/026—Porous
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2305/00—Condition, form or state of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2305/08—Reinforcements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2317/00—Animal or vegetable based
    • B32B2317/12—Paper, e.g. cardboard
    • B32B2317/122—Kraft paper
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24273—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including aperture
    • Y10T428/24322—Composite web or sheet
    • Y10T428/24331—Composite web or sheet including nonapertured component
    • Y10T428/24339—Keyed
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24628—Nonplanar uniform thickness material
    • Y10T428/24669—Aligned or parallel nonplanarities
    • Y10T428/24694—Parallel corrugations
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24628—Nonplanar uniform thickness material
    • Y10T428/24669—Aligned or parallel nonplanarities
    • Y10T428/24694—Parallel corrugations
    • Y10T428/24711—Plural corrugated components
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24996—With internal element bridging layers, nonplanar interface between layers, or intermediate layer of commingled adjacent foam layers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
    • Y10T428/249982—With component specified as adhesive or bonding agent
    • Y10T428/249984—Adhesive or bonding component contains voids

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
NO881094A 1987-03-13 1988-03-11 Skumkomposittmateriale, samt fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av et slikt. NO881094L (no)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA532004 1987-03-13

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
NO881094D0 true NO881094D0 (no) 1988-03-11
NO881094L NO881094L (no) 1988-09-14

Family

ID=4135177

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
NO881094A NO881094L (no) 1987-03-13 1988-03-11 Skumkomposittmateriale, samt fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av et slikt.

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US4861642A (no)
EP (1) EP0282337A3 (no)
JP (1) JPS6420128A (no)
NO (1) NO881094L (no)

Families Citing this family (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE501682C2 (sv) * 1992-08-24 1995-04-24 Ericsson Karl Gustav Skivkonstruktion och förfarande för framställning därav
US5366723A (en) * 1993-03-05 1994-11-22 Istvan Tulok Method of alleviating toxicity originating from treatment with anticancer platinum compounds
US6205728B1 (en) * 1997-04-30 2001-03-27 Frank Sutelan Laminated composite building component
EP1317591A1 (en) * 2000-09-13 2003-06-11 Serge Meilleur Insulated formwork panels and process for their manufacture
US6711872B2 (en) 2001-07-30 2004-03-30 International Paper Company Lightweight panel construction
GB0327065D0 (en) * 2003-11-20 2003-12-24 Intier Automotive Interiors Lt Apparatus and method for positioning reinforcement material within an interior trim panel
US8381471B2 (en) * 2005-12-09 2013-02-26 Stephen C. Kobre Packaging/construction material to make variable sized structures with intrinsic cushioning
WO2007086041A1 (en) 2006-01-30 2007-08-02 Kingspan Holdings (Irl) Limited A phenolic foam board
US8815038B2 (en) 2008-10-01 2014-08-26 The Boeing Company Joining curved composite sandwich panels
US8834667B2 (en) 2010-10-19 2014-09-16 The Boeing Company Method for joining sandwich truss core panels and composite structures produced therefrom
EP2714784A2 (en) * 2011-05-25 2014-04-09 E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company Closed-cell tannin-based foams without formaldehyde
FR2994881B1 (fr) * 2012-08-28 2016-05-27 Centre D'etude Et De Rech Pour L'automobile (Cera) Procede de realisation d’un panneau de garnissage de vehicule automobile
US20140273687A1 (en) 2013-03-15 2014-09-18 Certainteed Gypsum, Inc. Building Board with Acoustical Foam
GB2519749B (en) * 2013-10-24 2015-08-05 Bentley Motors Ltd Tyre cavity noise absorber
CA2988547C (en) 2016-12-15 2021-01-26 Certainteed Gypsum, Inc. Plaster boards and methods for making them

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1243545A (fr) * 1958-10-06 1960-10-14 Owens Corning Fiberglass Corp Produit fibro-cellulaire et son procédé de fabrication
US3467569A (en) * 1966-06-03 1969-09-16 Dow Chemical Co Resin foam-metal laminate composites
US3637459A (en) * 1970-03-17 1972-01-25 Dow Chemical Co Structural panel having foam plastic core
US4091142A (en) * 1974-04-23 1978-05-23 Dura-Plex Industries, Inc. Structural panel and method of making same
US4077821A (en) * 1975-09-15 1978-03-07 Detroit Gasket Company Method of forming foam laminates and headliners
US4227356A (en) * 1978-03-23 1980-10-14 Exxon Research & Engineering Co. Composite foam roof insulation
US4358498A (en) * 1980-09-24 1982-11-09 Chavannes Marc A Reinforced laminated and corrugated board-like structures and method for the manufacturing thereof
US4425396A (en) * 1982-09-28 1984-01-10 The B. F. Goodrich Company Insulative panel
US4500596A (en) * 1983-07-18 1985-02-19 Lee Jimmy D Polyurethane foamed in-situ against skin terpolymer comprising ethylene and propylene

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0282337A2 (en) 1988-09-14
NO881094L (no) 1988-09-14
US4861642A (en) 1989-08-29
EP0282337A3 (en) 1989-04-26
JPS6420128A (en) 1989-01-24

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
NO872010D0 (no) Fyllstoff- og flotasjonsmateriale, samt fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av slikt.
NO852228L (no) Diettfibermateriale, samt fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av et slikt.
NO854255L (no) Ekspanderbart polymermateriale, samt fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av et polymerskum.
NO863131D0 (no) Isolasjonsmateriale, samt fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av slikt.
NO882087L (no) Antistatisk papirmateriale samt fremgangsmaate og anordning for fremstilling av samme.
NO874636D0 (no) Lateksmateriale og fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av et slikt.
FI895371A0 (fi) Anordning foer hantering av material.
FI901300A0 (fi) Stativ foer behandling av arkformat material.
NO884083D0 (no) Pakning for naeringsmiddel, samt fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av samme.
NO881094D0 (no) Skumkomposittmateriale, samt fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av et slikt.
NO164043C (no) Toeyblekepreparat, samt fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av et slikt.
FI903789A0 (fi) Vals foer tryck- och vaermebehandling av material i banform.
FI885008A (fi) Foerfarande foer omvandling av avfall i pelletformat material.
NO163689C (no) Stivt skum, samt fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av et slikt skum og anvendelse av det.
DK346889A (da) Heteropolysaccharid bm07, fremgangsmaade til fremstilling deraf samt anvendelse deraf
FI885124A0 (fi) Foerfarande foer framstaellning av supraledande material.
FI903629A0 (fi) Foerfarande foer framstaellning av expanderbara polymerpaerlor samt daerav framstaellda material.
FI881486A0 (fi) Foerreduktion av metalloxidhaltigt material.
FI900320A0 (fi) Gastaett, vaermestabilt, flersiktat material samt saett att framstaella detsamma.
NO870626L (no) Polymert materiale, samt fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av et slikt.
GB2207849B (en) A fresh and creamy spread and process for preparing the spread.
DE3779392D1 (de) Spritzbare feuerfeste masse.
NO901483D0 (no) Gasstett innpakningsmateriale, fremgangsmaate til fremstilling av dette samt anvendelse av materialet.
FI882212A (fi) Gjuten valsmantel, saerskilt press- eller kalandervals foer behandling av banformigt material samt foerfarande och anordning foer dess tillverkning.
FI885095A0 (fi) Anordning foer braennande av obraenda material.