NO328851B1 - Ultrasound sensitive particulate material and use of said material for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of localized disease, the drug being released by ultrasound - Google Patents
Ultrasound sensitive particulate material and use of said material for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of localized disease, the drug being released by ultrasound Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO328851B1 NO328851B1 NO20071688A NO20071688A NO328851B1 NO 328851 B1 NO328851 B1 NO 328851B1 NO 20071688 A NO20071688 A NO 20071688A NO 20071688 A NO20071688 A NO 20071688A NO 328851 B1 NO328851 B1 NO 328851B1
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- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- peg
- drug
- ultrasound
- mol
- liposomes
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Abstract
Hittil ukjente ultrasensitive legemiddelbærende partikler beskrives, så vel som anvendelse og fremgangsmåter derav. De legemiddelbærende partiklene akkumulerer i det syke målvevet og frigjør effektivt sin nyttelast ved ultralydeksponering.Hitherto unknown ultrasensitive drug-bearing particles are described, as well as their use and methods. The drug-bearing particles accumulate in the diseased target tissue and effectively release their payload by ultrasonic exposure.
Description
Ultralydsensitivt partiklært material og anvendelse av nevnte material til fremstilling av et medikament for behandling av lokalisert sykdom, hvor legemiddelet frigjøres ved ultralyd Ultrasound-sensitive particulate material and use of said material for the production of a drug for the treatment of localized disease, where the drug is released by ultrasound
Område for oppfinnelsen Field of the invention
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører akustisk sensitive The present invention relates to acoustically sensitive
legemiddelavleveringspartikler, som tillater effektiv frigjøring av legemidler i et definert volum eller område i et pattedyr. Mer spesielt vedrører oppfinnelsen akustisk sensitive, legemiddelbærende partikler, foreksempel liposomer, og anvendelser derav. drug delivery particles, which allow the efficient release of drugs in a defined volume or area in a mammal. More particularly, the invention relates to acoustically sensitive, drug-carrying particles, for example liposomes, and applications thereof.
Bakgrunn for oppfinnelsen Background for the invention
En viktig begrensning ved tradisjonell medisinsk behandling er mangelen på spesifisitet, det vil si, legemidler er ikke målrettet spesifikt mot sykdomsområdet, men påvirker i all vesentlighet alt vev. Denne begrensningen er særskilt synlig i kjemoterapi, hvor alle delende celler påvirkes, hvilket legger begrensninger på behandling. En strategi for å oppnå forbedret legemiddelavlevering er inkorporering eller innkapsling av legemidler i foreksempel liposomer, plurogelerog polymerpartikler. Bakgrunnen for denne strategien har vært å forbedre terapi-til-toksisitetsforholdet ved å beskytte pasienten fra potensielle toksiske bivirkninger, så vel som å dra fordel av den såkalte Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect (EPR) (Maeda H, Matsumura Y., Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrrier Syst, 6:193-210, 1989) for å oppnå passiv akkumulering av legemidler i målvev. Flere liposomale cytotoksiske legemidler er allerede kommersielt tilgjengelige som for eksempel liposomalt doksorubicin (Caelyx®). Dog finnes det fremdeles ulemper forbundet med slike liposomprodukter og terapi-til-toksisitetsforholdet er på grensen. En utfordring er å fremstille partikler med både optimale frigjøringskarakteristika og redusert toksisitet: effektiv avskjerming av det (toksiske) legemiddelet i blodsirkulasjon innebærer vanligvis suboptimale frigjøringshastigheter i målvevet, og vice versa. Ultralyd (US)- mediert lege middelfrigj øring er foreslått som en løsning på dette problemet (foren gjennomgang, se Pitt et al, Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 2004; 1 (1): 37-56). Her tillates US-sensitive legemiddelbærere å akkumulere i målvevet før nyttelasten frigjøres ved hjelp av terapeutisk ultralyd. Det faktum at ultralyd også øker intracellulært opptak av legemiddelet forbedrer ytterligere den terapeutiske effekten (Larina IV, Evers BM, et al. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat, 4:217-226, 2005). Fire hovedtyper av ultralydresponsive bærere er hittil beskrevet 1) miceller, 2) gassinneholdende liposomer, 3) mikrobobbler, og 4) liposomer. Miceller består av amfifiliske molekyler i en konformasjon hvor den hydrofobe delen av molekylet er avskjermet fra den vandige eksterne fasen. Misceller er avhengig av en kritisk konsentrasjon for å bibeholde konformasjon og legemiddeltypene som er mulig å innkapsle er begrenset. Gassinneholdende liposomer kan i prinsipp bære enhver nyttelast og på grunn av gassinnholdet er de ekkogene og US-sensitive. Dog er gassinneholdende liposomer generelt for store til å dra fordel av EPR-effekten. Følgelig er effektiv passiv akkumulering av gassinneholdende liposomer i for eksempel tumorvev ikke mulig per i dag. Mikrobobler er gassbobler innkapslet av et protein-, lipid- eller fosfolipidlag. Gassen tilveiebringer god sonosensitivitet, men stor størrelse avskjærer boblene fra effektiv EPR-effekt og mulige nyttelaster er begrenset. Liposomer kan romme høye laster av legemidler, både av vannløselige og lite løselige legemidler, og rutinemessige kliniske anvendelse har vist seg å være gjennomførbar. I tillegg kan liposomer fremstilles i en rekke forskjellige størrelser og liten størrelse for å muliggjøre passiv vevsakkumulering, dog har liposomer generelt ikke vært betraktet som egnet for US-mediert frigjøring. Følgelig er tidligere fagkunnskap angående US-sensitive liposomer nokså begrenset. An important limitation of traditional medical treatment is the lack of specificity, that is, drugs are not targeted specifically at the disease area, but essentially affect all tissues. This limitation is particularly visible in chemotherapy, where all dividing cells are affected, which places limitations on treatment. One strategy to achieve improved drug delivery is the incorporation or encapsulation of drugs in, for example, liposomes, plurogels and polymer particles. The rationale behind this strategy has been to improve the therapy-to-toxicity ratio by protecting the patient from potential toxic side effects, as well as taking advantage of the so-called Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect (EPR) (Maeda H, Matsumura Y., Crit. Rev . Ther. Drug Carrier Syst, 6:193-210, 1989) to achieve passive accumulation of drugs in target tissues. Several liposomal cytotoxic drugs are already commercially available, such as liposomal doxorubicin (Caelyx®). However, there are still disadvantages associated with such liposome products and the therapy-to-toxicity ratio is on the limit. A challenge is to produce particles with both optimal release characteristics and reduced toxicity: efficient shielding of the (toxic) drug in blood circulation usually involves suboptimal release rates in the target tissue, and vice versa. Ultrasound (US)-mediated drug release has been proposed as a solution to this problem (for review, see Pitt et al, Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 2004; 1 (1): 37-56). Here, US-sensitive drug carriers are allowed to accumulate in the target tissue before the payload is released using therapeutic ultrasound. The fact that ultrasound also increases intracellular uptake of the drug further enhances the therapeutic effect (Larina IV, Evers BM, et al. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat, 4:217-226, 2005). Four main types of ultrasound-responsive carriers have been described so far: 1) micelles, 2) gas-containing liposomes, 3) microbubbles, and 4) liposomes. Micelles consist of amphiphilic molecules in a conformation where the hydrophobic part of the molecule is shielded from the aqueous external phase. Micellar cells depend on a critical concentration to maintain conformation and the types of drugs that can be encapsulated are limited. Gas-containing liposomes can in principle carry any payload and, due to the gas content, they are echogenic and US-sensitive. However, gas-containing liposomes are generally too large to take advantage of the EPR effect. Consequently, effective passive accumulation of gas-containing liposomes in, for example, tumor tissue is not currently possible. Microbubbles are gas bubbles encapsulated by a protein, lipid or phospholipid layer. The gas provides good sonosensitivity, but large size cuts off the bubbles from an effective EPR effect and possible payloads are limited. Liposomes can accommodate high drug loads, both of water-soluble and sparingly soluble drugs, and routine clinical application has been shown to be feasible. In addition, liposomes can be produced in a variety of different sizes and small size to enable passive tissue accumulation, however, liposomes have generally not been considered suitable for US-mediated release. Consequently, previous knowledge regarding US-sensitive liposomes is rather limited.
Lin & Thomas (Langmuir 2003, vol. 19, nr. 4, s. 1098-1105) rapporterer at 100 nm eggeplomme fosfatidylcholin (EYPC) liposomer omfattende polyetylenglykol (PEG)-konjugerte lipider (heri referert til som PEG-lipid) viser forsterket 20 kHz ultralydsensitivitet sammenlignet med liposomer med intet PEG-lipid. Forfatterne testet varierende mengder av to forskjellige molekylvekter av PEG-lipider (350 Da og 2000 Da) og fant at høyere molprosenter av begge PEG-lipider korrelerer positivt med US-sensitivitet. Dog flatet frigivelsesraten dramatisk ut når membranen nådde omtrent 8 mol-% av DPPE-PEG 2000 eller omtrent 24 mol-% av DPPE-PEG 350, hvor de mindre PEG-artene flatet ut ved et høyere absolutt lekkasjehastighetsnivå (figur 3, ibid). Lin & Thomas (Langmuir 2003, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1098-1105) report that 100 nm egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EYPC) liposomes comprising polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated lipids (herein referred to as PEG-lipid) show enhanced 20 kHz ultrasound sensitivity compared to liposomes with no PEG lipid. The authors tested varying amounts of two different molecular weights of PEG lipids (350 Da and 2000 Da) and found that higher mole percentages of both PEG lipids correlate positively with US sensitivity. However, the release rate leveled off dramatically when the membrane reached about 8 mol% of DPPE-PEG 2000 or about 24 mol% of DPPE-PEG 350, with the smaller PEG species leveling off at a higher absolute leakage rate level (Figure 3, ibid).
I en senere artikkel undersøker Lin & Thomas (Langmuir 2004, vol. 20, nr. 15, s. 6100-6106) videre faktorene som påvirker ultralydsensitivitet av liposomer. Her vises det at for eggeplomme PC-liposomer er det et omvendt forhold mellom størrelse og ultralydsensitivitetn indikert ved frigjøring av legemiddelmarkør (calcein) ( ibid, figur 5A og B). Overraskende reverseres denne trenden når 8 mol% DPPE-PEG 2000 tilsettes membranen: Økende PEG-liposomstørrelse korrelerer med økende US-sensitivitet In a later article, Lin & Thomas (Langmuir 2004, vol. 20, no. 15, pp. 6100-6106) further examine the factors that affect ultrasound sensitivity of liposomes. Here it is shown that for egg yolk PC liposomes there is an inverse relationship between size and the ultrasound sensitivity indicated by the release of a drug marker (calcein) ( ibid, figure 5A and B). Surprisingly, this trend is reversed when 8 mol% DPPE-PEG 2000 is added to the membrane: Increasing PEG liposome size correlates with increasing US sensitivity
( ibid., figur 5B). Således er, ved størrelser under omtrent 50 nm, PEGylerte liposomer mindre sensitive enn eggeplomme PC-liposomer, mens det motsatte er tilfelle over omtrent 50 nm. I absolutte termer synes mindre ikke-PEGylerte liposomer under omtrent 50 nm å være bedre enn hvilket som helst PEGylert liposom i størrelsesområdet 30 - 200 nm. (ibid., Figure 5B). Thus, at sizes below about 50 nm, PEGylated liposomes are less sensitive than yolk PC liposomes, while the opposite is true above about 50 nm. In absolute terms, smaller non-PEGylated liposomes below about 50 nm appear to be better than any PEGylated liposome in the 30-200 nm size range.
Pong og medarbeidere (Ultrasonics 2006, vol 45, Issue 1-4, s. 133-145) undersøker lekkasjen fra liposomer i respons til høy- (1 - 1,6 MHz) og lav- (20 kHz) frekvens ultralyd. I denne publikasjonen er liposomer fremstilt av 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3 fosfocholin (PC) og mellom 0 og 8 mol% DPPE-PEG2000. PC er en blanding av umettede lipider av inhomogene acylkjedelengder isolert fra for eksempel egg eller soya. Pong et al. finner, i overensstemmelse med Lin & Thomas ( supra), at 20 kHz US-mediert frigjøring forbedres ved økende konsentrasjoner av DPPE-PEG 2000. Videre observeres ingen forbedring over 5 mol% av DPPE-PEG2000, det vil si, ingen forskjell i frigjøring observeres mellom 5 og 8 mol% av nevnte PEG (figur 4, ibid). Forfatterne rapporterer videre at ved 1 MHz US, korrelerer lekkasjen eller frigjøringen fra PEGylerte PC-liposomer positivt med størrelse: større liposomer er mer sensitive for US enn mindre liposomer. Pong et al (Ultrasonics 2006, vol 45, Issue 1-4, p. 133-145) examine the leakage from liposomes in response to high- (1 - 1.6 MHz) and low- (20 kHz) frequency ultrasound. In this publication, liposomes are prepared from 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine (PC) and between 0 and 8 mol% DPPE-PEG2000. PC is a mixture of unsaturated lipids of inhomogeneous acyl chain lengths isolated from, for example, eggs or soy. Pong et al. find, in agreement with Lin & Thomas ( supra), that 20 kHz US-mediated release is enhanced by increasing concentrations of DPPE-PEG 2000. Furthermore, no improvement is observed above 5 mol% of DPPE-PEG2000, that is, no difference in release is observed between 5 and 8 mol% of said PEG (figure 4, ibid). The authors further report that at 1 MHz US, the leakage or release from PEGylated PC liposomes correlates positively with size: larger liposomes are more sensitive to US than smaller liposomes.
Unger og Wu (US patentet 6,123,923) fremlegger ultralydsensitive gassfylte liposomer. Unger and Wu (US patent 6,123,923) present ultrasound-sensitive gas-filled liposomes.
Thomas og medarbeidere (US 2006/0002994 A1) beskriver liposomer omfattende overflateaktive midler med økt sensitivitet for ultralyd. Thomas et al (US 2006/0002994 A1) describe liposomes comprising surfactants with increased sensitivity to ultrasound.
Unger og medarbeidere (US patent 6,033,646) fremlegger en fremgangsmåte for femstilling av gassfylte mikrosfærer. Unger and co-workers (US patent 6,033,646) present a method for pentaposition of gas-filled microspheres.
Huang og MacDonald (BBA 1665, 2004) beskriver luftfylte liposomer for ultralydmediertlegemiddelavlevering. Huang and MacDonald (BBA 1665, 2004) describe air-filled liposomes for ultrasound-mediated drug delivery.
I lys av publikasjonene ovenfor kan følgende konklusjoner dras med hensyn til US-mediert frigjøring fra liposomer: • Lipid-innpodet PEG forbedrer frigjøringsomfang opp til en gitt konsentrasjon, hvor den spesifikke konsentrasjonen bestemmes ved molekylvekten av PEG-molekylet. In light of the above publications, the following conclusions can be drawn with regard to US-mediated release from liposomes: • Lipid-grafted PEG improves release extent up to a given concentration, where the specific concentration is determined by the molecular weight of the PEG molecule.
• Mindre molekylvekt er bedre enn høy molekylvekts PEG-molekyler • Smaller molecular weight is better than high molecular weight PEG molecules
• US-sensitivitet forbedres med økende størrelse i eggeplomme PEG-liposomer. • US-sensitivitet reduseres med økende størrelse i eggeplomme PC-liposomer. • US sensitivity improves with increasing size in egg yolk PEG liposomes. • US sensitivity decreases with increasing size in egg yolk PC liposomes.
Den viktigste utfordringen innen US-mediert frigjøring er fremdeles å designe partikler som viser høy US-sensitivitet, lav toksisitet, og gode biodistribusjon/farmakokinetiske karakteristika. I en nylig studie utført av foreliggende søker, ble det for første gang vist at adjuvant ultra lyd be hand I ing signifikant økte antitumoreffekten av konvensjonellt liposomalt doxorubicin (Caelyx®) på tumorvekst (Myhr & Moan i Cancer Letters, 232:206-213,2006) The most important challenge in US-mediated release is still to design particles that show high US sensitivity, low toxicity, and good biodistribution/pharmacokinetic characteristics. In a recent study conducted by the present applicant, it was shown for the first time that adjuvant ultrasound treatment significantly increased the antitumor effect of conventional liposomal doxorubicin (Caelyx®) on tumor growth (Myhr & Moan in Cancer Letters, 232:206-213, 2006)
Oppfinnerne i dette tilfellet beskriver heri hittil ukjente US-sensitive legemiddelavleveringspartikler med overraskende egenskaper. I motsetning til beskrivelsene ovenfor, finner oppfinnere i dette tilfellet at kombinasjonen av PEG og liten liposomstørrelse synergisk forbedrer US-sensitivitet, gitt at hovedsaklig mettede fosfolipider er tilstede. Den foreliggende oppfinnelsen kan brukes for å effektivt avlevere legemidler i et definert vevsvolum for å bekjempe lokalisert sykdom. The inventors in this case describe heretofore unknown US-sensitive drug delivery particles with surprising properties. In contrast to the above descriptions, the inventors in this case find that the combination of PEG and small liposome size synergistically improves US sensitivity, given that mainly saturated phospholipids are present. The present invention can be used to effectively deliver drugs in a defined tissue volume to combat localized disease.
Sammenfatning av oppfinnelsen Summary of the Invention
Hittil ukjente ultralydsensitive legemiddelbærende partikler beskrives, så vel som anvendelser og fremgangsmåter derav. De legemiddelbærende partiklene akkumulerer i det syke målvevet og frigjør effektivt sin nyttelast ved ultralydeksponering. Hitherto unknown ultrasound-sensitive drug-carrying particles are described, as well as applications and methods thereof. The drug-carrying particles accumulate in the diseased target tissue and effectively release their payload upon ultrasound exposure.
Beskrivelse av figurene Description of the figures
Figur 1. Caelyx® liposomer eksponert for 20 kHz ultralyd over en periode av 6 minutter. Prosent doksorubicin-frigjøring måles etter 0,1,2,4, og 6 minutters ultralydeksponering. Figur 2. Caelyx®-lignende liposomer eksponert for 20 kHz ultralyd over en periode av 6 minutter. Prosent calcein-frigjøring måles etter 0, 1, 2, 4, og 6 minutters ultralydeksponering. Figur 3. Et utvalg av fem liposomformuleringer av calcein fra en multivariat studie (CCD1) eksponert for 20 kHz ultralyd over en periode av 6 minutter. Frigjøringsprofilen er sammenlignet med Caelyx®-lignende liposomer. Prosent calcein-frigjøring måles etter 0,1,2, 4, og 6 minutters ultralydeksponering. Figur 4. Et utvalg av to liposomformuleringer av calcein fra en multivariat studie (CCD1) eksponert for 20 kHz ultralyd over en periode av 6 minutter. Frigjøringsprofilen er sammenlignet med Caelyx®-lignende liposomer. Prosent calcein-frigjøring måles etter 0,1,2, 4, og 6 minutter av ultralydeksponering. Figur 5. Regresjonskoeffisienter av CCD1 data ved 1 minutts US-eksponering. Fra venstre til høyre: Størrelse, DPPG, DPPE-PEG 2000, kolesterol .acylkjedelengde av hoved mettet PC (DMPC, DPPC, eller DSPC), størrelse<*>DPPE-PEG 2000. Figur 6. Overflateplot av prosent US-mediert frigjøring som en funksjon av liposomstørrelse (nm) og DPPE-PEG2000-innhold (mol %). En tydelig synergi observeres mellom størrelse og PEG-innhold. Figure 1. Caelyx® liposomes exposed to 20 kHz ultrasound over a period of 6 minutes. Percent doxorubicin release is measured after 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 minutes of ultrasound exposure. Figure 2. Caelyx®-like liposomes exposed to 20 kHz ultrasound over a period of 6 minutes. Percent calcein release is measured after 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 minutes of ultrasound exposure. Figure 3. A selection of five liposome formulations of calcein from a multivariate study (CCD1) exposed to 20 kHz ultrasound over a period of 6 minutes. The release profile is compared to Caelyx®-like liposomes. Percent calcein release is measured after 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 minutes of ultrasound exposure. Figure 4. A selection of two liposome formulations of calcein from a multivariate study (CCD1) exposed to 20 kHz ultrasound over a period of 6 minutes. The release profile is compared to Caelyx®-like liposomes. Percent calcein release is measured after 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 minutes of ultrasound exposure. Figure 5. Regression coefficients of CCD1 data at 1 minute US exposure. From left to right: Size, DPPG, DPPE-PEG 2000, cholesterol .acyl chain length of main saturated PC (DMPC, DPPC, or DSPC), size<*>DPPE-PEG 2000. Figure 6. Surface plot of percent US-mediated release as a function of liposome size (nm) and DPPE-PEG2000 content (mol%). A clear synergy is observed between size and PEG content.
Definisjoner Definitions
' PC betyr heri 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3 fosfocholin eller, i korthet, fosfatidylcholin. 'PC herein means 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine or, for short, phosphatidylcholine.
DPPE- PEGXXXX betyr 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-fosfoetanolamin-N-[met-oksy(polyetylenglykol)-XXXX, hvori XXXX betyr molekylvekten av polyetylenglykoldelen, foreksempel DPPE-PEG2000 eller DPPE-PEG5000. DPPE-PEGXXXX means 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-XXXX, where XXXX means the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol part, for example DPPE-PEG2000 or DPPE-PEG5000.
'US' betyr heri ultralyd. 'US' here means ultrasound.
'US-sensitiv', 'sonosensitiv' eller 'akustikksensitiv' betyr heri en partikkels evne til å frigjøre sin nyttelast i respons overfor ultralyd. 'US-sensitive', 'sono-sensitive' or 'acoustic-sensitive' here means a particle's ability to release its payload in response to ultrasound.
'Caelyx®-lignende liposom' betyr heri et liposom med identisk membransammensetning som liposomet solgt under handelsnavnet Caelyx®, foruten at doxorubicin utbyttes med calcein. Caleyx® omfatter 57 mol-% HSPC (hydrogenert soya fosfatidylcholin), 38 mol-% kolesterol, 5 mol-% DSPE-PEG 2000, så vel som doxorubicin (tilstede som hydrokloridet). Liposomstørrelsen (intensitetsvektet) måles til mellom 75 og 80 nm i isosmotisk sukrose/HEPES-løsning (pH 7,4) av oppfinnerne i dette tilfellet (Nanosizer, Malvern Instruments, Malvern UK). 'Caelyx®-like liposome' here means a liposome with an identical membrane composition to the liposome sold under the trade name Caelyx®, except that doxorubicin is replaced by calcein. Caleyx® comprises 57 mol% HSPC (hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine), 38 mol% cholesterol, 5 mol% DSPE-PEG 2000, as well as doxorubicin (present as the hydrochloride). Liposome size (intensity weighted) is measured to be between 75 and 80 nm in isosmotic sucrose/HEPES solution (pH 7.4) by the inventors in this case (Nanosizer, Malvern Instruments, Malvern UK).
Alle områder nevnt heri innbefatter endepunktene, det vil si, området 'fra 14 til 18' innbefatter 14 og 18. All ranges mentioned herein include the endpoints, that is, the range 'from 14 to 18' includes 14 and 18.
Detaljert beskrivelse av oppfinnelsen Detailed description of the invention
Den foreliggende oppfinnelsen omfatter anvendelse av et partikulært materiale med størrelse mindre enn 100 nm omfattende hovedsaklig mettede fosfolipider, mer enn 5,5 mol% PEG, og et legemiddel for å fremstille et medikament for behandling av et lokalisert sykdomsvolum i en pasient med behov derav, hvori legemiddelet frigjøres i volumet ved hjelp av ultralyd. The present invention comprises the use of a particulate material of size less than 100 nm comprising mainly saturated phospholipids, more than 5.5 mol% PEG, and a drug to prepare a drug for the treatment of a localized disease volume in a patient in need thereof, in which the drug is released in the volume by means of ultrasound.
Den foreliggende oppfinnelsen omfatter også anvendelse av et partikulært materiale omfattende fosfolipider med identisk acylkjedelengde, ingen umettede fosfolipider, mer enn 5,5 mol% PEG, og et legemiddel for fremstilling av et medikament for behandling av et lokalisert sykdomsvolum i en pasient med behov derav, hvori legemiddelet frigjøres i volumet ved hjelp av ultralyd. The present invention also includes the use of a particulate material comprising phospholipids of identical acyl chain length, no unsaturated phospholipids, more than 5.5 mol% PEG, and a drug for the manufacture of a drug for the treatment of a localized disease volume in a patient in need thereof, in which the drug is released in the volume by means of ultrasound.
Det partikulære materialet kan være av enhver konformasjon, som en matriks eller en membran, selv om materialet fortrinnsvis er en membran. I en foretrukket utførelsesform utgjør membranen et liposom. The particulate material can be of any conformation, such as a matrix or a membrane, although the material is preferably a membrane. In a preferred embodiment, the membrane constitutes a liposome.
De foreliggende oppfinnerne har funnet at kombinasjonen av mindre partikkelstørrelse og høyt PEG-innhold i legemiddelavleveringssystemer omfattende mettede fosfolipider, virker synergisk i å produsere dramatisk forbedret legemiddelfrigjøring i respons til ultralyd. Følgelig bør størrelsen av det partikulære materialet ifølge oppfinnelsen være mindre enn 100 nm, fortrinnsvis mindre enn 90 nm, mer fortrinnsvis mindre enn 85 nm, mer fortrinnsvis 75 nm eller mindre, eller enda mer fortrinnsvis 70 nm eller mindre. I en foretrukket utførelsesform faller størrelsen innen området 60 til 86 nm, mer fortrinnsvis 60 til 81 nm, mer fortrinnsvis 60 til 74 nm. I en mest foretrukket utførelsesform faller størrelsen innen området 60 til 64 nm. The present inventors have found that the combination of smaller particle size and high PEG content in drug delivery systems comprising saturated phospholipids act synergistically in producing dramatically enhanced drug release in response to ultrasound. Accordingly, the size of the particulate material according to the invention should be less than 100 nm, preferably less than 90 nm, more preferably less than 85 nm, more preferably 75 nm or less, or even more preferably 70 nm or less. In a preferred embodiment, the size falls within the range of 60 to 86 nm, more preferably 60 to 81 nm, more preferably 60 to 74 nm. In a most preferred embodiment, the size falls within the range of 60 to 64 nm.
Alle fosfolipider av det partikulære materialet er hovedsaklig mettede. Følgelig kan kun små mengder av umettede fosfolipider være tilstede i materialet. Spesielt er 20 mol% eller mindre av alle fosfolipider umettede fosfolipider, mer fortrinnsvis 10 mol% eller mindre, og enda mer fortrinnsvis mindre enn 2 mol%. I en foretrukket utførelsesform av den foreliggende oppfinnelsen er alle fosfolipider av materialet mettede. Følgelig omfatter materialet ingen umettede fosfolipider, alene eller konjugert til andre molekyler, for eksempel PEG. Det mettede fosfolipidet kan være av enhver type og fra enhver kilde. Typisk vil de valgte fosfolipidene ha en acylkjedelengde innen området 12 til 20 karbonatomer, mer fortrinnsvis innen 14 til 18 karbonatomer. Videre kan det polare hodet av fosfolipidet være av enhver type, for eksempel DxPE, DxPC, DxPA, DxPS eller DxPG. Nøytrale fosfolipidkomponenter av lipidbilaget er fortrinnsvis et fosfatidylcholin, mest foretrukket valgt fra diarachidoylfosfatidylcholin (DAPC), hydrogenert egg fosfatidylcholin (HEPC), hydrogenert soya fosfatidylcholin (HSPC), distearoylfosfatidylcholin (DSPC), dipalmitoylfosfatidylcholin (DPPC) og dimyristoylfosfatidylcholin (DMPC). Negativt ladete fosfolipidkomponenter av lipidbilaget kan være en fosfatidylglyserol, fosfatidylserin, fosfatidylinositol, fosfatidinsyre eller fosfatidyletanolaminforbindelse, fortrinnsvis en fosfatidylglyserol som DPPG. I foretrukne utførelsesformer av den foreliggende oppfinnelsen er de mettede, ikke ladete fosfolipidene DMPC, DPPC, eller DSPC, eller enhver kombinasjon derav. I en mest foretrukket utførelsesform er det ikke ladete, mettede fosfolipidet DSPC. Det foretrekkes at acylkjeden av alle fosfolipider innbefattet i det partikulære materialet er av identisk lengde. All phospholipids of the particulate matter are essentially saturated. Consequently, only small amounts of unsaturated phospholipids can be present in the material. In particular, 20 mol% or less of all phospholipids are unsaturated phospholipids, more preferably 10 mol% or less, and even more preferably less than 2 mol%. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, all phospholipids of the material are saturated. Consequently, the material does not comprise any unsaturated phospholipids, alone or conjugated to other molecules, for example PEG. The saturated phospholipid can be of any type and from any source. Typically, the selected phospholipids will have an acyl chain length within the range of 12 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably within 14 to 18 carbon atoms. Furthermore, the polar head of the phospholipid can be of any type, for example DxPE, DxPC, DxPA, DxPS or DxPG. Neutral phospholipid components of the lipid bilayer are preferably a phosphatidylcholine, most preferably selected from diarachidoylphosphatidylcholine (DAPC), hydrogenated egg phosphatidylcholine (HEPC), hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC), distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC). Negatively charged phospholipid components of the lipid bilayer can be a phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid or phosphatidylethanolamine compound, preferably a phosphatidylglycerol such as DPPG. In preferred embodiments of the present invention, the saturated, uncharged phospholipids are DMPC, DPPC, or DSPC, or any combination thereof. In a most preferred embodiment, the uncharged, saturated phospholipid is DSPC. It is preferred that the acyl chain of all phospholipids included in the particulate material is of identical length.
Som fremstilt ovenfor, er PEG vesentlig for å oppnå den observerte synergiske US-medierte legemiddelfrigjøringseffekten. Følgelig omfatter partikkelen for anvendelse i den foreliggende oppfinnelsen minst 5,5 mol% PEG. Fortrinnsvis er PEG-innholdet i området 5,5 til 15 mol%, mer fortrinnsvis i området 8 til 12 mol%. I en særskilt foretrukket utførelsesform av den foreliggende oppfinnelsen er PEG-innholdet 10 mol% eller mer, eller enda mer foretrukket i området 10 til 15 mol% . PEG-molekylet kan være av enhver molekylvekt eller type, dog foretrekkes det at molekylvekten er 2000 Da eller høyere, mer fortrinnsvis i området 2000 til 5000 Da. I en foretrukket utførelsesform er molekylvekten 2000 og/eller 5000 Da, mer fortrinnsvis 2000 eller 5000 Da. PEG-molekylet kan være forbundet med et hvilket som helst molekyl som tillater det å danne en del av det partikulære materialet. Fortrinnsvis er PEG-molekylet konjugert til etfosfolipid, mer fortrinnsvis til DxPE, som DMPE, DPPE, eller DSPE. Acylkjedelengden bør være den samme som for hoved mettede fosfolipidet (PC), som beskrevet ovenfor. I en foretrukket utførelsesform er lipid-innpodet PEG DPPE-PEG 2000 eller DPPE-PEG 5000. I en særskilt foretrukket utførelsesform er lipid-innpodet PEG DSPE-PEG 2000 eller DSPE-PEG 5000. As presented above, PEG is essential to achieve the observed synergistic US-mediated drug release effect. Accordingly, the particle for use in the present invention comprises at least 5.5 mol% PEG. Preferably, the PEG content is in the range 5.5 to 15 mol%, more preferably in the range 8 to 12 mol%. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the PEG content is 10 mol% or more, or even more preferably in the range of 10 to 15 mol%. The PEG molecule can be of any molecular weight or type, however it is preferred that the molecular weight is 2000 Da or higher, more preferably in the range of 2000 to 5000 Da. In a preferred embodiment, the molecular weight is 2000 and/or 5000 Da, more preferably 2000 or 5000 Da. The PEG molecule can be linked to any molecule that allows it to form part of the particulate material. Preferably, the PEG molecule is conjugated to a phospholipid, more preferably to DxPE, such as DMPE, DPPE, or DSPE. The acyl chain length should be the same as that of the main saturated phospholipid (PC), as described above. In a preferred embodiment, the lipid-grafted PEG is DPPE-PEG 2000 or DPPE-PEG 5000. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the lipid-grafted PEG is DSPE-PEG 2000 or DSPE-PEG 5000.
Legemiddelet kan være et hvilket som helst legemiddel passende formålet. Dog foretrekkes anti-bakterielle legemidler, anti-inflammatoriske legemidler, anti kreftlegemidler, eller enhver kombinasjon derav. Ettersom den aktuelle teknologien er særskilt tilpasset behandling av kreft, foretrekkes anti-kreftlegemidler. Anti-kreftlegemidler innbefatter et hvilket som helst kjemoterapeutisk, cytostatisk eller radioterapeutisk legemiddel. The medicine can be any medicine suitable for the purpose. However, anti-bacterial drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-cancer drugs, or any combination thereof are preferred. As the technology in question is specially adapted to the treatment of cancer, anti-cancer drugs are preferred. Anti-cancer drugs include any chemotherapeutic, cytostatic or radiotherapeutic drug.
De generelle gruppene av cytostatika er alkylerende midler (L01 A), anti-metabolitter (L01B), plantealkaloider og terpenoider (L01C), vincaalkaloider (L01CA), podophyllotoksin (L01CB), taxaner (L01CD), topoisomerase inhibitorer (L01CB og L01XX), antitumor antibiotika (L01D), hormonbehandling. Eksempler på cytostatika er daunorubicin, cisplatin, docetaxel, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, metotrexate, cyklofosfamid og doksorubicin. The general groups of cytostatics are alkylating agents (L01 A), anti-metabolites (L01B), plant alkaloids and terpenoids (L01C), vinca alkaloids (L01CA), podophyllotoxin (L01CB), taxanes (L01CD), topoisomerase inhibitors (L01CB and L01XX), antitumor antibiotics (L01D), hormone therapy. Examples of cytostatics are daunorubicin, cisplatin, docetaxel, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin.
Som det følger av dette kan legemiddelet bestå av alkylerende midler, antimetabolitter, anti-mitotiske midler, epipodophyllotoksiner, antibiotika, hormoner og hormonantagonister, enzymer, platina koordinasjonskomplekser, antracendioner, substituerte ureaer, metylhydrazinderivater, imidazotetrazinderivater, cytobeskyttende midler, DNA-topoisomeraseinhibitorer, biologisk responsmodifiserere, retinoider, terapeutiske antistoff, differensierende midler, immunomodulatoriske midler, og angiogeneseinhibitorer. As a result, the drug may consist of alkylating agents, antimetabolites, anti-mitotic agents, epipodophyllotoxins, antibiotics, hormones and hormone antagonists, enzymes, platinum coordination complexes, anthracenediones, substituted ureas, methylhydrazine derivatives, imidazotetrazine derivatives, cytoprotective agents, DNA topoisomerase inhibitors, biological response modifiers , retinoids, therapeutic antibodies, differentiating agents, immunomodulatory agents, and angiogenesis inhibitors.
Legemiddelet kan også være alfaemittere som radium-223 (223Ra) og/eller thorium-227 (227Th) eller betaemittere. Andre alfaemitterende isotoper per i dag anvendt i preklinisk og klinisk forskning innbefatter astatine-211 (211 At), bismuth-213 (213Bi)og actinium-225 (225Ac). The medicine can also be alpha emitters such as radium-223 (223Ra) and/or thorium-227 (227Th) or beta emitters. Other alpha-emitting isotopes currently used in preclinical and clinical research include astatine-211 (211 At), bismuth-213 (213Bi) and actinium-225 (225Ac).
Videre kan legemiddelet omfatte anti-kreftpeptider, som telomerase eller fragmenter av telomerase, som hTERT; eller proteiner, som monoklonale eller polyklonale antistoff, scFv, tetrabodier, Vaccibodier, Troybodier, osv. Furthermore, the drug may comprise anti-cancer peptides, such as telomerase or fragments of telomerase, such as hTERT; or proteins, such as monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies, scFv, tetrabodies, Vaccibodies, Troybodies, etc.
Mer spesifikt innbefatter terapeutiske midler som kan inkluderes i det partikulære materialet abarelix, aldesleukin, alemtuzumab, alitretinoin, allopurinol, altretamine, amifostine, anastrozole, arsenic trioxide, asparaginase, BCG live, bevaceizumab, bexarotene, bleomycin, bortezomib, busulfan, calusterone, camptothecin, capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, celecoxib, cetuximab, chlorambucil, cinacalcet, cisplatin, cladribine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, darbepoetin alfa, daunorubicin, denileukin diftitox, dexrazoxane, docetaxel, doxorubicin, dromostanolone, Elliotts B-løsning, epirubicin, epoetin alfa, estramustine, etoposide, exemestane, filgrastim, floxuridine, fludarabine, fluorouracil, fulvestrant, gemcitabine, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, gefitinib, goserelin, hydroxyurea, ibritumomab tiuxetan, idarubicin, ifosfamide, imatinib, interferon alfa-2a, interferon alfa-2b, irinotecan, letrozole, leucovorin, levamisole, lomustine, meclorethamine, megestrol, melphalan, mercaptopurine, mesna, methotrexate, methoxsalen, methylprednisolone, mitomycin C, mitotane, mitoxantrone, nandrolon, nofetumomab, oblimersen, oprelvekin, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pamidronate, pegademase, pegaspargase, pegfi lg rasti m, pemetrexed, pentostatin, pipobroman, plicamycin, polifeprosan, porfimer, procarbazine, quinacrine, rasburicase, rituximab, sargramostim, streptozocin, tale, tamoxifen, tarceva, temozolomide, teniposide, testolactone, thioguanine, thiotepa, topotecan, toremifene, tositumomab, trastuzumab, tretinoin, uracil mustard, valrubicin, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, zoledronate, og ELACYT™. More specifically, therapeutic agents that may be included in the particulate material include abarelix, aldesleukin, alemtuzumab, alitretinoin, allopurinol, altretamine, amifostine, anastrozole, arsenic trioxide, asparaginase, BCG live, bevacezumab, bexarotene, bleomycin, bortezomib, busulfan, calusterone, camptothecin, capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, celecoxib, cetuximab, chlorambucil, cinacalcet, cisplatin, cladribine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, darbepoetin alfa, daunorubicin, denileukin diftitox, dexrazoxane, docetaxel, doxorubicin, dromostanolone, Elliott's B solution, epirubicin, epoetin alfa, estramustine, etoposide, exemestane, filgrastim, floxuridine, fludarabine, fluorouracil, fulvestrant, gemcitabine, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, gefitinib, goserelin, hydroxyurea, ibritumomab tiuxetan, idarubicin, ifosfamide, imatinib, interferon alfa-2a, interferon alfa-2b, irinotecan, letrozole, leucovorin, levamisole, lomustine, meclorethamine, megestrol, melp halan, mercaptopurine, mesna, methotrexate, methoxsalen, methylprednisolone, mitomycin C, mitotane, mitoxantrone, nandrolone, nofetumomab, oblimersen, oprelvequin, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pamidronate, pegademase, pegaspargase, pegfi lg rasti m, pemetrexed, pentostatin, pipobroman, plicamycin, polifeprosan, porfimer, procarbazine, quinacrine, rasburicase, rituximab, sargramostim, streptozocin, tale, tamoxifen, tarceva, temozolomide, teniposide, testolactone, thioguanine, thiotepa, topotecan, toremifene, tositumomab, trastuzumab, tretinoin, uracil mustard, valrubicin, vinblastine, vincristine , vinorelbine, zoledronate, and ELACYT™.
Legemiddelet er fortrinnsvis cyklofosfamid, metotrexate, fluorouracil (5-FU); anthracycliner, som for eksempel doxorubicin, epirubicin, eller mitoxantrone; cisplatin, etoposid, vinblastine, mitomycin, vindesine, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, carboplatin, ifosfamid, estramustine, eller enhver kombinasjon derav; enda mer foretrukket doxorubicin, metotrexate, 5-FU, cisplatin, eller enhver kombinasjon derav. The drug is preferably cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil (5-FU); anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin, epirubicin, or mitoxantrone; cisplatin, etoposide, vinblastine, mitomycin, vindesine, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, carboplatin, ifosfamide, estramustine, or any combination thereof; even more preferably doxorubicin, methotrexate, 5-FU, cisplatin, or any combination thereof.
I en foretrukket utførelsesform av den foreliggende oppfinnelsen er legemiddelet et vannløselig legemiddel. I en enda mer foretrukket utførelsesform er legemiddelet doxorubicin. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the drug is a water-soluble drug. In an even more preferred embodiment, the drug is doxorubicin.
Det partikulære materialet kan også omfatte en sterol, hvori sterolen kan være kolesterol, en sekosterol, eller en kombinasjon derav. Sekosterolen er fortrinnsvis vitamin D eller et derivat derav, mer spesielt calcidiol eller et calcidiolderivat. Fortrinnsvis omfatter det partikulære materialet opptil 40 mol% kolesterol, mer spesielt 10 til 30 mol% , og enda mer spesielt 15 til 25 mol% kolesterol. I foretrukne utførelsesformer av den foreliggende oppfinnelsen omfatter det partikulære materialet 20, 25 eller 40 mol% kolesterol. The particulate material may also comprise a sterol, wherein the sterol may be cholesterol, a secosterol, or a combination thereof. The sexosterol is preferably vitamin D or a derivative thereof, more particularly calcidiol or a calcidiol derivative. Preferably, the particulate material comprises up to 40 mol% cholesterol, more particularly 10 to 30 mol%, and even more particularly 15 to 25 mol% cholesterol. In preferred embodiments of the present invention, the particulate material comprises 20, 25 or 40 mol% cholesterol.
Videre kan det partikulære materialet omfatte magnetisk resonans avbildnings- (MRI) kontrastmidler som beskrevet i norske patentsøknader NO20064088, NO20064131, og NO20064315. Furthermore, the particulate material may comprise magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents as described in Norwegian patent applications NO20064088, NO20064131, and NO20064315.
Den lokaliserte sykdommen kan være en hvilken som helst sykdom med behov for lokal behandling. Bakterielle, inflammatoriske og neoplastiske sykdommer foretrekkes, dog, foretrekkes lokaliserte krefttyper, i særdeleshet, krefttyper av hode og nakke, bryst, lever, prostata, så vel som sarkomer. De foreliggende US-sensitive partiklene er velegnet for å behandle disse tilstandene siden de naturlig akkumulerer i slike sykdomsvolumer. I tillegg er det nevnte vevet lett tilgjengelig for ultralydbehandling. The localized disease can be any disease requiring local treatment. Bacterial, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases are preferred, however, localized cancers are preferred, in particular, cancers of the head and neck, breast, liver, prostate, as well as sarcomas. The present US-sensitive particles are suitable for treating these conditions since they naturally accumulate in such disease volumes. In addition, the aforementioned tissue is easily accessible for ultrasound treatment.
US-sensitive materialets legemiddelnyttelasten frigjøres ved hjelp av ultralyd. På denne måten er pasienten beskyttet mot potensielle toksiske virkninger av legemiddelet underveis mot målvevet og høye, lokale konsentrasjoner av legemiddelet oppnås på kort tid. Ultralydfrekvensen er fortrinnsvis under 3 MHz, mer fortrinnsvis under 1,5 MHz, enda mer fortrinnsvis under 1 MHz, i området 20 kHz til 1 MHz, i området 20 kHz til 500 kHz, i området 20 kHz til 100 kHz. I en foretrukket utførelsesform av den foreliggende oppfinnelsen er frekvensen 20 kHz. The US-sensitive material's drug payload is released using ultrasound. In this way, the patient is protected against potential toxic effects of the drug en route to the target tissue and high, local concentrations of the drug are achieved in a short time. The ultrasound frequency is preferably below 3 MHz, more preferably below 1.5 MHz, even more preferably below 1 MHz, in the range 20 kHz to 1 MHz, in the range 20 kHz to 500 kHz, in the range 20 kHz to 100 kHz. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the frequency is 20 kHz.
Den foreliggende oppfinnelsen omfatter også et ultralydsensitivt partikulært materiale som anvendt ovenfor. Mer spesifikt er materialet mindre enn 75 nm, mer foretrukket i området 60 til 74 nm, enda mer foretrukket 60 til 64 nm. I en foretrukket utførelsesform, har det partikulære materialet ifølge oppfinnelsen en størrelse i området 60 til 74 nm omfattende mettede fosfolipider med acylkjedelengde av 16 til 18 karbonatomer, mer enn 10 mol% lipid-innpodet PEG, og et legemiddel, hvori alle acylkjeder av det partikulære materialet er av identisk lengde. The present invention also includes an ultrasound-sensitive particulate material as used above. More specifically, the material is less than 75 nm, more preferably in the range of 60 to 74 nm, even more preferably 60 to 64 nm. In a preferred embodiment, the particulate material according to the invention has a size in the range of 60 to 74 nm comprising saturated phospholipids with an acyl chain length of 16 to 18 carbon atoms, more than 10 mol% lipid-grafted PEG, and a drug, in which all acyl chains of the particulate the material is of identical length.
Den foreliggende oppfinnelsen omfatter også et ultralydsensitivt liposom bestående av DSPC, DSPE-PEG 2000 og/eller DSPE-PEG 5000, kolesterol, og et legemiddel, hvori liposomet ikke omfatter noe som helst luft eller gasser, og har en størrelse i området 60 til 74 nm. The present invention also includes an ultrasound-sensitive liposome consisting of DSPC, DSPE-PEG 2000 and/or DSPE-PEG 5000, cholesterol, and a drug, in which the liposome does not include any air or gases, and has a size in the range 60 to 74 n.m.
Det partikulære materialet som beskrevet hvor som helst supra omfatter ikke luftbobler av perfluorobutan eller perfluoropropangass, eller hvilke som helst ikke-oppløste gasser. Fremstilling av liposomer er velkjent innen faget og et antall fremgangsmåter kan brukes til å fremstille de aktuelle partiklene. The particulate matter described anywhere above does not include air bubbles of perfluorobutane or perfluoropropane gas, or any undissolved gases. The production of liposomes is well known in the art and a number of methods can be used to produce the particles in question.
Den foreliggende oppfinnelsen omfatter videre en sammensetning omfattende det US-sensitive partikulære materialet ovenfor. The present invention further comprises a composition comprising the US-sensitive particulate material above.
Den foreliggende oppfinnelsen omfatter også en farmasøytisk sammensetning omfattende det US-sensitive partikulære materialet ovenfor. The present invention also comprises a pharmaceutical composition comprising the US-sensitive particulate material above.
Foreliggende oppfinnelse omfatter anvendelse av et partikulært materiale med størrelse 60 til 86 nm ikke omfattende uløste gasser, videre omfattende et mettet fosfolipid, mindre enn 2 mol % umettet fosfolipid, 5,5 til 15 mol % polyetylengykol (PEG) og et legemiddel til fremstilling av et medikament for behandling av lokalisert sykdom i en pasient med et behov for det, hvor legemiddelet frigjøres ved hjelp av ultralyd. The present invention comprises the use of a particulate material with a size of 60 to 86 nm not comprising undissolved gases, further comprising a saturated phospholipid, less than 2 mol % unsaturated phospholipid, 5.5 to 15 mol % polyethylene glycol (PEG) and a drug for the production of a drug for the treatment of localized disease in a patient in need thereof, where the drug is released by means of ultrasound.
Videre omfatter foreliggende oppfinnelse et ultralydsensitivt partikulært material omfattende mettet fosfolipid, mindre enn 2 mol % umettet fosfolipid, 5,5 til 15 mol % PEG og et legemiddel, hvor nevnte material har en størrelse i området 60 til 86 nm og ingen uløst gass. Furthermore, the present invention comprises an ultrasound-sensitive particulate material comprising saturated phospholipid, less than 2 mol % unsaturated phospholipid, 5.5 to 15 mol % PEG and a drug, wherein said material has a size in the range of 60 to 86 nm and no undissolved gas.
Basert på ovenstående kan man tenke en fremgangsmåte for behandling av lokalisert sykdom i en pasient med behov for det, omfattende stegene bestående av å administrere det US-sensitive partikulære materialet av oppfinnelsen, vente inntil materialet akkumuleres i sykdommsvevvolumet, og eksponere volumet for akustisk energi. Den akustiske energien er fortrinnsvis ultralyd av frekvens mindre enn 3 MHz, mer fortrinnsvis mindre enn 1 MHZ, enda mer fortrinnsvis i området 20 kHz til 500 kHz, enda mer fortrinnsvis i området 20 kHz til 100 kHz. I en foretrukket utførelsesform er ultralydfrekvensen 20 kHz. Based on the above, one can think of a method for treating localized disease in a patient in need of it, comprising the steps of administering the US-sensitive particulate material of the invention, waiting until the material accumulates in the disease tissue volume, and exposing the volume to acoustic energy. The acoustic energy is preferably ultrasound of frequency less than 3 MHz, more preferably less than 1 MHZ, even more preferably in the range of 20 kHz to 500 kHz, even more preferably in the range of 20 kHz to 100 kHz. In a preferred embodiment, the ultrasound frequency is 20 kHz.
Eksempler Examples
Eksempel 1: Fremstilling av liposomer Example 1: Preparation of liposomes
DMPC, DPPC, DSPC, DPPG og DPPE-PEG 2000 ble anskaffet fra Genzyme Pharmaceuticals (Liestal, Switzerland). Kolesterol ble oppnådd fra Sigma Aldrich. DMPC, DPPC, DSPC, DPPG and DPPE-PEG 2000 were purchased from Genzyme Pharmaceuticals (Liestal, Switzerland). Cholesterol was obtained from Sigma Aldrich.
Calceinliposomer ble fremstilt i henhold til tynnfilm hydreringsfremgangsmåten (D.D. Lasic" Preparation of liposomes", in Lasic DD editor, Liposomes from Physics to Applications. Amsterdam Elsevier Science Publishers BV, the Netherlands, 1993, s. 67-73. Liposomer ble ladet med calcein via passiv ladning, fremgangsmåten er velkjent innen faget. Calcein liposomes were prepared according to the thin film hydration method (D.D. Lasic "Preparation of liposomes", in Lasic DD editor, Liposomes from Physics to Applications. Amsterdam Elsevier Science Publishers BV, the Netherlands, 1993, pp. 67-73. Liposomes were loaded with calcein via passive charging, the method is well known in the art.
Extraliposomalt calcein ble fjernet ved uttømmende dialyse. Liposomdispersjon inneholdt i engangsdialysatorer (MW cut off 100 000 D) og beskyttet fra lys ble dialysertved romtemperatur mot en isosmotisk sukroseløsning inneholdende 10 mM HEPES og 0,02 % (w/v) natriumazidløsning (representerende extraliposomal fase) inntil akseptable gjenværende nivåer av calcein ble oppnådd. Liposomdispersjonen ble deretter, inntil videre bruk, lagret i kjøleskap beskyttet mot lys. Extraliposomal calcein was removed by exhaustive dialysis. Liposome dispersion contained in disposable dialyzers (MW cut off 100,000 D) and protected from light was dialyzed at room temperature against an isosmotic sucrose solution containing 10 mM HEPES and 0.02% (w/v) sodium azide solution (representing extraliposomal phase) until acceptable residual levels of calcein were achieved. The liposome dispersion was then, until further use, stored in a refrigerator protected from light.
Eksempel 2. Karakterisering av liposomer Example 2. Characterization of liposomes
Liposomer ble karakterisert med hensyn til nøkkel fysiokjemiskeegenskaper som partikkelstørrelse, pH og osmolalitet ved anvendelse av veletablerte analytiske metodologier. Liposomes were characterized with respect to key physiochemical properties such as particle size, pH and osmolality using well-established analytical methodologies.
Middelverdi partikkelstørrelsen (intensitetsvektet) og størrelsesdistribusjon ble bestemt ved fotonkorrelasjonsspektroskopi ved en spredningsvinkel på 173° og 25 deg C (Nanosizer, Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK). Bredden av størrelsesdistribusjonen defineres ved polydispersitetsindeksen. Før prøvemålinger, ble en lateksstandard (60 nm) kjørt. Prøvepreparat bestod av 10 uL av liposomdispersjon fortynnet med 2 mL partikkelfri isosmotisk sukroseløsning inneholdende 10 mM HEPES (pH 7,4) og 0,02 % The mean particle size (intensity weighted) and size distribution were determined by photon correlation spectroscopy at a scattering angle of 173° and 25 deg C (Nanosizer, Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK). The width of the size distribution is defined by the polydispersity index. Before sample measurements, a latex standard (60 nm) was run. Sample preparation consisted of 10 uL of liposome dispersion diluted with 2 mL of particle-free isosmotic sucrose solution containing 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4) and 0.02%
(w/v) natriumazid. Prøvetriplikater ble analysert. (w/v) sodium azide. Triplicate samples were analyzed.
Osmolalitet ble bestemt på ikke-fortynnede liposomdispersjoner ved frysepunkts depresjonsanalyse (Fiske 210 Osmometer, Advanced Instruments, MA, US). Før prøvemålinger ble en referanseprøve med en osmolalitet på 290 mosmol/kg målt; hvis ikke innen spesifikasjoner, ble en tre stegs kalibrering utført. Duplikater av liposomprøver ble analysert. Osmolality was determined on undiluted liposome dispersions by freezing point depression assay (Fiske 210 Osmometer, Advanced Instruments, MA, US). Before sample measurements, a reference sample with an osmolality of 290 mosmol/kg was measured; if not within specifications, a three step calibration was performed. Duplicate liposome samples were analyzed.
Eksempel 3: US- mediert frigjøringsmetodologi Example 3: US-mediated liberation methodology
Liposomer ble eksponert for 20 kHz ultralyd opp til 6 min. i et spesiallaget prøvekammer som beskrevet i Huang og MacDonald (Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2004, 1665: 134-141). US-strømtilførsel og omformersystem varen 'Vibra-Cell' ultrasonisk prosessor, VC 750, 20 kHz-enhet med en 6,35 cm diameter transducer, anskaffet fra Sonics and Materials, Inc. (USA). Trykkmålinger ble utført med en Bruel and Kjaer hydrofon type 8103. Liposomes were exposed to 20 kHz ultrasound for up to 6 min. in a specially made sample chamber as described in Huang and MacDonald (Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2004, 1665: 134-141). US power supply and transducer system item 'Vibra-Cell' ultrasonic processor, VC 750, 20 kHz unit with a 6.35 cm diameter transducer, procured from Sonics and Materials, Inc. (USA). Pressure measurements were carried out with a Bruel and Kjaer hydrophone type 8103.
Systemet ble kjørt ved den lavest mulige amplituden ved 20 % av maksimal amplitude. Dette overensstemmer med en transducer inngangsstrøm på 0,9 - 1,2 W/cm<2>. Ved denne minimumsamplituden ga trykkmålinger i prøvekammeret 85-95 kPa. The system was run at the lowest possible amplitude at 20% of maximum amplitude. This corresponds to a transducer input current of 0.9 - 1.2 W/cm<2>. At this minimum amplitude, pressure measurements in the test chamber gave 85-95 kPa.
Frigjøringsvurderingen av calcein eller doxorubicin baseres på den følgende veletablerte metodologi: Intakte liposomer inneholdende calcein eller doxorubicin vil utvise lav fluorescensintensitet på grunn av selvdempning forårsaket av den høye intraliposomale konsentrasjonen av materiale. Ultralydmediert frigjøring av materiale inn i den ekstraliposomale fasen kan bestemmes ved en markert økning i fluorescensintensitet på grunn av en redusert dempningseffekt. Den følgende ligningen anvendes for frigjøringskvantifisering: The release assessment of calcein or doxorubicin is based on the following well-established methodology: Intact liposomes containing calcein or doxorubicin will exhibit low fluorescence intensity due to self-quenching caused by the high intraliposomal concentration of material. Ultrasound-mediated release of material into the extraliposomal phase can be determined by a marked increase in fluorescence intensity due to a reduced attenuation effect. The following equation is used for release quantification:
Hvor henholdsvis Fb og Fu er fluorescensintensitetene av liposomprøven før og etter ultralydanvendelse. FT er fluorescensensintensitet av liposomprøven etter solubilisering med overflateaktivt stoff. Studier har vist at solubiliseringssteget må utføres ved høy temperatur, over fasetransisjonstemperaturen av fosfolipidblandingen. Where Fb and Fu respectively are the fluorescence intensities of the liposome sample before and after ultrasound application. FT is fluorescence intensity of the liposome sample after solubilization with surfactant. Studies have shown that the solubilization step must be carried out at a high temperature, above the phase transition temperature of the phospholipid mixture.
Fluorescensmålinger ble foretatt med et Luminescence spektrometer modell LS50B (Perkin Eimer, Norwalk, CT) utstyrt med et fotomultiplikatorrør R3896 (Hamamatsu, Japan). Fluorescensmålinger er velkjente for en person med kunnskaper innen faget. Fluorescence measurements were made with a Luminescence spectrometer model LS50B (Perkin Eimer, Norwalk, CT) equipped with a photomultiplier tube R3896 (Hamamatsu, Japan). Fluorescence measurements are well known to a person skilled in the art.
Eksempel 4: Caelyx® in vitro US- sensitivitet Example 4: Caelyx® in vitro US sensitivity
Liposomal doxorubicin markedsføres under handelsnavnet Doxil® i det amerikanske markedet og Caelyx® i det europeiske markedet. Handelsnavnet Caelyx® skal anvendes i det foreliggende dokumentet. Liposomal doxorubicin is marketed under the trade name Doxil® in the US market and Caelyx® in the European market. The trade name Caelyx® shall be used in this document.
Caelyx® ble oppnådd fra apoteket ved det norske Radiumhopital (Oslo, Norge). Caelyx® omfatter 57 mol% HSPC (hydrogenert soya fosfatidylcholin), 37 mol% kolesterol, 5 mol% DSPE-PEG 2000, så vel som doksorubicin. Liposomstørrelsen (intensitetsvektet) måles til mellom 75 og 80 nm i isosmotisk sukrose/HEPES-løsning (pH 7,4) av oppfinnerne i dette tilfellet (Nanosizer, Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK). Caelyx® was obtained from the pharmacy at the Norwegian Radium Hospital (Oslo, Norway). Caelyx® comprises 57 mol% HSPC (hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine), 37 mol% cholesterol, 5 mol% DSPE-PEG 2000, as well as doxorubicin. Liposome size (intensity weighted) is measured to be between 75 and 80 nm in isosmotic sucrose/HEPES solution (pH 7.4) by the inventors in this case (Nanosizer, Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK).
Caelyx® fortynnet 1:100 i isosmotisk og isoprotisk sukrose/HEPES-løsning ble eksponert overfor 20 kHz i US-kammeret og frigjøring ble estimert ved 0, 1,2, 4, og 6 minutter i henhold til fremgangsmåten ovenfor (figur 1). US-innstillingene var som beskrevet ovenfor. Dataene viste 3,7 % frigjøring ved 1 min, 5 % ved 2 min, og 17,2 % ved 6 minutter. Caelyx® diluted 1:100 in isosmotic and isoprotic sucrose/HEPES solution was exposed to 20 kHz in the US chamber and release was estimated at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 minutes according to the procedure above (Figure 1). The US settings were as described above. The data showed 3.7% release at 1 min, 5% at 2 min, and 17.2% at 6 min.
Eksempel 5: US- sensitivitet av Caelyx®- lignende liposomer Example 5: US sensitivity of Caelyx®-like liposomes
Et liposom med membranbestanddeler identiske med Caelyx®, men ladet med den fluorescerende markøren calcein ble eksponert overfor US som beskrevet i eksempel 4. Dataene viser at Caelyx®-lignende liposomer bærende calcein er mer sensitive for US enn Caelyx® (figur 2). Ved 2 minutter er frigjøringen fra calcein-inneholdende Caelyx®-lignende liposomer 17,9 % sammenlignet med 5 % for Caelyx® -liposomet av eksempel 4. Dette kan være på grunn av det faktum at doxorubicin er i en utfelt krystallinsk tilstand i liposomet, mens calcein er i oppløst tilstand. A liposome with membrane components identical to Caelyx®, but loaded with the fluorescent marker calcein was exposed to US as described in example 4. The data show that Caelyx®-like liposomes carrying calcein are more sensitive to US than Caelyx® (Figure 2). At 2 minutes, the release from calcein-containing Caelyx®-like liposomes is 17.9% compared to 5% for the Caelyx® liposome of Example 4. This may be due to the fact that doxorubicin is in a precipitated crystalline state in the liposome, while calcein is in a dissolved state.
Eksempel 6: Liposomformuleringer ( CCDI studie) Example 6: Liposome formulations (CCDI study)
Et antall liposomformuleringer av calcein ble fremstilt for å undersøke virkningen av varierende mengder av kolesterol, DPPE-PEG, DPPG, så vel som forskjellige acylkjedelengder av det viktigste mettede fosfolipidet (PC) på liposom sonosensitivitet. Formuleringer ble designet for å dra fordel av biometri og multivariat dataanalyse. Den kjemiske sammensetningen av formuleringene oppsummeres i tabell 1 i mol% . Alle verdier er nominelle verdier, det vil si, mengden anvendt i tynnfilmproduksjon. A number of liposome formulations of calcein were prepared to investigate the effect of varying amounts of cholesterol, DPPE-PEG, DPPG, as well as different acyl chain lengths of the major saturated phospholipid (PC) on liposome sonosensitivity. Formulations were designed to take advantage of biometrics and multivariate data analysis. The chemical composition of the formulations is summarized in table 1 in mol%. All values are nominal values, that is, the amount used in thin film production.
Eksempel 7: US- frigjøringsstudie av CCD1- liposomer Example 7: US release study of CCD1 liposomes
Sonosensitiviteten og frigjøringsegenskapene av CCD1-liposomene ble testet i det in vitro eksperimentelle oppsettet som beskrevet ovenfor. Alle forsøk ble utført minst to ganger. Resultatene av forsøkene oppsummeres i tabell 2. Ved 2 minutters US-eksponering viser formuleringer 8, 9, 12, 12<*>, 16<*> (figur 3), S1, S2 (figur 4) spesiell sensitivitet sammenlignet med Caelyx®-lignende liposom. Det bør bemerkes at alle fosfolipider av S1 og S2 har identisk acylkjedelengde. The sonosensitivity and release properties of the CCD1 liposomes were tested in the in vitro experimental setup as described above. All experiments were performed at least twice. The results of the experiments are summarized in table 2. At 2 minutes of US exposure, formulations 8, 9, 12, 12<*>, 16<*> (figure 3), S1, S2 (figure 4) show particular sensitivity compared to Caelyx® similar liposome. It should be noted that all phospholipids of S1 and S2 have identical acyl chain length.
Eksempel 8: Multivariat analyse og biometri Example 8: Multivariate analysis and biometrics
Multivariat analyse av dataene i eksempel 7 viste at det var en positiv korrelasjon mellom mol% lipid-innpodet PEG og sonosensitivitet og en negativ korrelasjon mellom liposomstørrelse og sonosensitivitet (figur 5), det vil si, mindre liposomer er mer sonosensitive. Videre viste analysen synergi mellom lipid-innpodet PEG og størrelse: Mindre liposomer med høye nivåer av PEG hadde enestående og uventet høy sonosensitivitet (figur 6). Alle korrelasjoner har statistisk signifikans. Det ble også observert en positive trend korrelasjon mellom henholdsvis DPPG og kolesterolinnhold, (figur 5). Multivariate analysis of the data in Example 7 showed that there was a positive correlation between mol% lipid-grafted PEG and sonosensitivity and a negative correlation between liposome size and sonosensitivity (Figure 5), that is, smaller liposomes are more sonosensitive. Furthermore, the analysis showed synergy between lipid-grafted PEG and size: smaller liposomes with high levels of PEG had unprecedented and unexpectedly high sonosensitivity (Figure 6). All correlations have statistical significance. A positive trend correlation was also observed between DPPG and cholesterol content respectively (figure 5).
Eksempel 9: Liposomformuleringer ( CCD2- studie) Example 9: Liposome formulations (CCD2 study)
I et annet studiedesign ble kolesterol og lipid-innpodet PEG-innhold variert i liposomer med en målstørrelse på 85+10 nm i størrelse for å videre undersøke liposom sonosensitivitet. Den kjemisk sammensetningen av formuleringene oppsummeres i tabell 3 i mol% . Alle verdier er nominelle verdier, det vil si, mengden anvendt i tynnfilmproduksjon. In another study design, cholesterol and lipid-grafted PEG content were varied in liposomes with a target size of 85+10 nm in size to further investigate liposome sonosensitivity. The chemical composition of the formulations is summarized in table 3 in mol%. All values are nominal values, that is, the amount used in thin film production.
Eksempel 10: US- frigjøringsstudie av CCD2- liposomer Example 10: US release study of CCD2 liposomes
Sonosensitiviteten og frigjøringsegenskapene av CCD2-liposomene ble testet i det in vitro eksperimentelle oppsettet som beskrevet ovenfor. Alle forsøk ble utført to ganger. Resultatene av forsøkene oppsummeres i tabell 4. The sonosensitivity and release properties of the CCD2 liposomes were tested in the in vitro experimental setup as described above. All experiments were performed twice. The results of the experiments are summarized in table 4.
Referanser References
• Maeda H, Matsumura Y. Tumoritropic and lymphotropic principles of macromolecular drugs. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrrier Sysl, 6:193-210,1989. • Slepushkin V, Simoes S, et al. Sterically stabilised pH sensitive liposomes. • Maeda H, Matsumura Y. Tumoritropic and lymphotropic principles of macromolecular drugs. Crit. Fox. Ther. Drug Carrier Sysl, 6:193-210, 1989. • Slepushkin V, Simoes S, et al. Sterically stabilized pH sensitive liposomes.
Methodsin Enzymology, 387:134-146, 2004 Methods in Enzymology, 387:134-146, 2004
• Lokling KE, Fossheim SL, et al. Biodistribution of pH-responsive liposomes for MRI and a novel approach to improve the pH-responsiveness. J. Control. Release, 98:87-95, 2004 • Kono K, Takagishi. Temperature sensitive liposomes. Methods in Enzymology, 387:73-82, 2004 • Larina IV, Evers BM, et al. Enhancement of drug delivery in tumors by using interaction of nanoparticles with ultrasound radiation. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat, 4:217-226,2005 • Lokling KE, Fossheim SL, et al. Biodistribution of pH-responsive liposomes for MRI and a novel approach to improve the pH-responsiveness. J. Control. Release, 98:87-95, 2004 • Kono K, Takagishi. Temperature sensitive liposomes. Methods in Enzymology, 387:73-82, 2004 • Larina IV, Evers BM, et al. Enhancement of drug delivery in tumors by using interaction of nanoparticles with ultrasound radiation. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat, 4:217-226, 2005
• Lin & Thomas, Langmuir 2003, vol. 19, nr. 4, s. 1098-1105. • Lin & Thomas, Langmuir 2003, vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 1098-1105.
• Lin & Thomas Langmuir 2004, vol. 20, nr. 15, s. 6100-6106. • Lin & Thomas Langmuir 2004, vol. 20, No. 15, pp. 6100-6106.
• Myhr G, Moan J. Synergistic and tumour selective effects of chemotherapy and ultrasound treatment. Cancer Letters, 232:206-213, 2006 • Pitt et al, Ultrasonic Drug Delivery - A General Review. Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 2004; 1 (1): 37-56. • Myhr G, Moan J. Synergistic and tumor selective effects of chemotherapy and ultrasound treatment. Cancer Letters, 232:206-213, 2006 • Pitt et al, Ultrasonic Drug Delivery - A General Review. Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 2004; 1 (1): 37-56.
• Pong et al, Ultrasonics 2006, vol 45, Issue 1-4, s. 133-145. • Pong et al, Ultrasonics 2006, vol 45, Issue 1-4, pp 133-145.
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