NO325902B1 - Procedure for clearing mine, tunnel or cavity in the soil using ice with modified flow rate - Google Patents
Procedure for clearing mine, tunnel or cavity in the soil using ice with modified flow rate Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO325902B1 NO325902B1 NO20065743A NO20065743A NO325902B1 NO 325902 B1 NO325902 B1 NO 325902B1 NO 20065743 A NO20065743 A NO 20065743A NO 20065743 A NO20065743 A NO 20065743A NO 325902 B1 NO325902 B1 NO 325902B1
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- Prior art keywords
- ice
- water
- flow rate
- chemicals
- added
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 title 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008394 flocculating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008396 flotation agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004848 polyfunctional curative Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011116 calcium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 for example Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015243 ice cream Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012991 xanthate Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D15/00—Props; Chocks, e.g. made of flexible containers filled with backfilling material
- E21D15/005—Props; Chocks, e.g. made of flexible containers filled with backfilling material characterised by the material
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25C—PRODUCING, WORKING OR HANDLING ICE
- F25C3/00—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Producing artificial snow
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25C—PRODUCING, WORKING OR HANDLING ICE
- F25C2301/00—Special arrangements or features for producing ice
- F25C2301/002—Producing ice slurries
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25C—PRODUCING, WORKING OR HANDLING ICE
- F25C2303/00—Special arrangements or features for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Special arrangements or features for producing artificial snow
- F25C2303/044—Snow making using additional features, e.g. additives, liquid gas
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Materials Applied To Surfaces To Minimize Adherence Of Mist Or Water (AREA)
Abstract
Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår en fremgangsmåte for å modifisere flytehastigheten i industrielt produsert is.The present invention relates to a method for modifying the flow rate of industrially produced ice.
Description
Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår en fremgangsmåte for å modifisere flytehastigheten The present invention relates to a method for modifying the flow rate
i industrielt produsert is. in industrially produced ice cream.
I gruvedrift skilles det mellom dagbrudd og undergrunnsdrift, og ved utvinning av materialer is sistnevnte tilfelle vil det oppstå problemer med oppstøtting av fjellet som står igjen etter utvinningen. Uten at særskilte forholdsregler for oppstøtting av fjellet tas i bruk kan bare en viss mengde materiale tas ut. In mining, a distinction is made between open pit mining and underground mining, and when extracting materials in the latter case, problems will arise with propping up the rock that remains after the extraction. Without special precautions for propping up the rock, only a certain amount of material can be removed.
Flere fremgangsmåter kan benyttes for å støtte opp et gruverom, som for eksempel: gjensetting av pilarer (fester) av selve fjellmaterialet, pilarer av tømmer, betong, Several methods can be used to support a mine room, such as: replacing pillars (fixtures) of the rock material itself, pillars of timber, concrete,
stål osv. har blitt benyttet. Videre har fremgangsmåten med å fylle gruverommet med stein, grus, rester fra anrikning av utvunnet malm osv. vært benyttet. steel etc. have been used. Furthermore, the method of filling the mine space with stone, gravel, residues from the enrichment of mined ore, etc. has been used.
Fra norsk patent 126 092 er det kjent en fremgangsmåte for oppstøtting av side-og/eller hengefjell i gruverom ved bruk av is som oppstøttingsmateriale. Det er beskrevet en fremgangsmåte der ismassen bringes til å flyte inn suksessivt direkte under primær brytning etter hvert som foranliggende, respektive underliggende, malm utsprenges og fjernes. I denne fremgangsmåten benyttes i tillegg til isens trykkfasthet, også dens evne til plastisk flytning under statisk trykk. From Norwegian patent 126 092, a method is known for propping up side and/or overhanging rocks in mining rooms using ice as propping material. A method is described in which the ice mass is made to flow in successively directly during primary mining as the preceding or underlying ore is blasted out and removed. In this method, in addition to the compressive strength of the ice, its ability to plastic flow under static pressure is also used.
I WO 80/00361 er det beskrevet en fremgangsmåte der vannet kan tilsettes materiale som øker is styrken. Det tilsatte materialet kan være finkornet eller fibret, og det er videre angitt at is styrken øker med avtagende korn størrelse på det tilsatte materialet, for eksempel kan avfall fra mineraloppredningsanlegg benyttes. In WO 80/00361, a method is described in which material can be added to the water which increases the ice strength. The added material can be fine-grained or fibrous, and it is further stated that the ice strength increases with decreasing grain size of the added material, for example, waste from mineral processing plants can be used.
Til bruk i gruver vil isens egenskaper være av avgjørende betydning for anvendelsen. Egenskaper som er viktige for anvendelsen av is i gruver er dens flytningsevne, trykkfasthet, høye smeltevarme og dens evne til å fryse sammen deler til en enhet. Videre er det i prinsippet to måter å fremstille is på der man enten bruker naturlig eller industriell kulde i fremstillingen. For use in mines, the properties of the ice will be of decisive importance for the application. Properties that are important for the use of ice in mines are its fluidity, compressive strength, high heat of fusion and its ability to freeze together parts into a unit. Furthermore, there are in principle two ways of producing ice, where you either use natural or industrial cold in the production.
Is kan som kjent bestå av rent vann eller den kan inneholde fast materiale eller andre tilsetninger og forurensinger som vil være av betydning for isens egenskaper. Isens trykkfasthet øker med lavere temperaturer og med innblanding av fast materiale. Egenskapene avhenger av hva slags is som benyttes for eksempel ren is, As is well known, ice can consist of pure water or it can contain solid material or other additives and contaminants that will be of importance to the ice's properties. The compressive strength of ice increases with lower temperatures and with the addition of solid material. The properties depend on the type of ice used, for example pure ice,
is omvandlet fra snø, granulert eller skivet is, innehold av fast materiale eller ulike andre tilsetninger eller forurensinger. ice converted from snow, granulated or sliced ice, solids content or various other additives or contaminants.
Isens flytningsevne er avhengig av mange faktorer slik som, temperatur, trykk, innblanding av fast materiale (mengde og type), innhold av oppløste stoffer som for eksempel salter. The flowability of ice depends on many factors such as temperature, pressure, mixing of solid material (quantity and type), content of dissolved substances such as salts.
For å kunne anvende is i gruvedrift må isens egenskaper være forutsigbar, og det er behov for en fremgangsmåte for å fremstille is med ønskede tilrettelagte egenskaper til bruk i gruvedrift. In order to be able to use ice in mining, the ice's properties must be predictable, and there is a need for a method to produce ice with the desired adapted properties for use in mining.
Den foreliggende oppfinnelsen tilveiebringer således en fremgangsmåte for å modifisere flyteevnen til industrielt produsert is. The present invention thus provides a method for modifying the flowability of industrially produced ice.
I utgangspunktet vil det benyttes såkalt "temperert is" i fremgangsmåten. Med "temperert is" menes det is med smeltetemperatur ved det aktuelle trykket i isen. Is av ferskvann som er stengt inne i et gruverom vil ha en potensiell flytehastighet som øker med trykket (ishøyden) i potens omtrent 3,2. Isen vil derfor flyte inn i, fylle og støtte opp sideveggen i gruverommet etter hvert som materialet (malm eller mineraler) blir produsert og transportert ut av gruverommet. Ved å produsere større mengder is, og derved øke trykket, er det mulig å øke flytehastigheten for isen og tilpasse dennes egenskaper til de enkelte gruvenes spesifikke behov. Initially, so-called "tempered ice" will be used in the procedure. "Tempered ice" means ice with a melting temperature at the current pressure in the ice. Ice of fresh water that is closed in a mine compartment will have a potential flow velocity that increases with the pressure (ice height) to the power of approximately 3.2. The ice will therefore flow into, fill and support the side wall in the mine room as the material (ore or minerals) is produced and transported out of the mine room. By producing larger quantities of ice, and thereby increasing the pressure, it is possible to increase the flow rate of the ice and adapt its properties to the specific needs of the individual mines.
I gruverom med liten dybde under dagoverflaten er det vanskelig å generere ønsket In mine rooms with little depth below the day surface, it is difficult to generate the desire
ishøyde til å gi ønsket og nødvendig flytehastighet. Det er kjent at is av saltvann (havis) har høyere flytehastighet enn is av ferskvann. Det er videre kjent at is som inneholder sand, treflis eller andre faste partikler har lavere flytehastighet enn ren is. Partikkel innholdet kan være i området fra 2 til 60% ice height to give the desired and necessary flow rate. It is known that ice from salt water (sea) has a higher flow rate than ice from fresh water. It is also known that ice containing sand, wood chips or other solid particles has a lower flow rate than pure ice. The particle content can be in the range from 2 to 60%
Ved tilsetning av kjemikalier som endrer de fysiske egenskapene til vannet som benyttes i industriell fremstilling av is, vil egenskapene for den fremstilte isen endres. Således, kan flytehastigheten for is ved et gitt trykk økes ved tilsetning av ulike kjemikalier. Ved nøyaktig dosering av tilsetningen kan flytehastigheten for isen reguleres etter ønske og behov på det enkelte anvendelses sted. By adding chemicals that change the physical properties of the water used in the industrial production of ice, the properties of the produced ice will change. Thus, the flow rate of ice at a given pressure can be increased by adding various chemicals. By accurately dosing the additive, the flow speed of the ice can be regulated according to the wishes and needs of the individual application site.
Aktuelle og effektive tilsetningskjemikalier som kan anvendes i den foreliggende oppfinnelsen kan være valgt fra gruppen som består av: alkoholer, estere, karboksyl syrer (for eksempel eddiksyre), ligning, flokkuleringsmidler (som for eksempel lesket kalk), dispergeringsmidler (som for eksempel bentonitt), flotasjonsmidler for sulfid-, oksid-, og ikke metalliske mineraler (som for eksempel xanthater), løsningsmidler (som for eksempel svovelsyre og lut), metallsalter, mineraloljer, organiske oljer eller harpikser, sukker, sakkarider, syrer og baser, såper, vaskemidler, detergenter, vann myknere og vann herdere. Current and effective additive chemicals that can be used in the present invention can be selected from the group consisting of: alcohols, esters, carboxylic acids (for example acetic acid), lye, flocculating agents (such as slaked lime), dispersants (such as bentonite) , flotation agents for sulphide, oxide and non-metallic minerals (such as xanthates), solvents (such as sulfuric acid and lye), metal salts, mineral oils, organic oils or resins, sugar, saccharides, acids and bases, soaps, detergents , detergents, water softeners and water hardeners.
Mengden av tilsatt kjemikalie vil kunne variere fra omkring 1 gram til omkring 10 kilogram per m<3> vann. Tilleggskostnadene ved tilsetning av kjemikalier vil derfor være moderate per m3 produsert is. The amount of added chemical can vary from around 1 gram to around 10 kilograms per m<3> of water. The additional costs for adding chemicals will therefore be moderate per m3 of ice produced.
Flere av de ovenfor nevnte tilsetningskjemikaliene er også vanlig brukt som hjelpestoffer i de oppredningsprosessene som de fleste malmer og mineraler blir underkastet før de bringes til markedet. Det er av betydning at kjemikaliene som tilsettes isen velges slik at de ikke innvirker på oppredningen, og at de i den grad de innvirker på oppredningen har en positiv og ønsket effekt. Several of the above-mentioned additive chemicals are also commonly used as auxiliaries in the preparation processes to which most ores and minerals are subjected before they are brought to market. It is important that the chemicals that are added to the ice are chosen so that they do not affect the build-up, and that to the extent that they do affect the build-up, they have a positive and desired effect.
Fremstillingen av is kan utføres ved velkjente fremgangsmåter på fagområdet. For eksempel kan isen i en utforming av oppfinnelsen fremstilles ved bruk av vannkanon, der vannkanonen finfordeler vann i kald luft slik at vannet fryser til is eller snø før det faller ned i et magasin. Magasinet kan for eksempel være dagåpningen for den aktuelle gruva. The production of ice can be carried out by well-known methods in the field. For example, in one embodiment of the invention, the ice can be produced using a water cannon, where the water cannon finely distributes water in cold air so that the water freezes into ice or snow before it falls into a magazine. The magazine can, for example, be the day opening for the mine in question.
I en alternativ utforming av oppfinnelsen blir vann finfordelt med sprinkler dyser i kald luft. En fordel med dette alternativet er et lavere kraftforbruk per m<3> fremstilt is. Ulempen er lavere kapasitet, men dette kan være tilstrekkelig i mindre gruver eller ved gjenopptaking av drift i gamle gruver. In an alternative design of the invention, water is finely distributed with sprinkler nozzles in cold air. An advantage of this option is a lower power consumption per m<3> of ice produced. The disadvantage is lower capacity, but this may be sufficient in smaller mines or when resuming operations in old mines.
I en annen utforming av oppfinnelsen kan en standard snøkanon av den typen som brukes i alpinanlegg anvendes for fremstilling av is eller snø. Fordelen med en slik snøkanon er at den kan produsere snø og is ved høyere lufttemperatur enn i de andre utformingene. I slike snøkanoner anvendes trykkluft noe som øker kraftforbruket og derved også kostnadene ved fremstilling av is. In another design of the invention, a standard snow cannon of the type used in alpine resorts can be used for the production of ice or snow. The advantage of such a snow cannon is that it can produce snow and ice at a higher air temperature than in the other designs. In such snow cannons, compressed air is used, which increases power consumption and thereby also the costs of making ice.
Claims (6)
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO20065743A NO325902B1 (en) | 2006-12-12 | 2006-12-12 | Procedure for clearing mine, tunnel or cavity in the soil using ice with modified flow rate |
| PCT/NO2007/000432 WO2008072971A1 (en) | 2006-12-12 | 2007-12-07 | Modification of flow velocity of industrially produced ice |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO20065743A NO325902B1 (en) | 2006-12-12 | 2006-12-12 | Procedure for clearing mine, tunnel or cavity in the soil using ice with modified flow rate |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO20065743L NO20065743L (en) | 2008-06-13 |
| NO325902B1 true NO325902B1 (en) | 2008-08-11 |
Family
ID=39511912
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO20065743A NO325902B1 (en) | 2006-12-12 | 2006-12-12 | Procedure for clearing mine, tunnel or cavity in the soil using ice with modified flow rate |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| NO (1) | NO325902B1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2008072971A1 (en) |
Family Cites Families (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1207569A (en) * | 1913-03-11 | 1916-12-05 | Arthur Langerfeld | Mining and surface support. |
| DE526224C (en) * | 1927-01-26 | 1931-06-06 | Edgar Vorwerk | Process for making an artificial ice rink |
| FI53016C (en) * | 1971-06-11 | 1978-01-10 | Henning Fangel | |
| US4501775A (en) * | 1973-07-19 | 1985-02-26 | The Dow Chemical Company | Method for reducing the strength of ice |
| SE412623B (en) * | 1978-08-03 | 1980-03-10 | Graenges Ab | PROCEDURE FOR SELECTIVE UNDERGRADUATION AND STABILIZATION OF BACKGROUND |
| US4254166A (en) * | 1979-12-13 | 1981-03-03 | Wen-Don Corporation | Composition for reducing the strength of ice |
| US4315410A (en) * | 1980-05-12 | 1982-02-16 | Stal Refrigeration Ab | Method and apparatus for making ice blocks |
| US4522537A (en) * | 1982-05-07 | 1985-06-11 | Iceberg Cribs, Inc. | Ice crib |
| SU1705565A1 (en) * | 1989-03-31 | 1992-01-15 | Якутский Научно-Исследовательский И Проектный Институт Алмазодобывающей Промышленности | Method of stowing goafs in mining steep deposits of valuable minerals under conditions of permafrost |
| US4953360A (en) * | 1989-09-27 | 1990-09-04 | Slick Ice Limited | Additive for treating water used to form ice |
| US5010127A (en) * | 1989-09-27 | 1991-04-23 | Slcik Ice Limited | Additive composition for treating water used to form ice and methods |
| US5527470A (en) * | 1994-11-16 | 1996-06-18 | Everpure Inc. | Water quality monitoring and control system for an ice maker |
| CA2213114A1 (en) * | 1997-10-07 | 1999-04-07 | Wilf Vaillancourt | An improved ice surface |
| WO2005007279A2 (en) * | 2003-07-10 | 2005-01-27 | University Of Alaska Fairbanks | Compounds for changing the physical properties of ice and methods of use thereof |
| AT503443B1 (en) * | 2006-06-23 | 2007-10-15 | Leopold Franzens Uni Innsbruck | Preparation of an ice surface, useful for ice rink, and ice sports cars and trains, comprises freezing water in which an inorganic substance e.g. ammonia, alkali hydroxide, hydrogen halide, nitric acid and sulfuric acid, is added |
-
2006
- 2006-12-12 NO NO20065743A patent/NO325902B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2007
- 2007-12-07 WO PCT/NO2007/000432 patent/WO2008072971A1/en active Application Filing
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NO20065743L (en) | 2008-06-13 |
| WO2008072971A1 (en) | 2008-06-19 |
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| MM1K | Lapsed by not paying the annual fees |