NO301036B1 - Brake disc for disc brakes of leather running vehicle - Google Patents

Brake disc for disc brakes of leather running vehicle Download PDF

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Publication number
NO301036B1
NO301036B1 NO962939A NO962939A NO301036B1 NO 301036 B1 NO301036 B1 NO 301036B1 NO 962939 A NO962939 A NO 962939A NO 962939 A NO962939 A NO 962939A NO 301036 B1 NO301036 B1 NO 301036B1
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NO
Norway
Prior art keywords
disc
brake disc
friction ring
brake
hub
Prior art date
Application number
NO962939A
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Norwegian (no)
Other versions
NO962939L (en
NO962939D0 (en
Inventor
Torsten Dellmann
Wolfgang Lehmann
Helmut Ruppert
Hans Zeuner
Original Assignee
Bergische Stahlindustrie
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Bergische Stahlindustrie filed Critical Bergische Stahlindustrie
Publication of NO962939L publication Critical patent/NO962939L/en
Publication of NO962939D0 publication Critical patent/NO962939D0/en
Publication of NO301036B1 publication Critical patent/NO301036B1/en

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D65/00—Parts or details
    • F16D65/02—Braking members; Mounting thereof
    • F16D65/12—Discs; Drums for disc brakes
    • F16D65/128—Discs; Drums for disc brakes characterised by means for cooling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D65/00—Parts or details
    • F16D65/02—Braking members; Mounting thereof
    • F16D65/12—Discs; Drums for disc brakes
    • F16D65/123—Discs; Drums for disc brakes comprising an annular disc secured to a hub member; Discs characterised by means for mounting
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D65/00—Parts or details
    • F16D65/02—Braking members; Mounting thereof
    • F16D65/12—Discs; Drums for disc brakes
    • F16D65/125—Discs; Drums for disc brakes characterised by the material used for the disc body
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D65/00—Parts or details
    • F16D65/02—Braking members; Mounting thereof
    • F16D2065/13—Parts or details of discs or drums
    • F16D2065/1304—Structure
    • F16D2065/1316—Structure radially segmented
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D65/00—Parts or details
    • F16D65/02—Braking members; Mounting thereof
    • F16D2065/13—Parts or details of discs or drums
    • F16D2065/1304—Structure
    • F16D2065/1328—Structure internal cavities, e.g. cooling channels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D65/00—Parts or details
    • F16D65/02—Braking members; Mounting thereof
    • F16D2065/13—Parts or details of discs or drums
    • F16D2065/1304—Structure
    • F16D2065/1332—Structure external ribs, e.g. for cooling or reinforcement
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D65/00—Parts or details
    • F16D65/02—Braking members; Mounting thereof
    • F16D2065/13—Parts or details of discs or drums
    • F16D2065/134—Connection
    • F16D2065/1392—Connection elements

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Braking Arrangements (AREA)

Abstract

A brake disk for disk brakes of rail vehicles is designed as a monobloc disk or as a disk comprising a hub and a friction ring, preferably with an inner ventilation. The invention consists in that at least the friction ring, preferably also the cooling ribs linked thereto and/or also the hub, are made of a wear-resistant AlSi base alloy with a high content of free Si crystals, preferably from 15 to 25 % by weight.

Description

Oppfinnelsen vedrører en bremseskive for skivebremser for skinnegående kjøretøy som enkeltklosskive eller som av nav og friksjonsring sammensatt skive, som fortrinnsvis er innvendig ventilert. The invention relates to a brake disc for disc brakes for rail-running vehicles as a single block disc or as a disc composed of a hub and a friction ring, which is preferably internally ventilated.

Bremseskiver for skivebremser, spesielt akselbremseskiver for skinnekjøretøy, består vanligvis av støpejern med lamellgrafitt eller kulegrafitt, eller av stålstøpegods. Brake discs for disc brakes, especially axle brake discs for rail vehicles, usually consist of cast iron with lamellar graphite or nodular graphite, or of steel castings.

I dagens høyhastighetstog utgjør det store antall bremseskiver og deres betraktelige vekt et problem. Man går derfor inn for å anvende bremseskiver med høy ytelse og lavere vekt, spesielt siden bremseskivene er ufjærede mas-ser. In today's high-speed trains, the large number of brake discs and their considerable weight pose a problem. One is therefore in favor of using brake discs with high performance and lower weight, especially since the brake discs are unsprung masses.

Fra EP 0.375.025 Al er det kjent et lett materiale for støping basert på aluminium med en tilsetning av 5-25 vekt% Mg-silisid, som skal'egne seg spesielt for fremstilling av formgods med forbedret varmebestandighet, termisk sjokk-bestandighet og varig utmatningsbestandighet. Dette materiale er bestemt spesielt for stempler i forbrenningsmotorer. From EP 0.375.025 Al, a light material for casting based on aluminum with an addition of 5-25% by weight of Mg silicide is known, which should be particularly suitable for the production of shaped goods with improved heat resistance, thermal resistance and lasting shock fatigue resistance. This material is intended especially for pistons in internal combustion engines.

I EP 0.351.237 beskrives som bremseskivemateriale for jernbanevogner en aluminiumgrunnlegering, fortrinnvis Al-Mg, med herdende partikler av aluminiumoksyd, Al203 eller SiC. Enkelte av disse materialer ble testet for massive hjulbremseskiver med en tykkelse på 25-30 mm og en diameter i området inntil 565 mm. Disse legeringer har imidlertid - spesielt ved større bremseskiver - vist seg være uprakti-kable. Innlemmingen av de herdende partikler i aluminium-grunnlegeringen kan volde problemer, siden dette kun er mulig under bestemte betingelser. In EP 0,351,237, an aluminum base alloy, preferably Al-Mg, with hardening particles of aluminum oxide, Al 2 O 3 or SiC is described as brake disc material for railway vehicles. Some of these materials were tested for massive wheel brake discs with a thickness of 25-30 mm and a diameter in the range of up to 565 mm. However, these alloys have - especially for larger brake discs - proven to be impractical. The incorporation of the hardening particles in the aluminum base alloy can cause problems, since this is only possible under certain conditions.

Oppfinnelsen legger derfor den oppgave til grunn å frem-bringe en bremseskive av ovennevnte type med høy ytelse og lavest mulig vekt, hvor det kan avstås fra å innlemme de herdende partikler. The invention is therefore based on the task of producing a brake disc of the above-mentioned type with high performance and the lowest possible weight, where it is possible to refrain from incorporating the hardening particles.

Løsningen på denne oppgave er angitt i den karakteriserende del av krav 1. The solution to this task is stated in the characterizing part of claim 1.

Underkravene 2-6 inneholder hensiktsmessige utførelses-former av krav 1. Det har overraskende vist seg at de overeutektiske aluminiumsilisiumlegeringer under stivningen avsondrer krystallinske silisiumpartikler fra smeiten, som grunnet sin hardhet virker slitasjereduserende på frik-sjonsoverflaten. I en andel ifølge oppfinnelsen på 15-25 vekt% Si kan det oppnås den nødvendige bestandighet (varme-, termisk sjokk- og varig utmatningsbestandighet) , uten at det forekommer keramisk herdende partikler i lege-ringen . Sub-claims 2-6 contain suitable embodiments of claim 1. It has surprisingly been shown that the overeutectic aluminum silicon alloys during solidification separate crystalline silicon particles from the melt, which due to their hardness have a wear-reducing effect on the friction surface. In a proportion according to the invention of 15-25% Si by weight, the required resistance (heat, thermal shock and permanent fatigue resistance) can be achieved, without ceramic hardening particles occurring in the alloy.

Det har vist seg at de i og for seg kjente dimensjoner og vektforhold for vanlige bremseskiver av støpejern med lamellgrafitt eller kulegrafitt, ikke kan overføres på de nye bremseskiver av aluminium. For å oppnå sammenlignbare ytelsesverdier, spesielt en tilstrekkelig varmeakkumule-ringsevne ved stoppebremsing, foreslås det derfor ifølge oppfinnelsen at massen av friksjonsringen eller -ringene er ca. 0,45-0,55 av hittil vanlige Fe-legeringers masse. Dette kan spesielt oppnås ved å øke friksjonsringenes tykkelse betraktelig. Ved en innvendig ventilert bremseskive med en total bredde på 60-200 mm, fortrinnsvis 80-130 mm, kan flenstykkelsen av friksjonsringene hver være 20-50 mm, fortrinnsvis 30-40 mm. For å gi en tilstrekkelig kjøling av rommene mellom friksjonsringene kan dessuten forholdet mellom ventilasjonskanalbredden og flenstykkelsen av en friksjonsring være 0,5-2, fortrinnsvis 0,8-1,4. It has been shown that the known dimensions and weight ratio for normal brake discs made of cast iron with lamellar graphite or nodular graphite cannot be transferred to the new aluminum brake discs. In order to achieve comparable performance values, especially a sufficient heat accumulation ability during stop braking, it is therefore proposed according to the invention that the mass of the friction ring or rings is approx. 0.45-0.55 of the mass of hitherto common Fe alloys. This can be achieved in particular by increasing the thickness of the friction rings considerably. In the case of an internally ventilated brake disc with a total width of 60-200 mm, preferably 80-130 mm, the flange thickness of the friction rings can each be 20-50 mm, preferably 30-40 mm. In order to provide sufficient cooling of the spaces between the friction rings, the ratio between the ventilation channel width and the flange thickness of a friction ring can also be 0.5-2, preferably 0.8-1.4.

Endelig har det ved en uventilert, massivt utformet friksjonsring med en diameter på 300-1000 mm vist seg være fordelaktig at forholdet mellom diameteren og flenstykkelsen ligger i området 8-12, fortrinnsvis 10. 1 støpegodsstrukturen kan det dessuten integreres i og for seg kjente forsterkningselementer av poreforsynt keramisk materiale. Finally, with an unventilated, massively designed friction ring with a diameter of 300-1000 mm, it has proven to be advantageous that the ratio between the diameter and the flange thickness is in the range 8-12, preferably 10. 1 the casting structure can also be integrated into per se known reinforcement elements of porous ceramic material.

Det har vist seg at ved anvendelse av et bremsebelegg-materiale som er tilpasset materialet for friksjonsringene ifølge oppfinnelsen, vil det til tross for en viss avslit-ning, stadig dannes et spesielt motstandsdyktig overflate-sjikt på sliteflaten mellom friksjonsringen og bremsebelegget. For å forhindre en ugunstig gjensidig innvirkning av materialene i friksjonspartnerne bremsering og bremsebe-legg, kan bremsebelegget også i alt vesentlig bestå av det samme materiale som bremseringen eller også hele bremse-skiven. It has been shown that when using a brake lining material which is adapted to the material for the friction rings according to the invention, despite some wear, a particularly resistant surface layer will still form on the wear surface between the friction ring and the brake lining. In order to prevent an unfavorable mutual influence of the materials in the friction partners brake ring and brake lining, the brake lining can also essentially consist of the same material as the brake ring or the entire brake disc.

Oppfinnelsen skal beskrives nærmere, som eksempler, under henvisning til de vedlagte figurer 1-4. Figur 1 viser et tverriss av en del av en ventilert akselbremseskive sammensatt av nav og friksjonsring. Figur 2 viser tilsvarende figur 1 en uventilert akselbremseskive . Figur 3 viser tilsvarende en ventilert enkeltklosskive. Figur 4 viser tilsvarende en uventilert enkeltklosskive. The invention shall be described in more detail, as examples, with reference to the attached figures 1-4. Figure 1 shows a cross-section of part of a ventilated axle brake disc composed of hub and friction ring. Figure 2 shows, corresponding to Figure 1, an unventilated axle brake disc. Figure 3 shows a correspondingly ventilated single brick disc. Figure 4 correspondingly shows an unventilated single brick disc.

På figurene 1 til 4 vises det akselbremseskiver, av hvilke det spesielt i høyhastighetstog kan anordnes flere på en aksel. Ifølge figurene 1 og 2 er friksjonsringen 1 og navet 2 forbundet med hverandre via egnede skru- eller stikk-forbindelser. På figurene 3 og 4 er det vist såkalte enkeltklosskiver, hvor friksjonsringen 1 og navet 2 er støpt i ett stykke. Figurene 1 og 3 viser såkalte innvendig ventilerte friksjonsringer utstyrt med to bremseflater, idet det mellom friksjonsringene er anbragt kjøleribber 3. I forhold til vanlige innvendig ventilerte akselbremseskiver av støpejern oppviser disse bremseskiver en vesentlig større flenstykkelse G. Ved en i og for seg kjent total bredde B av en innvendig ventilert bremseskive på 60-200 mm, fortrinnsvis 80-130 mm, foreslås ifølge oppfinnelsen en flenstykkelse G av friksjonsringene på 20-50 mm, fortrinnsvis 30-40 mm. Det har i tillegg vist seg å være fordelaktig at forholdet mellom ventilasjonskanalbredden L og flenstykkelsen G av en friksjonsring er 0,5-2, fortrinnsvis 0,8-1,4. Figures 1 to 4 show axle brake discs, of which, especially in high-speed trains, several can be arranged on an axle. According to figures 1 and 2, the friction ring 1 and the hub 2 are connected to each other via suitable screw or plug connections. Figures 3 and 4 show so-called single block discs, where the friction ring 1 and the hub 2 are cast in one piece. Figures 1 and 3 show so-called internally ventilated friction rings equipped with two braking surfaces, with cooling fins 3 placed between the friction rings. Compared to ordinary internally ventilated cast iron axle brake discs, these brake discs have a significantly greater flange thickness G. At a known overall width B of an internally ventilated brake disc of 60-200 mm, preferably 80-130 mm, according to the invention, a flange thickness G of the friction rings of 20-50 mm, preferably 30-40 mm is proposed. It has also proven to be advantageous that the ratio between the ventilation channel width L and the flange thickness G of a friction ring is 0.5-2, preferably 0.8-1.4.

I tilfellet av en uventilert friksjonsring, som vist på figurene 2 og 4, med en i og for seg kjent ytre diameter D på 300-1000 mm, skal ifølge oppfinnelsen forholdet mellom diameteren D og flenstykkelsen G være i området 8-12, fortrinnsvis 10. In the case of an unventilated friction ring, as shown in figures 2 and 4, with a known outer diameter D of 300-1000 mm, according to the invention the ratio between the diameter D and the flange thickness G should be in the range 8-12, preferably 10 .

For å forbinde navet 2 med friksjonsringen 1 ifølge figurene 1 og 2, har det vist seg være fordelaktig å støpe inn jernplater i aluminiumskiven i forbindelsesoverflaten mellom friksjonsringen 1 og navet 2, slik at ved en eventu-ell radial forskyvning mellom friksjonsringen 1 og navet 2 på grunn av temperaturforskjeller, vil glidflaten mellom disse bestå av et mer bestandig jem-jern-par. In order to connect the hub 2 with the friction ring 1 according to Figures 1 and 2, it has been found to be advantageous to cast iron plates into the aluminum disc in the connection surface between the friction ring 1 and the hub 2, so that in the event of a radial displacement between the friction ring 1 and the hub 2 due to temperature differences, the sliding surface between these will consist of a more permanent jem-iron pair.

Claims (6)

1. Bremseskive for skivebremser for skinnegående kjøretøy som enkeltklosskive eller som av nav og friksjonsringer sammensatt skive, karakterisert ved at enkeltklosskiven eller - i tilfellet av den sammensatte skive - i det minste friksjonsringen (1) består av en slitasjebestandig AlSi-grunnlegering med 15-25 vekt% Si.1. Brake disc for disc brakes for rail vehicles as a single pad disc or as a disc composed of a hub and friction rings, characterized in that the single pad disc or - in the case of the composite disc - at least the friction ring (1) consists of a wear-resistant AlSi base alloy with 15-25 wt% Si. 2. Bremseskive ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at i en av nav (2) og friksjonsring (1) sammensatt bremseskive, kjøleribbene (3) og/eller navet (2) består av AlSi-grunnlegeringen.2. Brake disc according to claim 1, characterized in that in a brake disc composed of hub (2) and friction ring (1), the cooling fins (3) and/or the hub (2) consist of the AlSi base alloy. 3. Bremseskive ifølge krav 1 eller 2, karakterisert ved at det i støpegodsstrukturen er inte-grert forsterkningselementer av poreforsynt keramisk materiale .3. Brake disc according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that reinforcing elements of porous ceramic material are integrated into the casting structure. 4. Bremseskive ifølge krav 1, 2 eller 3 med innvendig ventilasjon, karakterisert ved at ved en total bredde (B) på 60-200 mm, fortrinnsvis 80-130 mm, flensbredden (G) av friksjonsringene er 20-50 mm, fortrinnsvis 30-40 mm.4. Brake disc according to claim 1, 2 or 3 with internal ventilation, characterized in that with a total width (B) of 60-200 mm, preferably 80-130 mm, the flange width (G) of the friction rings is 20-50 mm, preferably 30 -40 mm. 5. Bremseskive ifølge krav 4, karakterisert ved at forholdet mellom ventilasjonskanalbredden (L) og flenstykkelsen (G) av en friksjonsring er 0,5-2, fortrinnsvis 0,8-1,4.5. Brake disc according to claim 4, characterized in that the ratio between the ventilation channel width (L) and the flange thickness (G) of a friction ring is 0.5-2, preferably 0.8-1.4. 6. Bremseskive ifølge krav 1, 2 eller 3, karakterisert ved at ved en uventilert friksjonsring med en ytre diameter (D) på 300-1000 mm, ligger forholdet mellom diameteren (D) og flenstykkelsen (G) i området 8-12, fortrinnsvis 10.6. Brake disc according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that with an unventilated friction ring with an outer diameter (D) of 300-1000 mm, the ratio between the diameter (D) and the flange thickness (G) is in the range 8-12, preferably 10.
NO962939A 1994-01-14 1996-07-12 Brake disc for disc brakes of leather running vehicle NO301036B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4400896A DE4400896C1 (en) 1994-01-14 1994-01-14 Brake disc for disc brakes of rail vehicles
PCT/EP1995/000053 WO1995019510A1 (en) 1994-01-14 1995-01-07 Brake disk for disk brakes of rail vehicles

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
NO962939L NO962939L (en) 1996-07-12
NO962939D0 NO962939D0 (en) 1996-07-12
NO301036B1 true NO301036B1 (en) 1997-09-01

Family

ID=6507902

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
NO962939A NO301036B1 (en) 1994-01-14 1996-07-12 Brake disc for disc brakes of leather running vehicle

Country Status (8)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0738376B1 (en)
KR (1) KR970700293A (en)
AT (1) ATE154672T1 (en)
AU (1) AU684896B2 (en)
DE (2) DE4400896C1 (en)
DK (1) DK0738376T3 (en)
NO (1) NO301036B1 (en)
WO (1) WO1995019510A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19708901A1 (en) * 1997-03-05 1998-09-17 Knorr Bremse Systeme Wave brake disc for disc brake systems of rail vehicles
DE19753116C1 (en) * 1997-11-29 1999-07-08 Actech Gmbh Adv Casting Tech Bainitic hardened brake disc
CN107489711B (en) * 2017-09-07 2023-06-23 克诺尔车辆设备(苏州)有限公司 Anti-metal inlaid brake disc
EP3640195A1 (en) 2018-10-19 2020-04-22 Otis Elevator Company Elevator brake

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1236797B (en) * 1965-01-12 1967-03-16 Hans Fischer Ges Mit Beschraen Use of an aluminum-silicon-magnesium alloy for crane drive brake disks and a process for the production of crane drive brake disks from such alloys
CA1239811A (en) * 1983-09-07 1988-08-02 Showa Aluminum Kabushiki Kaisha Extruded aluminum alloys having improved wear resistance and process for preparing same
IN173691B (en) * 1988-02-10 1991-06-25 Comalco Alu
JP2987704B2 (en) * 1988-07-15 1999-12-06 財団法人鉄道総合技術研究所 Brake disc material for high-speed railway vehicles
DE3842812A1 (en) * 1988-12-20 1990-06-21 Metallgesellschaft Ag CAST LIGHT MATERIAL
JPH04293705A (en) * 1991-03-20 1992-10-19 Akebono Brake Res & Dev Center Ltd Production of disk rotor of aluminum-based composite material

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU1533195A (en) 1995-08-01
NO962939L (en) 1996-07-12
AU684896B2 (en) 1998-01-08
KR970700293A (en) 1997-01-08
NO962939D0 (en) 1996-07-12
DE4400896C1 (en) 1995-03-30
EP0738376A1 (en) 1996-10-23
DE59500330D1 (en) 1997-07-24
WO1995019510A1 (en) 1995-07-20
DK0738376T3 (en) 1998-01-05
ATE154672T1 (en) 1997-07-15
EP0738376B1 (en) 1997-06-18

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