NO163573B - SOLUTION ADDITIVES. - Google Patents
SOLUTION ADDITIVES. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO163573B NO163573B NO854076A NO854076A NO163573B NO 163573 B NO163573 B NO 163573B NO 854076 A NO854076 A NO 854076A NO 854076 A NO854076 A NO 854076A NO 163573 B NO163573 B NO 163573B
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- detergent
- weight
- mean
- carbon atoms
- detergent additive
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title claims description 18
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims 1
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000002734 clay mineral Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910021647 smectite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002304 perfume Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012459 cleaning agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- REZZEXDLIUJMMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC REZZEXDLIUJMMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004664 distearyldimethylammonium chloride (DHTDMAC) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011876 fused mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- VFLWKHBYVIUAMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-methyl-n-octadecyloctadecan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCN(C)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC VFLWKHBYVIUAMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102220047090 rs6152 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/02—Inorganic compounds ; Elemental compounds
- C11D3/12—Water-insoluble compounds
- C11D3/124—Silicon containing, e.g. silica, silex, quartz or glass beads
- C11D3/1246—Silicates, e.g. diatomaceous earth
- C11D3/1253—Layer silicates, e.g. talcum, kaolin, clay, bentonite, smectite, montmorillonite, hectorite or attapulgite
- C11D3/126—Layer silicates, e.g. talcum, kaolin, clay, bentonite, smectite, montmorillonite, hectorite or attapulgite in solid compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/38—Cationic compounds
- C11D1/645—Mixtures of compounds all of which are cationic
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Description
Det er kjent å anvende smektitiske leiremineraler, særlig bentonitt, som tilsetning til rensemidler, som såpe og vaskemidler, da disse leiremineraler har en høy affinitet for smusspartikler samt vevmykgjørende egenskaper (se for-eksempel US-PS 1.608.418, BS-PS 162.691, US-PS 1.627.446). It is known to use smectitic clay minerals, particularly bentonite, as an additive to cleaning agents, such as soap and detergents, as these clay minerals have a high affinity for dirt particles as well as tissue softening properties (see for example US-PS 1,608,418, BS-PS 162,691, US-PS 1,627,446).
Absorbsjonsegenskapene hos disse smektitiske leiremineraler overfor smusspartikler er dog relativt dårlige, slik at det for eksempel kun ble anvendt bentonittholdige såper i krigs-eller etterkrigstiden, da såpe på grunn av de utilstrekke-lige fettforråd var mangelvare. However, the absorption properties of these smectite clay minerals towards dirt particles are relatively poor, so that, for example, only bentonite-containing soaps were used in the war or post-war period, when soap was in short supply due to the insufficient fat reserves.
De smektitiske leiremineralers vevmykgjørende egenskaper ble forklart med at disse delvis ble adsorbert på vevfib-rene. Som følge av denne egenskap ble det iaktatt en for-høyet gråningstendens hos de vaskede fibre, dvs. det viste seg en forhøyet avleiring på tøyet, som viste seg som en foraskning av tøy som var vasket mange ganger. The tissue softening properties of the smectite clay minerals were explained by the fact that these were partially adsorbed on the tissue fibres. As a result of this property, an increased graying tendency was observed in the washed fibres, i.e. an increased deposit on the cloth appeared, which appeared as an ash of cloth that had been washed many times.
Oppfinnelsen har som oppgave å frembringe en vaskemiddeltilsetning som inneholder smektitiske leiremineraler, ved hvilken de smektitiske leiremineralers adsorpsjonsevne overfor smuss-stoffer, vaskevannets smussbæreevne, samt de stoffmykgjørende egenskaper er forbedret, mens på den annen side den forhøyede avleiring av de smektitiske leiremineraler på stoff-fibrene nedsettes. The task of the invention is to produce a detergent additive containing smectite clay minerals, whereby the adsorption capacity of the smectite clay minerals towards dirt substances, the dirt carrying capacity of the washing water, as well as the fabric softening properties are improved, while on the other hand the increased deposition of the smectite clay minerals on the fabric fibers be decreased.
Gjenstand for oppfinnelsen er dermed en vaskemiddeltilsetning som er kjennetegnet ved at den inneholder The object of the invention is thus a detergent additive which is characterized by the fact that it contains
a) 50-60 vekt-% bentonitt, a) 50-60% by weight bentonite,
b) 20-25 vekt-% av et eller flere kvaternære ammoniumsalter med den generelle formel b) 20-25% by weight of one or more quaternary ammonium salts with the general formula
hvori symbolene har de følgende betydninger: in which the symbols have the following meanings:
Ri og R2 som kan være like eller forskjellige betyr alkylgrupper med 10 til 22 karbonatomer, R3 og R4, som kan være like eller forskjellige, betyr alkylgrupper med 1 til 3 karbonatomer; X^ betyr et mineral-syreanion; c) 20-25 vekt-% av et eller flere tertiære aminer med den generelle formel R 1 and R 2 , which may be the same or different, mean alkyl groups of 10 to 22 carbon atoms, R 3 and R 4 , which may be the same or different, mean alkyl groups of 1 to 3 carbon atoms; X^ means a mineral acid anion; c) 20-25% by weight of one or more tertiary amines with the general formula
hvori R5 og R6 som kan være like eller forskjellige betyr alkylgrupper med 10 til 22 karbonatomer og gjennomsnittsverdien for n ligger mellom >1 og 10. wherein R5 and R6 which may be the same or different mean alkyl groups with 10 to 22 carbon atoms and the average value of n is between >1 and 10.
Overraskende ble det funnet at vaskemiddeltilsetningen i henhold til oppfinnelsen ikke forårsaket forhøyet avleiring, men derimot førte til mindre belegg på stoffer som ble vasket i vaskevann med vaskemiddeltilsetning i henhold til oppfinnelsen. Formodentlig adsorberes vaskemiddeltilsetningen eller en bestanddel derav på fibrene under vaskepro-sessen, hvorved den mulige avleiring av uorganiske, men også av organiske stoffer, spesielt ved forhøyet temperatur, nedsettes meget sterkt. Surprisingly, it was found that the detergent addition according to the invention did not cause elevated deposits, but instead led to less coating on fabrics that were washed in washing water with detergent addition according to the invention. Presumably, the detergent additive or a component thereof is adsorbed on the fibers during the washing process, whereby the possible deposition of inorganic, but also of organic substances, especially at elevated temperatures, is greatly reduced.
Videre forbedrer vaskemiddeltilsetningen i henhold til oppfinnelsen adsorbsjonsevnen hos de smektitiske leiremineraler overfor smuss-stoffer samt vaskeløsningens smussbære-evne. Furthermore, the detergent addition according to the invention improves the adsorption capacity of the smectitic clay minerals towards dirt substances and the dirt-carrying capacity of the washing solution.
Videre gir vaskemiddeltilsetningen i henhold til oppfinnelsen det vaskede stoff myke egenskaper og forbedrer anti-statiske egenskaper. Til slutt forblir parfymelukten i tøyet som er vasket med vaskemiddeltilsetningen. Furthermore, the detergent addition according to the invention gives the washed fabric soft properties and improves anti-static properties. Finally, the perfume smell remains in the laundry washed with the detergent additive.
Foretrukne utførelsesformer av oppfinnelsen er angitt i underkravene. Preferred embodiments of the invention are indicated in the subclaims.
Gjenstand for oppfinnelsen er videre anvendelsen av vaskemiddeltilsetningen i henhold til oppfinnelsen i vaskemidler som av andre bestanddeler kan inneholde tensider, uorganiske og/eller organiske gitterdannende byggere er samt eventuelt alkalikarbonater, alkali- eller jordalkalisilikater og/eller blekemidler. The object of the invention is further the use of the detergent additive according to the invention in detergents which, among other ingredients, may contain surfactants, inorganic and/or organic lattice-forming builders and possibly alkali carbonates, alkali or alkaline earth silicates and/or bleaching agents.
Andre bestanddeler av vaskemidlet kan være hvitemidler, korrosjons- og skumhemmere, enzymer, stabilisatorer, par-fymeoljer og farvestoffer samt alle andre vanlige vaske-middelbestanddeler. Other components of the detergent can be whitening agents, corrosion and foam inhibitors, enzymes, stabilizers, perfume oils and dyes as well as all other common detergent components.
Vaskemiddeltilsetningen er nærmere belyst ved følgende eksempler: The addition of detergent is explained in more detail in the following examples:
Eksempel Example
Ved bestanddelene (b) og (c) dreier det seg om en sammen-smeltet blanding. The components (b) and (c) are a fused mixture.
Anvendelseseksempel Application example
Den i eksemplet oppforte vaskemiddeltilsetning ble blandet sammen med følgende vaskemiddel-bestanddeler: The detergent additive listed in the example was mixed together with the following detergent ingredients:
Denne vaskemiddelsammensetning ble sammenlignet med en ana-log vaskemiddelsammensetning uten vaskemiddeltilsetningen i en forsøksrekke foretatt i vaskemaskin: Smussredeposisjonen ble målt på ikke-tUskitnet forsøksstoff som var vasket i Linitestmaskinen, og ble angitt som diffe-rens i hvithetsgrad (R-verdi på Elrepho) mellom uvasket tøy og det ni ganger vaskede tøy. Jo større forskjell i R-verdi (AR), jo gråere er forsøkstøyet blitt, dvs. desto ugunstigere er vaskeresultatet. This detergent composition was compared with an analogous detergent composition without the addition of detergent in a series of experiments carried out in a washing machine: The soil nest position was measured on non-soiled test fabric that had been washed in the Linitest machine, and was indicated as a difference in degree of whiteness (R-value on Elrepho) between unwashed laundry and the nine times washed laundry. The greater the difference in R-value (AR), the grayer the test garment has become, i.e. the less favorable the washing result.
Resultater: Results:
Redeposisjon på bomullstøy (etter 9 vaskeomganger) Vaskeløsning med vaskemiddeltilsetning:A R = -29,36 Vaskeløsning uten vaskemiddeltilsetning:AR = -34,78 Red position on cotton laundry (after 9 washing cycles) Washing solution with added detergent: A R = -29.36 Washing solution without added detergent: AR = -34.78
Disse verdier viser en tydelig forbedring av smussbæreev-nen. Smusset adsorberes på vaskemiddeltilsetningen og blir dermed dispergert i vaskeblandingen. Hvithetsforskjellen beregnes utfra verdiene overfor til 5,42. These values show a clear improvement in the dirt carrying capacity. The dirt is adsorbed on the detergent additive and is thus dispersed in the washing mixture. The difference in whiteness is calculated from the values opposite to 5.42.
Belegg: Coating:
Vaskeverdier etter 9 vaskeomganger, i % av stoffvekten: Washing values after 9 washing cycles, in % of the fabric weight:
Av disse resultater fremgår at askeverdiene av de stoffer som er vasket med vaskemiddeltilsetningen, er lavere enn de From these results it appears that the ash values of the substances that have been washed with the detergent additive are lower than those
av stoffene som ble vasket uten vaskemiddeltilsetningen. of the fabrics that were washed without the addition of detergent.
Den samme effekt viser seg ved hvitvasken. Vaskemiddeltilsetningen bevirker en hemning av belegget, noe som utgjør en overraskende virkning. Man antar at denne virkning kommer av at det skjer en modifisering av stoffet gjennom vaskemiddeltilsetningen, slik at krystallkimene, på hvilke dan-nelsen av belegget (særlig kalk) vanligvis skjer, ikke lenger forefinnes. The same effect is seen in the laundry. The addition of detergent causes an inhibition of the coating, which constitutes a surprising effect. It is assumed that this effect comes from a modification of the substance through the addition of detergent, so that the crystal nuclei, on which the formation of the coating (especially lime) usually occurs, are no longer present.
Stoffmykhet: Fabric softness:
Bomulls-frottéstoff som ble vasket i et forsøk gjennomført på identisk måte, viste tydelig mykere egenskaper når det ble vasket med vaskemiddeltilsetningen i henhold til oppfinnelsen enn uten denne tilsetning. Cotton terry cloth which was washed in an experiment carried out in an identical manner, showed clearly softer properties when it was washed with the detergent additive according to the invention than without this additive.
Parfyme-bibeholdende virkning: Perfume retention effect:
Forsøksstoffer som ble vasket med vaskemiddeltilsetningen, beholdtr den opprinnelige parfymelukt som stammer fra vaske-middelet betydelig bedre enn når de ble vasket i vaskeløs-ning uten vaskemiddeltilsetning. Test fabrics that were washed with the detergent additive retain the original perfume smell originating from the detergent significantly better than when they were washed in a washing solution without detergent addition.
Sammenligningseksempel Comparative example
Vaskemiddelblandingen anvendt i det foregående anvendelseseksempel ble tilsatt en vaskemiddeltilsetning som inneholdt 213 vektdeler distearylmetylamin istedet for distearyl-(CH2CH2O)nH-aminer (bestanddel c). The detergent mixture used in the preceding application example was supplemented with a detergent additive containing 213 parts by weight of distearylmethylamine instead of distearyl-(CH2CH2O)nH-amines (component c).
Vaskemiddeltilsetningen inneholdt 375 vektdeler bentonitt (bestanddel a) og 155 vektdeler distearyldimetylammonium-klorid (bestanddel b). The detergent additive contained 375 parts by weight of bentonite (component a) and 155 parts by weight of distearyldimethylammonium chloride (component b).
Denne vaskemiddelsammensetning ble utprøvd på samme måte som i anvendelseseksemplet ved en vasketemperatur på 60°C på bomullstoff (vasket 9 ganger). R-verdien var -30,8. This detergent composition was tested in the same way as in the application example at a washing temperature of 60°C on cotton fabric (washed 9 times). The R-value was -30.8.
Redeposisjonen var altså høyere enn ved utførelseseksempel-et med vaskemiddeltilsetningen i henhold til oppfinnelsen. The nest position was therefore higher than in the embodiment with the detergent addition according to the invention.
Stoffmykheten hos et bomulls-frottéstoff som var vasket ifølge sammenligningseksemplet, var dårligere enn hos frottéstoffet som var behandlet i henhold til anvendelseseksemplet. The fabric softness of a cotton terry fabric washed according to the comparative example was worse than that of the terry cloth treated according to the application example.
Claims (4)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19843437721 DE3437721A1 (en) | 1984-10-15 | 1984-10-15 | DETERGENT ADDITIVE |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO854076L NO854076L (en) | 1986-04-16 |
| NO163573B true NO163573B (en) | 1990-03-12 |
| NO163573C NO163573C (en) | 1990-06-20 |
Family
ID=6247909
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO854076A NO163573C (en) | 1984-10-15 | 1985-10-14 | SOLUTION ADDITIVES. |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0181508A3 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS6197399A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3437721A1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK469085A (en) |
| FI (1) | FI79136C (en) |
| NO (1) | NO163573C (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA857900B (en) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL81352A (en) * | 1986-01-27 | 1990-11-05 | Colgate Palmolive Co | Detergent softener compositions |
| DE3702068A1 (en) * | 1987-01-24 | 1988-08-04 | Henkel Kgaa | TEXTILES SOFTENING DETERGENT |
| GB8709057D0 (en) * | 1987-04-15 | 1987-05-20 | Unilever Plc | Composition for softening fabrics |
| DE3881329T3 (en) * | 1987-10-19 | 2002-05-23 | Procter & Gamble | Cleaning supplies. |
| JPH01167397A (en) * | 1987-12-24 | 1989-07-03 | Bairo Kogyo Kk | Cleansing agent and cosmetic utilizing ceramics |
| US5268109A (en) * | 1990-08-31 | 1993-12-07 | Boyd Stephen A | Method of removing hydrocarbon contaminants from air and water with organophilic, quaternary ammonium ion-exchanged smectite clay |
| EP0474386B1 (en) * | 1990-08-31 | 1995-03-01 | Stephen A. Boyd | Method of removing hydrocarbon contaminants from air and water |
| EP0879876A1 (en) * | 1997-05-21 | 1998-11-25 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Process for preparation of granular detergent composition or component comprising a water-soluble cationic surfactant |
| GB2366801A (en) * | 2000-09-19 | 2002-03-20 | Procter & Gamble | Detergent compositions with clay fabric softeners |
| EP1894993A1 (en) * | 2006-08-28 | 2008-03-05 | Süd-Chemie Ag | Detergent additive based on clay minerals and copolymers containing PVP |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3154489A (en) * | 1960-07-18 | 1964-10-27 | Armour & Co | Surface active compositions |
| US3954632A (en) * | 1973-02-16 | 1976-05-04 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Softening additive and detergent composition |
| DE3069767D1 (en) * | 1979-09-29 | 1985-01-17 | Procter & Gamble | Detergent compositions |
| EP0026529B2 (en) * | 1979-09-29 | 1992-08-19 | THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY | Detergent compositions |
| GB8333816D0 (en) * | 1983-12-20 | 1984-02-01 | Procter & Gamble | Fabric softening compositions |
-
1984
- 1984-10-15 DE DE19843437721 patent/DE3437721A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1985
- 1985-10-12 EP EP85112954A patent/EP0181508A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1985-10-14 JP JP60227051A patent/JPS6197399A/en active Pending
- 1985-10-14 FI FI853974A patent/FI79136C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1985-10-14 NO NO854076A patent/NO163573C/en unknown
- 1985-10-14 DK DK469085A patent/DK469085A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1985-10-15 ZA ZA857900A patent/ZA857900B/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3437721A1 (en) | 1986-04-17 |
| DK469085D0 (en) | 1985-10-14 |
| EP0181508A3 (en) | 1988-11-09 |
| NO854076L (en) | 1986-04-16 |
| NO163573C (en) | 1990-06-20 |
| DK469085A (en) | 1986-04-16 |
| FI853974L (en) | 1986-04-16 |
| ZA857900B (en) | 1986-06-25 |
| FI79136C (en) | 1989-11-10 |
| EP0181508A2 (en) | 1986-05-21 |
| FI853974A0 (en) | 1985-10-14 |
| JPS6197399A (en) | 1986-05-15 |
| FI79136B (en) | 1989-07-31 |
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