NO159731B - WASTE, SPECIFICALLY FOR MAINTAINING A HIGH PRESSURE IN A FORM THROUGH A DRILL, AND PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE FLUID. - Google Patents
WASTE, SPECIFICALLY FOR MAINTAINING A HIGH PRESSURE IN A FORM THROUGH A DRILL, AND PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE FLUID. Download PDFInfo
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- NO159731B NO159731B NO84840537A NO840537A NO159731B NO 159731 B NO159731 B NO 159731B NO 84840537 A NO84840537 A NO 84840537A NO 840537 A NO840537 A NO 840537A NO 159731 B NO159731 B NO 159731B
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- bromide
- zinc
- calcium
- density
- solution
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- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 title 1
- VNDYJBBGRKZCSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc bromide Chemical compound Br[Zn]Br VNDYJBBGRKZCSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 50
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen bromide Chemical compound Br CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 229910001622 calcium bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 35
- WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dibromide Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Br-].[Br-] WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 34
- 229940102001 zinc bromide Drugs 0.000 claims description 25
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910000042 hydrogen bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003752 zinc compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- FMRLDPWIRHBCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Zinc carbonate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]C([O-])=O FMRLDPWIRHBCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 calcium cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-LZFNBGRKSA-N calcium-46 Chemical compound [46Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-LZFNBGRKSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011667 zinc carbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000010 zinc carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000004416 zinc carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- UGZADUVQMDAIAO-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Zn+2] UGZADUVQMDAIAO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021511 zinc hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940007718 zinc hydroxide Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 40
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000011148 calcium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- OOPDYWXWBVCEFC-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;zinc;dibromide Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Zn+2].[Br-].[Br-] OOPDYWXWBVCEFC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 2
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- LXKMMNMRLGTCMW-UHFFFAOYSA-L dicalcium bromide chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ca+2].[Br-].[Ca+2] LXKMMNMRLGTCMW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000012470 diluted sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940031574 hydroxymethyl cellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920003063 hydroxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009533 lab test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- TVDSBUOJIPERQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-yn-1-ol Chemical compound OCC#C TVDSBUOJIPERQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002195 soluble material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
Description
Denne oppfinnelse angår en væske, særlig for opprettholdelse av et høyt trykk i en formasjon som gjennomtrenges av et borehull, og en fremgangsmåte til fremstilling av væsken. Væsken og fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen med foretrukne utførelsesformer er angitt i kravene, og det vises til disse. This invention relates to a fluid, in particular for maintaining a high pressure in a formation that is penetrated by a borehole, and a method for producing the fluid. The liquid and the method according to the invention with preferred embodiments are stated in the claims, and reference is made to these.
I mange brønner, f.eks. oljebrønner, gassbrønner etc, kan det være ønskelig å motvirke formasjonstrykket ved anvendelse av en hydrostatisk trykksøyle. Dette kan være nødvendig ved pressing av sandkonsolideringsblandinger, ved perforerings-operasjoner, ved brønnstengning, ved gruspakking eller lignende. Mange brønnbetjeningsvæsker, under tiden kalt fullførings- In many wells, e.g. oil wells, gas wells etc, it may be desirable to counteract the formation pressure by using a hydrostatic pressure column. This may be necessary when pressing sand consolidation mixtures, during perforation operations, when closing wells, when packing gravel or the like. Many well operating fluids, currently called completion
eller pakkervæsker, er blitt anvendt. Disse innbefatter eksempelvis boreslam, saltvann, saltoppløsninger, vann, olje, ZnCl2-CaCl2-oppløsninger, CaClz-CaBr2-oppløsninger og lignende. or packing fluids, have been used. These include, for example, drilling mud, salt water, salt solutions, water, oil, ZnCl2-CaCl2 solutions, CaClz-CaBr2 solutions and the like.
Boreslam er imidlertid ikke helt tilfredsstillende som brønnbetjeningsvæske, fordi faste stoffer i slammet ofte medvirker til å tilstoppe formasjonen. Skjønt oppløsninger av visse uorganiske salter gjerne er partikkelfrie, gjør andre vanskeligheter seg gjeldende ved deres anvendelse som brønn-bet jeningsvæsker . For eksempel er de fleste oppløsninger av uorganiske salter som vanligvis anvendes i brønner i området ved Gulf Coast i USA, lavdensitetsvæsker med høy krystallisa-sjonstemperatur (den temperatur ved hvilken faste stoffer først kommer til syne i oppløsningen etter oppvarmning eller kjøling). Eksempelvis har natriumkloridbaserte væsker vanligvis en densitet mellom 1,0 og 1,177 kg/l, oppløsninger av kalsiumklorid en densitet mellom 1,0 og 1,38 kg/l, oppløsninger av kalsiumklorid og sinkklorid en densitet mellom 1,38 og 1,68 kg/l og oppløsninger av CaCl2 og CaBr2 densiteter mellom 1,393 og 1,814 kg/l. However, drilling mud is not completely satisfactory as a well operating fluid, because solid substances in the mud often contribute to clogging the formation. Although solutions of certain inorganic salts are often particle-free, other difficulties arise in their use as well-service fluids. For example, most solutions of inorganic salts that are usually used in wells in the Gulf Coast area of the USA are low-density liquids with a high crystallization temperature (the temperature at which solids first appear in the solution after heating or cooling). For example, sodium chloride-based liquids usually have a density between 1.0 and 1.177 kg/l, solutions of calcium chloride a density between 1.0 and 1.38 kg/l, solutions of calcium chloride and zinc chloride a density between 1.38 and 1.68 kg /l and solutions of CaCl2 and CaBr2 densities between 1.393 and 1.814 kg/l.
I de senere år har dypere høytrykksbrønner medført et In recent years, deeper high-pressure wells have led to a
behov for brønnbetjeningsvæsker som har høyere densiteter enn de hittil tilgjengelige. Dette gjelder spesielt brønner i Mexico-gulfen (utenfor Louisiana). Her krever hydrostatiske trykk som er høyere enn de normale, ofte brønnbetjeningsvæsker med densiteter over 1,80 kg/l og krystallisasjonspunkter under 10° C. need for well operating fluids that have higher densities than those available so far. This particularly applies to wells in the Gulf of Mexico (outside of Louisiana). Here, hydrostatic pressures that are higher than normal often require well operating fluids with densities above 1.80 kg/l and crystallization points below 10° C.
Det ville derfor være ønskelig å utvikle en brønn-bet jeningsvæske med regulerbar densitet høyere enn 1,80 kg/l. Utfelling eller sedimentering av faste stoffer under lagring av væsken eller betjening av brønner med væsken bør unngås. It would therefore be desirable to develop a well operating fluid with an adjustable density higher than 1.80 kg/l. Precipitation or sedimentation of solids during storage of the liquid or operation of wells with the liquid should be avoided.
Da væsken ifølge oppfinnelsen først og fremst tilsiktes anvendt som brønnbetjeningsvæske, er denne betegnelse stort sett brukt nedenfor. As the liquid according to the invention is primarily intended to be used as a well operating fluid, this designation is mostly used below.
Tegningsfiguren viser grafisk relasjonen mellom mengdene av kalsiumbromid og sinkbromid og densiteten av brønnbetjenings-væsken. The drawing figure graphically shows the relationship between the amounts of calcium bromide and zinc bromide and the density of the well operating fluid.
Brønnbetjeningsvæsken ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse består i det vesentlige av en vandig oppløsning av kalsiumbromid og sinkbromid. Innholdet av kalsiumbromid og sinkbromid i den vandige oppløsning, vil variere i avhengighet av den endelige densitet som ønskes. The well operating fluid according to the present invention essentially consists of an aqueous solution of calcium bromide and zinc bromide. The content of calcium bromide and zinc bromide in the aqueous solution will vary depending on the desired final density.
Tegningsfiguren illustrerer hvordan densiteten av den vandige brønnbetjeningsvæske reguleres ved anvendelse av varierende mengder av kalsiumbromid og sinkbromid. Ved eksempelvis en densitet på ca. 2,294 kg/l inneholder brønn-bet jeningsvæsken ca. 57 vekt% sinkbromid (punkt Z) og ca. 20 vekt% kalsiumbromid (punkt C), idet resten er vann. De mengder av kalsiumbromid og sinkbromid som er påkrevet for oppnåelse av hvilken som helst annen ønsket densitet, kan bestemmes på lignende måte ved hjelp av fig. 1, eller ved enkle laboratorieforsøk. The drawing illustrates how the density of the aqueous well operating fluid is regulated by using varying amounts of calcium bromide and zinc bromide. For example, with a density of approx. 2.294 kg/l, the well operating fluid contains approx. 57% by weight zinc bromide (point Z) and approx. 20% by weight of calcium bromide (point C), the remainder being water. The amounts of calcium bromide and zinc bromide required to obtain any other desired density may be determined in a similar manner by means of Figs. 1, or by simple laboratory experiments.
I tillegg til kalsiumbromid og sinkbromid kan mindre mengder (mindre enn 1 vekt%) av andre vannoppløselige materialer eventuelt anvendes i den vandige brønnbetjeningsoppløsning. Slike materialer er eksempelvis korrosjonsinhibitorer, såsom trietanolamin, propargylalkohol, pyridin og dettes derivater og lignende; viskositetsregulerende reagenser, som f.eks. hydroksy-metylcellulose; pH-regulerende baser såsom sinkoksyd, kalsiumhydroksyd og lignende. Ved noen anvendelser kan det være ønskelig å blande kalsiumbromid-sinkbromid-oppløsningen med andre oppløsninger av uorganiske salter for justering av den endelige densitet av brønnbetjeningsvæsken. Uorganiske salter som er egnet til slik bruk, er spesielt natriumklorid, kalsiumklorid, kalsiumbromid og blandinger derav. Ifølge en ut førelsesform foretrekker man å blande en kalsiumbromid-sinkbromid-oppløsning som har en densitet på ca. 2,30 kg/l, med en vandig kalsiumklorid-kalsiumbromid-oppløsning som har en densitet på ca. 1,80 kg/l. In addition to calcium bromide and zinc bromide, smaller amounts (less than 1% by weight) of other water-soluble materials can optionally be used in the aqueous well operating solution. Such materials are, for example, corrosion inhibitors, such as triethanolamine, propargyl alcohol, pyridine and its derivatives and the like; viscosity-regulating reagents, such as hydroxymethylcellulose; pH-regulating bases such as zinc oxide, calcium hydroxide and the like. In some applications, it may be desirable to mix the calcium bromide-zinc bromide solution with other solutions of inorganic salts to adjust the final density of the well operating fluid. Inorganic salts which are suitable for such use are in particular sodium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium bromide and mixtures thereof. According to one embodiment, it is preferred to mix a calcium bromide-zinc bromide solution which has a density of approx. 2.30 kg/l, with an aqueous calcium chloride-calcium bromide solution which has a density of approx. 1.80 kg/l.
Ved utførelse av den foreliggende oppfinnelse vil densiteten av kalsiumbromid-sinkbromid-oppløsningen som skal anvendes i den aktuelle brønn, avhenge av slike hensyn som dybden av brønnen, trykket i brønnen, hvor betjeningsvæsken anvendes, og lignende. Når en brønnbetjeningsvæske med spesielt høy densitet er ønskelig eller påkrevet, vil en foretrukken væske ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse kunne være hensiktsmessig. En slik foretrukken væske inneholder (i vektprosent) 13-26 %, When carrying out the present invention, the density of the calcium bromide-zinc bromide solution to be used in the relevant well will depend on such considerations as the depth of the well, the pressure in the well, where the operating fluid is used, and the like. When a well operating fluid with a particularly high density is desired or required, a preferred fluid according to the present invention may be appropriate. Such a preferred liquid contains (in weight percent) 13-26%,
helst 19,9-26 %, kalsiumbromid og 46-65 %, helst 46-59,6 %, sinkbromid. preferably 19.9-26%, calcium bromide and 46-65%, preferably 46-59.6%, zinc bromide.
Fremgangsmåter til betjening av brønner som kan forbedres ved hjelp av prinsippene ifølge den foreliggende oppfinnelse, Procedures for the operation of wells which can be improved by means of the principles according to the present invention,
er f.eks. perforeringsbehandlinger, konsolideringsbehandlinger, "møllkule"-behandling (lukking av brønnen) og lignende. Teknikker og utstyr som er vel kjent på området, kan anvendes for å innsprøyte, holde og returnere og på annen måte behandle den vandige oppløsning som anvendes ifølge oppfinnelsen. Eksempler på betjeningsteknikker hvor den vandige oppløsning is e.g. perforation treatments, consolidation treatments, "moth ball" treatment (closing the well) and the like. Techniques and equipment that are well known in the field can be used to inject, hold and return and otherwise treat the aqueous solution used according to the invention. Examples of operating techniques where the aqueous solution
kan anvendes, er beskrevet i eksempelvis US-patent nr. 2 894 584; nr. 2 898 294 og nr. 3 126 950. Relevante opplysninger i disse patenter inkorporeres i foreliggende beskrivelse ved denne henvisning. can be used, is described in, for example, US patent no. 2,894,584; no. 2 898 294 and no. 3 126 950. Relevant information in these patents is incorporated into the present description by this reference.
I henhold til oppfinnelsen omsettes hydrogenbromid med According to the invention, hydrogen bromide is reacted with
sink eller sinkforbindelse under dannelse av sinkbromid i nærvær av vann og kalsiumbromid. Hvilket som helst sinkmateriale som reagerer med hydrogenbromid under dannelse av sinkbromid, kan anvendes. Egnede materialer innbefatter sinkmetall, sinkkarbonat, sinkhydroksyd og sinkoksyd. Det foretrukne sinkmateriale er sinkoksyd. Mens en vandig oppløsning av hydrogenbromid kan anvendes, foretrekker man å anvende hovedsakelig vannfritt hydrogenbromid for å minimere mengden av vann i systemet. zinc or zinc compound forming zinc bromide in the presence of water and calcium bromide. Any zinc material which reacts with hydrogen bromide to form zinc bromide can be used. Suitable materials include zinc metal, zinc carbonate, zinc hydroxide and zinc oxide. The preferred zinc material is zinc oxide. While an aqueous solution of hydrogen bromide can be used, it is preferred to use essentially anhydrous hydrogen bromide to minimize the amount of water in the system.
Reaksjonen utføres i alminnelighet ved en temperatur som The reaction is generally carried out at a temperature which
er tilstrekkelig til å hindre større tap av vann fra reaksjons- is sufficient to prevent major losses of water from reaction
blandingen. En temperatur mellom 50 og 150°C er blitt funnet tilfredsstillende. Det er også blitt funnet særlig fordelaktig å filtrere oppløsningen etter reaksjonen for å fjerne uønskede faste stoffer, dvs. uomsatte sinkforbindelser eller forurensninger i kalsiumbromidoppløsnlngen. the mixture. A temperature between 50 and 150°C has been found to be satisfactory. It has also been found particularly advantageous to filter the solution after the reaction to remove unwanted solids, i.e. unreacted zinc compounds or impurities in the calcium bromide solution.
Den endelige vandige brønnbetjeningsvæskes pH bør fortrinnsvis være tilstrekkelig til å hindre utfelling av sink-holdige forbindelser og også tilstrekkelig til å hindre for sterk korrosjon i borehullet. En pH mellom 5 og 6 er blitt funnet å være tilfredsstillende og foretrekkes. Således kan det under tiden være ønskelig, når for meget hydrogenbromid er blitt anvendt ved fremstilling av væsken, å tilsette tilstrekkelige mengder av en egnet vannoppløselig base for opprettholdelse av det riktige pH-nivå. Foretrukne baser inneholder sink- og/eller kalsium-kationer og kan være slike forbindelser som sinkoksyd, kalsiumhydroksyd, kalsiumkarbonat og lignende. The pH of the final aqueous well operating fluid should preferably be sufficient to prevent precipitation of zinc-containing compounds and also sufficient to prevent excessive corrosion in the borehole. A pH between 5 and 6 has been found to be satisfactory and is preferred. Thus, it may occasionally be desirable, when too much hydrogen bromide has been used in the preparation of the liquid, to add sufficient amounts of a suitable water-soluble base to maintain the correct pH level. Preferred bases contain zinc and/or calcium cations and can be such compounds as zinc oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate and the like.
Det spesielle vektforhold mellom kalsiumbromid og sinkbromid som kreves i henhold til den foretrukne fremstillingsmåte for oppnåelse av en ønsket densitet hos den endelige oppløsning, The particular weight ratio between calcium bromide and zinc bromide required according to the preferred method of preparation to achieve a desired density of the final solution,
kan finnes ved hjelp av fig. 1 (heltrukne linjer). Fortrinnsvis er vektforholdet mellom kalsiumbromid og sinkbromid fra 0,5:1 til 0,2:1 og densiteten 2157-2400 kg/m<3>. can be found using fig. 1 (solid lines). Preferably, the weight ratio between calcium bromide and zinc bromide is from 0.5:1 to 0.2:1 and the density is 2157-2400 kg/m<3>.
Følgende eksempler vil ytterligere belyse oppfinnelsen. The following examples will further illustrate the invention.
Eksempel 1 Example 1
En 189 1 reaktorbeholder ble tilført 122,6 kg av en A 189 1 reactor vessel was supplied with 122.6 kg of a
53,5 vekt% kalsiumbromidoppløsning og 35,4 kg sinkoksyd. Gassformig hydrogenbromid ble innført i reaktoren med en hastighet på ca. 0,681 kg pr. minutt inntil ca. 68,1 kg hydrogenbromid var blitt tilsatt. Ytterligere 35,4 kg sinkoksyd ble så tilsatt til reaktoren. Ytterligere hydrogenbromid ble tilført rekatoren inntil oppløsningens pH, målt etter fortynning i forholdet 1:10, falt fra 5,5 til 2. (På grunn av oppløsningens hygroskopiske natur kan pH-verdien best bestemmes etter fortynning med vann i forholdet 1:10, hvoretter pH måles i den fortynnede prøve ved hjelp av en standardisert pH-sonde). Deretter ble 11,34 1 vann og ca. 1,180 kg kalsiumhydroksyd tilsatt til reaktoren. Oppløsningen ble filtrert og analysert. 53.5% by weight calcium bromide solution and 35.4 kg zinc oxide. Gaseous hydrogen bromide was introduced into the reactor at a rate of approx. 0.681 kg per minute up to approx. 68.1 kg of hydrogen bromide had been added. An additional 35.4 kg of zinc oxide was then added to the reactor. Additional hydrogen bromide was added to the reactor until the pH of the solution, measured after a 1:10 dilution, dropped from 5.5 to 2. (Due to the hygroscopic nature of the solution, the pH is best determined after a 1:10 dilution with water, after which pH is measured in the diluted sample using a standardized pH probe). Then 11.34 1 became water and approx. 1.180 kg of calcium hydroxide added to the reactor. The solution was filtered and analyzed.
Oppløsningens densitet var 2,306 kg/l. Krystallisasjonspunktet (den temperatur hvor faste stoffer først viser seg etter oppvarmning eller kjøling av en oppløsning) var - 8,9°C, og en prøve viste etter fortynning i forholdet 1:10 en pH på 5,6. Oppløsningen inneholdt ca. 56,7 vekt% sinkbromid, ca. 19,7 vekt% kalsiumbromid og ca. 23,6 vekt% vann. The density of the solution was 2.306 kg/l. The crystallization point (the temperature at which solids first appear after heating or cooling a solution) was -8.9°C, and a sample showed a pH of 5.6 after dilution in the ratio 1:10. The solution contained approx. 56.7% by weight zinc bromide, approx. 19.7% by weight calcium bromide and approx. 23.6% by weight water.
Eksempel 2 Example 2
En 1,5 1 plastkjel ble forsynt med mekanisk røreverk, termometer, avluftsningsvasker og gasstilførselsåpninger. Reaktoren ble chargert med 715 ml 53,5 % kalsiumbromidoppløsning med en densitet på 1,705 g/cm<3> og 153,3 g sinkoskyd. Over en fem timers periode ble 310 g HBr tilsatt til oppløsningen. Oppløsningens endelige pH var 2,5. Etter tilsetning av ytterligere 2 g sinkoskyd til reaktoren ble oppløsningen filtrert. Oppløsningens endelige pH ble funnet å være 5,5. Densiteten var 1,946 kg/l. Krystallisasjonspunktet var 3,9°C. Oppløsningen inneholdt ca. 26,7 vekt% sinkbromid, ca. 38,5 vekt% kalsiumbromid og ca. 34,8 vekt% vann. A 1.5 1 plastic boiler was provided with a mechanical stirrer, thermometer, deaeration washer and gas supply openings. The reactor was charged with 715 ml of 53.5% calcium bromide solution with a density of 1.705 g/cm<3> and 153.3 g of zinc oxide. Over a five hour period, 310 g of HBr was added to the solution. The final pH of the solution was 2.5. After adding a further 2 g of zinc oxide to the reactor, the solution was filtered. The final pH of the solution was found to be 5.5. The density was 1.946 kg/l. The crystallization point was 3.9°C. The solution contained approx. 26.7% by weight zinc bromide, approx. 38.5% by weight calcium bromide and approx. 34.8% by weight water.
Eksempel 3 Example 3
En reaktor av lignende art som den i eksempel 2 ble chargert med 500 ml av en 53,5 % kalsiumbromidoppløsning. Til denne ble det tilsatrt 235,9 g ZnO. Vannfri HBr ble langsomt tilsatt til reaktoren. Etter at 400 g HBr var tilsatt til reaktoren, ble ytterligere 235,9 g ZnO tilsatt. HBr ble igjen tilsatt, slik at den samlede masse av HBr tilsatt til reaktoren var 990 g. Oppløsningens pH på dette tidspunkt var 2,0. Deretter ble 8,5 g ZnO tilsatt for justering av pH, og oppløsningen ble filtrert. Oppløsningens endelige pH var 5,5. Densiteten var 2,414 kg/l. Krystallisasjonspunktet var under 10°C. Oppløsningen inneholdt ca. 59,6 vekt% sinkbromid, A reactor of a similar nature to that in Example 2 was charged with 500 ml of a 53.5% calcium bromide solution. To this was added 235.9 g of ZnO. Anhydrous HBr was slowly added to the reactor. After 400 g of HBr had been added to the reactor, an additional 235.9 g of ZnO was added. HBr was again added, so that the total mass of HBr added to the reactor was 990 g. The pH of the solution at this time was 2.0. Then 8.5 g of ZnO was added to adjust the pH, and the solution was filtered. The final pH of the solution was 5.5. The density was 2.414 kg/l. The crystallization point was below 10°C. The solution contained approx. 59.6% by weight zinc bromide,
19,9 vekt% kalsiumbromid og ca. 20,5 vekt% vann. 19.9% by weight calcium bromide and approx. 20.5% by weight water.
En rekke oppløsninger fremstilles i henhold til den fremgangsmåte som er beskrevet i eksempler 1-3. Mengden av kalsiumbromid og sinkbromid varieres slik at en densitet mellom 1,802 og 2,282 kg/l oppnås. Relasjonen mellom mengden av kalsiumbromid, sinkbromid og densiteten er illustrert grafisk på figuren (heltrukne linjer). A number of solutions are prepared according to the method described in examples 1-3. The amount of calcium bromide and zinc bromide is varied so that a density between 1.802 and 2.282 kg/l is achieved. The relationship between the amount of calcium bromide, zinc bromide and the density is illustrated graphically in the figure (solid lines).
En annen rekke av oppløsninger ble fremstilt ved blanding av 80 vekt% sinkbromidoppløsning med en densitet på 2,582 kg/ l med en kalsiumbromidoppløsning med en densitet på 1,706 kg/l. Mengden av hver av de anvendte oppløsninger ble variert slik at det ble oppnådd en densitet mellom 1,802 og 2,282 kg/l. Relasjonen mellom mengden av kalsiumbromid, sinkbromid og densiteten er illustrert grafisk på figuren {strekprikkede linjer). Another series of solutions was prepared by mixing 80% by weight zinc bromide solution with a density of 2.582 kg/l with a calcium bromide solution with a density of 1.706 kg/l. The amount of each of the solutions used was varied so that a density between 1.802 and 2.282 kg/l was obtained. The relationship between the amount of calcium bromide, zinc bromide and the density is illustrated graphically in the figure (dash-dotted lines).
Av de resultater som fremgår av figuren, er det klart at From the results shown in the figure, it is clear that
en brønnbetjeningsvæske inneholdende kalsiumbromid og sinkbromid, med en densitet mellom 1,80 og 2,40 kg/l kan fremstilles. Når en slik væske fremstilles ifølge oppfinnelsen, blir den mengde sink som foreligger i væsken ved en på forhånd bestemt densitet, uventet nedsatt. a well operating fluid containing calcium bromide and zinc bromide, with a density between 1.80 and 2.40 kg/l can be produced. When such a liquid is produced according to the invention, the amount of zinc present in the liquid at a predetermined density is unexpectedly reduced.
Claims (9)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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NO840537A NO159731C (en) | 1978-09-05 | 1984-02-14 | WASTE, SPECIFICALLY FOR MAINTAINING A HIGH PRESSURE IN A FORM THROUGH A DRILL, AND PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE FLUID. |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US05/939,509 US4304677A (en) | 1978-09-05 | 1978-09-05 | Method of servicing wellbores |
NO792853A NO151711C (en) | 1978-09-05 | 1979-09-04 | MIXTURE, SPECIFICALLY FOR MAINTAINING A HIGH PRESSURE IN A FORM REPLACED BY A DRILL, CONSISTING MAINLY OF Aqueous SOLUTION OF CALCIUM BROMIDE AND ZINCBROMIDE, AND PROCESSING MIXING FOR MIXING |
NO840537A NO159731C (en) | 1978-09-05 | 1984-02-14 | WASTE, SPECIFICALLY FOR MAINTAINING A HIGH PRESSURE IN A FORM THROUGH A DRILL, AND PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE FLUID. |
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NO840537L NO840537L (en) | 1980-03-06 |
NO159731B true NO159731B (en) | 1988-10-24 |
NO159731C NO159731C (en) | 1989-02-01 |
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NO840537A NO159731C (en) | 1978-09-05 | 1984-02-14 | WASTE, SPECIFICALLY FOR MAINTAINING A HIGH PRESSURE IN A FORM THROUGH A DRILL, AND PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE FLUID. |
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