NO138472B - ADSORPENT FOR USE IN ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY OF THE RECYCLING TYPE - Google Patents
ADSORPENT FOR USE IN ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY OF THE RECYCLING TYPE Download PDFInfo
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- NO138472B NO138472B NO740653A NO740653A NO138472B NO 138472 B NO138472 B NO 138472B NO 740653 A NO740653 A NO 740653A NO 740653 A NO740653 A NO 740653A NO 138472 B NO138472 B NO 138472B
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- Prior art keywords
- gel
- activated carbon
- aluminum oxide
- oxide gel
- adsorbent
- Prior art date
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- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 title claims description 10
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 title description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 78
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical class [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002431 foraging effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- DDRJAANPRJIHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N creatinine Chemical compound CN1CC(=O)NC1=N DDRJAANPRJIHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 16
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- 229940109239 creatinine Drugs 0.000 description 11
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 11
- LEHOTFFKMJEONL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Uric Acid Chemical compound N1C(=O)NC(=O)C2=C1NC(=O)N2 LEHOTFFKMJEONL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- TVWHNULVHGKJHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Uric acid Natural products N1C(=O)NC(=O)C2NC(=O)NC21 TVWHNULVHGKJHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229940116269 uric acid Drugs 0.000 description 10
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000000502 dialysis Methods 0.000 description 7
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 7
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylguanidine Chemical compound CNC(N)=N CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000013068 control sample Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000385 dialysis solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012510 hollow fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000001635 urinary tract Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- -1 (0.2 g) Chemical compound 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 238000007707 calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001410 inorganic ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052816 inorganic phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000002485 urinary effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 208000037157 Azotemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000020084 Bone disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282472 Canis lupus familiaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010020880 Hypertrophy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000274 adsorptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000001124 body fluid Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000010839 body fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- BUACSMWVFUNQET-UHFFFAOYSA-H dialuminum;trisulfate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BUACSMWVFUNQET-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000029142 excretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012452 mother liquor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000849 parathyroid Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000009852 uremia Diseases 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3679—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits by absorption
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
- A61M1/16—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes
- A61M1/1694—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes with recirculating dialysing liquid
- A61M1/1696—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes with recirculating dialysing liquid with dialysate regeneration
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Anesthesiology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- External Artificial Organs (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
- Treatment Of Liquids With Adsorbents In General (AREA)
Description
Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår et adsorpsjonsmiddel for bruk i en kunstig nyre av resirkulasjonstypen og med hvilket man kan fjerne urinvei-avfallsstoffer, som bl.a. kreatinin, urin- The present invention relates to an adsorbent for use in an artificial kidney of the recirculation type and with which one can remove urinary tract waste substances, such as creatinine, urine
syre, fosfater etc, fra en dialysert væske i en kunstig nyre av resirkulasjonstypen. acid, phosphates etc, from a dialysed fluid in an artificial kidney of the recirculation type.
De adsorpsjonsmidler som kan brukes for dette formål The adsorbents that can be used for this purpose
må kunne adsorbere alle de vesentlige urinveis-avfallsstoffer. Blant disse finner man kreatinin, urinsyre, metyllguanidin, fenoler, fosfater og mellommolekylære forbindelser (middle molecules) med resp. molvekter mellom ca. 500 og 2000. must be able to adsorb all the essential urinary tract wastes. Among these are creatinine, uric acid, methylguanidine, phenols, phosphates and middle molecules with resp. molar weights between approx. 500 and 2000.
Selv om man som adsorpsjonsmiddel har brukt aktivert karbon, er de fleste uorganiske ioner bare i relativt liten grad adsorbert på aktivkullet. Blant disse uorganiske ioner an-tar man at særlig fosfatet har innvirkning på metabolismen til kalsium når førstnevnte forekommer i overskudd i kroppsvæsken, Even if activated carbon has been used as an adsorbent, most inorganic ions are only adsorbed on the activated carbon to a relatively small extent. Among these inorganic ions, it is assumed that phosphate in particular has an impact on the metabolism of calcium when the former occurs in excess in the body fluid,
og fører til bensykdommer, paratyroid-hypertrofi og andre syk-dommer, særlig hos relativt unge mennesker. and leads to bone diseases, parathyroid hypertrophy and other ailments, especially in relatively young people.
Man har foreslått å bruke et adsorpsjonsmiddel som inneholder aktivert karbon og aluminiumoksyd, fremstilt ved brenning (kalsinering) av aluminiumhydroksyd, men dette adsorpsjonsmiddel kan neppe betraktes som særlig effektivt for å fjerne uorganiske fosfater fra dialysatet, og er derfor langt fra til-fredsstillende for praktisk bruk. It has been proposed to use an adsorbent containing activated carbon and aluminum oxide, produced by burning (calcining) aluminum hydroxide, but this adsorbent can hardly be considered particularly effective for removing inorganic phosphates from the dialysate, and is therefore far from satisfactory for practical purposes use.
Man har nå overraskende funnet at et adsorpsjonsmiddel It has now surprisingly been found that an adsorbent
som inneholder aktivert karbon og aluminiumoksyd i gel-form, særlig som en blanding, viser meget gode egenskaper med hensyn på adsorpsjon fra den dialyserte væske av organiske urin-avfalls-stof f er, samt uorganiske fosfater. Denne oppdagelse er basert på at man har funnet at aluminiumoksydgel, når det benyttes i which contains activated carbon and aluminum oxide in gel form, especially as a mixture, shows very good properties with regard to adsorption from the dialyzed liquid of organic urine-waste substances, as well as inorganic phosphates. This discovery is based on the fact that aluminum oxide gel, when used in
kombinasjon med aktivert karbon, kan fjerne det skadelige fosfat, mens det aktiverte karbons egen adsorpsjons-affinitet for organiske urin-avfallsstoffer, ikke derved nedsettes. combination with activated carbon, can remove the harmful phosphate, while the activated carbon's own adsorption affinity for organic urinary waste substances is not thereby reduced.
Ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse er det således tilveie-brakt et adsorpsjonsmiddel for bruk i kunstig nyre av resirkulasjonstypen, og dette middel er kjennetegnet ved at det i det vesentlige består av aktivert karbon og en aluminiumoksydgel, hvor forholdet mellom aktivert karbon og aluminiumoksydgel er fra 10:1 til 10:10, beregnet på vekt, idet aluminiumoksydgelen er fremstilt på i og for seg kjent måte ved nøytralisering av en vandig oppløsning av et aluminiumsalt ved tilsetning av alkali, fjerning av det dannede salt og andre oppløste stoffer ved vasking med vann for oppnåelse av en aluminiumoksydsol, oppvarming av nevnte sol i et hydrofobt medium for aldring til en gel, tørking av gelen og kalsinering ved en temperatur i området 500-600°C, og ved at aluminiumoksydgelen inneholder silisiumdioksyd i en mengde på 0-30 vekt-%, og har en partikkel-størrelse i området 10-200 mesh, fortrinnsvis 16-100 mesh. According to the present invention, an adsorption agent for use in an artificial kidney of the recirculation type has thus been provided, and this agent is characterized by the fact that it essentially consists of activated carbon and an aluminum oxide gel, where the ratio between activated carbon and aluminum oxide gel is from 10:1 to 10:10, calculated by weight, the aluminum oxide gel being produced in a manner known per se by neutralizing an aqueous solution of an aluminum salt by adding alkali, removing the formed salt and other dissolved substances by washing with water to obtain an alumina sol, heating said sol in a hydrophobic medium for aging to a gel, drying the gel and calcining at a temperature in the range of 500-600°C, and in that the alumina gel contains silicon dioxide in an amount of 0-30% by weight, and has a particle size in the range 10-200 mesh, preferably 16-100 mesh.
Det benyttede aktiverte karbon kan være av forskjellige kjente typer, men dampaktivert karbon på basis av sagflis, kull, kokosnøttskall etc. er særlig effektivt. Det aktiverte karbon kan være i en hvilken som helst pulverisert, pellet- og knust form, men knust karbon foretrekkes idet man oppnår tilstrekkelig stivhet for produktet, hvilket er en viktig egenskap til å forhindre innløp av fint støv, og også.for å oppnå et tilstrekkelig stort overflateareal som virker ved adsorpsjonen. Kornstørrelsen til det aktiverte karbon ligger fortrinnsvis mellom 10 og 200 mesh (ifølge japansk farmakopø, forkortet J.P.). Når det gjelder adsorpsjonsevnen, bør karbonet fortrinnsvis kunne adsorbere minst 8 5% kreatinin og urinsyre, når disse stoffer brukes som typiske metabolske avfallsstoffer ved forsøk. (Forsøket gjennomføres på lignende måte som beskrevet i eksperimentet.) The activated carbon used can be of various known types, but steam-activated carbon based on sawdust, coal, coconut shell etc. is particularly effective. The activated carbon may be in any powdered, pellet and crushed form, but crushed carbon is preferred as it provides sufficient rigidity to the product, which is an important property to prevent the ingress of fine dust, and also to achieve a sufficiently large surface area that acts on the adsorption. The grain size of the activated carbon is preferably between 10 and 200 mesh (according to the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, abbreviated J.P.). As regards the adsorption capacity, the carbon should preferably be able to adsorb at least 85% creatinine and uric acid, when these substances are used as typical metabolic waste substances in experiments. (The experiment is carried out in a similar way as described in the experiment.)
De aluminiumoksyd som fremstilles ved kalsinering av aluminiumhydroksyd er ikke av geltypen. Denne typen aluminiumoksyd er i praksis ubrukbar for fjerning av uorganisk stoff inklusive fosfater, selv når den brukes sammen med aktivert karbon. The alumina produced by calcining aluminum hydroxide is not of the gel type. This type of alumina is practically useless for the removal of inorganic matter including phosphates, even when used together with activated carbon.
Man har gjennomført undersøkelser angående dette, og funnet at aluminiumoksyd i gelform er meget effektiv for fjerning av uorganisk stoff, inklusive fosfater, og videre at denne type aluminiumoksyd er helt uten de tidligere nevnte ulemper. Research has been carried out regarding this, and it has been found that aluminum oxide in gel form is very effective for the removal of inorganic matter, including phosphates, and furthermore that this type of aluminum oxide is completely without the previously mentioned disadvantages.
Aluminiumoksydgel, som kan-benyttes i henhold til oppfinnelsen, kan fremstilles ved å nøytralisere en vandig opp-løsning av et aluminiumsalt (f.eks. aluminiumsulfat, aluminium-klorid eller et annet mineralsyresalt) ved tilsetning av alkali (f.eks. ammoniakk, kalsiumkarbonat, etc), og det dannede saltet og moderluten fjernes ved vasking med vann under dannelse av fast aluminiumoksyd, en aluminiumoksyd-sol, og denne sol holdes 1 et hydrofobt medium (f.eks. hydrokarboner, halogenerte hydrokarboner, boreolje etc) under oppvarming (f.eks. 70°C til 100°C) , hvilket gjør at aluminiumoksydet modner til en gel som endelig tørkes. Opptil 30% silisiumoksyd kan tilsettes under ovenstående prosess. Aluminum oxide gel, which can be used according to the invention, can be produced by neutralizing an aqueous solution of an aluminum salt (e.g. aluminum sulphate, aluminum chloride or another mineral acid salt) by adding alkali (e.g. ammonia, calcium carbonate, etc), and the formed salt and mother liquor are removed by washing with water to form solid alumina, an alumina sol, and this sol is kept in a hydrophobic medium (e.g. hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, drilling oil, etc.) under heating (eg 70°C to 100°C), causing the alumina to mature into a gel which is finally dried. Up to 30% silica can be added during the above process.
Fremgangsmåten for fremstilling av aluminiumoksyd i gel-form, beskrives konkret som eksempel i "Journal of the Petroleum Society" (Sekiyu Gakkai Shi 8, 604 (1965)), U.S. patent nr. 3.330.774 og 3.183.194. Aluminiumoksydgel fåes f.eks. som The process for producing aluminum oxide in gel form is described concretely as an example in the "Journal of the Petroleum Society" (Sekiyu Gakkai Shi 8, 604 (1965)), U.S. Patent Nos. 3,330,774 and 3,183,194. Aluminum oxide gel is obtained e.g. as
"NEOBEAD". "NEOBEAD".
Jo finere aluminiumoksydgelens korn er, jo større er adsorpsjonsvirkningen overfor fosfater, men for ikke å hindre sirkulasjon av dialysat, ligger kornstørrelsen mellom 10 og 200 mesh (J.P.), og fortrinnsvis mellom 16 og 100 mesh. Siden disse partikkelstørrelser er slik at den indre fase i hvert korn er en gel-lignende bundet struktur, har kornene en meget høy stivhet, opptil 80 til 120 kg/korn, slik at tendensen for kornene til å bryte sammen og knuses under bruk er minimal, dvs. at denne korntype ikke knuses i det hele tatt. På grunn åv at hvert korn er gelaktig og har en indre porøsitet av molekyl-dimensjoner, er adsorpsjonsevnen for fosfat meget større enn andre markeds- The finer the grain of the alumina gel, the greater the adsorption effect towards phosphates, but in order not to impede the circulation of dialysate, the grain size is between 10 and 200 mesh (J.P.), and preferably between 16 and 100 mesh. Since these particle sizes are such that the internal phase in each grain is a gel-like bonded structure, the grains have a very high stiffness, up to 80 to 120 kg/grain, so that the tendency for the grains to break down and crush during use is minimal , i.e. that this type of grain is not crushed at all. Due to the fact that each grain is gel-like and has an internal porosity of molecular dimensions, the adsorption capacity for phosphate is much greater than other market
førte typer av aluminiumoksyd, til tross for størrelse og stivhet . led types of aluminum oxide, despite its size and stiffness.
Den mengde aktivert karbon og aluminiumoksydgel som bør brukes i en kunstig nyre av den aktuelle typen, avhenger av syk-dommens art og alvor, og av antall dialysekretser. Generelt velges imidlertid mengdene ut fra de mengder kreatinin (1 til 2 g), urinsyre (0,5 til 1 g) og fosfat (1 til 1,5 g, regnet som fosfor) som daglig utskilles av mennesket. Siden aktivert karbon imidlertid også kan adsorbere slik urin-avfallsstoffer som metylguanidin, fenoler, såkalte midlere molekyler og urotoksiner, med hittil ukjent struktur, samt kreatinin og urinsyre, er det gunstig å benytte 3 til 10 ganger-den teoretisk nødvendige mengde aktivert karbon. Forholdet mellom aktivert karbon og aluminiumoksydgel er, som nevnt, fra 10:1 til 10:10, og er fortrinnsvis 10:2 til 10:4, for hver dialyse. Mengden aktivert karbon som sådann, ligger på 100 til 1000 g, fortrinnsvis 200 til 500 g, og mengden aluminiumoksydgel på 100 til 1000 g, fortrinnsvis 200 til 500 g/behandling resp. for hver dialyse. The amount of activated carbon and aluminum oxide gel that should be used in an artificial kidney of the type in question depends on the nature and severity of the illness, and on the number of dialysis circuits. In general, however, the amounts are chosen based on the amounts of creatinine (1 to 2 g), uric acid (0.5 to 1 g) and phosphate (1 to 1.5 g, calculated as phosphorus) that are excreted daily by humans. However, since activated carbon can also adsorb such urinary waste substances as methylguanidine, phenols, so-called intermediate molecules and urotoxins, with hitherto unknown structure, as well as creatinine and uric acid, it is advantageous to use 3 to 10 times the theoretically necessary amount of activated carbon. The ratio between activated carbon and aluminum oxide gel is, as mentioned, from 10:1 to 10:10, and is preferably 10:2 to 10:4, for each dialysis. The amount of activated carbon as such is 100 to 1000 g, preferably 200 to 500 g, and the amount of aluminum oxide gel 100 to 1000 g, preferably 200 to 500 g/treatment resp. for each dialysis.
Adsorpsjonsmidlet for foreliggende oppfinnelse pakkes The adsorbent for the present invention is packaged
i en kolonne eller en hylse som dialysatet renner gjennom og urinavfallsstoffer blir da adsorbert. in a column or sleeve through which the dialysate flows and urine waste substances are then adsorbed.
Det utstyr som adsorpsjonsmidlet i henhold til foreliggende oppfinnelse skal brukes sammen med, kan være av en hvilken som helst type som har et.organ for resirkulering av dialysatet. En kolonne eller kolonner som fylles med disse adsorpsjonsmidler innsettes i et egnet sted i kretsen, slik at dialysatet som inneholder utskillingsstoffer, kan strømme gjennom denne eller disse kolonner og adsorberes. Dialyseapparatet som brukes i forbindelse med oppfinnelsen kan f.eks. være av merkene Kiil, Kolff, hulfiber-typen eller andre typer. The equipment with which the adsorbent according to the present invention is to be used together can be of any type which has a device for recycling the dialysate. A column or columns which are filled with these adsorbents are inserted in a suitable place in the circuit, so that the dialysate containing excretion substances can flow through this or these columns and be adsorbed. The dialysis machine used in connection with the invention can e.g. be of the brands Kiil, Kolff, the hollow fiber type or other types.
For videre forklaring av oppfinnelsen, følger neden-stående eksperimenter og eksempler. For further explanation of the invention, the following experiments and examples follow.
Eksperiment 1 Experiment 1
Fremstilling av kontrolloppløsning for eksperimentet Preparation of control solution for the experiment
Man lager en oppløsning i vanri av følgende stoffer: A solution is made in water of the following substances:
20,253 g/dl NaCl 20.253 g/dl NaCl
0,522 g/dl KC1 0.522 g/dl KC1
0,643 g/dl CaCl2-2H20 0.643 g/dl CaCl2-2H20
0,534 g/dl MgCl2'6H20 0.534 g/dl MgCl 2 6 H 2 O
15,718 g/dl CH3COONa-3H20 15.718 g/dl CH3COONa-3H2O
7,0 g/dl glukose 7.0 g/dl glucose
fortynnes med vann til 3 5 ganger volumet. dilute with water to 3 5 times the volume.
Til denne fortynnede oppløsning settes 5 mg/dl kreatinin, 5 mg/dl urinsyre og 34,6 mg/dl Na2HPC>4 • 12H20, (3 mg/dl regnet som fosfor). To this diluted solution, add 5 mg/dl creatinine, 5 mg/dl uric acid and 34.6 mg/dl Na2HPC>4 • 12H20, (3 mg/dl calculated as phosphorus).
Fremstilling av eksperiment- forbindelser ( I) Preparation of experimental compounds (I)
(I)-(i) aktivert karbon, (knust karbon, 28 til 80 mesh (J.P.)) (0,5) (I)-(i) activated carbon, (crushed carbon, 28 to 80 mesh (J.P.)) (0.5)
(I)-(ii) aluminiumoksyd av ikke-geltype, (0,2 g) (I)-(ii) non-gel type alumina, (0.2 g)
(I)-(iii) aluminiumoksyd av geltype ("NEOBEAD-C") inneholdende 0% silisiumoksyd, (0,2 g) (I)-(iv) aluminiumoksyd av ikke-geltype (samme som ovenfor (ii)), (0,2 g) og aktivert karbon (samme som ovenfor (i)), (I)-(iii) gel-type alumina ("NEOBEAD-C") containing 0% silica, (0.2 g) (I)-(iv) non-gel-type alumina (same as above (ii)), ( 0.2 g) and activated carbon (same as above (i)),
(0,5 g) (0.5g)
(I) -(v) aluminiumoksyd av geltype (samme som ovenfor (iii)), (0,2 g) og aktivert karbon (samme som ovenfor (i)), (I) -(v) gel-type alumina (same as above (iii)), (0.2 g) and activated carbon (same as above (i)),
(0,5 g). (0.5g).
Eksperimentmetodé Experimental method
Til 30 ml av hver av oppløsningene av kontrolloppløsning, tilsettes de resp. forbindelser ovenfor. Blandingene rystes ved 3 7°C i 15 timer slik at kreatinin, urinsyre og Na^PO^ adsorberes på de resp. stoffer i så høy grad som mulig. To 30 ml of each of the solutions of control solution, add the resp. connections above. The mixtures are shaken at 37°C for 15 hours so that creatinine, uric acid and Na^PO^ are adsorbed on the resp. substances as much as possible.
Det ikke-adsorberte kreatinin måles som beskrevet av The non-adsorbed creatinine is measured as described by
R.J. Henry, Clinical Chemistry 12, 278-302 (1966) (Calorimetry), og den ikke-adsorberte urinsyre måles som beskrevet av Wendell T. Caraway et al. Standard Methods of Clinical Chemistry 4, 23 9- R. J. Henry, Clinical Chemistry 12, 278-302 (1966) (Calorimetry), and the unadsorbed uric acid is measured as described by Wendell T. Caraway et al. Standard Methods of Clinical Chemistry 4, 23 9-
247 (1963) (Calorimetry), og rest-fosfat (overført til fosfor) måles som beskrevet av C.H. Fiske og Y. Subbarow i Journal of Biological Chemistry 66, 375-400 (1925). 247 (1963) (Calorimetry), and residual phosphate (converted to phosphorus) is measured as described by C.H. Fiske and Y. Subbarow in Journal of Biological Chemistry 66, 375-400 (1925).
Eksperiment 2 Experiment 2
Fremstilling av kontrolloppløsning for eksperimentet Preparation of control solution for the experiment
Samme som eksperiment 1. Same as Experiment 1.
Fremstilling av eksperiment- forbindelser( II) som adsorpsjonsmiddel (II) -(i) Aluminiumoksydgel "NEOBEAD-DL" inneholdende 10 vekt-% silisiumoksyd, (0,2 g), samt aktivert karbon (samme Preparation of experimental compounds (II) as adsorbent (II) -(i) Aluminum oxide gel "NEOBEAD-DL" containing 10% by weight silicon oxide, (0.2 g), as well as activated carbon (same
som (I)-(ii), (0,5 g) (II)-(ii) Aluminiumoksydgel "NEOBEAD" inneholdende 30 vekt-% silisiumoksyd, (0,2 g), samt aktivert karbon (samme som (I)-(i), (0,5 g).. as (I)-(ii), (0.5 g) (II)-(ii) Aluminum oxide gel "NEOBEAD" containing 30% by weight silicon oxide, (0.2 g), as well as activated carbon (same as (I)- (i), (0.5 g)..
Eksperimentmetode Experimental method
Som eksperiment 1. As Experiment 1.
Resultatene av eksperiment 1 og 2 vises i tabell 1. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 are shown in Table 1.
Av ovenstående eksperimenter ser man at adsorpsjonsevnen for adsorpsjonsmiddel i form av aluminiumoksydgel og aktivert karbon er meget mer effektivt enn de resp. adsorpsjonsmidler av aktivert karbon, aluminiumoksydgel og kombinasjon-en' aluminiumoksyd av ikke-gel typen og aktivert karbon. From the above experiments it can be seen that the adsorption capacity for adsorbent in the form of aluminum oxide gel and activated carbon is much more effective than the resp. adsorbents of activated carbon, aluminum oxide gel and combination-a' aluminum oxide of the non-gel type and activated carbon.
Derfor er adsorpsjonsmiddel i form av en kombinasjon Therefore, adsorbent is in the form of a combination
av aluminiumoksydgel og aktivert karbon meget egnet som adsorpsjonsmiddel i kunstig nyre. of aluminum oxide gel and activated carbon very suitable as an adsorptive agent in an artificial kidney.
Eksempel 1 Example 1
Tre hunder (kroppsvekt: ca. 10 kg) hos hvilke man har indusert eksperimentell uremi ved urinvei-overbinding, behandles ved hjelp av en kunstig nyre av resirkulasjons-typen og man måler forandringene i konsentrasjonen av kreatinin, urinsyre og fosfater (omregnet til fosfor-konsentrasjon) med mellomrom under dialysen. Three dogs (body weight: approx. 10 kg) in which experimental uremia has been induced by urinary tract ligation are treated with the aid of an artificial kidney of the recirculation type and the changes in the concentration of creatinine, uric acid and phosphates (converted to phosphorus) are measured concentration) at intervals during dialysis.
Di a..ysebetingelsene: Di a..ice conditions:
a) dialysevæske: 7,5, ("AK-Solita"), samme oppløsning som "vandig oppløsning for eksperiment 1, fremstilling av kontrolloppløsning"-, fortynning 1:35, 37°C a) dialysis fluid: 7.5, ("AK-Solita"), same solution as "aqueous solution for experiment 1, preparation of control solution"-, dilution 1:35, 37°C
b) Dialyse-trykk: -90 mmHg b) Dialysis pressure: -90 mmHg
c) Dialysatets sirkulasjonshastighet: 300-400 ml/min. c) Dialysate circulation speed: 300-400 ml/min.
d) Adsorpsjonsmidler: d) Adsorbents:
i) bare aktivert karbon (150 g) ii) aktivert karbon, (pulverisert karbon, 28 til 80 mesh (J.P.)) (150 g), pluss aluminiumoksydgel ("NEOBEAD-DL" inneholdende 10 vekt-% silisiumoksyd), (90 g). Adsorpsjonsmidlene fylles på.en kolonne, ca. 80 cm i diameter. e) Anvendt utstyr: DIFAK-prototyp kunstig nyre av resikrulasjonstypen f) Membran: Markedsført hulfibermémbran (kunstig nyre modell-3, av hulfiber-typer). i) activated carbon alone (150 g) ii) activated carbon, (pulverized carbon, 28 to 80 mesh (J.P.)) (150 g), plus alumina gel ("NEOBEAD-DL" containing 10 wt% silica), (90 g ). The adsorbents are filled into a column, approx. 80 cm in diameter. e) Equipment used: DIFAK prototype artificial kidney of the recirculation type f) Membrane: Marketed hollow fiber membrane (artificial kidney model-3, of hollow fiber types).
Resultatene er vist på fig. 1,2 og 3. - • Målingene er foretatt som i ovenstående eksperiment. The results are shown in fig. 1,2 and 3. - • The measurements were made as in the above experiment.
Konsentrasjonene av kreatinin og urinsyre i dialysatet The concentrations of creatinine and uric acid in the dialysate
er drastisk redusert i begge tilfeller ved bruk av aktivert, karbon alene og ved bruk av aktivert karbon, samt aluminium-, oksydgel, sammenlignet med kontrollprøven, hvilket viser disse adsorpsjonsmidlenes virkningsgrad. Når det gjelder fosfat, vil bruk av aktivert karbon alene bare føre til svake reduksjoner sammenlignet med kontrollprøven, men de reduksjoner, som man oppnår ved å benytte en kombinasjon av aktivert karbon og aLuminiumoksydgel er større, hvilket klart viser den store virkning av adsorpsjonsmidlet i henhold til oppfinnelsen. is drastically reduced in both cases when using activated carbon alone and when using activated carbon as well as aluminum oxide gel, compared to the control sample, which shows the efficiency of these adsorbents. When it comes to phosphate, using activated carbon alone will only lead to slight reductions compared to the control sample, but the reductions achieved by using a combination of activated carbon and aluminum oxide gel are greater, which clearly shows the great effect of the adsorbent according to to the invention.
På de vedlagte figurer viser fig. 1 adsorpsjonsevnen overfor fosfat (omregnet til fosfor-konsentrasjon) i dialyse-væsken, fig. 2 viser adsorpsjonen for kreatinin fra dialyse- . væsken og fig. 3 viser adsorpsjonen for urinsyre.fra dialyse-, væsken..- In the attached figures, fig. 1 the adsorption capacity towards phosphate (converted to phosphorus concentration) in the dialysis fluid, fig. 2 shows the adsorption for creatinine from dialysis. the liquid and fig. 3 shows the adsorption for uric acid from the dialysis fluid...
På disse figurer betegner symbolet -A-, -x- og -o-f ølgende: • In these figures, the symbols -A-, -x- and -o-f denote the following: •
-A-: Adsorps jonsmidlet består av aktivert .karbon, f -A-: Adsorbs the ionic agent consists of activated carbon, e.g
-x-: Adsorpsjonsmidlet består av en blanding åv aktivert karbon -x-: The adsorbent consists of a mixture of activated carbon
og aluminiumoksydgel. and alumina gel.
-o-: Kontrollprøve. '■ " "mg %" betyr "mg i 10 0 ml oppløsning." ~" , . -o-: Control sample. '■ " "mg %" means "mg in 10 0 ml of solution." ~" , .
Claims (1)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2350873A JPS564271B2 (en) | 1973-02-27 | 1973-02-27 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO740653L NO740653L (en) | 1974-08-28 |
| NO138472B true NO138472B (en) | 1978-06-05 |
| NO138472C NO138472C (en) | 1978-09-13 |
Family
ID=12112388
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO740653A NO138472C (en) | 1973-02-27 | 1974-02-26 | ADSORPENT FOR USE IN ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY OF THE RECYCLING TYPE |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS564271B2 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2408325C2 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK143786C (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2218904B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1461634A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1009181B (en) |
| NO (1) | NO138472C (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL7703937A (en) * | 1977-04-12 | 1978-10-16 | Organon Teknika Bv | DEVICE EQUIPPED WITH A SORBENT FOR THE PURIFICATION OF BLOOD; A SORBENT SUITABLE FOR ORAL USE AND A PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURE OF THE SORBENT. |
| US4358376A (en) * | 1979-10-29 | 1982-11-09 | Terumo Corporation | Apparatus for detoxifying body fluid |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1397950A (en) * | 1964-01-24 | 1965-05-07 | A D S Chemical Company | Process for the preparation of novel adsorbents and adsorbents thus obtained |
| US3463728A (en) * | 1967-04-28 | 1969-08-26 | Us Health Education & Welfare | Dialysate capacity augmentation process |
-
1973
- 1973-02-27 JP JP2350873A patent/JPS564271B2/ja not_active Expired
-
1974
- 1974-02-21 DE DE2408325A patent/DE2408325C2/en not_active Expired
- 1974-02-25 DK DK98874A patent/DK143786C/en active
- 1974-02-26 FR FR7406514A patent/FR2218904B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1974-02-26 NO NO740653A patent/NO138472C/en unknown
- 1974-02-27 GB GB885374A patent/GB1461634A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-03-06 IT IT67543/74A patent/IT1009181B/en active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NO138472C (en) | 1978-09-13 |
| JPS49112491A (en) | 1974-10-26 |
| GB1461634A (en) | 1977-01-13 |
| IT1009181B (en) | 1976-12-10 |
| FR2218904A1 (en) | 1974-09-20 |
| DK143786B (en) | 1981-10-12 |
| DE2408325A1 (en) | 1974-10-03 |
| JPS564271B2 (en) | 1981-01-29 |
| FR2218904B1 (en) | 1977-09-23 |
| DE2408325C2 (en) | 1983-06-01 |
| DK143786C (en) | 1982-03-29 |
| NO740653L (en) | 1974-08-28 |
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