NO136081B - - Google Patents
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- Publication number
- NO136081B NO136081B NO744142A NO744142A NO136081B NO 136081 B NO136081 B NO 136081B NO 744142 A NO744142 A NO 744142A NO 744142 A NO744142 A NO 744142A NO 136081 B NO136081 B NO 136081B
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- laminates
- laminate
- coating
- decorative
- pressing
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-diazinane-5-carboximidamide Chemical compound CN1CC(C(N)=N)C(=O)NC1=O IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000661 sodium alginate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000010413 sodium alginate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940005550 sodium alginate Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004821 Contact adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002230 Pectic acid Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- LCLHHZYHLXDRQG-ZNKJPWOQSA-N pectic acid Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)O[C@H](C(O)=O)[C@@H]1OC1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](OC2[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O2)C(O)=O)O)[C@@H](C(O)=O)O1 LCLHHZYHLXDRQG-ZNKJPWOQSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010318 polygalacturonic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000011093 chipboard Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 6
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000013877 carbamide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 3
- IVJISJACKSSFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine Chemical compound O=C.NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 IVJISJACKSSFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 2
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-{[2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(phosphanyloxy)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-4,5-dihydroxy-3-phosphanyloxane-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound O1C(C(O)=O)C(P)C(O)C(O)C1OC1C(C(O)=O)OC(OP)C(O)C1O FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001353 Dextrin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004375 Dextrin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004831 Hot glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CC(O)=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C=O DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940072056 alginate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019425 dextrin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;phenol Chemical compound O=C.OC1=CC=CC=C1 SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011086 glassine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N melamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001814 pectin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001277 pectin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010987 pectin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019812 sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B29/00—Layered products comprising a layer of paper or cardboard
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B29/00—Layered products comprising a layer of paper or cardboard
- B32B29/002—Layered products comprising a layer of paper or cardboard as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B29/005—Layered products comprising a layer of paper or cardboard as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material next to another layer of paper or cardboard layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B29/00—Layered products comprising a layer of paper or cardboard
- B32B29/06—Layered products comprising a layer of paper or cardboard specially treated, e.g. surfaced, parchmentised
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
- D21H19/10—Coatings without pigments
- D21H19/12—Coatings without pigments applied as a solution using water as the only solvent, e.g. in the presence of acid or alkaline compounds
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H27/00—Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes
- D21H27/18—Paper- or board-based structures for surface covering
- D21H27/22—Structures being applied on the surface by special manufacturing processes, e.g. in presses
- D21H27/26—Structures being applied on the surface by special manufacturing processes, e.g. in presses characterised by the overlay sheet or the top layers of the structures
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H5/00—Special paper or cardboard not otherwise provided for
- D21H5/0085—Paper for surface-protection and decorative purposes, e.g. pressure laminates
- D21H5/009—Aspect concerning the anchor layer(s)
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/12—Coating on the layer surface on paper layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2260/00—Layered product comprising an impregnated, embedded, or bonded layer wherein the layer comprises an impregnation, embedding, or binder material
- B32B2260/02—Composition of the impregnated, bonded or embedded layer
- B32B2260/028—Paper layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2260/00—Layered product comprising an impregnated, embedded, or bonded layer wherein the layer comprises an impregnation, embedding, or binder material
- B32B2260/04—Impregnation, embedding, or binder material
- B32B2260/046—Synthetic resin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2317/00—Animal or vegetable based
- B32B2317/12—Paper, e.g. cardboard
- B32B2317/122—Kraft paper
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2317/00—Animal or vegetable based
- B32B2317/12—Paper, e.g. cardboard
- B32B2317/125—Paper, e.g. cardboard impregnated with thermosetting resin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2451/00—Decorative or ornamental articles
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
- D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D21H17/46—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D21H17/47—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones
- D21H17/48—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols
Landscapes
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Description
Denne oppfinnelse angår en anvendelse av høytrykks- This invention relates to an application of high-pressure
laminater som skal limes opp på et underlag, og som eventuelt omfatter et dekorskikt. laminates that are to be glued onto a substrate, and which possibly include a decorative layer.
Høytrykkslaminater for møbel- og innredningsformål fremstilles generelt ved at papirark impregeneres med kunstharpiks, High-pressure laminates for furniture and furnishing purposes are generally produced by impregnating paper sheets with synthetic resin,
de impregnerte ark tørres og legges på hverandre så de danner en "bok", som efter pressing skal utgjøre det ferdige laminat. Flere slike bøker stables på hverandre og presses i en presse med skillemiddel, f.eks. polerte blikk eller skilleark, the impregnated sheets are dried and placed on top of each other so that they form a "book", which after pressing will form the finished laminate. Several such books are stacked on top of each other and pressed in a press with a separator, e.g. polished tins or separator sheets,
mellom hver av bøkene for å lette frigjøring av disse fra hverandre efter pressingen. Under pressingen flyter harpiksen først sammen og kondenseres derefter, og produktet blir da en homogen plate. På den ene side av laminatet kan det legges et dekorark. På toppen av dette kan det også legges et impregnert, tynt ark som tjener til å beskytte dekorarket. For å oppnå en tilfredsstillende overflatestyrke, foretrekkes det å anvende melaminformaldehydharpiks, som også har den fordel at den er farveløs, for impregnering av det beskyttende og det dekorative ark, mens det for det eller de øvrige arks vedkommende kan anvendes fenol-formaldehydharpiks. Det ytre beskyttelsesark kan f.eks. ha en vekt på 40 g/m 2 og være impregnert med ca. 65-70% harpiks, dekorarket kan ha en vekt på 80-120 g/m<2>between each of the books to facilitate their release from each other after pressing. During pressing, the resin first flows together and then condenses, and the product then becomes a homogeneous plate. A decorative sheet can be placed on one side of the laminate. On top of this, an impregnated, thin sheet can also be laid which serves to protect the decorative sheet. In order to achieve a satisfactory surface strength, it is preferred to use melamine-formaldehyde resin, which also has the advantage of being colourless, for impregnation of the protective and decorative sheet, while for the other sheet(s) phenol-formaldehyde resin can be used. The outer protective sheet can e.g. have a weight of 40 g/m 2 and be impregnated with approx. 65-70% resin, the decorative sheet can have a weight of 80-120 g/m<2>
og inneholde ca. 50-55% harpiks, og det øvrige arkmateriale, and contain approx. 50-55% resin, and the other sheet material,
som normalt er fra 4-8 lag, har f.eks. en vekt på 140-160 g/m<2>which are normally from 4-8 layers, have e.g. a weight of 140-160 g/m<2>
og kan være impregnert med f.eks. ca. 30% harpiks. Et hensiktsmessig arkmateriale for dette formål er kraftpapir. and can be impregnated with e.g. about. 30% resin. A suitable sheet material for this purpose is kraft paper.
Denne "bok" av harpiksimpregnert, tørret arkmateriale This "book" of resin-impregnated, dried sheet material
presses vanligvis mellom to polerte metall- eller stålblikk i en etasjepresse. Vanligvis anvendes et trykk mellom 80-100 kg/cm<2 >og en temperatur mellom 140-150°C. i. praksis presses som oftest to slike "bøker" samtidig mellom hvert blikkpar. De dekorative sider av "bøkene" ligger an mot de polerte blikkene, mens baksidene av "bøkene" legges mot hverandre med ett eller to skillepapirer mellom for å unngå at de to flater lamineres sammen. Skillepapirene er vanligvis av grease-proof eller glassine kvalitet. Det bygges en pakke bestående av f.eks. 6-8 tosidig polerte blikk og-12-16 laminatbøker. Denne pakken plasseres i en åpning i en vertikal etasjepresse, som har et antall like åpninger. Når samtlige åpninger er fylt med pakker, startes is usually pressed between two polished metal or steel sheets in a floor press. Usually a pressure between 80-100 kg/cm<2> and a temperature between 140-150°C are used. in practice, two such "books" are usually pressed simultaneously between each pair of eyes. The decorative sides of the "books" rest against the polished sheets, while the backs of the "books" are placed against each other with one or two separating papers in between to prevent the two surfaces from being laminated together. The separators are usually of grease-proof or glassine quality. A package is built consisting of e.g. 6-8 double-sided polished tins and-12-16 laminate books. This package is placed in an opening in a vertical floor press, which has a number of equal openings. When all the openings are filled with packages, start
pressingen. the pressing.
Efter pressingen, som vanligvis varer mellom 60 og 120 minutter, åpnes pressen, pakkene tas ut og tas fra hverandre. Laminatene skilles fra presseblikkene og fra hverandre, og After the pressing, which usually lasts between 60 and 120 minutes, the press is opened, the packages are taken out and taken apart. The laminates are separated from the press tins and from each other, and
er klar til videre behandling mens presseblikkene anvendes på nytt. is ready for further processing while the press tins are used again.
De fremstilte laminater er forholdsvis tynne, fra 0,8 til 1,5 mm, og disse limes ofte på et stivt underlag, f.eks. på sponplater, før endelig bruk. Efter pressingen må laminatene renskjæres til det ønskede format, og de må derefter slipes på baksiden hvis det ønskes å lime dem på et underlag. Denne sliping er nødvendig for å oppnå den ønskede ruhet for å få festet laminatet til underlaget, som foruten en sponplate også kan være en vegg eller annet underlag. Slipingen og den mekaniske påkjenning forbundet med denne, nødvendiggjør at laminatet har en forholdsvis større tykkelse enn hva som i mange tilfeller ville ha vært tilstrekkelig. The manufactured laminates are relatively thin, from 0.8 to 1.5 mm, and these are often glued to a rigid surface, e.g. on chipboard, before final use. After pressing, the laminates must be cleanly cut to the desired format, and they must then be sanded on the back if it is desired to glue them to a substrate. This grinding is necessary to achieve the desired roughness in order to attach the laminate to the substrate, which, in addition to chipboard, can also be a wall or other substrate. The grinding and the mechanical stress associated with this necessitates that the laminate has a relatively greater thickness than would have been sufficient in many cases.
Hvis sliping av den side av laminatet som skal limes, ikke var nødvendig, kunne man i mange tilfeller klare seg med vesentlig tynnere laminater. Dessuten ville man da kunne spare den ikke ubetydelige arbeidsoperasjon som slipingen representerer, og man ville eliminere det vrak som kan oppstå under sliping av særlig tynne laminater. If sanding of the side of the laminate to be glued was not necessary, in many cases you could get by with significantly thinner laminates. Moreover, it would then be possible to save the not inconsiderable work operation that grinding represents, and one would eliminate the wreckage that can occur during grinding of particularly thin laminates.
Et forsøk på å redusere tykkelsen av laminatene har vært gjort ved å fremstille direkte belagte sponplater. Fremgangs-måten består i at et melaminformaldehydharpiks-impregnert dekorskikt med eller uten underliggende impregnert kraftpapir presses direkte på en sponplate av egnet kvalitet. Pressingen foregår under varme og trykk-, men for å unngå deformasjon av sponplaten må pressetiden være kort og trykket forholdsvis lavt. Det er utviklet harpikstyper og presseanlegg som egner seg for denne produksjonen, og produktet, som hovedsakelig er belagt med hvitt, melaminformaldehydimpregnert papir på.den ene eller begge sider, anvendes nå i store og økende mengder. De fleste produksjonsenheter er meget store, og er som oftest tilknyttet til en sponplatefabrikk. Produktet har gjennomsnittlig både lavere slitestyrke og lavere slagfasthet enn en plate basert på et pålimt høytrykkslaminat. Denne type produkt vil derfor for en rekke formål være vesentlig mindre egnet enn plater fremstilt ved påliming av høytrykkslaminater på sponplater. Konkurransen fra de direkte belagte plater har imidlertid bidradd til å øke høytrykkslaminatprodusentenes anstrengelser for å produsere laminater med reduserte tykkelser, men med de tilsiktede, gode egenskaper. Disse anstrengelser har resultert i at det finnes høytrykkslaminater med en tykkelse på 0,5-0,6 mm. Disse laminater består av den konvensjonelle, dekorative melaminformaldehydoverflate med en kjerne av mellom 3-5 formaldehyd-impregnerte kraftpapirark. Denne produksjon er imidlertid forbundet med en høy vrakprosent på grunn av vanskeligheter med slipingen av baksiden av et tynt og mekanisk svakt materiale. An attempt to reduce the thickness of the laminates has been made by producing directly coated chipboards. The procedure consists in a melamine-formaldehyde resin-impregnated decorative layer with or without an underlying impregnated kraft paper being pressed directly onto a chipboard of suitable quality. The pressing takes place under heat and pressure, but to avoid deformation of the chipboard, the pressing time must be short and the pressure relatively low. Resin types and press facilities suitable for this production have been developed, and the product, which is mainly coated with white, melamine-formaldehyde-impregnated paper on one or both sides, is now used in large and increasing quantities. Most production units are very large, and are usually connected to a chipboard factory. The product has, on average, both lower wear resistance and lower impact resistance than a plate based on a glued-on high-pressure laminate. This type of product will therefore be significantly less suitable for a number of purposes than panels produced by gluing high-pressure laminates onto chipboard. However, the competition from the direct coated sheets has helped to increase the efforts of the high pressure laminate manufacturers to produce laminates with reduced thicknesses, but with the intended, good properties. These efforts have resulted in the existence of high-pressure laminates with a thickness of 0.5-0.6 mm. These laminates consist of the conventional decorative melamine-formaldehyde surface with a core of between 3-5 formaldehyde-impregnated kraft paper sheets. This production is, however, associated with a high percentage of scrap due to difficulties with the grinding of the back of a thin and mechanically weak material.
Det vil av det ovenstående fremgå at ved produksjonen av tynne høytrykkslaminater som skal limes på et underlag, er det slipe-prosessen og den mekaniske påkjenning forbundet med denne, som er den begrensende faktor. Hvis man kunne oppnå et godt limbart laminat uten anvendelse av sliping, ville det umiddelbart bli mulig å redusere laminatets tykkelse uten at dette ville gå It will appear from the above that in the production of thin high-pressure laminates to be glued to a substrate, it is the grinding process and the mechanical stress associated with it, which is the limiting factor. If a good glueable laminate could be obtained without the use of sanding, it would immediately be possible to reduce the thickness of the laminate without this
utover de fleste av laminatets spesielle og ønskede overflate-egenskaper . beyond most of the laminate's special and desired surface properties.
I henhold til oppfinnelsen anvendes et laminat med en According to the invention, a laminate is used with a
tykkelse på 0,2-0,4 mm bestående av kunstharpiks-impregnerte papirark som er sammenpresset under trykk på over 50 atmosfærer og ved temperaturer over 100°C, og på minst én side har et belegg med et bindemiddel som for minst 50 vekt%'s vedkommende utgjøres av et polysakkarid og/eller et salt derav, idet belegget eventuelt også kan inneholde fyllstoffer, og er påført før presseoperasjonen i form av en vandig oppløsning eller dispersjon, for oppklebning uten forutgående slipning, idet det som klebe-middel ikke brukes kontaktlim. thickness of 0.2-0.4 mm consisting of synthetic resin-impregnated paper sheets that are compressed under pressures of over 50 atmospheres and at temperatures over 100°C, and on at least one side have a coating with a binding agent which for at least 50% by weight 's part consists of a polysaccharide and/or a salt thereof, as the coating may also contain fillers, and is applied before the pressing operation in the form of an aqueous solution or dispersion, for bonding without prior grinding, as it is not used as an adhesive contact adhesive.
Belegningsmaterialet kan påføres den ene eller begge de to overflater som vender mot hverandre, og som skal adskilles efter pressing. I tillegg til at man ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse kan unngå slipning av høytrykkslaminatene og anvendelse av forholdsvis store mengder arkmateriale og harpiks, vil man ifølge oppfinnelsen også oppnå en ytterligere besparelse som er forbundet med at det ikke er nødvendig med noe annet skille- The coating material can be applied to one or both of the two surfaces facing each other, which must be separated after pressing. In addition to the fact that, according to the present invention, grinding of the high-pressure laminates and the use of relatively large amounts of sheet material and resin can be avoided, according to the invention, a further saving will also be achieved which is connected to the fact that no other separating
middel enn det nevnte belegningsmateriale. Man unngår derved anvendelse av skilleplater eller skillepapir mellom de over- agent than the aforementioned coating material. This avoids the use of separating plates or separating paper between the upper
flater hvor nevnte belegg er påført. Dette representerer en surfaces where said coating is applied. This represents a
ytterligere besparelse både arbeids- og materialmessig. further savings both in terms of labor and materials.
Fra britisk patent nr. 1 250 056 er det riktignok kjent From British patent no. 1 250 056 it is certainly known
at man kan unngå å slipe laminater av denne art ved å påføre en vandig dispersjon av en akrylpolymer eller vinylacetat- that one can avoid grinding laminates of this nature by applying an aqueous dispersion of an acrylic polymer or vinyl acetate
polymer. I dispersjonen av vinylacetatpolymeren kan det inngå inntil 10 vekt% av karboksymetylcellulose og inntil 3 vekt% av en vannoppløselig stivelse. De belegg som anvendes ifølge dette patentskrift, vil imidlertid lime laminatene til hverandre og kan derfor ikke anvendes som skillemiddel slik som poly-sakkaridderivatene ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse. Det er derfor nødvendig å anvende skilleblikk for fremstilling av laminatene ifølge det britiske patent. polymer. The dispersion of the vinyl acetate polymer may contain up to 10% by weight of carboxymethyl cellulose and up to 3% by weight of a water-soluble starch. The coatings used according to this patent will, however, glue the laminates to each other and therefore cannot be used as a separating agent such as the polysaccharide derivatives according to the present invention. It is therefore necessary to use separating sheets for the manufacture of the laminates according to the British patent.
Ifølge US-patent 3 050 434 kan alginat anvendes som skillemiddel ved fremstilling av laminater. Ifølge patentet fremstilles normalt forholdsvis tykke laminater hvor kjernen består av ca. 7 eller 8 lag (spalte 1, linje 43-44), og det er angitt i spalte 2, linje 37-39, at man kan slipe laminatene efter adskillelsen for å oppnå tilstrekkelig gode oppklebnings-egenskaper. (Det siktes her til klebning med vanlige klebe-midler. Uten slipning ville laminatene kunne limes med kontaktlim, men dette har vært og blir fortsatt betraktet som en nødløsning, jfr. britisk patent nr. 1 250 056, s. 2, linje 6-65). According to US patent 3,050,434, alginate can be used as a separating agent in the production of laminates. According to the patent, relatively thick laminates are normally produced where the core consists of approx. 7 or 8 layers (column 1, lines 43-44), and it is stated in column 2, lines 37-39, that the laminates can be sanded after separation to achieve sufficiently good adhesion properties. (The aim here is gluing with ordinary adhesives. Without sanding, the laminates could be glued with contact glue, but this has been and is still considered an emergency solution, cf. British patent no. 1 250 056, p. 2, line 6- 65).
Det belegg som under pressingen har tjent som skillemiddel, vil medføre at de flater som har vært i kontakt med belegget under pressingen, vil være godt limbare med vanlige limtyper på vannbasis. Også hvis belegningsmaterialet før pressingen bare påføres på den ene av de to flater som ligger an mot hverandre, The coating that has served as a separating agent during pressing will mean that the surfaces that have been in contact with the coating during pressing will be easily gluable with common types of water-based glue. Even if, before pressing, the coating material is only applied to one of the two surfaces that abut each other,
vil begge flater være godt limbare. Both surfaces will be easily gluable.
Ved fremstilling av høytrykkslaminater uten dekorativ overflate, hvor laminatene f.eks. bare består av fenolformaldehyd-harpiks-impregnert kraftpapir, anvendes hensiktsmessig det ovennevnte belegningsmateriale som skillemiddel på begge sider av laminatet. Det kan imidlertid også være ønskelig med noen stive skilleplater i en stabel av laminatbøker, for å oppnå en jevn fordeling av trykket. Når det gjelder fremstilling av dekorative høytrykkslaminater, kan slike fremstilles ved at laminatbøkene legges mot hverandre to og to, slik at to ikke-dekorative overflater vender mot hverandre. Belegningsmaterialet anvendes da som skillemiddel mellom de ikke-dekorative overflater, mens det som skillemiddel mellom dekorative overflater som vender mot hverandre, f.eks. anvendes presseblikk eller lignende, hvis det ønskes blanke overflater. Hvis det imidlertid ønskes matte overflater, kan ovennevnte belegningsmateriale også anvendes som skillemiddel mellom to dekorative overflater. Eventuelt kan da også en dekorativ overflate ligge mot en ikke-dekorativ overflate, slik at alle bøkene blir liggende samme vei i stabelen som skal presses. In the production of high-pressure laminates without a decorative surface, where the laminates e.g. only consists of phenol-formaldehyde-resin-impregnated kraft paper, the above-mentioned coating material is suitably used as a separating agent on both sides of the laminate. However, it may also be desirable to have some rigid dividers in a stack of laminate books, in order to achieve an even distribution of the pressure. When it comes to the production of decorative high-pressure laminates, such can be produced by laying the laminate books against each other two by two, so that two non-decorative surfaces face each other. The coating material is then used as a separator between the non-decorative surfaces, while it is used as a separator between decorative surfaces that face each other, e.g. press tin or similar is used if glossy surfaces are desired. If, however, matt surfaces are desired, the above-mentioned coating material can also be used as a separator between two decorative surfaces. Optionally, a decorative surface can also lie against a non-decorative surface, so that all the books lie in the same direction in the stack to be pressed.
Belegningsmaterialet påføres hensiktsmessig fra en vandig oppløsning som strykes direkte på overflaten av laminatboken før pressing. Denne bestrykning hindrer gjennomtrengning av harpiksen, samtidig som det dannes et skikt som ikke avstøter fuktighet, og som derfor gjør det mulig å lime laminatet med vannholdige løsninger eller suspensjoner av resorcinol-, karbamid- eller PVA-limtyper. Overflaten egner seg også til liming med kontakt- og smeltelimtyper. The coating material is suitably applied from an aqueous solution that is brushed directly onto the surface of the laminate book before pressing. This coating prevents penetration of the resin, while at the same time forming a layer that does not repel moisture, and which therefore makes it possible to glue the laminate with aqueous solutions or suspensions of resorcinol, carbamide or PVA glue types. The surface is also suitable for gluing with contact and hot-melt adhesive types.
Eftersom slipning således kan elimineres, kan høytrykks-laminater med konvensjonelle, dekorative melaminoverflater fremstilles for anvendelsen ifølge oppfinnelsen med ned til kun ett impregnert kraftpapirark under det dekorative skiktet. Since grinding can thus be eliminated, high-pressure laminates with conventional, decorative melamine surfaces can be produced for the application according to the invention with only one impregnated kraft paper sheet under the decorative layer.
Slike laminater kan ha en tykkelse på mellom 0,2 til 0,3 mm, avhengig av papirvektene som benyttes. De kan fremstilles med alle de mønstre som anvendes forøvrig i industrien, og har en overflatestyrke som er den samme som for konvensjonelle laminater. Such laminates can have a thickness of between 0.2 and 0.3 mm, depending on the paper weights used. They can be produced with all the patterns that are otherwise used in industry, and have a surface strength that is the same as for conventional laminates.
Slike tynne høytrykkslaminater er mer fleksible enn konvensjonelle laminater og kan derfor lettere bøyes. Fremstilt med den riktige harpiksblanding kan dé efterformes, og på grunn av sin lille tykkelse kan de klippes med saks eller lignende isteden-for å måtte sages. I den tynneste utformning representerer slike laminater en bro mellom de tykkere, konvensjonelle laminater og de ovenfor omtalte laminater direkte påført på sponplater under lavt trykk, og representerer dessuten en kombinasjon av fordelene ved hver av disse to typer laminater. Such thin high-pressure laminates are more flexible than conventional laminates and can therefore be bent more easily. Made with the right resin mixture, they can be reshaped, and because of their small thickness, they can be cut with scissors or similar instead of having to be sawed. In their thinnest form, such laminates represent a bridge between the thicker, conventional laminates and the above-mentioned laminates directly applied to chipboard under low pressure, and also represent a combination of the advantages of each of these two types of laminates.
Ved fremstilling av laminatbelagte sponplater under anvendelse av høytrykkslaminatene fremstilt som ovenfor, påføres et dekorativt laminat på den ene eller begge sider av sponplaten. Anvendes det dekorative laminat kun på den ene siden, kan den annen side påføres et såkalt kontralaminat, som ikke omfatter noe In the production of laminate-coated chipboard using the high-pressure laminates produced as above, a decorative laminate is applied to one or both sides of the chipboard. If the decorative laminate is only used on one side, the other side can be covered with a so-called contralaminate, which does not include any
dekorativt skikt. decorative layer.
Som angitt ovenfor kan belegningsmaterialet påføres fra As indicated above, the coating material can be applied from
en vandig løsning, og pressing kan da foretas umiddelbart, men normalt foretrekkes at belegningsmaterialet tørres før pressing. Tørrstoffmengden i belegget efter tørring bør være minst an aqueous solution, and pressing can then be carried out immediately, but it is normally preferred that the coating material is dried before pressing. The amount of dry matter in the coating after drying should be minimal
0,20 g/m 2 og fortrinnsvis minst 0,40 g/m 2. En tørrstoffmengde på over 5 g/m 2 vil vanligvis ikke medføre noen ytterligere forbedringer. 0.20 g/m 2 and preferably at least 0.40 g/m 2 . A dry matter amount of more than 5 g/m 2 will usually not result in any further improvements.
En rekke forskjellige polysakkarider er funnet å gi belegningsmaterialer som medfører at laminatene efter pressing lett kan skilles fra hverandre og kan limes på et underlag uten ytterligere behandling. En spesiell gruppe er alkali-alginater og pektinsyre. A number of different polysaccharides have been found to provide coating materials which mean that the laminates can be easily separated from each other after pressing and can be glued to a substrate without further treatment. A special group is alkali alginates and pectic acid.
Eventuelt kan det anvendes en blanding av flere polysakkarider. En hensiktsmessig blanding er f.eks. natriumalginat og karboksymetylcellulose. Blant andre polysakkarider kan nevnes stivelse og dekstrin. Foruten organiske forbindelser kan belegningsmaterialet inneholde forskjellige uorganiske tilslagsstoffer, f .eks. kritt. Videre kan belegningsmaterialet inneholde mindre mengder kunstharpiks, f.eks. melaminformaldehydharpiks. Optionally, a mixture of several polysaccharides can be used. A suitable mixture is e.g. sodium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose. Other polysaccharides include starch and dextrin. In addition to organic compounds, the coating material can contain various inorganic aggregates, e.g. chalk. Furthermore, the coating material may contain smaller amounts of synthetic resin, e.g. melamine formaldehyde resin.
I tillegg til materialbesparelser (kraftpapir, harpiks, skillepapir etc.) og eliminering av behov for slipning, In addition to material savings (kraft paper, resin, release paper etc.) and elimination of the need for sanding,
medfører anvendelsen ifølge oppfinnelsen ytterligere besparelser, eftersom det på grunn av laminatenes lille tykkelse er mulig å presse flere laminatbøker i samme presse. Efter pressingen kan laminatene skilles fra hverandre umiddelbart, eller de kan forsendes uadskilt til forbrukeren, f.eks. en sponplatefabrikant, som foretar adskillelse av laminatene umiddelbart før bruk. En slik transport av laminatene før adskillelse vil være enklere enn hvis adskillelse skjer umiddelbart efter pressingen. the application according to the invention entails further savings, since due to the small thickness of the laminates it is possible to press several laminate books in the same press. After pressing, the laminates can be separated from each other immediately, or they can be sent unseparated to the consumer, e.g. a chipboard manufacturer, which separates the laminates immediately before use. Such transport of the laminates before separation will be easier than if separation takes place immediately after pressing.
De følgende eksempler skal tjene til å illustere oppfinnelsen ytterligere: The following examples shall serve to further illustrate the invention:
Eksempel 1 Example 1
Mellom 2 presseblikk ble lagt følgende impregnerte og tørrede papirer: The following impregnated and dried papers were placed between 2 press tins:
A. Et 100 g/m 2 impregnert dekorpapir. Melaminformaldehyd- A. A 100 g/m 2 impregnated decorative paper. melamine formaldehyde
2 2 2 2
innhold 120 g/m . Total vekt 220 g/m . content 120 g/m . Total weight 220 g/m .
B. Et 160 g/m 2 impregnert kraftpapir. Fenolformaldehyd-innhold 70 g/m<2.> Total vekt 230 g/m2. B. A 160 g/m 2 impregnated kraft paper. Phenol formaldehyde content 70 g/m<2.> Total weight 230 g/m2.
C. Som B. C. Like B.
D. Som A D. As A
Den siden av det impregnerte kraftpapir som ikke er i kontakt med dekorpapiret, er på forhånd bestrøket med en 1,5% løsning av natriumalginat av typen "Protacell 80" og derefter The side of the impregnated kraft paper which is not in contact with the decorative paper is previously coated with a 1.5% solution of sodium alginate of the type "Protacell 80" and then
2 2
tørket. Vekt av belegget (tørrstoff) 0,54 g/m . dried. Weight of the coating (dry matter) 0.54 g/m .
Denne kombinasjon av impregnerte og behandlede papirer A, B, C og D med belegg mellom B og C presses ved et trykk på 80 kg/cm og en temperatur av 140°C i 20 minutter og avkjøles derefter. This combination of impregnated and treated papers A, B, C and D with coatings between B and C is pressed at a pressure of 80 kg/cm and a temperature of 140°C for 20 minutes and then cooled.
Pakken tas ut av pressen, presseblikkene fjernes, og laminatene skilles lett mellom lagene B og C til to laminater i en tykkelse av 0,3 mm. Disse tynne laminater klippes derefter rene i kantene med saks eller guillotin og kan limes til et sponplateunderlag med urealim uten forutgående slipning eller annen behandling. The package is removed from the press, the press tins are removed, and the laminates are easily separated between layers B and C into two laminates with a thickness of 0.3 mm. These thin laminates are then cut clean at the edges with scissors or a guillotine and can be glued to a chipboard substrate with urea glue without prior sanding or other treatment.
Eksempel 2 Example 2
Fremgangsmåte som i eksempel 1, men kraftarkene bestrykes med en 1% løsning av natriumalginat av typen "Protacell 80". Procedure as in example 1, but the kraft sheets are coated with a 1% solution of sodium alginate of the "Protacell 80" type.
Vekt av belegget (tørrstoff) 0,44 g/m <2>. Weight of the coating (dry matter) 0.44 g/m <2>.
Eksempel 3 Example 3
Fremgangsmåte som i eksempel 1, men kraftarkene bestrykes med en blanding bestående av 50% 1,5% løsning av natriumalginat og 50% 1,5% løsning av karboksymetylcellulose. Procedure as in example 1, but the kraft sheets are coated with a mixture consisting of 50% 1.5% solution of sodium alginate and 50% 1.5% solution of carboxymethyl cellulose.
Vekt av belegget (tørrstoff) 0,55 g/m <2>Weight of the coating (dry matter) 0.55 g/m <2>
Eksempel 4 Example 4
Fremgangsmåte som i eksempel 1, men kraftarkene bestrykes med en 2,5% løsning av pektin (pektinsyre). Procedure as in example 1, but the kraft sheets are coated with a 2.5% solution of pectin (pectic acid).
Vekt av belegget (tørrstoff) 1,5 g/m <2>Weight of the coating (dry matter) 1.5 g/m <2>
Samtlige av disse typiske forsøk gir tynne laminater som kan skilles fra hverandre, klippes eller skjæres rene og limes med tilfredsstillende resultat til et underlag av sponplate eller lignende ved bruk av konvensjonelle urealimsystemer uten på forhånd å måtte slipes eller behandles på noen måte. All of these typical attempts yield thin laminates that can be separated from each other, cut or cut clean and glued with satisfactory results to a substrate of chipboard or similar using conventional urea glue systems without having to be sanded or treated in any way beforehand.
Laminatene kan håndteres uten vanskeligheter, er meget bøyelige og lette å skjære. Slike tynne, limbare laminater oppnås også ifølge britisk patent nr. 1 250 056 (især eksempel 5). The laminates can be handled without difficulty, are very flexible and easy to cut. Such thin, glueable laminates are also obtained according to British patent no. 1,250,056 (especially example 5).
Claims (3)
Priority Applications (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NO744142A NO136081C (en) | 1974-11-18 | 1974-11-18 | VERY THIN HEIGHT PRESSURE LAMINATES SUITABLE FOR ADMINISTRATION WITHOUT PRE-GRINDING |
FI753212A FI753212A (en) | 1974-11-18 | 1975-11-14 | |
DK516475A DK516475A (en) | 1974-11-18 | 1975-11-17 | HIGH PRESSURE LAMINATES |
SE7512894A SE7512894L (en) | 1974-11-18 | 1975-11-17 | HIGH PRESSURE LAMINATE |
AT875375A AT348262B (en) | 1974-11-18 | 1975-11-17 | LAMINATE |
GB47323/75A GB1509260A (en) | 1974-11-18 | 1975-11-17 | Resin-impregnated fibrous laminates |
DE19752551577 DE2551577A1 (en) | 1974-11-18 | 1975-11-17 | HIGH PRESSURE LAMINATE |
FR7535088A FR2291026A1 (en) | 1974-11-18 | 1975-11-17 | DECORATIVE LAMINATE TO GLUE WITHOUT PRIOR SANDING |
JP50137858A JPS5173088A (en) | 1974-11-18 | 1975-11-18 | |
IT29391/75A IT1049852B (en) | 1974-11-18 | 1975-11-18 | PLASTIC LAMINATES AND RELATED PREPARATION PROCEDURE |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NO744142A NO136081C (en) | 1974-11-18 | 1974-11-18 | VERY THIN HEIGHT PRESSURE LAMINATES SUITABLE FOR ADMINISTRATION WITHOUT PRE-GRINDING |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO744142L NO744142L (en) | 1976-05-19 |
NO136081B true NO136081B (en) | 1977-04-12 |
NO136081C NO136081C (en) | 1981-10-15 |
Family
ID=19881935
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO744142A NO136081C (en) | 1974-11-18 | 1974-11-18 | VERY THIN HEIGHT PRESSURE LAMINATES SUITABLE FOR ADMINISTRATION WITHOUT PRE-GRINDING |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPS5173088A (en) |
AT (1) | AT348262B (en) |
DE (1) | DE2551577A1 (en) |
DK (1) | DK516475A (en) |
FI (1) | FI753212A (en) |
FR (1) | FR2291026A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1509260A (en) |
IT (1) | IT1049852B (en) |
NO (1) | NO136081C (en) |
SE (1) | SE7512894L (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FI75758C (en) * | 1986-05-19 | 1988-08-08 | Enso Gutzeit Oy | Process for making discs. |
US5422168A (en) * | 1994-02-02 | 1995-06-06 | International Paper Company | Low pressure board |
US20030230382A1 (en) * | 2001-11-14 | 2003-12-18 | Westvaco Corporation | Method for releasing laminated materials |
DE102014104760A1 (en) | 2014-04-03 | 2015-10-08 | Fritz Egger Gmbh & Co. Og | Laminate and process for its preparation |
ES2970721T3 (en) | 2017-02-13 | 2024-05-30 | Wilsonart Llc | Method of manufacturing a decorative laminate with a core layer subjected to sodium alginate treatment |
-
1974
- 1974-11-18 NO NO744142A patent/NO136081C/en unknown
-
1975
- 1975-11-14 FI FI753212A patent/FI753212A/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1975-11-17 FR FR7535088A patent/FR2291026A1/en active Granted
- 1975-11-17 AT AT875375A patent/AT348262B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-11-17 GB GB47323/75A patent/GB1509260A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-11-17 SE SE7512894A patent/SE7512894L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1975-11-17 DK DK516475A patent/DK516475A/en unknown
- 1975-11-17 DE DE19752551577 patent/DE2551577A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1975-11-18 JP JP50137858A patent/JPS5173088A/ja active Pending
- 1975-11-18 IT IT29391/75A patent/IT1049852B/en active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATA875375A (en) | 1978-06-15 |
FR2291026A1 (en) | 1976-06-11 |
SE7512894L (en) | 1976-05-19 |
IT1049852B (en) | 1981-02-10 |
FI753212A (en) | 1976-05-19 |
NO136081C (en) | 1981-10-15 |
AT348262B (en) | 1979-02-12 |
JPS5173088A (en) | 1976-06-24 |
NO744142L (en) | 1976-05-19 |
GB1509260A (en) | 1978-05-04 |
DK516475A (en) | 1976-05-19 |
FR2291026B3 (en) | 1978-08-18 |
DE2551577A1 (en) | 1976-05-20 |
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