NO119764B - - Google Patents
Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO119764B NO119764B NO157499A NO15749965A NO119764B NO 119764 B NO119764 B NO 119764B NO 157499 A NO157499 A NO 157499A NO 15749965 A NO15749965 A NO 15749965A NO 119764 B NO119764 B NO 119764B
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- oxide
- glass
- glass according
- pst
- mol
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphosphorus decaoxide Chemical compound O1P(O2)(=O)OP3(=O)OP1(=O)OP2(=O)O3 DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical group [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Chemical group [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910000272 alkali metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical group [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005365 phosphate glass Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium oxide Chemical compound [Ba]=O QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical group [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M dilithium;hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[OH-] XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- FZFYOUJTOSBFPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M dipotassium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+].[K+] FZFYOUJTOSBFPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004553 extrusion of metal Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 2
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000012438 extruded product Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001948 sodium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004534 enameling Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 ferrous metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005357 flat glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001192 hot extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000464 lead oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001234 light alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolead Chemical compound [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[K+].[K+] CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001950 potassium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
- F16B12/00—Jointing of furniture or the like, e.g. hidden from exterior
- F16B12/40—Joints for furniture tubing
- F16B12/42—Joints for furniture tubing connecting furniture tubing to non-tubular parts
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47B—TABLES; DESKS; OFFICE FURNITURE; CABINETS; DRAWERS; GENERAL DETAILS OF FURNITURE
- A47B47/00—Cabinets, racks or shelf units, characterised by features related to dismountability or building-up from elements
- A47B47/02—Cabinets, racks or shelf units, characterised by features related to dismountability or building-up from elements made of metal only
- A47B47/021—Racks or shelf units
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47B—TABLES; DESKS; OFFICE FURNITURE; CABINETS; DRAWERS; GENERAL DETAILS OF FURNITURE
- A47B55/00—Cabinets, racks or shelf units, having essential features of rigid construction
- A47B55/02—Cabinets, racks or shelf units, having essential features of rigid construction made of wire
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47B—TABLES; DESKS; OFFICE FURNITURE; CABINETS; DRAWERS; GENERAL DETAILS OF FURNITURE
- A47B57/00—Cabinets, racks or shelf units, characterised by features for adjusting shelves or partitions
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G1/00—Scaffolds primarily resting on the ground
- E04G1/15—Scaffolds primarily resting on the ground essentially comprising special means for supporting or forming platforms; Platforms
- E04G1/151—Platforms made of wood, with or without reinforcements
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Steps, Ramps, And Handrails (AREA)
- Movable Scaffolding (AREA)
- Types And Forms Of Lifts (AREA)
- Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
- Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Ladders (AREA)
Description
Alkalifosfatglass og anvendelse derav. Alkali phosphate glass and use thereof.
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse går ut på alkalifosforsyre-glass som inneholder aluminiumoksyd og et oksyd av de toverdige metaller sink, kalsium eller magnesium. The present invention concerns alkali phosphoric acid glass containing aluminum oxide and an oxide of the divalent metals zinc, calcium or magnesium.
Man kjenner allerede fosfatglass som er godt bestandig mot angrep fra vann, og som inneholder fosforsyreanhydrid, aluminiumoksyd og alkalioksyder og sinkoksyd, i hvilke glassinnholdet av aluminiumoksyd er over 20 vekt-pst. Phosphate glass is already known which is well resistant to attack from water, and which contains phosphoric anhydride, aluminum oxide and alkali oxides and zinc oxide, in which the glass content of aluminum oxide is over 20% by weight.
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse går ut på glass hvis hovedbestanddeler uttrykt i mol-pst. er følgende: The present invention concerns glass whose main constituents expressed in mol-pst. are the following:
aluminiumoksyd (A1„0;)) 10—-20 % og som dessuten inneholder ett eller flere oksyder av et toverdig metall i gruppen sink, kalsium, magnesium og dette slik at den samlede mengde av disse oksyder ut-gjør minst 2 mol pr. 100 mol av hovedbestanddelene. aluminum oxide (A1„0;)) 10--20% and which also contains one or more oxides of a divalent metal in the group zinc, calcium, magnesium and this so that the total amount of these oxides amounts to at least 2 mol per 100 moles of the main components.
Glass i henhold til den foreliggende oppfinnelse er som regel forholdsvis lett smeltbare, har et forholdsvis stort område av mykningspunkter og et forholdsvis stort område for angrep av vann, og det er lett å regulere verdien av mykningspunktene og av angrepbarheten ved vann. Disse store reguleringsområder og den letthet hvormed de kan reguleres adskiller glass i henhold til oppfinnelsen fra de kjente glass som er nevnt ovenfor. Glass according to the present invention is generally relatively easily fusible, has a relatively large area of softening points and a relatively large area for attack by water, and it is easy to regulate the value of the softening points and of the attackability by water. These large regulation areas and the ease with which they can be regulated separate glass according to the invention from the known glasses mentioned above.
Disse egenskaper er fordelaktige for forskjellige industrielle anvendelser som angis nedenfor. These properties are advantageous for various industrial applications as indicated below.
Som alkalimetalloksyder anvender man i første rekke enten natriumoksyd (Na20) eller en blanding av natriumoksyd (Na20) og kaliumoksyd (K20), eventuelt litiumoksyd (Li20) og ved å anvende forskjellige mengder av disse forskjellige alkalier kan man regulere smeltbarheten og forander-ligheten eller tendensen til avglassing hos glasset. Alkali metal oxides are primarily used either sodium oxide (Na20) or a mixture of sodium oxide (Na20) and potassium oxide (K20), possibly lithium oxide (Li20) and by using different amounts of these different alkalis, the fusibility and changeability can be regulated or the tendency of the glass to devitrify.
Ved å erstatte fosforsyreanhydrid (P2-05) med en like stor vektmengde boresyre-anhydrid (B008) opp til en mengde av 10 vekt-pst. B203 beregnet på totalmengden av glassets bestanddeler kan man i betydelig grad heve glassets motstandsevne mot kje-mikalier og mot atmosfæren. By replacing phosphoric anhydride (P2-05) with an equal amount by weight of boric anhydride (B008) up to an amount of 10% by weight. B203 calculated on the total quantity of the glass's constituents, the glass's resistance to chemicals and the atmosphere can be significantly increased.
Hvis det behøves kan man også, for eksempel for å innvirke på glassets smeltbarhet, erstattes en molmengde som kan gå opp til ca. 5 pst. av en eller flere av glassets grunnbestanddeler (alkalimetalloksyder, fosforsyreanhydrid og aluminiumoksyd) med en like stor molmengde av metalloksyder av typen R20:!, f. eks. jernoksyd (FenO:!), kromoksyd (Cr26:j), osv. If necessary, one can also, for example to influence the meltability of the glass, replace a molar amount which can be up to approx. 5 percent of one or more of the glass's basic constituents (alkali metal oxides, phosphoric anhydride and aluminum oxide) with an equal molar amount of metal oxides of the type R20:!, e.g. iron oxide (FenO:!), chromium oxide (Cr26:j), etc.
Tilstedeværelsen i glass i henhold til oppfinnelsen av oksyder av sink, kalsium eller magnesium har den virkning at de nedsetter glassets angripbarhet. Man kan i visse tilfeller erstatte en mol-pst. som kan gå opp til 70 pst. av det totale innhold av sinkoksyd, kalsiumoksyd og magnesiumoksyd med en like stor mol-pst. av oksyd av et eller flere toverdige metaller, f. eks. bariumoksyd (BaO). The presence in glass according to the invention of oxides of zinc, calcium or magnesium has the effect of reducing the attackability of the glass. One can in certain cases replace a mol-pst. which can go up to 70 percent of the total content of zinc oxide, calcium oxide and magnesium oxide with an equal mole percent. of oxide of one or more divalent metals, e.g. barium oxide (BaO).
Den nedenstående tabell viser som eksempel hvorledes de to kategorier av glass angripes av vann (målt etter Deutsche Technische Gesellschafts metode). The table below shows as an example how the two categories of glass are attacked by water (measured according to the Deutsche Technische Gesellschaft's method).
Som man ser har glassene B, D, F, G, I i henhold til oppfinnelsen betydelig min-dre angripbarhet enn de samme glass som ikke inneholder sinkoksyd eller magnesiumoksyd. As can be seen, the glasses B, D, F, G, I according to the invention have considerably less attackability than the same glasses which do not contain zinc oxide or magnesium oxide.
Angripbarheten av glassene F, I i henhold til oppfinnelsen kan sammenliknes med angripbarheten av de industrielle ki-selsyreholdige glass: flaskeglass har en angripbarhet på 15 til 30 DGG, vindusglass på 30 til 50 DGG. Motstandsevnen hos de fos-forholdige glass F og I er altså spesielt be-merkelsesverdig. The attackability of the glasses F, I according to the invention can be compared with the attackability of the industrial silica-containing glasses: bottle glass has an attackability of 15 to 30 DGG, window glass of 30 to 50 DGG. The resistance of the phos-proportional glasses F and I is therefore particularly remarkable.
De glass i henhold til oppfinnelsen som er minst angripbare kan med fordel anvendes til glasur, spesielt på aluminium, og dettes legeringer. Uten at det er nødvendig å innføre blyoksyd i glasset, er disse glass like lett smeltbare som glass som er rike på bly, og til forskjell fra disse er de ikke gif-tige. The glasses according to the invention which are least susceptible to attack can be advantageously used for glazing, especially on aluminium, and its alloys. Without it being necessary to introduce lead oxide into the glass, these glasses are just as easily fusible as glasses rich in lead, and unlike these, they are not toxic.
Et glass i henhold til oppfinnelsen som kan anvendes til emaljering, kan fremstil-les som i følgende eksempel: A glass according to the invention that can be used for enameling can be produced as in the following example:
Eksempel 1: Example 1:
smeltes ved omtrent 1000° C i en ildfast digel av kiselsyre-lerjord. Man får da et glass hvis sammensetning svarer til glasset G i den ovenstående tabell. Hvis dette glass pulveriseres og siktes til passende kornstørrelse (0,15—0,30 mm) kan det sintres i form av en glasskive på 80 x 3 mm, hvis det holdes i 30 minutter is melted at approximately 1000° C in a refractory crucible of siliceous clay. You then get a glass whose composition corresponds to glass G in the table above. If this glass is pulverized and sieved to the appropriate grain size (0.15-0.30 mm) it can be sintered in the form of a glass disk of 80 x 3 mm, if kept for 30 minutes
ved 405° C. Ved 425° C begynner det å flyte utover. Det kan anvendes til emaljering ved 500° C. at 405° C. At 425° C it starts to flow outwards. It can be used for enamelling at 500° C.
Som nevnt i det foranstående er det mulig å innvirke på glassets smeltbarhet ved å erstatte en liten pst-mengde av en hovedbestanddelene med et oksyd av gruppen R30,r Nedenfor er det angitt resulta-ter oppnådd ved at man i eksempel 1, dvs. i en blanding som gir et glass av typen G, har erstattet visse av bestanddelene med 4 pst. FE,03. As mentioned in the above, it is possible to affect the glass's fusibility by replacing a small pst amount of one of the main components with an oxide of the group R30,r Below are the results obtained by using in example 1, i.e. in a mixture which gives a glass of type G, has replaced some of the constituents with 4 per cent FE,03.
Glass G, Glass G,
<p>205 = 40,2 Al2Os = 14,8 NaoO + K20 <p>205 = 40.2 Al2Os = 14.8 NaoO + K20
= 41,0 Fe203 = 4,0 MgO = 10,2 = 41.0 Fe 2 O 3 = 4.0 MgO = 10.2
Glasset G1 kan sintres i form av skiver på 80x3 mm hvis det holdes på 435° C i 30 The glass G1 can be sintered in the form of disks of 80x3 mm if it is kept at 435° C for 30
min. my.
Glass G2Glass G2
P9Os = 40,2 A1203 = 10,8 Na20 + K20 P 9 O s = 40.2 A 1 2 O 3 = 10.8 Na 2 O + K 2 O
= 45,6 Fe2Og = 4,0 MgO = 10,2 = 45.6 Fe2Og = 4.0 MgO = 10.2
Glasset G2 kan sintres til form av skiver The glass G2 can be sintered into the shape of disks
på 80 x 3 mm hvis det holdes på 415° C i 30 min. of 80 x 3 mm if it is kept at 415° C for 30 min.
Den ovenstående tabell viser også at glass som faller inn under oppfinnelsen kan The above table also shows that glass that falls within the scope of the invention can
ha meget forskjellig angripbarhet. Da dessuten en viss del av dettes bestanddeler har have very different vulnerability. As, moreover, a certain part of its constituents have
gjødningsstoff-egenskaper, enten som egentlige gjødningsstoffer (P205, K20) eller fertilizer properties, either as actual fertilizers (P205, K20) or
som jordforbedrere (CaO) eller som spore-elementer (MgO, ZnO), er disse glass særlig egnet til å anvendes i jordbruket på en gang som sporelementer og som gjødnings-stoff. Man kan blant vedkommende glass velge de som med hensyn til oppløselighet, innhold av sporelementer eller gjødnings- as soil improvers (CaO) or as trace elements (MgO, ZnO), these glasses are particularly suitable for use in agriculture both as trace elements and as fertiliser. Among the relevant glasses, one can choose those which, in terms of solubility, content of trace elements or fertilization
stoffer er best egnet for den jordtype som man ønsker å behandle. substances are best suited for the type of soil that you want to treat.
Følgende eksempel viser fremstilling av et glass i henhold til oppfinnelsen som er egnet til dette bruk: The following example shows the production of a glass according to the invention which is suitable for this use:
Eksempel 2. Example 2.
smeltes ved ca. 1000° C i en ildfast digel av kiselsyre og ler jord. Man får et glass av sammensetning svarende til glasset B i ovenstående tabell. Dette glass, hvis angripbarhet er 2300 DGG, kan anvendes i jordbruket som sporelementkilde eller som <g>jødningsstoff. melts at approx. 1000° C in a refractory crucible of silicic acid and clay soil. You get a glass of composition corresponding to glass B in the table above. This glass, whose attackability is 2300 DGG, can be used in agriculture as a source of trace elements or as <g>fertiliser.
Ansøkerne har funnet at glass i henhold til oppfinnelsen kan anvendes som smøremiddel ved strengpressing av metaller. The applicants have found that glass according to the invention can be used as a lubricant when string pressing metals.
Det er en kjent sak at strengpressing av ikke jernmetaller eller disses legeringer er forbundet med store vanskeligheter, som særlig skylles de store friksjoner mellom arbeidsstykket og pressens verktøy. It is a well-known fact that string pressing of non-ferrous metals or their alloys is associated with great difficulties, which are mainly due to the great friction between the workpiece and the press tool.
Disse store friksjoner forårsaker lokale temperaturstigninger i arbeidsstykket, som fører til sprekkdannelse i den utpressede stang. På den annen side vil arbeidsstyk-kets sentrale parti på grunn av friksjonen bevege seg hurtigere enn de deler som er i kontakt med pressens verktøy, med derav følgende store lokale spenninger og en he-terogen struktur, som viser seg som store korn på overflaten under de avsluttende termiske behandlinger. Videre dannes det i det utpressede partis bakre del et sentralt tomrom med en lengde som kan komme opp 20 pst. av det utpressede produkts hele lengde. These large frictions cause local temperature increases in the workpiece, which leads to cracking in the extruded bar. On the other hand, due to the friction, the central part of the workpiece will move faster than the parts that are in contact with the press's tool, resulting in large local stresses and a heterogeneous structure, which appears as large grains on the surface below the final thermal treatments. Furthermore, a central void is formed in the rear part of the extruded part with a length that can be up to 20 per cent of the entire length of the extruded product.
Man kan som kjent unngå sprekkdan-nelsen på overflaten ved å minske utpressingshastigheten i vesentlig grad, nemlig til minst 3 m pr. minutt, så friksjonsvar-men får anledning til å avledes gjennom verktøyene. Bortsett fra at pressens ytelse herved nedsettes, unngår man dog ikke at det senere fremkommer store korn på overflaten og heller ikke dannelse av det sentrale tomrom. As is well known, the formation of cracks on the surface can be avoided by reducing the extrusion speed to a significant extent, namely to at least 3 m per minute, so friction war-men have the opportunity to be diverted through the tools. Apart from the fact that the performance of the press is thereby reduced, it is not avoided that large grains later appear on the surface, nor the formation of the central void.
Man kjenner også en fremgangsmåte til utpressing i varmen av metaller som det er vanskelig å presse ut, ved hvilken man mellom arbeidsstykket og pressens verktøy, og da særlig pressmunnstykket, beholderen og doren, anbringer et materiale, f. eks. et glass, et salt eller en slagg, som ved inn-virkning av varmen fra arbeidsstykket smelter helt eller delvis og holder seg tykt-flytende. A method is also known for hot extrusion of metals that are difficult to extrude, by which a material is placed between the workpiece and the press tool, and in particular the press nozzle, the container and the mandrel, e.g. a glass, a salt or a slag, which when affected by the heat from the work piece melts completely or partially and stays thick-liquid.
Da glass i henhold til oppfinnelsen har en passende viskositet i temperaturinter-vallet mellom ca. 400 og 650° C, kan de anvendes som smøremiddel ved strengpressing av lavtsmeltende metaller eller legeringer, spesielt aluminium og aluminium-legeringer, ved hvis strengpressing smøre-midlet får en temperatur i ovennevnte in-tervall. Sintringstemperaturen for glass av samme sammensetning ligger mellom 380 og 460° C. As glass according to the invention has a suitable viscosity in the temperature interval between approx. 400 and 650° C, they can be used as a lubricant in the extrusion of low-melting metals or alloys, especially aluminum and aluminium-alloys, in whose extrusion the lubricant attains a temperature in the above-mentioned interval. The sintering temperature for glass of the same composition is between 380 and 460° C.
Ved å gjøre bruk av glassene ifølge oppfinnelsen ved utpressing, oppnår man følgende tidligere ikke oppnådde resulta-ter: a) Utpressingen foregår med stor has-tighet, som, særlig for lette legeringers vedkommende, kan komme opp i 15 til 50 m/min. By using the glasses according to the invention during extrusion, the following previously unachieved results are achieved: a) Extrusion takes place at high speed, which, especially for light alloys, can reach 15 to 50 m/min.
b) Det fremkommer ingen grove korn på overflaten ved den påfølgende termiske b) No coarse grains appear on the surface during the subsequent thermal
behandling. treatment.
c) Det dannes intet sentralt hulrom i det utpressede partis bakre del. c) No central cavity is formed in the rear part of the extruded part.
Videre har de anvendte glass den fordel, at de kan fjernes fra trådenes eller stengenes overflate bare ved å dyppe trå-dene eller strengene i rent vann. I visse tilfelle, spesielt når glassene inneholder sinkoksyd, anvender man et bad som er svakt syret, f. eks. med salpetersyre. Furthermore, the glasses used have the advantage that they can be removed from the surface of the wires or rods simply by dipping the wires or strings in clean water. In certain cases, especially when the glasses contain zinc oxide, a weakly acid bath is used, e.g. with nitric acid.
Eksempel 3. Example 3.
For strengpressing av aluminiumlege-ringer som inneholder: kan man som smøremiddel anvende et glass som inneholder: For strand pressing of aluminum alloy rings containing: a glass containing: can be used as a lubricant.
hvis sintringstemperatur ligger omkring 390° C. Utpressingshastigheten er 24 m pr. minutt. Det utpressede produkt har intet sentralt tomrom og det fremkommer ingen grove korn på overflaten ved etterfølgende termisk behandling. whose sintering temperature is around 390° C. The extrusion speed is 24 m per minute. The extruded product has no central void and no coarse grains appear on the surface during subsequent thermal treatment.
Claims (7)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH510064A CH421468A (en) | 1964-04-21 | 1964-04-21 | Framework made of metal pipes |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO119764B true NO119764B (en) | 1970-06-29 |
Family
ID=4287929
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO157499A NO119764B (en) | 1964-04-21 | 1965-04-01 |
Country Status (14)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3305046A (en) |
| AT (1) | AT263314B (en) |
| BE (1) | BE662645A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH421468A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE1559008C2 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK114653B (en) |
| ES (1) | ES310724A1 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI43479B (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1105120A (en) |
| IL (1) | IL23374A (en) |
| LU (1) | LU48117A1 (en) |
| NL (1) | NL6504259A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO119764B (en) |
| SE (1) | SE307838B (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3782498A (en) * | 1972-08-21 | 1974-01-01 | R Gleisen | Improved scaffold |
| DE3020389A1 (en) * | 1980-05-29 | 1981-12-03 | geb. Layher Ruth 7129 Güglingen Langer | LIFT SAFETY FOR BUILDING SCAFFOLDINGS |
| US4830144A (en) * | 1988-01-25 | 1989-05-16 | Saf-T-Green Manufacturing Corporation | Scaffold |
| US4825976A (en) * | 1988-08-31 | 1989-05-02 | Bil-Jax, Inc. | Scaffolding platform |
| DE9314364U1 (en) * | 1993-09-23 | 1993-12-02 | Merkel, Gerald, 02625 Bautzen | Scaffolding covering |
| DE29703879U1 (en) * | 1997-03-04 | 1997-05-22 | Alusuisse Technology & Management Ag, Neuhausen Am Rheinfall | Walkable plank, especially plank for scaffolding |
| US6354402B1 (en) * | 2000-06-16 | 2002-03-12 | Michael D. Masino | Plank securing scaffolding assembly |
| US7258199B2 (en) * | 2004-05-27 | 2007-08-21 | Richard Hayes, Sr. | Modular multilevel access platform and method for erecting the same |
| US7971408B2 (en) | 2004-05-27 | 2011-07-05 | Hayes Sr Richard | Stairtower and method for erecting the same |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US557501A (en) * | 1896-03-31 | Builder s scaffold | ||
| GB189509643A (en) * | 1895-05-15 | 1895-06-15 | Arthur William Down | Improvements in and relating to Aseptic Tables and the like for Surgical Use. |
| US2261831A (en) * | 1941-01-16 | 1941-11-04 | Budd Wheel Co | Scaffolding structure |
| CH310770A (en) * | 1952-02-13 | 1955-11-15 | Gyr Gerold | Dismountable frame, in particular for goods. |
| FR1239881A (en) * | 1958-11-12 | 1960-08-26 | Removable shelving or similar furniture | |
| DE1871369U (en) * | 1963-02-11 | 1963-05-02 | Josef Hecking | METAL FRAMEWORK. |
-
1964
- 1964-04-21 CH CH510064A patent/CH421468A/en unknown
-
1965
- 1965-03-03 DE DE19651559008 patent/DE1559008C2/en not_active Expired
- 1965-03-03 LU LU48117A patent/LU48117A1/xx unknown
- 1965-03-03 AT AT185965A patent/AT263314B/en active
- 1965-03-17 SE SE3452/65A patent/SE307838B/xx unknown
- 1965-03-18 ES ES0310724A patent/ES310724A1/en not_active Expired
- 1965-04-01 NO NO157499A patent/NO119764B/no unknown
- 1965-04-02 NL NL6504259A patent/NL6504259A/xx unknown
- 1965-04-05 FI FI0820/65A patent/FI43479B/fi active
- 1965-04-07 DK DK177665AA patent/DK114653B/en unknown
- 1965-04-15 US US448445A patent/US3305046A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1965-04-16 IL IL23374A patent/IL23374A/en unknown
- 1965-04-16 BE BE662645D patent/BE662645A/xx unknown
- 1965-04-20 GB GB16437/65A patent/GB1105120A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CH421468A (en) | 1966-09-30 |
| BE662645A (en) | 1965-08-17 |
| US3305046A (en) | 1967-02-21 |
| SE307838B (en) | 1969-01-20 |
| AT263314B (en) | 1968-07-25 |
| ES310724A1 (en) | 1965-12-16 |
| GB1105120A (en) | 1968-03-06 |
| DE1559008C2 (en) | 1970-04-30 |
| DE1559008B1 (en) | 1969-09-18 |
| FI43479B (en) | 1970-12-31 |
| LU48117A1 (en) | 1965-05-03 |
| IL23374A (en) | 1969-03-27 |
| NL6504259A (en) | 1965-10-22 |
| DK114653B (en) | 1969-07-21 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US4386164A (en) | Barium-free Type I, Class B laboratory soda-alumina-borosilicate glass | |
| US4026715A (en) | Glass compositions, fibers and methods of making same | |
| US3900329A (en) | Glass compositions | |
| US3791809A (en) | Method of strengthening glass articles using powdered salts for ion exchange | |
| US3275492A (en) | Opal glass with a low coefficient of thermal expansion | |
| TN2011000311A1 (en) | Method of manufacturing high strength glass fibers in a direct melt operation and products formed there from | |
| US3481749A (en) | Vitreous compositions of matter | |
| CA2663136C (en) | Process for the preparation of ceramic glass material in the form of sheets, sheets thus obtained and use thereof | |
| GB1012367A (en) | Tempered glass | |
| GB1076602A (en) | Glass articles having surface compressive stress | |
| JP2001080933A (en) | Crystal glass not containing lead and barium | |
| SA517390253B1 (en) | High-Performance Glass Fiber Composition, Glass Fiber and Composite Material Therefrom | |
| NO119764B (en) | ||
| KR970061802A (en) | Black glass frit, preparation method thereof and use thereof | |
| CA2458000A1 (en) | Methods of adjusting temperatures of glass characteristics and glass articles produced thereby | |
| US3248234A (en) | Glass compositions | |
| JP6382837B2 (en) | Glass manufacturing method using electric melting | |
| US2743553A (en) | Metal sealing glass and seal | |
| NO117438B (en) | ||
| JPH08245237A (en) | Composition for antibacterial glass | |
| US3220861A (en) | Manufacture of heat absorbing glasses | |
| CN104973792A (en) | Heat-resistant glass fiber cloth | |
| US3253933A (en) | Glass compositions | |
| US3420684A (en) | Sealing glass compositions,method of sealing,and article | |
| JPH0274536A (en) | Hard glass for press molding |