NL2032666B1 - A maximum power level estimation circuit for a photovoltaic system - Google Patents

A maximum power level estimation circuit for a photovoltaic system Download PDF

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Publication number
NL2032666B1
NL2032666B1 NL2032666A NL2032666A NL2032666B1 NL 2032666 B1 NL2032666 B1 NL 2032666B1 NL 2032666 A NL2032666 A NL 2032666A NL 2032666 A NL2032666 A NL 2032666A NL 2032666 B1 NL2032666 B1 NL 2032666B1
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voltage limit
voltage
photovoltaic cell
circuit
limit
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NL2032666A
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Dutch (nl)
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Liao Jieyu
Fan Qinwen
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Univ Delft Tech
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Priority to PCT/NL2023/050409 priority patent/WO2024030022A1/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/66—Regulating electric power
    • G05F1/67—Regulating electric power to the maximum power available from a generator, e.g. from solar cell

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
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  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Control Of Electrical Variables (AREA)

Abstract

A. maximum. power level circuit for providing instantaneous estimates of a maximum power level of a photovoltaic system 5 including one or more photovoltaic cells under prevailing conditions of irradiance, array temperature and. spectrum. of sunlight, wherein. the circuit comprises at least one input capacitor (Chmm) connected or connectable to the photovoltaic cell or cells (PV module) and first switches (Sl, SZ, S3, S4) 10 to selectively and repeatedly charge and discharge said at least one input capacitor (Cum…) so as to have the input capacitor’s voltage meander between a lower voltage limit (VL) and a higher voltage limit (VH), said lower voltage limit (VL) and said higher voltage limit (Va) being settable below, respectively above a 15 predefined charging voltage value representing the at least one photovoltaic cell operational voltage (VNA, and that the circuit further comprises an amperage measurement circuit to establish the amperage (IW) at which the at least one photovoltaic cell (PV module) charges the at least one input capacitor (Cum…) at 20 said photovoltaic cell operational voltage (Vmû that causes said input capacitor voltage to rise from the lower voltage limit (VL) to the higher voltage limit (VH).

Description

A maximum power level estimation circuit for a photovoltaic system
The invention relates to a maximum power level circuit for providing instantaneous estimates of a maximum power level of a photovoltaic system including one or more photovoltaic cells under prevailing conditions of irradiance, array temperature and spectrum of sunlight.
US 6,979,989 discloses such a circuit, comprising a reference circuit including at least one reference photovoltaic cell and a thermistor network in parallel with the reference cell. The thermistor network comprises at least one negative temperature coefficient thermistor, at least one resistor in parallel with the thermistor, and at least one resistor in series with the thermistor and the parallel resistor. The thermistor is positioned in or on the photovoltaic array.
In general the prior art circuit has a narrow dynamic range, which means that its tracking efficiency for varying power of the photovoltaic system, the so-called Maximum Power Point
Tracking or MPPT, is poor.
It is an object of the invention to improve the MPPT efficiency to a rate higher than 98% between 4 uW and 450 mW input power range, and to achieve further benefits that will become apparent from the following disclosure.
The maximum power level circuit of the invention is to that end provided with features according to one or more of the appended claims.
According to a first aspect of the invention the circuit comprises at least one input capacitor connected or connectable to the photovoltaic cell or cells and first switches to selectively and repeatedly charge and discharge said at least one input capacitor so as to have the input capacitor’s voltage meander between a lower voltage limit and a higher voltage limit, sald lower voltage limit and said higher voltage limit being
- 2 = settable below, respectively above a predefined charging voltage value representing the at least one photovoltaic cell operational voltage, and that the circuit further comprises an amperage measurement circuit to establish the amperage at which the at least one photovoltaic cell charges the at least one input capacitor at said photovoltaic cell operational voltage that causes said input capacitor voltage to rise from the lower voltage limit to the higher voltage limit. This provides an elegant and less complicated way than provided by the prior art circuit to measure the maximum power of a photovoltaic system at changing conditions of irradiance, array temperature and spectrum of sunlight.
To support automation of tracking said maximum power it is preferred that the circuit comprises a controller for setting the lower voltage limit and the higher voltage limit below, respectively above the at least one photovoltaic cell operational voltage at which the power level of the photovoltaic cell or cells are to be established.
It is beneficial that the controller is arranged to sequentially and concurrently move the lower voltage limit and the higher voltage limit up or down at a predefined fixed step, causing the at least one photovoltaic cell operational voltage to move up or down accordingly between the lower voltage limit and the higher voltage limit. In other words: by establishing the lower voltage limit and the higher voltage limit it is known what the photovoltaic cell operational voltage is, i.e. the average of the lower voltage limit and the higher voltage limit. Together with the result of the amperage measurement circuit, this provides an easy way to track the maximum power point of the photovoltaic system. The sequential and concurrent moving up or down of the lower and higher voltage limits is a straightforward strategy to look for the point where the photovoltaic system provides maximum power.
To support a controlled operation of the circuit it is desirable that the circuit comprises an inductor wherein the first switches are arranged to connect the inductor between the input
- 3 = capacitor and earth when the input capacitor is discharged.
In one embodiment it is preferred that the amperage measurement circuit comprises a time-based power integrator which measures a required integration time Torr for the input capacitor voltage to rise from the lower voltage limit to the higher voltage limit.
This required integration time Terr is a reliable measure for the charging current that drives the input capacitor voltage from the lower voltage limit to the higher voltage limit.
It is further found beneficial that the amperage measurement circuit comprises an operational amplifier provided with a feedback capacitor, wherein the operational amplifier integrates a predefined fixed reference current at the input of the operational amplifier during the required integration time Torr, wherein an output voltage of the operational amplifier represents a measure for the power of the at least one photovoltaic cell at the photovoltaic cell operational voltage.
With this construction benefits are achieved when the feedback capacitor is adjustable, in particular it is advantageous that the feedback capacitor value is set at a value proportional to the at least one photovoltaic cell operational voltage. In doing so the output voltage of the operational amplifier is directly proportional for the maximum power point of the photovoltaic system being investigated.
In order to effectively search for the maximum power point of the photovoltaic system, it is preferable that the feedback capacitor value is sequentially set by the controller at a higher or lower value concurrently and consistent with the concurrent moving up or down of the lower voltage limit and the higher voltage limit that define the at least one photovoltaic cell operational voltage between said limits.
Further benefits are achieved when the circuit comprises second switches for selectively routing the predefined fixed reference current at the input of the operational amplifier so as to flip sald reference current to discharge or charge the feedback capacitor when the operational amplifier reaches a limit set by the supply voltage of the operational amplifier. This increases the dynamic range of the circuit, in particular when concurrently flipping the reference current induces the controller to move the lower voltage limit and the higher voltage limit up or down at the earlier mentioned predefined fixed step.
The invention will hereinafter be further elucidated with reference to the drawing of several figures that are illustrative and that explain the invention, without these figures limiting the appended claims.
In the drawing: — figure 1 shows a typical I-V curve of a PV system; - figure 2 shows several I-V curves displaying the sensitivity to irradiance and temperature; — figure 3 shows a prior art searching strategy for the point where the PV system provides maximum power; - figure 4 shows an explanatory scheme according to the circuit of the invention; — figure 5 shows a voltage curve at the input capacitor of the scheme shown in figure 4; - figure 6 shows an embodiment of the circuit of the invention; — figure 7 shows a time-based power integrator of the system of the invention; - figure 8 shows an I-V curve of a PV system under investigation: — figure 9 shows the development of the output voltage of the time-based power integrator shown in figure 7; - figure 10 shows the circuit of the invention according to figure 6 in a next step pertaining to a higher operational voltage of the PV system; - figure 11 shows an IV curve of the PV system under investigation in the step of figure 10; — figure 12 shows the development of the output voltage of the time-based power integrator shown in figure 10; and — figures 13 and 14 show the output voltage of the time-based power integrator of figure 6 with repeated flipping of the input reference current.
— 5 =
Whenever in the figures the same reference numerals are applied, these numerals refer to the same parts.
Making first reference to figure 1, it shows a typical I-V curve of a PV system. The skilled person recognizes that there is a nonlinear relation between the output current and the output voltage. Figure 1 shows at the X axis that at the voltage
Vmpe the PV system provides maximum power.
Figure 2 depicts that the point where maximum power is provided by a particular PV system may vary depending on the level of irradiance and temperature. Figure 2 depicts four different power curves from which it follows that in general with high irradiance and low temperature, the power provided by a PV system is at an optimum.
Figure 3 depicts a prior art strategy to search for the point where the PV system provides maximum power. The output voltage
Vev is varied in a chain of sequential steps, and with each output voltage corresponding to a particular step the provided power is measured. When the power is at maximum the corresponding output voltage Vey is deemed to constitute the maximum power voltage Vr.
Figure 4 represents an explanatory scheme comprising a PV module connected to a DC-DC converter, which is powered by a chargeable battery. The input capacitor Cinsu is charged by the PV module when the switches S1 and S3 are open, while the switches S2 and
S4 are closed. With reference also to figure 5, it is depicted that when the input voltage Vev reaches a high voltage limit Vu, the switches S1 and S3 are closed, and the switches S2 and S4 are open. Consequently Vey drops. When Vpy drops and reaches the lower voltage limit Vi, the switches S1 and S3 are open, and the switches S2 and S4 are closed. Consequently Vey rises again.
A possible embodiment of the explanatory scheme shown in figure 4 is shown by figure 6. The switches Sl, S52, 353 and 34 are implemented with FET’s, wherein the gates of these transistors are controlled by a gate driver to perform the switching actions that are explained above with reference to figures 4 and 5. The gate driver is controlled by an hysteretic controller that sets the values for the lower voltage limit Vy and the higher voltage limit Va as received from the digital to analog converter DAC, and that form the base of the switching operation as explained above with reference to figures 4 and 5.
The digital to analog converter DAC forms part of a MPPT controller which also comprises a time-based power integrator, the function and operation of which will be explained hereinafter.
The values for the lower voltage limit Vi and the higher voltage limit Va are set concurrently at a particular voltage, so that they together define the average value of Vey between these limits. Therefore the value of the voltage Vey at a particular time of investigating the power provided by the PV system at a photovoltaic cell operational voltage is known. The P&O logic of the controller controls the values for the lower voltage limit Vi and the higher voltage limit Vy to move concurrently either up or down, and at a fixed step. After each step the system measures again the power provided by the PV system at the then reached photovoltaic cell operational voltage, so as to eventually establish the point where the PV system provides maximum power. This will be further clarified hereinafter in a comparison of a first measurement step as depicted in figures 7, 8, and 9 and a second measurement step as depicted in figures 10, 11, and 12.
In figures 7 and 10 the time-based power integrator is shown forming part of the MPPT controller shown in figure 6. The operation of this time-based power integrator is based on the following considerations.
Since the value of the photovoltaic cell operational voltage Vey after each step of moving the lower and higher limits to a particular value is known, the power provided by the PV system requires only to measure the corresponding amperage Ipy at which the input capacitor is charged from Vi to Va. For this purpose the time-based power integrator serves as an amperage measurement circuit, which comprises an operational amplifier provided with a feedback capacitor as is shown in figures 7 and 10. The operational amplifier integrates a predefined fixed reference current Isr at the input of the operational amplifier during the required integration time Torr that it takes the input capacitor voltage to rise from the lower voltage limit Vi to the higher voltage limit Vu as depicted in figure 5. This required integration time Torr is inversely proportional to the above- mentioned amperage Is which corresponds to the value of the photovoltaic cell operational voltage Vey of the PV system, which -as said above- is the average of the lower voltage limit Vi and the higher voltage limit Vs.
It is preferred that the feedback capacitor applied with the operational amplifier shown in figures 7 and 10, is adjustable, in particular that the feedback capacitor value is set at a value proportional to the at least one photovoltaic cell operational voltage Vey. With these measures the output voltage
Vour of the operational amplifier represents a measure for the power Ppy of the at least one photovoltaic cell at the photovoltaic cell operational voltage Vey. This is apparent from the following equations:
As mentioned above the integration time Terr is inversely proportional to amperage Igy:
Tore = kl / Ipv (1)
The value of the {feedback capacitor is selected to be proportional to the photovoltaic cell operational voltage Ver:
C= k2 * Vey (2)
From figures 7 and 10 it is further clear that the output voltage
Vour of the operational amplifier depends on the value of the feedback capacitor C, the fixed reference current Iesr, and the required integration time Terr for the voltage of the input capacitor Cinput to rise from the lower voltage limit Vi to the higher voltage limit Ve as depicted in figure 5:
Voor = Tors * 2 Inger / C (3)
Substituting equations 1 and 2 into equation 3 shows:
Vour = (Kl * Inger) / (Ipv *k2 * Vey) (4)
Since kl, k2 and Igzr are constants and Ie; * Vey represents the power Ppy which is to be measured, the output voltage Veyr of the operational amplifier is inversely proportional to the power Pev of the at least one photovoltaic cell at the photovoltaic cell operational voltage Ve.
Comparing figures 7, 8 and 9 with figures 10, 11 and 12 shows the following. As said above, the feedback capacitor value C is set at a value proportional to the photovoltaic cell operational voltage Vey. This is symbolized in figure 7 by C = k * Cunit, and in figure 10 by C= (k + 1) * Cunit. According to the first setting of the feedback capacitor as shown in figure 7 based on the first chosen value of Vey, figure 8 represents a graph showing the corresponding power measured at this chosen value of Vey, whereas figure 9 shows the output voltage Vour of the operational amplifier which provides a measure of the then available power
Ppv provided by the investigated PV module, and which corresponds with the measured time Torrl that it takes the voltage of the input capacitor Cinput to rise in this first step from the lower voltage limit Vi to the higher voltage limit Vy as depicted in figure 5.
Conversely in the following or second setting of the feedback capacitor as shown in figure 10 based on the subsequently chosen higher value of Vey, figure 11 represents a graph showing the corresponding power measured at this chosen higher value of Vpy, whereas figure 12 shows the corresponding output voltage
DELTAVoyr of the operational amplifier which provides a measure of the at that step available power Ps provided by the investigated PV module, which corresponds with the measured time
Torrl that it takes the voltage of the input capacitor Cinput in this second step to rise from the lower voltage limit Vi to the higher voltage limit Vk as depicted in figure 5. Figure 12 also represents a power comparison of the available power output after the settings and measurements of the first step and the second step respectively.
Embodiments of the present invention can include every combination of features that are disclosed herein independently from each other. Although the invention has been discussed in the foregoing with reference to an exemplary embodiment of the circuit of the invention, the invention is not restricted to this particular embodiment which can be varied in many ways without departing from the invention. The discussed exemplary embodiment shall therefore not be used to construe the appended claims strictly in accordance therewith. On the contrary the embodiment 1s merely intended to explain the wording of the appended claims without intent to limit the claims to this exemplary embodiment. The scope of protection of the invention shall therefore be construed in accordance with the appended claims only, wherein a possible ambiguity in the wording of the claims shall be resolved using this exemplary embodiment.
Variations and modifications of the present invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications and equivalents.
The entire disclosures of all references, applications, patents, and publications cited above are hereby incorporated by reference. Unless specifically stated as being “essential” above, none of the various components or the interrelationship thereof are essential to the operation of the invention. Rather, desirable results can be achieved by substituting various components and/or reconfiguration of their relationships with one another.
Referring again to figures 7 and 10, it is shown that the circuit comprises second switches at the input of the operational amplifier for selectively routing the predefined fixed reference current (Izer) at the input of the operational amplifier. These switches are preferably used to flip said reference current
- 10 = (Teer) to discharge or charge the feedback capacitor (C) when the operational amplifier reaches a limit set by the supply voltage of the operational amplifier. Accordingly, flipping the reference current (Igrer) induces the controller to move the lower voltage limit {Vi} and the higher voltage limit (Vs) up or down at said predefined fixed step. The output signal Vour of the operational amplifier then shows the behaviour shown in figure 13, which results in that the dynamic range of the power measurement by the circuit of the invention is promoted.
Figure 14 is comparable to figure 13, whilst figure 13 shows an increasing step, figure 14 shows the case wherein the voltage steps are decreasing.
Aspects of the invention are itemized in the following section. 1. A maximum power level circuit for providing instantaneous estimates of a maximum power level of a photovoltaic system including one or more photovoltaic cells under prevailing conditions of irradiance, array temperature and spectrum of sunlight, characterized in that the circuit comprises at least one input capacitor (Cinpu) connected or connectable to the photovoltaic cell or cells (PV module) and first switches (S1, S2, S3, 84) to selectively and repeatedly charge and discharge said at least one input capacitor (Cinput) so as to have the input capacitor’s voltage meander between a lower voltage limit (Vi) and a higher voltage limit (Vw), said lower voltage limit (Vi) and said higher voltage limit (Vu) being settable below, respectively above a predefined charging voltage value representing the at least one photovoltaic cell operational voltage (Vey), and that the circuit further comprises an amperage measurement circuit to establish the amperage (Ipv) at which the at least one photovoltaic cell (PV module) charges the at least one input capacitor (Cinsur) at said photovoltaic cell operational voltage (Vey) that causes said input capacitor voltage to rise from the lower voltage limit (Vw) to the higher voltage limit (Vu). 2. The circuit of claim 1, characterized in that the circuit comprises a controller for setting the lower voltage limit (Vi) and the higher voltage limit (Vu) below, respectively above the at least one photovoltaic cell operational voltage (Vev) at which the power level of the photovoltaic cell or cells
(PV module) are to be established. 3. The circuit of claim 2, characterized in that the controller is arranged to sequentially and concurrently move the lower voltage limit (Vi) and the higher voltage limit (Vu) up or down at a predefined fixed step, causing the at least one photovoltaic cell operational voltage (Vey) to move up or down accordingly between the lower voltage limit (Vy) and the higher voltage limit (Vu).
4. The circuit according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that the circuit comprises an inductor and that the first switches (S1, S2, $3, $4) are arranged to connect the inductor between the input capacitor (Cinsgut) and earth when the input capacitor is discharged.
5. The circuit according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that the amperage measurement circuit comprises a time-based power integrator (fig. 7, 10) which measures a required integration time (Torr) for the input capacitor voltage to rise from the lower voltage limit (Vi) to the higher voltage limit (Vu).
6. The circuit of any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that the amperage measurement circuit comprises an operational amplifier (fig. 7, 10) provided with a feedback capacitor (C), wherein the operational amplifier integrates a predefined fixed reference current (Isr) at the input of the operational amplifier during the required integration time (Torr), wherein an output voltage (Ver) of the operational amplifier represents a measure for the power (Ppy) of the at least one photovoltaic cell (PV module) at the photovoltaic cell operational voltage (Vey).
7. The circuit of claim 6, characterized in that the feedback capacitor (C)is adjustable.
8. The circuit of claim © or 7, characterized in that the feedback capacitor value is set at a value proportional to the at least one photovoltaic cell operational voltage (Vey).
9. The circuit of any one of claims 6-8, characterized in that the feedback capacitor value is sequentially set by the controller at a higher or lower value concurrently and consistent with the concurrent moving up or down of the lower voltage limit (Vi) and the higher voltage limit (Vm) defining the at least one photovoltaic cell operational voltage (Vey) between said limits.
10. The circuit of any one of claims 6-9, characterized in that the circuit comprises second switches (fig. 7, 10) for selectively routing the predefined fixed reference current (Ir) at the input of the operational amplifier so as to flip said reference current (Ieper) to discharge or charge the feedback capacitor (C) when the operational amplifier reaches a limit set by the supply voltage of the operational amplifier.
11. The circuit of claim 10, characterized in that flipping the reference current (Iger) induces the controller to move the lower voltage limit (Vi) and the higher voltage limit (Va) up or down at said predefined fixed step.

Claims (11)

- 13 = CONCLUSIES- 13 = CONCLUSIONS 1. Een maximaal vermogen schakeling voor het leveren van onmiddellijke schattingen van een maximaal vermogensniveau van een fotovoltaïsch systeem met inbegrip van een of meer fotovoltaïsche cellen onder heersende omstandigheden van straling, array-temperatuur en spectrum van zonlicht, met het kenmerk, dat de schakeling ten minste ten minste één ingangscondensator (Cinsur) aangesloten op of aansluitbaar op de fotovoltaïsche cel of cellen (PV module) omvat en eerste schakelaars (S1, S2, S3, S4) om selectief en herhaaldelijk op de ten minste ene ingangscondensator (Cinput) op te laden en te ontladen om de spanning van de ingangscondensator te variëren tussen een lagere spanningslimiet (Vi) en een hogere spanningslimiet (Vu), waarbij de onderste spanningslimiet (Vi) en de hogere spanningslimiet (Vs) kunnen worden ingesteld onder respectievelijk boven een vooraf gedefinieerde laadspanningswaarde die de bedrijfsspanning (Vey) van ten minste één fotovoltaïsche cel vertegenwoordigt, en dat de schakeling verder een stroommeetschakeling omvat om de stroomsterkte (Ipv) vast te stellen waarbij de ten minste ene fotovoltaïsche cel (PV module) de ten minste ene ingangscondensator (Cinpu) oplaadt bij de bedrijfsspanning van de fotovoltaïsche cel (Vev) en die ervoor zorgt dat de ingangscondensatorspanning stijgt van de onderste spanningslimiet (Vi) naar de hogere spanningslimiet (Vu).1. A maximum power circuit for providing instantaneous estimates of a maximum power level of a photovoltaic system including one or more photovoltaic cells under prevailing conditions of radiation, array temperature and sunlight spectrum, characterized in that the circuit is at least at least one input capacitor (Cinsur) connected or connectable to the photovoltaic cell or cells (PV module) and first switches (S1, S2, S3, S4) for selectively and repeatedly charging the at least one input capacitor (Cinput) charge and discharge to vary the input capacitor voltage between a lower voltage limit (Vi) and a higher voltage limit (Vu), where the lower voltage limit (Vi) and the higher voltage limit (Vs) can be set below and above a predefined value respectively charging voltage value representing the operating voltage (Vey) of at least one photovoltaic cell, and that the circuit further comprises a current measuring circuit to determine the current intensity (Ipv) at which the at least one photovoltaic cell (PV module) reaches the at least one input capacitor (Cinpu ) charges at the operating voltage of the photovoltaic cell (Vev) and which causes the input capacitor voltage to rise from the lower voltage limit (Vi) to the higher voltage limit (Vu). 2. Schakeling volgens conclusie 1, met het kenmerk, dat de schakeling een regelaar omvat voor het instellen van de onderste spanningslimiet (Vi) en de hogere spanningslimiet (Vu) onder respectievelijk boven de ten minste ene bedrijfsspanning van de fotovoltaische cel (Vey) waarop het vermogensniveau van de fotovoltaïsche cel of cellen (PV module) moet worden vastgesteld.2. Circuit according to claim 1, characterized in that the circuit comprises a regulator for setting the lower voltage limit (Vi) and the higher voltage limit (Vu) below or above the at least one operating voltage of the photovoltaic cell (Vey) at which the power level of the photovoltaic cell or cells (PV module) must be determined. 3. Schakeling volgens conclusie 2, met het kenmerk, dat de regelaar is ingericht om de onderste spanningslimiet (Vi) en de hogere spanningslimiet (Vs) sequentieel en gelijktijdig omhoog of omlaag te bewegen in een vooraf gedefinieerde vaste stap, waardoor de operationele spanning (Vey) van de ten minste ene fotovoltaïsche cel dienovereenkomstig omhoog of omlaag beweegt tussen de onderste spanningslimiet (Vi) en de hogere spanningslimiet (Vu).3. Circuit according to claim 2, characterized in that the regulator is arranged to move the lower voltage limit (Vi) and the higher voltage limit (Vs) up or down sequentially and simultaneously in a predefined fixed step, thereby increasing the operational voltage ( Vey) of the at least one photovoltaic cell moves up or down accordingly between the lower voltage limit (Vi) and the higher voltage limit (Vu). 4. Schakeling volgens een van de conclusies 1-3, met het kenmerk, dat de schakeling een inductor omvat en dat de eerste schakelaars (S1, S2, S3, S4) zijn ingericht om de inductor te verbinden tussen de ingangscondensator (Cinpu) en aarde wanneer de ingangscondensator ontladen is.4. Circuit according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that the circuit comprises an inductor and that the first switches (S1, S2, S3, S4) are arranged to connect the inductor between the input capacitor (Cinpu) and ground when the input capacitor is discharged. 5. Schakeling volgens een van de conclusies 1-4, met het kenmerk, dat de stroomsterkte-meetschakeling een op tijd gebaseerde vermogensintegrator omvat (fig. 7, 10) die een vereiste integratietijd (Torr) meet zodat de spanning van de ingangscondensator stijgt van de onderste spanningslimiet (Vi) naar de hogere spanningslimiet (Vp).5. Circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the current measuring circuit comprises a time-based power integrator (fig. 7, 10) which measures a required integration time (Torr) so that the voltage of the input capacitor increases from the lower voltage limit (Vi) to the higher voltage limit (Vp). 6. Schakeling volgens een van de conclusies 1-5, met het kenmerk, dat de stroomsterkte-meetschakeling een operationele versterker (fig. 7, 10) omvat voorzien van een terugkoppelcondensator (C), waarbij de operationele versterker een vooraf gedefinieerde vaste referentiestroom (Iezr) aan de ingang van de operationele versterker integreert gedurende de vereiste integratietijd (Torr), waarbij een uitgangsspanning (Vour) van de operationele versterker een maat is voor het vermogen (Pp) van de ten minste één fotovoltaïsche cel (PV module) bij de bedrijfsspanning van de fotovoltaïsche cel (Vey).6. Circuit as claimed in any of the claims 1-5, characterized in that the current measuring circuit comprises an operational amplifier (fig. 7, 10) provided with a feedback capacitor (C), wherein the operational amplifier has a predefined fixed reference current ( Iezr) at the input of the operational amplifier during the required integration time (Torr), where an output voltage (Vour) of the operational amplifier is a measure of the power (Pp) of the at least one photovoltaic cell (PV module) at the operating voltage of the photovoltaic cell (Vey). 7. Schakeling volgens conclusie 6, met het kenmerk, dat de terugkoppelcondensator (C) instelbaar is.7. Circuit according to claim 6, characterized in that the feedback capacitor (C) is adjustable. 8. Schakeling volgens conclusie 6 of 7, met het kenmerk, dat de waarde van de terugkoppelcondensator is ingesteld op een waarde die evenredig is met de bedrijfsspanning van de ten minste ene fotovoltaïsche cel (Vev).8. Circuit according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the value of the feedback capacitor is set to a value that is proportional to the operating voltage of the at least one photovoltaic cell (Vev). 9. Schakeling volgens een van de conclusies 6-8, met het kenmerk, dat de waarde van de terugkoppelcondensator door de regelaar achtereenvolgens op een hogere of lagere waarde wordt ingesteld, gelijktijdig en consistent met het gelijktijdig omhoog of omlaag bewegen van de onderste spanningslimiet (Vi) en de hogere spanningslimiet (Vs) die de operationele spanning (Vey) van de ten minste ene fotovoltaïsche cel definieert tussen genoemde limieten.A circuit according to any one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the value of the feedback capacitor is successively set by the regulator to a higher or lower value, simultaneously and consistently with the simultaneous raising or lowering of the lower voltage limit ( Vi) and the higher voltage limit (Vs) that defines the operational voltage (Vey) of the at least one photovoltaic cell between said limits. 10. Schakeling volgens een van de conclusies 6-9, met het kenmerk, dat de schakeling tweede schakelaars omvat (fig. 7, 10) voor het selectief routeren van de vooraf gedefinieerde10. Circuit as claimed in any of the claims 6-9, characterized in that the circuit comprises second switches (fig. 7, 10) for selectively routing the predefined - 15 = vaste referentiestroom (Ir) aan de ingang van de operationele versterker, teneinde de referentiestroom (Izer) om te klappen om de terugkoppelcondensator (C) te ontladen of op te laden wanneer de operationele versterker een limiet bereikt die wordt bepaald door de voedingsspanning van de operationele versterker.- 15 = fixed reference current (Ir) at the input of the operational amplifier, in order to flip the reference current (Izer) to discharge or charge the feedback capacitor (C) when the operational amplifier reaches a limit determined by the supply voltage of the operational amplifier. 11. Schakeling volgens conclusie 10, met het kenmerk, dat het omdraaien van de referentiestroom (Iser) de regelaar ertoe aanzet om de onderste spanningslimiet (Vi) en de hogere spanningslimiet (Vs) omhoog of omlaag te bewegen met de vooraf gedefinieerde vaste stap.A circuit according to claim 10, characterized in that reversing the reference current (Iser) causes the regulator to increase or decrease the lower voltage limit (Vi) and the upper voltage limit (Vs) by the predefined fixed step.
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