NL2031727B1 - Alkaline hydrogen/iodine battery - Google Patents
Alkaline hydrogen/iodine battery Download PDFInfo
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- NL2031727B1 NL2031727B1 NL2031727A NL2031727A NL2031727B1 NL 2031727 B1 NL2031727 B1 NL 2031727B1 NL 2031727 A NL2031727 A NL 2031727A NL 2031727 A NL2031727 A NL 2031727A NL 2031727 B1 NL2031727 B1 NL 2031727B1
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- Prior art keywords
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- alkaline
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- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 10
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 9
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims description 9
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 7
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 title description 4
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008093 supporting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 Na" or K* Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003011 anion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006184 cosolvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006174 pH buffer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002572 peristaltic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003495 polar organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 39
- 208000028659 discharge Diseases 0.000 description 12
- 210000004379 membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 11
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002301 combined effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000037427 ion transport Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 2
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052689 Holmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005587 bubbling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100001010 corrosive Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003411 electrode reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100001231 less toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004681 metal hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QHGVXILFMXYDRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyraclofos Chemical compound C1=C(OP(=O)(OCC)SCCC)C=NN1C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 QHGVXILFMXYDRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004053 quinones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
- H01M8/184—Regeneration by electrochemical means
- H01M8/188—Regeneration by electrochemical means by recharging of redox couples containing fluids; Redox flow type batteries
Landscapes
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention is in the field of a battery, which is for direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy, and vice versa, in particular a redox battery, more in particular a redox flow battery. Said batteries comprise electrolytes, typically a solvent, electrodes, and typically a pump. Such batteries may contribute to the utilization of renewable energy, and thereby the reduc- tion of greenhouse gas and may mitigate climate change to some extent.
Description
Alkaline hydrogen/iodine battery
The present invention 1s in the field of a battery, which is for direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy, and vice versa, in particular a redox battery, more in particular a redox flow battery. Said batteries comprise electrolytes, typically a solvent, electrodes, and typically a pump. Such batteries may contribute to the utilization of renewable energy, and thereby the reduc- tion of greenhouse gas and may mitigate climate change to some extent.
A redox flow battery is a type of a battery for providing electrical energy typically in the form of a current. Energy is stored therein in the form of chemicals, hence the term electrochemical. In an electrochemical cell chemical energy is typically provided by two chemical components which may be dissolved in liquids, such as water, contained within a system. The electrochemical cell reversi- bly converts chemical energy directly to electricity, using ¢.g. electroactive elements in solution that can take part in an electrode reaction or that can be adsorbed on an electrode. Additional electrolyte is typically stored externally from the cell itself, such as in (small) tanks. The electrolyte is then usually pumped through the cell’s reactor compartment. Flow batteries can be rapidly recharged, such as by replacing the electrolyte liquid whereas converted redox species may be recovered. The two chemical components are separated such as by a membrane. The electrochemical cell typically involves ion transport. Ion transport occurs through the membrane, such as an ion exchange mem- brane. Both liquids can circulate (hence flow) in their own respective flow path. Over the ion ex- change part also a flow of electric current is established, when in use. An electrochemical cell volt- age is determined by the chemicals used and is considered to follow the Nernst equation and ranges.
In practical applications the (absolute) cell voltages may vary from 0.2 to 2.5 volts.
A flow battery may be used as a fuel cell and as a rechargeable battery. Some technical ad- vantages over prior art rechargeable batteries are separable liquid tanks and extended use, present implementations are comparatively less powerful and require more sophisticated electronics.
Various types of flow cells exist, such as redox, hybrid, organic, metal hydride, nano-net- work, semi-solid, and without membrane. As mentioned above, a fundamental difference between conventional batteries and flow cells is that energy is stored not as the electrode material in conven- tional batteries but as the electrolyte in flow cells.
Clearly the energy capacity is a function of electrolyte volume, solvent, and type of electro-
Ivte, whereas power is a function of surface area of the electrodes. Typical power densities are from about 1000-20000 W/m}, a fluid energy density is from about 10-1500 Wh/kg. and a number of re- charging cycles is from about 10-2000.
Redox flow batteries have certain advantages, such as a flexible layout, a long cycle life, quick response times, no harmful emissions, easy state-of-charge determination, low maintenance costs, good tolerance to overcharge and to over discharge, high current and power densities, which are suited for large-scale energy storage. However energy densities and efficiency are in general lower, compared to solid battery alternatives.
Flow batteries can be applied in relatively large (1 kWh —10 MWh) stationary applications. 1
They may be applied for load balancing. Therein the flow battery is connected to an electrical grid to store excess electrical power during off-peak hours and release electrical power during peak de- mand periods. They may be applied for storing energy, such as from renewable sources as wind or solar, and for discharging during periods of peak demand. The may be used for providing an unin- terrupted supply and for peak shaving. They may be used in combination, such as in power conver- sion. The electrolyte may be charged using a given number of cells and discharged with a different number of cells, or likewise cycles. The battery can be used in combination with a DC-DC con- verter. Power conversion can also be AC/DC, AC/AC, or DC-AC. Flow batteries can be used in ve- hicles. And they can be used as a stand-alone power system.
In an example of redox flow batteries halogens/halogenides may be used as redox species. In interesting review paper in this respect is that of Cho et al, “A review of hydrogen/halogen flow cells”, Energy Technol. 2016, 4, p. 655-678, which mainly focuses on Cl and Br batteries, and dis- cusses recent developments.
However the power density of prior art flow batteries is often not high enough. Also, the ma- terial required for the most common redox flow batteries, vanadium-based. is not abundant. Some more abundant materials, such as quinones or iron, are not always chemically stable. Or, redox spe- cies used. in particular bromine and chlorine, are relatively toxic, corrosive, and hazardous. In addi- tion, one needs to take into account the life cycle, the efficiency, the power density, and the reaction kinetics.
The present invention relates to an improved redox flow battery which overcomes one or more of the above disadvantages, without jeopardizing functionality and advantages.
The present invention relates in a first aspect to an alkaline redox flow battery 100, comprising at least one pump 14 for providing a continuous circulation of at least one fluid electrolyte, at least one first fluid electrolyte flowing from at least one catholyte container 11 to the battery cell and at least one second fluid electrolyte flowing from at least one anolyte container 12 to the battery cell, respectively, and vice versa, wherein the electrolyte each individually is dissolved in a solvent, wherein a first flow 31 comprises at least one first set of redox species and wherein a second flow 32 comprises at least one second set of redox species, wherein both flows are separated from one and another, wherein the battery is adapted, in discharge mode, to subject the first redox species to a reduction reaction and adapted to subject the second redox species to an oxidation reaction, and at least one sepa- rator 10, in particular an ion exchange membrane 10, more in particular wherein the ion ex- change membrane has the opposite polarity of the first and/or second sets of redox species, wherein the at least one first fluid, in particular a liquid, is in contact with at least one first positive electrodel3, in particular a positive current collector, wherein the at least one a second fluid, in particular a liquid, is in contact with the at least one first negative elec- trode13, in particular a negative current collector, wherein the at least one first set of redox species comprises [/I;, wherein the pH of the first fluid is >11.2, in particular >13, more in 2 particular > 13.5, even more in particular 213.8, and wherein the second set of redox spe- cies comprises Ho, in particular H: or H*/H: or OH7/H;. The iodide may be present as such, or may be complexed with at least one iodine, such as T3, T's, I'7, Ts, and I'11. So the pre- sent battery is operated at relatively high pH, that is at low H* concentration and high OH concentration. The present redox battery provides large-scale energy storage with abundant materials, a long life cycle, a high efficiency, and fast reaction kinetics. The present battery has an enlarged cell potential, e.g. compared to a standard iodine/iodide redox cell, and a higher electron transfer constant. The power density is also higher. The battery is less toxic, less corrosive, and less hazardous, compared to e.g. other halogen-based chemistries. In ad- dition, iodine is readily available, in particular under human friendly conditions.
In particular the present battery has an energy density of >200 WJ in particular > 250 W/1, such as > 300 W/L a charge voltage of 1.0-2.5 V, and a discharge voltage of 0.6-1.3 V, and/or wherein a current density magnitude is 50-3000 mA/cm?, in particular 200-2000 mA/cm?, more in particular 400-1000 mA/cm?). The present battery has an increased power density, is very well scal- able, has a low self-discharge, and so on.
In a second aspect the present invention relates to an array comprising two or more redox flow battery system according to the present invention in series and/or in parallel, such as 3-200 systems in series and/or 2-200 systems in parallel, in particular 5-100 systems. An array, especially when comprising systems in series, can provide higher temperature differences between hot and cold reservoir, which is found to comply better to requirements of equipment producing heat.
In a third aspect the present invention relates to the present alkaline redox flow battery or an array according to the invention, for generating or storing electricity
Thereby the present invention provides a solution to one or more of the above mentioned problems.
Advantages of the present description are detailed throughout the description. References to the figures are not limiting, and are only intended to guide the person skilled in the art through de- tails of the present invention.
The present invention relates in a first aspect to a redox flow battery according to claim I.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present redox flow battery the redox flow battery comprises at least one first chamber 16 comprising electrolyte, at least one second chamber 17 comprising oxidant, and wherein the at least one separator separating the at least one first chamber and the at least one second chamber, wherein the at least one separator is sub- stantially permeable for a cation, in particular a monovalent cation, such as Na" or K*, or permeable for OH’, and is substantially impermeable for Ha, in particular wherein the mem- brane 10 is a cation exchange membrane or an anion exchange membrane, more in particu- lar wherein the membrane is selected from polymers, or wherein the separator is a gas dif- fusion electrode. 3
In an exemplary embodiment of the present redox flow battery the combined concen- tration of the first and second sets of redox species each independently is >0.1 M, in partic- ular wherein the first redox species are present in a combined concentration of 0.1-15M, more in particular 1-5 M, and/or wherein the second redox species are present in a com- bined concentration of 0.1-6M, in particular 0.5-2 M.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present redox flow battery the at least one first fluid comprises at least one first set of supporting redox species, in particular OH’, and wherein the at least one second fluid comprises at least one second set of supporting redox species, wherein the supporting redox species are each individually present in a combined concentration of 0. 1-6M, in particular 0.5-2 M.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present redox flow battery an over-potential of the first and second sets of redox species half-reactions is < 0.1 V.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present redox flow battery an average residence time of the electrolytes is 1-100 sec.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present redox flow battery the solvent is selected from water, polar organic solvents, and mixtures thereof, and optionally comprises a co-sol- vent, such aceto-nitrile.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present redox flow battery solvent with the elec- trolyte has a conductivity of > 50 mS/cm, such as 100-400 mS/cm.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present redox flow battery the redox potential of the first set of redox species is in a range of 0V-1.23 V with respect to a reversible hydro- gen electrode RHE.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present redox flow battery the redox potential of the second set of redox species is -0.5-0 V with respect to a reversible hydrogen electrode
RHE.
In an exemplary embodiment the present redox flow battery comprises at least one operation device selected from a mass flow controller, a current supply or current collector 15 , and a pump, in particular a peristaltic pump, wherein the pump 14 is adapted for providing a continuous circulation of a fluid electrolyte, in particular of a catholyte, more in particular at a flow rate of 1-20% of the battery volume per minute, such as 5-12%.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present redox flow battery the at least one first negative electrode and at least one first positive electrode are each independently selected from carbon, and carbon comprising materials, such as graphite, in particular isomolded graphite, porous graphite, carbon-comprising films, carbon-comprising layers, in particular wherein the first negative electrode comprises a catalyst, such as Pt, and Ir.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present redox flow battery the first flow 31 fur- ther comprises solid particles which form a first suspension and/or wherein the second flow 32 comprises solid particles which form a second suspension.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present redox flow battery the first suspension is adapted to provide first redox species in a molar equivalent of 0.1-20M, and wherein the 4 second suspension is adapted to provide second redox species in a molar equivalent of 0.1- 20M, wherein the molarities are relative to the respective flows.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present redox flow battery the battery has energy density of >200 W/I, in particular > 250 WA, such as > 300 W/L, a charge voltage of 1.0-2.5
V, and a discharge voltage of 0.6-1.3 V.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present redox flow battery a current density magnitude is 50-3000 mA/cm?, in particular 200-2000 mA/cm?, more in particular 400- 1000 mA/cm?.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present redox flow battery a pH difference over the ion exchange membrane 10 is <1.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present redox flow battery at least one of a first flow 31 and second flow 32 comprises a pH buffer.
The invention is further detailed by the accompanying figures and examples, which are exemplary and explanatory of nature and are not limiting the scope of the invention. To the person skilled in the art it may be clear that many variants, being obvious or not, may be conceivable falling within the scope of protection, defined by the present claims.
Figure 1a shows principles of a prior art redox flow battery.
Fig. 1b,2 and 3a.b show schematics/details of a present flow cell.
100 redox flow battery 10 membrane 11 catholyte tank 12 anolyte tank 13 contact (current collector) 14 pump 15 current flow 16 first chamber 17 second chamber 18 third chamber 31 first electrolyte flow 32 second electrolyte flow
Figure la shows principles of a prior art redox flow battery. Therein a single cell is shown.
The cell comprises a membrane 10, and contacts 13 (current collector). Also a catholyte tank 11 and an anolyte tank 12 is shown. Two pumps 14 are provided for driving a flow; a first electrolyte flow 31 and a second electrolvte flow 32 is shown. As a result an electrical current 15 flows. Also first and second chambers 16,17 are shown.
Figure 1b shows a similar layout as fig. 1a. only the current flows from membrane 10 to a contact 13. 5
In a similar manner fig. 2 shows schematically the functioning of the present flow cell, com- prising two catholvte tanks, and an extra chamber 18, parallel to chamber 16. Such may be in partic- ular relevant if a first tank 11 comprises a liquid, and a second tank 11 comprises a gas. The separa- tor 13 may be a gas diffusion electrode.
Fig. 3a shows a full cell charge discharge cycle, whereas fig. 3b shows a half cell charge dis- charge cycle. In fig. 3a the lower arrow indicates the full cell discharge current density of 2 A/m?, whereas in fig. 3b the lower arrow indicates the half-cell discharge current density of about 50
A/m?.
The figures are further detailed in the description of the experiments below.
EXAMPLES/EXPERIMENTS
An exemplary flow cell was designed. Results thereof are shown in figs. 3a.b. An open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.28 V was obtained (at IM I, + 2M KI in IM KOH with 10% ace- tonitrile || IM KOH bubbled with Hz). This is better than expected. The pH is now 14. In the patent, we may need to adjust the ranges of the voltages a bit. The discharge voltage could be 0.6 - 1.3 V. The charge voltage could be 1.0 -2.5 V. - Proof of charging and discharging (fig. 3a). Inventors demonstrated this at super low current density (2 A/m?) in the current cell, by providing H: bubbling through water. and H: is con- sidered poorly soluble. It is noted that with a gas diffusion electrode the Ha diffusion rate is much higher, so then a battery will achieve much better current densities. Inventors consider that from the H;-Br: battery that the Hs side is not limiting, even at >10 000 Alm’. - The half-cell voltage of the 1; side (fig. 3b). That one shows that there the voltage barely (only 10 mV) changes from -50 A/m? to +50 A/m’, so that side is also according to expecta- tions. Extrapolating, that would mean that at 400 mA/cm? (=4000 A/m?) the battery loses about 400 mV. Inventors note that this is not yet optimized.
The invention although described in detailed explanatory context may be best under- stood in conjunction with the accompanying figures.
It should be appreciated that for commercial application it may be preferable to use one or more variations of the present system, which would similar be to the ones disclosed in the present application and are within the spirit of the invention.
For the sake of searching the following section is added reflecting embodiments of the pre- sent invention and which represents a translation of the subsequent section. 1. An alkaline redox flow battery (100), comprising at least one pump (14) for providing a continuous circulation of at least one fluid electrolyte, at least one first fluid electrolyte flowing from at least one catholyte container (11) to the battery cell and at least one second fluid electrolyte flowing from at least one anolyte container (12) to the battery cell, respectively, and vice versa, wherein the electrolyte each individually is dissolved in a solvent, wherein a first flow (31) comprises at least one first set of redox species and wherein a second flow (32) com- prises at least one second set of redox species, wherein both flows are separated from one and another, wherein the battery 1s adapted, in discharge mode, to subject the first redox 6 species to a reduction reaction and adapted to subject the second redox species to an oxida- tion reaction, and at least one separator (10), in particular an ion exchange membrane (10), more in par- ticular wherein the ion exchange membrane has the opposite polarity of the first and/or sec- ond sets of redox species, wherein the at least one first fluid, in particular a liquid, is in contact with at least one first positive electrode(13), in particular a positive current collector, wherein the at least one a second fluid, in particular a liquid, is in contact with the at least one first negative electrode(13), in particular a negative current collector, wherein the at least one first set of redox species comprises I'/I>, wherein the pH of the first fluid is >11.2, in particular >13, more in particular > 13.5, even more in particular >13.8, and wherein the second set of redox species comprises Ha, in particular H: or H'/H: or
OH /H, 2. The alkaline redox flow battery according to embodiment 1, wherein the redox flow bat- tery comprises at least one first chamber (16) comprising electrolyte, at least one second chamber (17) comprising oxidant, and wherein the at least one separator separating the at least one first chamber and the at least one second chamber, wherein the at least one separa- tor is substantially permeable for a cation, in particular a monovalent cation, such as Na" or
K*, or permeable for OH", and is substantially impermeable for Hs, in particular wherein the membrane (10) is a cation exchange membrane or an anion exchange membrane, more in particular wherein the membrane is selected from polymers, or wherein the separator 1s a gas diffusion electrode. 3. The alkaline redox flow battery according to any of embodiments 1-2, wherein the com- bined concentration of the first and second sets of redox species each independently is >0.1
M, in particular wherein the first redox species are present in a combined concentration of 0.1-15M, more in particular 1-5 M, and/or wherein the second redox species are present in a combined concentration of 0.1-6M, in particular 0.5-2 M. 4. The alkaline redox flow battery according to any of embodiments 1-3, wherein the at least one first fluid comprises at least one first set of supporting redox species, in particular
OH", and wherein the at least one second fluid comprises at least one second set of support- ing redox species, wherein the supporting redox species are each individually present in a combined concentration of 0.1-6M, in particular 0.5-2 M. 5. The alkaline redox flow battery according to any of embodiments 1-4, wherein an over- potential of the first and second sets of redox species half-reactions is < 0.1 V, and/or wherein an average residence time of the electrolytes is 1-100 sec. 6. The alkaline redox flow battery according to any of embodiments 1-5, wherein the sol- vent is selected from water, polar organic solvents, and mixtures thereof, and optionally comprises a co-solvent, such aceto-nitrile, and/or wherein solvent with the electrolyte has a conductivity of > 50 mS/cm, such as 100-400 7 mS/cm, and/or wherein the redox potential of the first set of redox species is in a range of 0V-1.23 V with respect to a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), and/or wherein the redox potential of the second set of redox species is -0.5-0 V with respect to a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). 7. The alkaline redox flow battery according to any of embodiments 1-6, comprising at least one operation device selected from a mass flow controller, a current supply or current collector (15), and a pump, in particular a peristaltic pump, wherein the pump (14) is adapted for providing a continuous circulation of a fluid electrolyte, in particular of a catho- lyte, more in particular at a flow rate of 1-20% of the battery volume per minute, such as 5- 12%. 8. The alkaline redox flow battery according to any of embodiments 1-7, wherein the at least one first negative electrode and at least one first positive electrode are each inde- pendently selected from carbon, and carbon comprising materials, such as graphite, in par- ticular isomolded graphite, porous graphite, carbon-comprising films, carbon-comprising layers, in particular wherein the first negative electrode comprises a catalyst, such as Pt, and
Ir. 9. The alkaline redox flow battery according to any of embodiments 1-8, wherein the first flow (31) further comprises solid particles which form a first suspension and/or wherein the second flow (32) comprises solid particles which form a second suspension. 10. The alkaline redox flow battery according to embodiment 9, wherein the first suspen- sion is adapted to provide first redox species in a molar equivalent of 0.1-20M, and wherein the second suspension is adapted to provide second redox species in a molar equivalent of 0.1-20M, wherein the molarities are relative to the respective flows. 11. The alkaline redox flow battery according to any of embodiments 1-10, wherein the bat- tery has energy density of >200 WA, in particular > 250 W/L, such as > 300 W/1, a charge voltage of 1.0-2.5 V, and a discharge voltage of 0.6-1.3 V, and/or wherein a current den- sity magnitude is 50-3000 mA/cm?, in particular 200-2000 mA/cm?, more in particular 400- 1000 mA/cm?, and/or wherein the battery has an open circuit voltage of > IV, in particu- lar >1.15 V, such as >1,28 V. 12. The alkaline redox flow battery according to any of embodiments 1-11, wherein a pH difference over the ion exchange membrane (10) is <1. 13. The alkaline redox flow battery according to any of embodiments 1-12, wherein at least one of a first flow (31) and second flow (32) comprises a pH buffer. 14. Array comprising two or more redox flow batteries according to any of embodiments 1- 12 in series and/or in parallel, such as 3-200 systems in series and/or 2-100 systems in par- allel. 15. The alkaline redox flow battery according to any of embodiments 1-12 or an array ac- cording to embodiment 14, for generating or storing electricity. 3
Claims (15)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2031727A NL2031727B1 (en) | 2022-04-28 | 2022-04-28 | Alkaline hydrogen/iodine battery |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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| WO2019066651A1 (en) * | 2017-09-29 | 2019-04-04 | Technische Universiteit Delft | Redox flow battery for heat to power conversion |
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| WO2019066651A1 (en) * | 2017-09-29 | 2019-04-04 | Technische Universiteit Delft | Redox flow battery for heat to power conversion |
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| CHO ET AL.: "A review of hydrogen/halogen flow cells", ENERGY TECHNOL., vol. 4, 2016, pages 655 - 678, XP055893052, DOI: 10.1002/ente.201500449 |
| CHO KYU TAEK ET AL: "A Review of Hydrogen/Halogen Flow Cells", ENERGY TECHNOLOGY, vol. 4, no. 6, 17 May 2016 (2016-05-17), DE, pages 655 - 678, XP055893052, ISSN: 2194-4288, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/ente.201500449> DOI: 10.1002/ente.201500449 * |
| DOWD REGIS P. ET AL: "A Study of Alkaline-Based H 2 -Br 2 and H 2 -I 2 Reversible Fuel Cells", JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY, 1 January 2016 (2016-01-01), pages F1471 - F1479, XP093007800, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/242101/1/content.pdf?accept=1> [retrieved on 20221213], DOI: 10.1149/2.0011614jes * |
| ZHU ZHENGXIN ET AL: "An Ultrastable Aqueous Iodine-Hydrogen Gas Battery", ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, vol. 31, no. 37, 26 June 2021 (2021-06-26), DE, pages 2101024, XP093007724, ISSN: 1616-301X, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/adfm.202101024> DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202101024 * |
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