NL2028254B1

NL2028254B1 - Electrical converter with overvoltage protection circuit

Info

Publication number: NL2028254B1
Application number: NL2028254A
Authority: NL
Inventors: Everts Jordi; Huber Jonas; Zhang Daifei; Walter Kolar Johann
Original assignee: Prodrive Tech Innovation Services B V; Eth Zuerich
Priority date: 2021-05-19
Filing date: 2021-05-19
Publication date: 2022-12-06
Also published as: WO2022243423A1

Abstract

Current source converter, comprising a first converter stage (101) comprising at least one actively operated switching device (Tan, Tal, Tb,h‚ Tm, Tc,h, Tel) configured to switch electric power between at least one first-side node (a, b, c) and at least one switch node (p, n), a DC link (103) comprising an inductive element (Loop, Lag”) operably coupled to the at least one switch node (p, n), an energy absorbing circuit (10). The energy absorbing circuit (10, 20, 30) and the inductive element form a circulation circuit in which energy stored in the inductive element is configured to circulate when a current path in the first converter stage (101) is interrupted. The current source converter comprises at least one capacitively stabilized voltage node (k, t, o, m) and the energy absorbing circuit comprises a series connection of a clamping diode (ng, Dnz) and an energy absorbing capacitor (Cp, Cn) connected between the at least one switch node (p, n) and the at least one capacitively stabilized voltage node (k, t, o, m).

Description

ELECTRICAL CONVERTER WITH OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION CIRCUIT Technical field

[0001] The present invention is related to an electrical converter comprising an overvoltage protection circuit, in particular the present invention is related to a current source converter comprising a passive overvoltage protection circuit for protecting the converter in case of an interruption of the DC-link current. Background art

[0002] Efficient and robust battery charging power converters are key enablers to accelerate the world's transition to emission-free road transport. Future electric vehicle (EV) chargers are required to cover a wide output voltage range to accommodate different vehicle battery voltages and must allow bidirectional power conversion (i.e., operation as rectifier and as inverter) for the EV batteries to serve as distributed energy storage elements supporting the grid operation. Compared to a conventional boost-type (voltage DC-link) converter approach, the buck-type (current DC-link) converter offers several advantages, e.g., a reduced number of magnetic components, and a sinusoidally varying switched voltage that potentially reduces switching losses. However, due to the current-source behaviour of the buck-type converter’s DC-link, the semiconductor switching stage must always be in a configuration that provides a conduction path for the impressed DC-link current. Furthermore, the semiconductor switches of the high-side and low-side commutation cells typically have bi-directional voltage blocking capability which prevents the current to free-wheel when the switches are turned off or fail. When the current path is interrupted, e.g., because of a modulation fault or the loss of a gate driver power supply, significant overvoltages will occur across the affected power semiconductors and lead to failure of these devices.

[0003] Both active and passive protection circuits are known to protect the power semiconductors from destructive overvoltages caused by the interruption of the DC-link current. Active solutions detect a fault situation and then actively turn on an alternative path for the inductive DC-link current. However, it is challenging to realize sufficiently fast-acting detection-reaction timings in a relatively simple way. A fully passive circuit with a short response time is especially crucial in converters realized with SiC MOSFETs, where the overvoltage reaches a breakdown limit in a very short time. In the present disclosure, therefore, passive protection circuits are further considered.

[0004] A first category of passive overvoltage protection circuits involves voltage-limiting devices, such as transient voltage suppression (TVS) diodes and varistors, or triggered elements, e.g., thyristor-based clamping devices, which are directly connected between the circuit nodes and limit the maximum voltage between them, e.g., between the positive and the negative rail of the DC-link. However, TVS diodes and varistors both add significant parasitic capacitance in parallel to the power semiconductor devices to be protected, which would increase switching losses and lower the converter efficiency. Thyristor-based clamping devices cannot be used to protect fast-switching power semiconductors, such as SiC MOSFETs, due to the risk of parasitic dv/dt-induced triggering.

[0005] A second category of passive overvoltage protection circuits uses diode bridges to clamp the voltages between certain circuit nodes to a capacitively stabilized voltage. During overvoltage clamping, excess energy is transferred from the DC-link inductor into the stabilization capacitor, and ultimately dissipated in a varistor (or some other voltage-limiting device) connected in parallel to that capacitor.

[0006] US 4884182 describes a passive overvoltage protection circuit of the second category employing a clamping mechanism based on a diode bridge. The clamping voltage is defined by the line-to-line voltage. Hence, the voltage rating of the components of the protection circuit, e.g., diodes, capacitors, resistors, are defined by the maximum line-to-line voltage. Furthermore, only the overvoltage generated by the DC-link current in a single flow direction can be limited, and a second circuit is required to limit the overvoltage generated by an opposite flowing DC-link current.

[0007] B. Guo et al. Overvoltage Protection Scheme for Three- Phase Current Source Converter Built with SiC MOSFETs, in Proc. of the IEEE Applied Power Electronics Congress and Exposition (APEC), Fort Worth, TX, USA, 18-20 March 2014, pp. 3469-3476, DOI: 10.1109/APEC.2014.6803808 describes an overvoltage protection circuit which again clamps the potential difference between any of the three-phase terminals (a, b, c) and any of the two DC rails (p, n) with a diode bridge consisting of five bridge legs. Furthermore, also in this case the minimum component voltage ratings are defined by the maximum line-to-line voltage. In addition, this specific circuit is not fully passive since it uses triggered elements to clamp the diode bridge’s DC-side voltage and to dissipate the excess power, increasing in complexity compared to a fully passive circuit. Summary

[0008] There is therefore a need in the art to provide passive overvoltage protection circuits for current DC-link converters which are simpler in terms of component count. There is a need in the art to provide overvoltage protection circuits for current DC- link converters having reduced voltage ratings for the components. There is a need in the art to provide such overvoltage protection circuits which are more reliable, economical, allow faster detection of faulty conditions and/or which can be used for bidirectional power flow.

[0009] According to a first aspect of the invention, there is therefore provided a current source converter as set out in the appended claims. A current source converter as described in the present disclosure comprises a first converter stage coupled to a current DC link. The first converter stage comprises at least one actively operated switching device configured to switch electric power between at least one node at a first side of the converter stage and at least one switch node, e.g. at a second side of the converter stage. The current DC link is operably coupled to the at least one switch node. The at least one actively operated switching device is advantageously configured to have a bidirectional voltage blocking capability and is advantageously a semiconductor switching device. Advantageously, the first converter stage comprises a plurality of actively operated switching devices configured to switch electric power between an AC signal at a plurality of nodes at the first side and a DC signal at a pair of switch nodes. The first converter stage can comprise a pair of commutation cells each having a plurality of actively operated switches to convert between an electric signal, e.g. an AC signal, at a plurality of first-side nodes and an electric signal, e.g. a DC signal, at (at least) two switch nodes to which the DC link is operably coupled. Advantageously, the first converter stage is an AC/DC stage, advantageously a three-phase AC to DC stage configured to convert between an AC signal at three or more phase nodes and a DC signal at a first switch node and a second switch node. In this case, the commutation cells advantageously comprise three actively operated switches each, e.g. arranged in three half-bridge legs.

[0010] The current DC link is one comprising at least one inductive element, e.g. for storing inductive energy, such as an inductor. One terminal of the inductive element can be connected to the respective switch node. The DC link advantageously comprises a first (e.g. positive) DC rail connected to the switch node. The DC link can comprise a second (negative) DC rail connected to a second switch node. Each of the first and possibly second DC rail can comprise a respective inductive element.

[0011] The current source converter comprises at least one capacitively stabilized voltage node, such as a node at a terminal of a filter capacitor, which may be arranged anywhere in the current source converter, e.g. coupled to the first side nodes or at the opposite end of the DC link, e.g. a node of a DC bus.

[0012] The current source converter comprises an energy absorbing circuit which acts as an overvoltage protection mechanism according to aspects as disclosed herein. The energy absorbing circuit and the inductive element form a circulation circuit in which energy stored in the inductive element is configured to circulate when a current path in the first converter stage is interrupted, in particular in case of a fault or a shut down or turn off of the at least one actively operated switching device. The energy absorbing circuit comprises at least one series connection of a clamping diode and an energy absorbing capacitor, connected between a switch node of the second side and one of the capacitively stabilized voltage nodes. A varistor can further be connected in parallel to the capacitor to limit the increase of the capacitor voltage and ultimately dissipate the excess energy.

[0013] The energy absorbing circuit according to the present disclosure is a (completely) passive overvoltage protection circuit, allowing to achieve fast and reliable protection without requiring active devices, such as triggered or thyristor-based devices.

A further advantage of the energy absorbing circuit is that it requires a reduced number of components. Particularly only four diodes are required to realize an overvoltage protection both for the upper and lower DC-rail of the DC-link, and for both directions of power flow.

[0014] Furthermore, the energy absorbing capacitor is connected in series with a clamping diode, between a switch node of the converter and the capacitively stabilized voltage node allowing the capacitor to charge to the highest voltage that occurs between the switch node and the capacitively stabilized voltage node during normal operation and to stay charged to this voltage. As a result, the energy absorbing circuit becomes virtually ‘invisible’ for the switching stage and does not influence the normal operation of the converter. Advantageously, a capacitively stabilized voltage node which is already present in the converter is used. In one particularly advantageous embodiment, a star-point of AC side filter capacitors is used as the capacitively stabilized voltage node, which hence acts as an artificial neutral point further reducing the voltage rating of the components of the energy absorbing circuit.

[0015] In one advantageous embodiment, a single diode full bridge circuit is used with inputs connected between the positive and negative DC rails of the DC link, while the outputs are connected to energy absorbing capacitors which are further connected to a capacitively stabilized voltage node. In particular, the outputs of the diode bridge are connected across a series connection of energy absorbing capacitors. A midpoint of the series connection of energy absorbing capacitors is advantageously connected to the capacitively stabilized voltage node, in particular a star-point of AC-side filter capacitors or a voltage node of the DC-bus (e.g., a middle voltage node of the DC- bus). This solution features a minimal component count and allows to minimize the voltage rating of the energy absorbing capacitors.

[0016] In an alternative advantageous embodiment, two diode full bridge 5 circuits are used, one for each of the positive and negative DC rails of the DC link. An energy absorbing capacitor is connected across the outputs of each diode bridge circuit to absorb the energy stored in the DC-link inductor during clamping. The inputs of the diode bridge circuit are connected between a respective node of the second side of the converter stage and the capacitively stabilized voltage node, which advantageously is the star-point of the AC side filter capacitors (artificial neutral point). As a result, a symmetrical structure with two diode full-bridges is obtained, limiting the potential differences between the capacitively stabilized voltage node, e.g. the artificial neutral point, and the positive or the negative DC rail, respectively, which reduces the voltage rating for the diodes.

[0017] Even in the case with two symmetrical diode full bridge circuits, the energy absorbing (overvoltage protection) circuit according to aspects of the invention thus features a reduced number of diode bridge legs, i.e., only four diode bridge legs are required compared to at least five as described in the prior art. In addition, the symmetric nature of such a structure, which essentially uses one diode full-bridge for the high-side and one diode full-bridge for the low-side commutation cell, facilitates a fully symmetrical PCB layout with low parasitic loop inductances. A realization using only surface-mounted devices further reduces the construction effort. Finally, the energy absorbing circuits according to aspects of the present disclosure are easy to adapt in high power systems with larger DC-link current amplitudes. Furthermore, the necessary voltage ratings of the diodes, the capacitors, and the varistors are lower, which decreases the cost and volume of the protection circuitry. The energy absorbing circuits as disclosed herein only add little additional capacitive load at the switch node (only the small parasitic capacitances of the diodes), which minimizes any negative influence on the converter switching performance.

[0018] According to a second aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a battery charging system comprising a power supply. The power supply comprises a current source converter according to the present disclosure.

[0019] According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electric motor drive system comprising a power supply. The power supply comprises a current source converter according to the present disclosure.

Brief description of the figures

[0020] Aspects of the invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the appended drawings, wherein same reference numerals illustrate same features and wherein:

[0021] Figure 1 represents a three-phase bidirectional buck-boost current DC-link converter comprising an overvoltage protection circuit according to an aspect of the present disclosure.

[0022] Figure 2 represents in dashed line a possible current path through the converter of Fig. 1 when the upper diode bridge circuit of the overvoltage protection circuit is activated.

[0023] Figure 3 represents plots of simulation results of continuous operation of the converter of Fig. 1 in which Tan fails to open at { = 5 ms. Characteristic voltages are shown, including the blocking voltages vap, vip, Vep Of the switches of the high-side commutation cell and blocking voltages van, ven, Ven Of the switches of the low- side commutation cell, the input voltages vpk, vx of the upper and lower diode bridge circuits, and the bias voltage vries derived from the input capacitor voltages Vak, Vbk, Vek, the DC-link currents ioc and inca, and the voltages varp and varn across the varistors var, and var, of the overvoltage protection circuit.

[0024] Figure 4 represents plots of simulation results of continuous operation of the converter of Fig. 1 in which Ta fails to open at { = 10 ms. Characteristic voltages are shown, including the blocking voltages vap, vp, Vep of the switches of the high-side commutation cell and blocking voltages van, ven, Ven Of the switches of the low- side commutation cell, the input voltages vpk, van of the upper and lower diode bridge circuits, and the bias voltage vias derived from the input capacitor voltages vax, Vbk, Vek, the DC-link currents inc, and ioc, and the voltages varp and varn across the varistors var, and var, of the overvoltage protection circuit.

[0025] Figure 5 represents plots of simulation results of continuous operation of the converter of Fig. 1 in which all switches are turned off at { = 10 ms. Characteristic voltages are shown, including the blocking voltages vap, vp, vep of the switches of the high-side commutation cell and blocking voltages Van, Von, ven of the switches of the low-side commutation cell, the input voltages vp, vx of the upper and lower diode bridge circuits, and the bias voltage vias derived from the input capacitor voltages Va, Vik, Vek, the DC-link currents inc p and ipc‚n, and the voltages varp and varn across the varistors var, and var, of the overvoltage protection circuit.

[0026] Figure 6 represents a diagram of the converter of Fig. 1 further comprising a detection circuit coupled to each of the upper and lower diode bridge circuits to detect activation of the overvoltage protection circuit and send a signal to the control unit.

[0027] Figure 7 represents a diagram of the converter of Fig. 6 further comprising voltage-limiting devices across the filter capacitors.

[0028] Figure 8 represents a diagram of a current source converter comprising an overvoltage protection circuit according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, including a single diode full bridge circuit.

[0029] Figure 9 represents in dashed line a possible current path through the converter of Fig. 8 when the overvoltage protection circuit is activated.

[0030] Figure 10 represents a diagram of the current source converter of Fig. 8, in which the energy dissipation device in the form of a varistor is connected across both cascaded energy absorbing capacitors of the overvoltage protection circuit.

[0031] Figure 11 represents a diagram of a current source converter comprising an overvoltage protection circuit according to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, comprising a series connection of a clamping diode and an energy absorbing capacitor.

[0032] Figure 12 represents a diagram of a battery charging system incorporating a current source converter according to the present disclosure.

[0033] Figure 13 represents a diagram of a motor drive system incorporating a current source converter according to the present disclosure.

Detailed Description

[0034] Referring to Fig. 1, a first embodiment of an overvoltage protection circuit 10 according to aspects of the present disclosure is presented in an exemplary current source converter 100. In Fig. 1, the current source converter 100 is shown as a three-phase bidirectional buck-boost current DC-link converter, although it should be noted that overvoltage protection circuits according to aspects as described herein are generally applicable to all kinds of current source converters, particularly converters comprising a first converter stage having an actively operated commutation cell coupled to a current DC link, such as single-stage current source rectifiers/inverters, back-to-back current DC-link AC/AC converters, and two-stage current DC-link AC/DC converters where the buck CSR-stage is implemented as the front-end such as in the example used here.

[0035] Current source converter 100 comprises a first converter stage 101 operable to convert between an AC signal at the three AC nodes a, b, c and a DC signal at switch nodes p and n. The first converter stage 101 is illustrated in Fig. 1 as a three- phase buck-type current source rectifier (CSR) stage. The CSR stage 101 comprises six semiconductor switches Tan, Ta, Ton, Ton Ten, Te; having bidirectional voltage blocking capability, advantageously arranged in three half-bridge legs, e.g. with a high-side commutation cell (Tan, Ton, Ten) and a low-side commutation cell (Tay, Tr, Te), and operable to switchingly connect the AC nodes a, b, c to the switch nodes p, n. Each of these semiconductor switches can be formed by anti-series connecting two discrete semiconductor switches having unidirectional voltage blocking capability, e.g. SiC metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) possibly with external anti- parallel diodes. Alternatively, the semiconductor switches of the CSR stage 101 can be formed as monolithic bidirectional transistors, such as GaN field effect transistors, in particular enhanced-mode field effect transistors (e-FET).

[0036] A DC-link 103 connects the CSR stage 101 to any subsequent converter stage of the current source converter 100, or to DC terminals P, N. In the present illustrative example, the current source converter 100 comprises a second converter stage 102, illustrated in Fig. 1 as a three-level boost-type DC/DC-stage even though other implementations are possible, e.g. as a two-level boost DC/DC stage. Such a boost DC/DC converter stage comprises at least one, advantageously two active semiconductor switches Toc w and Toc‚m series connected between nodes g and r of the second converter stage, where the two semiconductor switches create a common node s. An active semiconductor switch Toc‚np and/or Tpc‚n advantageously allows for bidirectional power flow between the switch nodes p, n and the DC terminals P, N respectively. The DC/DC stage 102 e.g. comprises an upper boost circuit 121 and a lower boost circuit 122 stacked between the DC terminals P and N. The upper and lower boost circuits 121, 122 comprise the common node s. Each of the upper and lower boost circuits can be implemented with semiconductor switches Toc.w and Toc np for the upper boost circuit 121 and semiconductor switches Toc wm and Tpe nn for the lower boost circuit

122. Other implementations are possible. By way of example, either one or both the upper and lower boost circuits can be implemented as a flying capacitor circuit.

[0037] The DC-link 103 hence connects the CSR stage 101 and the DC/DC stage 102. In particular, the DC-link 103 connects the switch nodes p, n of the CSR stage 101 to the input nodes gq, r of the DC/DC stage 102. The DC-link 103 comprises an upper (positive) DC rail 131 connected to switch node p (connecting p to q) and a lower DC rail 132 connected to switch node n (connecting n to r). Either one or both of the upper and lower DC rails 131, 132 comprises an inductive element, e.g. provided as a high- frequency filter and/or for storing energy, such as inductor Loc, and Lpc‚n respectively operably connected to the respective switch node p and n. The inductors Loc and Loca can each comprise a common-mode inductor part, a differential mode inductor part or both. The DC-link 103 can further comprise a common mode (CM) capacitor Ccm connected between the star-point k of the input capacitors Ci, and the common node s. The common mode capacitor Ccm advantageously allows to significantly reduce the high- frequency components of CM noise.

[0038] An input filter 106 is advantageously arranged between the AC terminals A, B, C and the AC voltage nodes a, b, c. The input filter can comprise a network 105 of filter capacitors Cin which are star-point-connected to star-point k. This star-point k advantageously allows to create an artificial neutral point. Additionally, the input filter can comprise filter inductors Lin.

[0039] The current source converter 100 further can comprise a DC bus 104 having bus capacitors Coup and Coun series connected across the DC terminals P and N. A middle voltage node m (common node) of bus capacitors Coutp and Coun iS advantageously connected to common node s of the boost DC/DC stage 102 such that nodes s and m are at a same electrical potential.

[0040] Converter 100 can be operated by a control unit 108 configured to provide appropriate activation signals to the semiconductor switches of the first converter stage 101 and/or the second converter stage 102, e.g. to operate them by pulse width modulation.

[0041] The overvoltage protection circuit 10 features a symmetrical structure for the positive rail 131 and the negative rail 132 of the DC-link 103. In particular, overvoltage protection circuit 10 comprises two diode full-bridge circuits 11,

12. The upper diode bridge circuit 11 is formed of diodes Dp1, Dp2, Dps, and Dy4 arranged in a full-bridge configuration. The inputs of diode bridge circuit 11 are connected between switch node p and the star-point k. The upper diode bridge circuit limits the potential difference between the positive DC rail 131 and the star-point k, which acts here as an artificial neutral point, and therefore allows to provide overvoltage protection for the semiconductor switches of the high-side commutation cell. The lower diode bridge circuit 12 is formed of diodes Dn, Daz, Dis, and Dns arranged in a full-bridge configuration. The inputs of lower diode bridge circuit 12 are connected between star-point k and switch noden. The lower diode bridge circuit limits the potential difference between the negative DC rail 132 and the star-point k, and therefore allows to provide overvoltage protection for the semiconductor switches of the low-side commutation cell.

[0042] A capacitor C,, Ca is connected across the outputs of the upper and lower diode bridge circuits 11, 12 respectively and is configured to absorb the DC-link inductor energy during clamping. A varistor var, var, is connected in parallel to the capacitors Cp, Cn respectively to limit the corresponding voltage increase and ultimately to dissipate the excess energy. Any other suitable energy dissipating means can be used instead of a varistor. It will be convenient to note that for safety reasons, an additional discharging resistor (not shown) can be placed in parallel to each capacitor Cp, Ch.

[0043] The mode of operation of the overvoltage protection circuit 10 involves three different states, which are discussed in the following for rectifier operation, i.e., power flow from the AC-side 107 to the DC-side and hence positive DC-link currents inc,p and /pc‚n. Because of the full-bridge structure of the protection circuit 10, overvoltage protection also works analogously for inverter operation.

(i) Standby operation

[0044] During normal operation of the converter 100, the overvoltage protection circuit 10 is inactivated and all the diodes of the upper and lower diode bridge circuits 11, 12 are reverse-biased. The capacitors, C, and C,, remain charged at the peak value of the phase-to-neutral voltage (i.e., va, Vor and vex), which thus defines the minimum voltage rating of the diodes, capacitors, and varistors. Additional parasitic capacitances at the switch nodes are given by the parasitic capacitances of the diodes, which typically are much smaller than the output capacitances of the converter's main power semiconductors Tan, Tai, Ton, Ton Toh, Te: Hence, the overvoltage protection circuit 10 advantageously has minimal influence on the switching behaviour and ultimately on the converter efficiency.

(ii) Overvoltage protection in case of a fault in one commutation cell

[0045] During rectifier operation, the DC-link currents, ipc‚p and ioc, are positive to transfer energy from the AC side 107 to the DC side (nodes P, N). Referring to Fig. 2 and assuming an open-circuit fault (e.g., because of a loss of gate driver power) of at least one of the switches of the high-side commutation cell (Tan, Ton, Ten) of the CSR-stage 101, when incp is commutated to the faulty switch, it will first discharge the output capacitor of the respective transistor to a negative value, thereby pulling node p negative with respect to k. As a result, diodes D‚: and Dy of the diode bridge circuit 11 will conduct once the potential difference of nodes k and p, i.e. -vpk‚ is larger than the standby voltage of C,, i.e., the peak value of the phase-to-neutral voltage. This creates a current path from the AC node a through the star-point k and further through diode Dp+, capacitor Cp and diode Dp. of the circuit 11, to node p and the positive DC-rail 131 as shown by the dashed line in Fig. 2. This current path is further closed by the capacitors Coup and Coutn of the DC bus 104, the negative DC-rail 132 and one of the switches of the low-side commutation cell (Tay, Toy, Te) of the CSR stage 101. The current path that is created allows to transfer the DC-link inductive energy (stored in inductor Loc) into the capacitor Cp. Correspondingly, the capacitor voltage increases until it is clamped by the varistor var,, which ultimately dissipates the DC-link energy. The corresponding voltage is applied between the terminals of the protection circuit and contributes to reducing the current in the DC-link inductors towards zero.

[0046] In the above working example, the lower diode bridge circuit 12 is not in operation. It will however be convenient to note that an equivalent discussion applies to the protection in case of open-circuit fault of a switch of the low-side commutation cell (Tay, Tu), Te) of the CSR stage 101 activating the lower bridge circuit 12 in an analogous manner as above.

[0047] During inverter operation, the DC-link currents, ipcp and inc, are negative to transfer energy from the DC nodes P, N to the AC side 107. Assuming now a same open-circuit fault {(e.g., because of a loss of gate driver power) of at least one of the switches of the high-side commutation cell (Tan, Ton, Ten) of the CSR-stage 101, when ipcp is commutated to the faulty switch, it will charge the output capacitor of the respective transistor, thereby increasing the potential of node p. As a result, diodes Dp3 and Dy; will conduct once the potential difference vp is larger than the standby voltage of Cp, i.e., the peak value of the phase-to-neutral voltage. A current path is now created for the DC-link current ipc p from node p through diode Dps, capacitor C, and diode Dp2 to the star-point k and further towards the AC side 107 through nodes a, b, c. Correspondingly, the voltage of capacitor C, increases until it is clamped by the varistor vals, which ultimately dissipates the DC-link energy. The operation in case of an open- circuit fault of the switches of the low-side commutation cell (Tay, Toy, Te) of the CSR- stage 101 is analogous considering the diodes Dz, Dns and capacitor Ch. (iii) Overvoltage protection in case of faults in both commutation cells

[0048] In case of an open-circuit condition of transistors in both the high- side and the low-side commutation cells, both the upper and lower diode bridge circuits 11, 12 become active. The current path as shown in Fig. 2 (in case of rectifier operation) would in such case pass through node n, diode Das, capacitor C, and diode Dn. of the lower diode bridge circuit 12 rather than passing through the low-side commutation cell (Ta, Toy, Ten) as in Fig. 2. In case of inverter operation, the current flows from node k through diode Dn3, capacitor C and diode D‚2 of the lower diode bridge circuit 12 to node n. Hence, if both diode bridge circuits 11, 12 are active, they form a (closed) conduction path for the DC-link current (through the star-point &) that does not involve the filter capacitors Ci. It will be convenient to note that such a situation can also occur in case of a converter trip (i.e. shutting down of the converter), if the trip-state is such that all transistors are switched off.

Maximum voltage clamping experiments

[0049] Maximum voltage clamping simulations will now be presented for the latter two modes of operation (ii) and (iii) of the overvoltage protection circuit 10 in case of rectifier operation.

[0050] Referring to operation mode (ii) above, the theoretical maximum voltage Vmax across a transistor is the sum of the clamp voltage Vamp Of the varistor var, and the voltage Vi, of the input capacitor Cin, i.e., the worst-case peak phase-to-neutral voltage Von during normal operation. However, when either the upper or the lower diode bridge circuit 11, 12 is active, the DC-link current inc is injected into the star-point k, causing an asymmetry of the voltages of the input filter capacitors Cin. The corresponding bias can be expressed by the voltage Vias = Vak + Vk + Vek, which remains zero during normal operation (assuming symmetrical grid voltages). When either the upper or the lower diode bridge circuit 11, 12 is active, vpias increases and adds on top of one phase- to-neutral voltage exclusively in a worst-case scenario, which would lead to a corresponding increase of the maximum clamping voltage. It will be convenient to note that the bias voltage will not change if both the upper and the lower diode bridge circuits 11, 12 are active, as is the case in operation mode (iii} described above, or when all power semiconductors are turned off, e.g., as a result of a system-level trip.

[0051] When one diode bridge circuit 11, 12 is active, its respective capacitor Cp, Ca is essentially connected in series to one of the filter capacitors Cin (which one depends on the switching state of the unaffected commutation cell), i.e., the same DC-link current ioc p, inca respectively flows through either capacitor. The capacitances of the overvoltage protection circuit capacitors (Cp, Cn) are advantageously selected much smaller than the capacitances of the filter capacitors Ci, e.g. 75% of the capacitance of Ci, or less, advantageously 50% or less. Thus, the voltage of the protection circuit capacitor increases much faster than the bias voltage, which facilitates a fast detection of the fault condition.

[0052] To illustrate the corresponding difference in time scales, two scenarios were investigated, showing the behaviour of the converter for the case in which one transistor of the high-side commutation cell fails (and hence the upper diode bridge circuit 11 acts whenever the DC-link current would be commutated to this transistor), but the converter would continue to operate (i.e., no detection and no trip). Figs. 3 and 4 show exemplary simulations for a 10 kW buck-boost CSR system as shown in Fig. 1 connected to a three-phase 400 V AC grid. The circuit component values and simulation parameters are listed in Table 1. A two-stage differential mode (DM) EMI filter between terminals A, B, C and nodes a, b, c‚ is considered in the simulation (not shown in schematic).

Table 1: Circuit component values and simulation parameters stages)

[0053] In a first simulation scenario as shown in Fig. 3, failure (open-circuit) of Tan occurred at { = 5 ms when the (local} conduction time of Tan is at its maximum during the mains period. The upper diode bridge circuit 11 is activated, and the voltage across its capacitor C‚ increases very quickly, as seen by the increase of the voltage over the varistor var, (shown as varp in Fig. 3). The DC-link currents ioc p (Shown as Idcp) and icn (shown as Iden) quickly decay to zero and stay at zero due to the comparably small inductance value, and because the overvoltage protection circuit 10 is active for a relatively long time (defined by the failed transistors would-be conduction time). It can be seen that the bias voltage (vbias) increases on a slower time scale. A significant increase of the DC-link current and of vias occurs only in the next sector of the mains period, where switching states with shorter conduction intervals of the faulty transistor are used. These simulation results indicate that there is ample time to detect the activation of the overvoltage protection circuit and to trip the converter, long before the bias voltage increases significantly.

[0054] In the second scenario shown in Fig. 4, failure (open-circuit) of Tan occurred at £= 10 ms when the (local) conduction time of Tan is at its minimum during the mains period. Again, the upper diode bridge circuit 11 is activated, and the voltage across its capacitor Cp increases very quickly (shown as varp in Fig. 4). However, the DC-link currents /ocp, oc, (shown as Idcp and Iden respectively) are only slightly influenced because switching states involving intact transistors dominate and allow the controller to maintain the DC-link current close to its reference value. On the other hand, Vpias Increases due to the resulting asymmetrical currents in the filter capacitors Cin, but again on a time scale in the millisecond range, i.e., relatively slowly. Thus, also this simulation indicates that there is ample time to detect the activation of the protection circuit and to trip the converter, long before the bias voltage increases significantly.

[0055] If only one of the upper and lower diode bridge circuits 11, 12 becomes active, the bias voltage increases due to the asymmetric currents in the input filter capacitors Cn, which ultimately would lead to the voltage across the power semiconductors exceeding their ratings. Conversely, when both protection circuits are active, the bias voltage does not increase further, as the DC-link current path does not involve any of the filter capacitors Cin anymore.

[0056] In case of an open-circuit condition of transistors in both the high- side and the low-side commutation cells, both upper and lower diode bridge circuits 11, 12 become active. Note that such a situation also occurs in case of a converter trip, if the trip-state is such that all transistors are switched off. As already mentioned above, if both protection circuits are active, they form a conduction path for the DC-link current that does not involve the filter capacitors Cin. Hence, the bias voltage remains unaffected (i.e., stays at zero). Simulation results of such a situation are shown in Fig. 5 when all switches are turned off at £= 10 ms. From the simulation graphs of Fig. 5 it can be seen that the blocking voltages va, Vp, Vep of the switches of the high-side commutation cell and the blocking voltages van, Von, Ven Of the switches of the low-side commutation cell remain always under the avalanche breakdown limit (1200 V), and no bias voltage is accumulated. The DC-link energy is dissipated in the varistors of both diode bridge circuits 11, 12.

[0057] From the foregoing, it can be derived that the overvoltage protection circuit allows to easily detect a fault situation that leads to one or both protection circuits being triggered. Such a detection allows the converter to be shut down in a safe way (referred to as trip), especially within a few switching cycles and in particular before Vias increases to critical values. Additionally, the energy absorption capability of the varistors (or other voltage-limiting elements) is typically limited, i.e., the fault state cannot persist for too long. In general, the allowed fault state duration is determined by the varistor power dissipation capability if the varistors allow to dissipate the power within a time frame shorter than the time required for a critical increase of the bias voltage.

[0058] Referring to Fig. 6, the converter 100 can be equipped with a detection circuit 13, 14 coupled to a respective diode bridge circuit 11, 12 and coupled to control unit 108. The detection circuit 13, 14 is configured to detect activation of the respective diode bridge circuit 11, 12 and to emit a fault signal 109 upon such detection. The fault signal 109 is sent to the control unit 108. Control unit 108 can be configured to initiate a shut down (trip) of the converter 100 following receipt of the fault signal 109, e.g. by commanding all (actively operated) switches to the off state. With all switches of the converter turned off and assuming the converter was operating in rectifier mode prior to shut down, the diodes Dn: and Dns of the lower diode bridge circuit 12 start conducting to close the DC-link current conduction path. As stated previously, in case of inverter operation, diodes Dn2 and Dns would start conducting instead. Finally, the DC-link inductive energy will be dissipated in the two varistors of the upper and the lower diode bridge circuits.

[0059] One exemplary embodiment of a detection circuit 13, 14 is configured to measure the voltage over the capacitor Cp, Cn of the respective upper or lower diode bridge circuit 11, 12, and to compare this voltage to a predetermined value. If the measured voltage over C, or C, is higher than the predetermined value, for instance 500 V, the detection circuit 13, 14 is configured to emit a fault signal 109 which is sent to the control unit 108.

[0060] Alternative solutions for the detection circuit 13, 14 are to measuring the current through the respective varistor, and comparing it to a reference value expected during normal operation. Alternatively, the fault signal can be derived from already available measurements in the converter 100, e.g. measurements that are required for the closed-loop control of the converter and are already used by control unit

108. In general, various measurements can be used as basis for a fault detection signal. By way of example, the detection circuit can be configured to measure the bias voltage as derived from the measured filter capacitor voltages and/or the DC-link current deviation from a reference value and compare either one or both to a threshold value. A fault signal can be generated by the detection circuit when the threshold value is exceeded. Furthermore, combinations of such characteristics can be used to improve the selectivity and avoid false error detection (considering, for example, that a deviation from the DC-link current reference occurs also during load steps, or that grid voltage asymmetries also lead to a non-zero bias voltage). Processed quantities, such as the rate of change of a signal, may be considered as well.

[0061] As shown in Fig. 6, any other energy dissipation (and voltage clamping) device 15 can be used instead of the varistors var, and var, such as single energy dissipation devices, e.g. resistors, TVS diodes, and thyristor-based triggered devices, or combination of several single devices, e.g., series-connection of varistors with thyristor-based triggered devices to achieve a sharp dynamic performance with low standby leakage current.

[0062] Referring to Fig. 7, voltage-limiting devices 151 (e.g., varistars) can be provided across the input filter capacitors (Cin), i.e., across nodes a-k, b-k, and c-k, allowing the maximum clamping voltage across any transistor to be defined as a clamping voltage of these voltage-limiting devices 151 and the clamping voltage of the varistors var, (or other voltage limiting and energy dissipation devices) used in the protection circuit 10. Thus, the increase of the bias voltage can be limited when the converter 100 would continue operation after one of the diode bridge circuits 11, 12 becomes active. Even though the limited energy absorption capability of the voltage- limiting devices 151 would still require detect-and-trip action, this embodiment advantageously can increase the time available for this, especially in systems with small filter capacitors. Considering a 400 V grid and 1200 V power semiconductors, all voltage- limiting devices (i.e., vary, var, of the protection circuit 10 as well as devices 151) require a rated RMS voltage of 230 V and a typical clamping voltage of less than 600 V (i.e, including some margin regarding the semiconductor breakdown voltage rating).

[0063] Referring to Fig. 8, current source converter 200 is identical to current source converter 100 except for the overvoltage protection circuit 20, which is configured as a single diode full-bridge circuit 21 with diodes Dp+, Dp3, Dn2, Dns. The inputs of the diode bridge circuit 21 are now connected between nodes p and n. The outputs of the diode bridge circuit 21 are connected to capacitors Cp and C, of the overvoltage protection circuit 20, respectively. Capacitor Cp is connected between one output of the diode bridge circuit 21 and the star-point k, while capacitor C, is connected between the other output of diode bridge circuit 21 and the star-point k. Such a configuration allows the overvoltage protection functionality to be realized with a reduced number of diodes. However, a higher voltage rating of the diodes is required in this case. The standby voltage of the capacitors C, and C, is defined by the maximum potential difference between the DC-link rails {p, n) and the star-point k, i.e., the peak value of the phase-to- neutral voltage, similar to the overvoltage protection circuit 10 of Fig. 1. However, the minimum diode voltage rating for diode bridge circuit 21 is twice the peak value of the phase-to-neutral voltage, e.g. 650 V diodes are required when considering a 400 V grid.

The rated voltage of the varistors var, and var, is the same as the voltage rating of the respective capacitors C‚ and Cp, and the maximum semiconductor clamping voltage is still the sum of the clamp voltage of the varistor vary, var, and the voltage of the filter capacitor Cin.

[0064] During normal operation of the converter 200, the overvoltage protection circuit 20 is inactivated and all the diodes of the diode bridge circuit 21 are reverse-biased. The capacitors, C, and C,, remain charged at the peak value of the phase-to-neutral voltage (i.e., Vak, Vok and ve). During rectifier operation, the DC-link currents, ipcp and ipc‚, are positive to transfer energy from the AC side 107 to the DC side (nodes P, N). Assuming now an open-circuit fault (e.g., because of a loss of gate driver power) of at least one of the switches of the high-side commutation cell (Tan, Ton, Ten) of the CSR-stage 101, when ipcp is commutated to the faulty switch, it will first discharge the output capacitor of the respective transistor to a negative value, thereby pulling node p negative with respect to k. As a result, diode Dy; will conduct once the potential difference between nodes k and p, i.e. -v is larger than the standby voltage of Cy, i.e., the peak value of the phase-to-neutral voltage. This creates a current path from the AC node a through the star-point k and capacitor C, towards node p and the positive DC-rail 131 as shown by the dashed line in Fig. 9. This current path is further closed by the capacitors Coup and Coun of the DC bus 104, the negative DC-rail 132 and the switches of the low-side commutation cell (Tay, To, Ten) of the CSR stage 101. The current path that is created allows to transfer the DC-link inductive energy (stored in inductor Locp) into the capacitor Cn. Correspondingly, the voltage of capacitor Ch increases until it is clamped by the varistor var,, which ultimately dissipates the DC-link energy. The corresponding voltage is applied between the terminals of the protection circuit and contributes to reducing the current in the DC-link inductors towards zero.

[0065] In the above working example, the capacitor C, remains at standby voltage. It will however be convenient to note that an equivalent discussion applies to the protection in case of fault of a switch of the low-side commutation cell (Ta), To Te) of the CSR stage 101 considering diode Da4 and capacitor Cp.

[0066] During inverter operation, the DC-link currents, ipcp and inc, are negative to transfer energy from the DC nodes P, N to the AC side 107. Assuming now an open-circuit fault {e.g., because of a loss of gate driver power) of at least one of the switches of the high-side commutation cell (Tan, Ton, Ten) of the CSR-stage 101, when incp is commutated to the faulty switch, it will charge the output capacitor of the respective transistor, thereby increasing the potential of node p. As a result, diode D‚3 will conduct once the potential difference vp is larger than the standby voltage of Cy, i.e., the peak value of the phase-to-neutral voltage. A current path is now created for the DC- link current ipcp from node p through diode Dy: and capacitor C,, to the star-point k and further towards the AC side 107 through nodes a, b, c. Correspondingly, the voltage of capacitor C; increases until it is clamped by the varistor var, which ultimately dissipates the DC-link energy. The operation in case of an open-circuit fault of the switches of the low-side commutation cell (Tay, To, Tes) of the CSR-stage 101 is analogous considering the diode Di2 and capacitor Ca.

[0067] Referring to Fig. 10, current source converter 300 differs from current source converter 200 in that only one varistor varpn is arranged across both cascaded capacitors C, and C,, instead of two separate varistors var, and var, across each capacitor as in converter 200. This solution further reduces the number of components. In this case, the rated voltage of the varistor becomes twice the capacitor rating. The maximum semiconductor clamping voltage is determined by the sum of the voltage of the clamping capacitor, instead of the clamping voltage of the varistor, and the voltage of the filter capacitor Ci.. Needless to say, the varistor varp can be replaced by any other suitable voltage limiting and energy dissipating device.

[0068] Referring to Fig. 11, current source converter 400 differs from current source converter 200, 300 in that it comprises an overvoltage protection circuit 30 according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. Overvoltage protection circuit 30 does not comprise any diode bridge circuit as the overvoltage protection circuits 10, 20 described above. Instead, overvoltage protection circuit 30 comprises a first circuit 31 formed of a series connection of a clamping diode Dps and a capacitor C, connected parallel to the positive DC-rail 131 (across nodes p and {, where ft is a node of the DC bus 104 and may be equipotential with DC terminal P) and a second circuit 32 formed of a series connection of clamping diode Dn2 and capacitor C, connected parallel to the negative DC-rail 132 (across nodes n and o, where o is a node of the DC bus 104 and may be equipotential with DC terminal N). Additionally, nodes p and n are connected to the star-point k through a respective diode Dy: and Dns respectively which is reverse biased during normal operation of the converter 400.

[0069] By comparing Fig. 8 and Fig. 11 it can be seen that overvoltage protection circuit 30 can be obtained when in overvoltage protection circuit 20, the connection of the negative terminal of capacitor C, to the star-point k is replaced with a connection to node t of the DC bus 104, and the connection of the positive terminal of capacitor C, to the star-point k is replaced with a connection to node o of the DC bus

104. Hence, nodes t and o act here as capacitively stabilized voltage nodes, i.e. stabilized by the bus capacitors Coup and Coun in alternative to the star-point k that was used as capacitively stabilized voltage node in the previous embodiments. It is alternatively possible to connect the circuits 31 and 32 between p and m and between n and m respectively, hence using the middle voltage node m of the DC bus 104 as a capacitively stabilized voltage node. Yet other connections are possible, e.g. connecting circuit 31 between p and o (instead of between p and t as in Fig. 11) and circuit 32 between n and t (instead of between n and o as in Fig. 11). Furthermore, it will be convenient to note that it is possible to swap the position of diode Dp3 and capacitor Cp in circuit 31 and/or the position of diode Dy; and capacitor Cy in circuit 32.

[0070] In normal operation of the converter 400, the overvoltage protection circuit 30 is inactivated and all the diodes Dy1, Dp3, Da2 and Dyas are reverse-biased. The capacitors Cp and C are only charged during buck operation. The standby voltage of e.g.

capacitor C, is defined by: the mains phase peak voltage Vo plus the injected low- frequency common mode voltage Vine minus half of the minimum output voltage Vn. The voltage rating of diode Dys is defined by the capacitor standby voltage plus half of the maximum output voltage V plus the injected low-frequency common mode voltage Vak.

In case of a fault of a switch in the high-side commutation cell of the CSR stage 101 (e.g., switch Tan) during rectifier operation, node p will be pulled negative with respect to star-point k due to the DC-link current discharging the output capacitor of the respective transistor as described above. As a result, diode Dy: will start conducting creating a current path from the star-point k to the DC link inductor Loc. This current path is further closed as described above in relation to Fig. 2.

[0071] In case of a fault of a switch in the high-side commutation cell of the CSR stage 101 (e.g., switch Tan) during inverter operation, i.e. with a positive DC-link current inc p flowing from node f to node p following the convention of the arrow in Fig. 11, the output capacitor of the transistor of Ta, is further charged to increase the potential at node p positive with respect to the potential at node £. Diode Dp3 will conduct once the potential difference vg between p and t is larger than the standby voltage of C,. By so doing, a closed loop current path is created between DC-link inductor Loc , and capacitor Cy, enabling the energy in DC-link inductor Loc, to be transferred to capacitor Cp. As with the previous embodiments, a voltage limiting and energy dissipation device is placed parallel to capacitors C, and C, respectively to clamp the voltage over the capacitor and eventually dissipate it.

[0072] The overvoltage protection circuit 30 is advantageously implemented in converters with a narrow output voltage range, e.g. 400 V — 600 V, to limit the required voltage rating of the diodes Ds, Di2 and the trigger voltage.

[0073] Referring to FIG. 12, a battery charging system 700 comprises a power supply unit 704. The power supply unit 704 is coupled on one side to the AC grid through terminals A, B, C, and on the other side (at terminals P', N°) to an interface 702, e.g. comprising a switch device, which allows to connect the power supply unit 704 to a battery 703. The power supply unit 704 comprises any one of the electrical converter 100-400 as described hereinabove and can comprise a further converter stage 701, which in the present system is a DC-DC converter, e.g. an LLC resonant converter. The power supply unit 704, e.g. the third converter stage 701, can comprise a pair of coils which are inductively coupled through air (not shown), such as in the case of wireless power transfer. Alternatively, the DC-DC converter stage 701 can comprise or consist of an isolated DC-DC converter. In some cases, the interface 702 can comprise a plug and socket, e.g. in wired power transfer. Alternatively, the plug and socket can be provided at the input (e.g., at nodes A, B, C).

[0074] While the above overvoltage protection circuits have been illustrated in relation to an exemplary converter 100-400 comprising a three-phase AC-DC buck current source converter stage, a current source DC-link and a three-level boost DC/DC stage, it will be convenient to note that the overvoltage protection circuits can readily be incorporated in any other type of current source converters comprising a current source DC link. Referring to Fig. 13, a converter 800 is shown comprising two three-phase buck AC/DC converter stages in a back to back configuration, connected through a current source DC-link. Converter 800 comprises a first three-phase buck AC/DC converter stage and current source DC link identical to the CSR stage 101 and DC link 103 of Figs. 1-11. Nodes g and r of the DC link 103 are now connected to a second three-phase buck AC/DC converter stage 802 acting as a current source inverter with the AC nodes connected to e.g. an electric motor 808. Either one, preferably both the converter stages 101, 802 can comprise an overvoltage protection circuit according the present disclosure, e.g. any one of the circuits 10-30.

Claims

Conclusions

A power source converter comprising: a first converter stage (101) comprising at least one actively operated switching device (Tan, Tas, Ton, Toy, Ten, Te) configured to switch S electrical power between at least one node (a , b, c) on a first side and at least one switching node (p, n), a direct current connection (103) comprising an inductive element (Lpcp, Loc, n) operatively coupled to the at least one switching node (p, n ), an energy-absorbing circuit (10, 20, 30), where the energy-absorbing circuit (10, 20, 30) and the inductive element form a circulating circuit in which energy stored in the inductive element is configured to circulate when a current path in the the first converter stage (101) is interrupted, characterized in that the current source converter comprises at least one capacitively stabilized voltage node (k, t, o, m) and that the energy absorbing circuit includes a serial connection of a terminal diode (Dp:, Dm) and an energy absorbing capacitor (Cp, Cn), the serial link being connected between the at least one switching node (p, n) and the at least one capacitively stabilized voltage node (k, t, 0, m).

The power source converter of claim 1, comprising a DC bus (104), the DC bus comprising at least one DC bus capacitor (Coutp, Cout.n), the capacitively stabilized voltage node being a voltage node (t, m, 0) of the DC bus.

The power source converter of claim 2, wherein the at least one switching node comprises a first switching node (p) and a second switching node (n), the DC link (103) comprising a first busbar (131) connected between the first switching node (p ) and a first voltage node (t) of the DC bus and a second rail (132) connected between the second switching node (n) and a second voltage node (0) of the DC bus, each of the first rail and the second rail having a inductive element (Loc, Lpc.n) and wherein the energy absorbing circuit comprises a first (31) of the serial link (Dp3, Cp) connected between the first switching node (p) and a voltage node (t, m, 0) of the DC bus (104) and a second (32) of the serial link (Di, Ca) connected between the second DC node (n) and a voltage node (t, 0, m) of the DC bus.

The power source converter according to claim 3, wherein the first serial link (31) is connected between the first switching node (p) and the first voltage node (t) of the DC bus (104), and the second serial link (32) is connected between the second switching node (n) and the second voltage node (0) of the DC bus.

A current source converter according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising at least two nodes (a, b, ¢) on the first side, and further comprising a filter (105) comprising a plurality of filter capacitors (Cin) each connected between a respective of the at least two first side nodes (a, b, c) and a star point (k), the star point being connected to the at least one switching node (p, n) by a diode (Dpi, Du) which is configured to have a reverse voltage under normal operation of the power source inverter.

The current source converter of claim 1, comprising at least two nodes (a, b, ¢) on the first side, and further comprising a filter (105) comprising a plurality of filter capacitors (Cin) each connected between a respective one of the ten at least two nodes (a, b, c) on the first side and a star point (k), the capacitively stabilized voltage node being the star point (k), the at least one switching node being a first switching node (p) and a second switching node ( n), wherein the energy absorbing circuit (10, 20) comprises a first diode bridge (11, 12, 21), input nodes of the first diode bridge being connected to the first switching node (p) and the second switching node (n), the terminal diode (D; 3, Dm) is a diode of the first diode bridge (11, 12, 21) and a first terminal of the energy absorbing capacitor (Cp, Ca) is connected to a first output node of the first diode bridge.

The power source converter according to claim 6, wherein a second terminal of the energy absorbing capacitor (Cp, Ca) is connected to the star point (k) opposite the first terminal.

The power source converter of claim 7, wherein the energy absorbing circuit (20) comprises a second energy absorbing capacitor (Cp, Cn), a first terminal of the second energy absorbing capacitor being connected to a second output node of the first diode bridge (21), and a second terminal of the second energy-absorbing capacitor is connected to the star point (k).

The current source converter of claim 1, comprising at least two nodes (a, b, c) on the first side, and further comprising a filter (105) comprising a plurality of filter capacitors (Cm) each connected between a respective one of the ten at least two nodes (a, b, c) on the first side and a star point (k), the capacitively stabilized voltage node being the star point (k), the energy absorbing circuit (10, 20) having a first diode bridge (11, 12, 21), wherein input nodes of the first diode bridge are connected between one of the at least one switching node (p, n) and the star point (k), the clamping diode (Dy3, Dn2) being a diode of the first diode bridge (11, 12 , 21) and wherein a first terminal of the energy absorbing capacitor (Cp, Cyn) is connected to a first output node of the first diode bridge.

A current source converter according to claim 9, wherein the energy absorbing capacitor (Cp, Cn) is connected across output nodes of the first diode bridge (11, 12).

The power source converter of claim 10, wherein the energy absorbing circuit comprises a second diode bridge (12), the first input node of the first diode bridge being connected to the first switching node (p), a first of input nodes of the second diode bridge (12) being connected is to the star point (k) and a second of the input nodes of the second diode bridge is connected to the second switching node (n), and a second energy absorbing capacitor (Cn) is connected across output nodes of the second diode bridge (12).

A current source converter according to any one of claims 5 to 11, comprising a voltage limiting device (151) connected across each of the plurality of filter capacitors (Cin).

A power source converter according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising an energy dispersion device (15) connected across the energy absorbing capacitor.

The current source converter of claim 13, wherein the energy dispersion device comprises or consists of: a varistor (varp, vary, Välpn), a resistor, a thyristor-based triggered device, a transient voltage suppression diode, or a combination thereof.

A power source converter according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a sensing circuit (13, 14) configured to detect activation of the energy absorbing circuit (10, 20, 30), in particular wherein the sensing circuit is configured to transmit of an error signal (109) when an activation of the energy absorbing circuit is detected.

A power source converter according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the energy absorbing capacitor is provided as a surface mounted device.

A power source converter according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first converter stage is an AC/DC stage comprising at least two nodes (a, b, c) on the first side, the at least one switching node being a first switching node (p) and a second switching node(s), wherein the AC/DC stage comprises a first commutation cell between the at least two nodes on the first side and the first switching node and a second commutation cell between the at least two nodes on the first side and the second switching node configured to convert between an alternating current signal at the at least two nodes (a, b, c) on the first side and a direct current signal at the first and second switching nodes, each of the first and second commutation cells having a multiple of actively operated switching devices (Tan, Tay, Ton, Toa, Ten, Tei).

A power source converter according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a second converter stage (102) coupled to the DC link.

The power source converter of claim 18, wherein the second converter stage is a DC/DC converter stage or a DC/AC converter stage.

A power source converter according to any one of the preceding claims, which is a bi-directional converter.

A battery charging system (700) comprising a power supply, the power supply comprising the power source converter according to any one of the preceding claims.

An electric motor drive system (800) comprising a power supply, the power supply comprising the current source shaper of any preceding claim.