NL2027073B1 - Automatic urban three-dimensional skyline contour generation and diagnosis method based on occlusion rate - Google Patents
Automatic urban three-dimensional skyline contour generation and diagnosis method based on occlusion rate Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention discloses an automatic urban three-dimensional skyline contour generation and diagnosis method based on an occlusion rate. A three-dimensional skyline contour design plan model is constructed by using a Supermap GIS city model platform and an augmented reality technology and an augmented reality device on a basis of a three-dimensional building form of urban status in quo and terrain elevation data and by inputting an urban design plan vector model, and a skyline contour orthophoto map of the design plan and a skyline contour orthophoto map of the urban status in quo are automatically generated. Then, after rasterization is performed on the orthophoto map, occlusion rates of the skyline contour of the status in quo and a generated skyline contour against background mountains are calculated. Drawings and virtual images of an automatically generated urban three-dimensional skyline contour plan are output by using a plotting device and a virtualimage holographic interactive device. The present invention provides an objective and efficient urban skyline diagnosis and evaluation method for planning managers and implementers through real-time three-dimensional skyline contour simulation and automatic background mountain occlusion rate diagnosis.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention belongs to the technical field of skyline contour research and design of urban design, and in particular, to an automatic urban three-dimensional skyline contour generation and diagnosis method based on an occlusion rate.
BACKGROUND An urban skyline contour 1s an overall or partial image formed by high-rise buildings and background mountains in a city, which directly reflects an urban planning and construction result. During qualified urban space construction, the urban skyline contour not only attracts great attention as an important urban visual aesthetic landscape, but also is increasingly valued and widely discussed by urban planners and managers as a spatial representation of urban economic and social development. Currently, research on observation and evaluation of an urban three-dimensional skyline contour becomes a key issue in high-quality urban space construction. However, more scientific exploration and more in-depth practical researches are still required for specific observation and evaluation methods. With reference to relevant literature and case studies, an existing urban skyline contour observation and evaluation method is as follows:
1. Observation and evaluation method through photographing and plotting In traditional urban planning research and designing, an urban skyline contour is usually extracted through photographic image processing or auxiliary plotting, and the skyline contour is evaluated and optimized based on a subjective aesthetic perspective. This process often requires a lot of manual measurement work, which has low research accuracy, and is mostly based on subjective perception and traditional aesthetics, resulting in a lack of objective and precise quantitative indicators in skyline diagnosis and evaluation. Specifically, research through photographing or plotting mainly relies on individual researchers who, as observers, select special photographing locations and acquire image data through a digital single lens reflex camera equipped with a long focal length lens. Then a skyline and a building elevation are drawn by using relevant image processing software, and the skyline is analyzed according to the elevation. In this method, an observation point is not fixed, a photographing angle is not specified, and a shooting parameter is not specified. A result of skyline extraction by using this method is unlikely to be objective, fair, and repeatable.
In addition, there are more related studies using photos published on media such as the Internet and magazines for evaluation. For example, scholars such as Cao Yingchun and Zhang Yukun select the most recognized and most popular skyline photos from media photos for research. A final quantitative evaluation result of the skyline varies from person to person and from photo to photo.
2. Machine recognition and segmentation method based on two-dimensional pictures With the advancement of digital technologies, increasing researchers observe and evaluate urban skyline contours based on digital image recognition and segmentation technologies such as edge detection and machine learning. For example, some foreign scholars detect, from top to bottom by using a regional growth algorithm based on brightness gradient, brightness values of pixels in each column in a panoramic photo of a city captured by a camera, compare the brightness value with a threshold value to extract pixel points of the skyline, and perform evaluation. Scholars such as Saurer train classifiers for features such as colors and textures by using a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm, to segment sky and terrain.
However, this observation and evaluation method based on two-dimensional images can neither express a relationship between complex physical objects in a three-dimensional real world, nor dynamically obtain skylines at different observation angles. In addition, the evaluation method still mainly depends on subjective aesthetic evaluation, lacking scientificity and repeatability.
3. Observation and evaluation method by using three-dimensional models In addition, more researchers begin to use a three-dimensional simulation technology to perform protective evaluation on urban skylines. A plan model is evaluated through refined three-dimensional modeling of city-level topography, landforms, buildings, mountains, and rivers, loading of massive three-dimensional model data by using a three-dimensional engine, and overlay of planning model data from a specific direction based on parameters such as an observation point, an observation direction, and an observation pitch angle, so as to perform protective evaluation on an actual skyline contour. For example, Lv Yani uses a skyline tool of an ArcGIS platform developed by ESRI to import a three-dimensional model, calculate virtual blocking points on a selected field of view and connect the points to form a line, and project the points onto a cylinder to expand the points into a two-dimensional plane to display the skyline contour, thereby performing in-depth evaluation.
Although this method can be used to relatively conveniently generate and observe urban skyline contours, the method still lacks a set of scientific, objective, and repeatable diagnosis methods in evaluation of the skyline contours. In general, the current urban skyline contour generation and evaluation methods still have the following disadvantages: First of all, current urban skyline contour analysis considers only an overall front image of a city, and does not give sufficient consideration to visual hierarchy of the skyline and observational differences between actual environmental perspectives, etc. Secondly, there is a lack of objective evaluation and diagnosis for a skyline contour after the skyline contour is generated. The analysis excessively relies on subjective perception and aesthetic evaluation of researchers, and lacks a set of scientific, objective, and repeatable diagnosis methods. Finally, planning and designing personnel and managers cannot edit and view a new skyline contour in real time after a skyline plan is generated, and there 15 a lack of interactive detection and control of an actual urban construction space. Currently, in people-oriented high-quality urban spatial planning and development, a method is urgently needed to quickly obtain a real-time skyline contour generation method and a standardized diagnosis method based on different observation points, to assist urban planners and managers in performing effect simulation and scientific evaluation on the skyline contour design plan. Therefore, in order to resolve the problems and the disadvantages of the existing technical methods to assist urban planners and managers in managing and controlling skyline contour planning, design, and construction, the present invention provides an automatic urban three-dimensional skyline contour generation and diagnosis method based on calculation of an background mountain occlusion rate, which provides an objective and efficient urban skyline diagnosis and evaluation method for relevant personnel.
SUMMARY Purpose of invention: In order to resolve the problems and the disadvantages of the existing technical methods to assist urban planners and managers in managing and controlling skyline contour planning, design construction, the present invention provides an automatic urban three-dimensional skyline contour generation and diagnosis method based on calculation of an occlusion rate, which provides an objective and efficient urban skyline diagnosis and evaluation method for planning managers and implementers. Technical solutions: The present invention provides an automatic urban three-dimensional skyline contour generation and diagnosis method based on an occlusion rate, specifically including the following steps: (1) collecting basic three-dimensional spatial shape data of urban status in quo; (2) constructing a three-dimensional shape base model of the urban status in quo, and generating a three-dimensional skyline contour orthophoto map of the urban status in quo; (3) generating a three-dimensional skyline contour design plan model, and generating a corresponding skyline orthophoto map; (4) calculating occlusion rates of a skyline contour of the status in quo and a generated skyline contour against background mountains; and (5) outputting drawings and virtual images of an automatically generated urban three- dimensional skyline contour plan and performing interaction.
Further, step 1 includes the following steps: (11) performing an on-site survey on a target range, and performing high-resolution scanning on an urban three-dimensional building shape by using a ground three-dimensional laser scanner in which a GPS coordinate recording module is built, to obtain urban three-dimensional shape vector data with latitude and longitude coordinates within the target range; and (12) measuring terrain within the target range by using a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with a mobile measurement system, to obtain terrain vector DEM data of the urban status in quo with latitude and longitude coordinates.
Further, step 2 includes the following steps: (21) data format regularization and coordinate unification: performing data format regularization on the urban spatial vector data obtained in step (1), to uniformly convert the data into a data set of a ".udb" format, uniformly converting coordinates of all data into a WGS84 coordinate system, and storing the regularized and converted data in a mobile hard disk with a capacity of more than 1 TB according to a category; (22) construction of the three-dimensional shape base model of the urban status in quo: hierarchically inputting, based on a vector data interface provided by SuperMap GIS, the basic urban data, obtained in step (1), after the regularization and coordinate unification to a computer according to the category, and positioning urban three-dimensional building shape data on a terrain surface in a SuperMap GIS platform, to construct the three-dimensional shape base model of the urban status in quo; and (23) selection of observation points to generate the three-dimensional skyline contour orthophoto map of the status in quo: setting up a number of observation points at a human eye height in the three-dimensional shape base model of the status in quo, and determining sight directions and viewing angles of the observation points, to generate the three-dimensional skyline contour orthophoto map of the urban status in quo. 5 Further, step 3 includes the following steps: (31) standardization of an urban design plan vector model: inputting an urban design plan vector model within a target range, converting a data format thereof to a ".udb" data set, and converting coordinates thereof to a WGS84 coordinate system; (32) construction of the three-dimensional skyline contour design plan model: importing the urban design plan vector model into a platform based on a vector data interface provided by SuperMap GIS, replacing the model on a corresponding plot in the three-dimensional shape base model of the status in quo, and storing an updated model as the three-dimensional skyline contour design plan model; and (33) generation of a skyline contour design plan orthophoto map: automatically generating the skyline contour design plan orthophoto map based on positions, the sight directions, and the viewing angles of the observation points that are set in step (23) and according to the three-dimensional skyline contour design plan model.
Further, step 4 includes the following steps: (41) rasterization of the three-dimensional skyline contour orthophoto map of the urban status in quo: recognizing the three-dimensional skyline contour orthophoto map of the status in quo in a SuperMap GIS digital platform, and performing rasterization on a range covered by a three- dimensional skyline contour and a range covered by background mountains; (42) performing rasterization on the automatically generated urban three-dimensional skyline contour orthophoto map according to the step in (41);and (43) calculation of occlusion rates of urban three-dimensional skyline contours of the urban status 1n quo and the design plan: respectively calculating an occlusion rate for the urban three- dimensional skyline contour of the status in quo and the urban three-dimensional skyline contour generated by the plan, and displaying calculation results in the Supermap GIS platform in real time.
Further, step 5 includes the following steps: (51) production of drawings and documents of the generated plan: generating a skyline contour design plan view for a final generated urban three-dimensional skyline contour according to an aerial view, a front view, left and right side views, and an oblique view and based on an actual urban observation point, and forming a ".pdf" technical document for indicators such as an urban three- dimensional skyline contour occlusion rate in the urban design plan; and (52) outputting of the drawings and the documents of the generated plan: printing the generated skyline contour design plan view and indicator text technical documents through a high-resolution laser plotter and generating corresponding drawings and documents; (53) digital display and interaction of the generated plan: importing the three-dimensional skyline contour design plan model generated in step (32) into a holographic sand table imaging device by linking the SuperMap GIS digital platform and the holographic sand table imaging device, enabling planning and designing personnel and local supervisors to edit and view the generated three-dimensional skyline contour in real time, and observing construction status of the generated skyline contour 1n an actual urban space by editing background parameters or linking a monitoring sensor to actual construction progress In real time.
Beneficial effects: Compared to the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. The invention overcomes the disadvantages of traditional urban skyline contour design and evaluation of excessively relying on subjective and aesthetic judgement of professionals, and provides an objective and efficient urban skyline diagnosis and evaluation method for planning managers and implementers through real-time three-dimensional skyline contour simulation and automatic background mountain occlusion rate diagnosis.
2. Real-time simulation and hierarchy: In the present invention, real-time calculation is performed on spatial shape models of the status in quo and the urban design plan through a computer, so that real-time simulation and observation of the urban three-dimensional skyline contour under a plurality of viewing angles can be implemented, assisting urban planners and managers in real-time comparison and diagnosis of the skyline contours of the design plan and of the status in quo, greatly improving the research and management efficiency of urban spatial shapes. In addition, the present invention can perform skyline simulation based on any observation point to assist relevant personnel in simulating perception and diagnosis of urban skyline contour design effects, overcoming a limitation that traditional skyline research aims at only on a front elevation of the urban skyline contour.
3. Objectivity and scientificity of diagnosis: The technical solution of the present invention is a three-dimensional skyline contour generation and diagnosis method based on occlusion rates of buildings of status in quo and of an urban design plan against the background mountains, focusing on a core issue in the research of urban skylines: a spatial relationship between urban building spatial shapes and background mountains, providing efficient, scientific, and objective numerical diagnosis methods for urban planning researchers and managers, and overcoming a limitation that a traditional research is always based on subjective perception and aesthetic diagnosis.
4. Interactivity In the present invention, the generated image and the numerical calculation results of the urban three-dimensional skyline contour can be interactively displayed through the augmented reality device, assisting the urban planners and managers in instantly invoking and viewing generation status of the skyline contour, and the design plan is diagnosed and edited based on the comparison between the status in quo and the design plan.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 1s a flowchart of the present invention; FIG. 2 is an urban three-dimensional skyline contour orthophoto map; and FIG. 3 1s a rasterized pattern spot of an urban three-dimensional skyline contour.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS The present invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific city implementation cases. It should be understood that these implementation cases are merely used for describing the present invention rather than limiting the scope of the present invention.
After reading the present invention, any equivalent modification made by a person skilled in the art shall fall within the scope defined by the appended claims of this application.
The present invention provides an automatic urban three-dimensional skyline contour generation and diagnosis method based on an occlusion rate, consisting of the following steps: First, a three- dimensional skyline contour design plan model is constructed by using a Supermap GIS city model platform and an augmented reality technology and an augmented reality device on a basis of a three- dimensional building form of urban status in quo and terrain elevation data and by inputting an urban design plan vector model, and a skyline contour orthophoto map of the design plan and a skyline contour orthophoto map of the urban status in quo are automatically generated. Then, after rasterization 1s performed on the orthophoto map, the Supermap GIS platform automatically calculates occlusion rates of the skyline contour of the status in quo and a generated skyline contour against background mountains according to a grid map. Then drawings and virtual images of an automatically generated urban three-dimensional skyline contour plan are output by using a plotting device and a virtual-image holographic interactive device. As shown in FIG. 1, the method specifically includes the following steps.
Step 1: Collect basic three-dimensional spatial shape data of urban status in quo.
1.1 Acquisition of three-dimensional building shape data of status in quo: A planner performs an on-site survey on an urban central region, and performs high-resolution scanning on a three- dimensional building shape in the central region by using a ground three-dimensional laser scanner in which a GPS coordinate recording module is built, to obtain urban three-dimensional shape vector data with latitude and longitude coordinates within the target range.
1.2 Acquisition of terrain vector data of status in quo: The planner measures and scans terrain in the central region block by block by using a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with a mobile measurement system, and performs data splicing, to finally obtain terrain vector DEM data of the urban status in quo with latitude and longitude coordinates.
Step 2: Construct a three-dimensional shape base model of the status in quo, and generate a three- dimensional skyline contour orthophoto map of the status in quo.
2.1 Data format regularization and coordinate unification: In a high-performance computer, data format regularization is performed on the urban spatial vector data obtained in step (1), to uniformly convert the data into a data set of a ".udb" format, coordinates of all data are uniformly converted into a WGS84 geographical coordinate system, and the regularized and converted data 1s stored in a mobile hard disk with a capacity of more than 1 TB according to a category.
2.2 Construction of the three-dimensional shape base model of the status in quo: the basic urban data, obtained in step 1, after the regularization and coordinate unification is hierarchically inputted to a high-performance computer according to the category based on a vector data interface provided by SuperMap GIS, and a base center of gravity of each building vector graphic is positioned on a terrain surface by using a "surface-based location" command in a SuperMap GIS platform, to construct the three-dimensional shape base model of the status in quo.
2.3 Selection of observation points to generate the three-dimensional skyline contour orthophoto map of the status in quo: A number of observation points are set up at a human eye height (a height of 1.7 m from the ground) in the three-dimensional shape base model of the status in quo, and sight directions and viewing angles of the observation points are determined, to automatically generate the three-dimensional skyline contour orthophoto map of the urban status in quo in the Supermap GIS platform.
Step 3: Generate a three-dimensional skyline contour design plan model, and generate a skyline contour design plan orthophoto map.
3.1 Standardization of an urban design plan vector model: An urban design plan vector model within a target range is input, a data format thereof is converted to a ".udb" data set, and coordinates thereof are converted to a WGS84 coordinate system.
3.2 Construction of the three-dimensional skyline contour design plan model: The three- dimensional building shape data of the urban design plan is imported into a platform based on a vector data interface provided by SuperMap GIS, the urban design plan is placed or replaced on a corresponding plot in the three-dimensional shape base model of the status in quo, and finally an updated model is stored as the three-dimensional skyline contour design plan model.
3.3. Generation of a skyline contour design plan orthophoto map: The skyline contour design plan orthophoto map is automatically generated based on positions, the sight directions, and the viewing angles of the observation points that are set in step 2.3 and according to the three-dimensional skyline contour design plan model, which is shown in FIG. 2.
Step 4: Calculate occlusion rates of the three-dimensional skyline contour of the status in quo and the three-dimensional skyline contour of the design plan against background mountains.
4.1 Rasterization of the three-dimensional skyline contour orthophoto map of the status in quo: The three-dimensional skyline contour orthophoto map of the status in quo is recognized in a SuperMap GIS digital platform, and rasterization is performed on a range covered by a three- dimensional skyline contour and a range covered by background mountains. A grid size is 0.1 km~0.1 km, and the image is converted into a coverage pattern spot with a unit size of 0.01 km? through rasterization, which is shown in FIG. 3.
4.2 Rasterization of the urban three-dimensional skyline contour orthophoto map: The image is converted into a coverage pattern spot with a unit size of 0.01 km}? through rasterization of the automatically generated urban three-dimensional skyline contour orthophoto map according to the stepin4.l.
4.3 Calculation of occlusion rates of urban three-dimensional skyline contours of the status in quo and the design plan: an occlusion rate 1s respectively calculated for the urban three-dimensional skyline contour of the status in quo and the urban three-dimensional skyline contour generated by the plan, and a formula is as follows: Ta Sa = Bo In the formula, Sa is the occlusion rate, Ta is a three-dimensional skyline contour pattern spot coverage area, and Btotal is a total background mountain coverage area including the three- dimensional skyline contour pattern spot coverage area. Step 5: Output drawings and virtual images of an automatically generated urban three- dimensional skyline contour plan and perform interaction.
5.1 Production of drawings and documents of the generated plan: A skyline contour design plan view is generated for a final generated urban three-dimensional skyline contour according to an aerial view, a front view, left and right side views, and an oblique view and based on an actual urban observation point, and a ". pdf" technical document is formed for indicators such as an urban three- dimensional skyline contour occlusion rate in the urban design plan.
5.2 Outputting of the drawings and the documents of the generated plan: The generated skyline contour design plan view and indicator text technical documents are printed through a high-resolution laser plotter and corresponding drawings and documents are generated.
5.3. Digital display and interaction of the generated plan: The three-dimensional skyline contour design plan model generated in step 3.2 is input into a holographic sand table imaging device by linking the SuperMap GIS digital platform and the holographic sand table imaging device, enabling planning and designing personnel and local supervisors to edit and view the generated three- dimensional skyline contour in real time, and construction status of the generated skyline contour in an actual urban space may be further observed by editing background parameters or linking a monitoring sensor to actual construction progress in real time.
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