NL2021063B1 - Modular and rechargeable energy storage - Google Patents
Modular and rechargeable energy storage Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NL2021063B1 NL2021063B1 NL2021063A NL2021063A NL2021063B1 NL 2021063 B1 NL2021063 B1 NL 2021063B1 NL 2021063 A NL2021063 A NL 2021063A NL 2021063 A NL2021063 A NL 2021063A NL 2021063 B1 NL2021063 B1 NL 2021063B1
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- Netherlands
- Prior art keywords
- battery
- battery pack
- storage system
- energy storage
- control unit
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 208000019901 Anxiety disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 230000036506 anxiety Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002354 daily effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241001459693 Dipterocarpus zeylanicus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004606 Fillers/Extenders Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000021615 conjugation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003203 everyday effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000010269 sulphur dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004291 sulphur dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
- H02J7/0024—Parallel/serial switching of connection of batteries to charge or load circuit
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
- H02J7/0031—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits using battery or load disconnect circuits
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Battery Mounting, Suspending (AREA)
Abstract
A modular and rechargeable energy storage system with removable battery packs, wherein a battery pack modularly arranged for providing an energy supply to an electrical system connected to the storage system. The system comprises a control unit per battery pack, arranged for autonomously and selectively electrically connecting or disconnecting a first battery pack to the electrical system, and switching the resulting connection to and/or from the electrical system from a first battery pack to a second battery pack, whereby each of the battery packs comprises a current limiting circuit arranged for continuation of the power during said switching, whereby a difference in characteristics of the first battery pack in comparison to the second battery pack does not substantially influence said continuation of power. The characteristics may comprise capacity, voltage or instantaneous voltage, or state of charge.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
The invention relates to a system for a modular and rechargeable battery configuration. More particular the invention relates to an energy storage system for powering an electric vehicle using a modular configuration of battery packs.
BACKGROUND
Electric vehicles use an electric propulsion system, including a vehicle-mounted battery. The vehicle-mounted battery includes a plurality of battery cells providing power to a motor, which is configured to drive the vehicle.
Typically, the battery is not designed to be routinely removed from the vehicle for charging. Instead, the battery is designed to be connected to the vehicle for substantially the entire life of the battery (except for maintenance). The battery is charged without being removed from the vehicle, using techniques such as regenerative braking. In some other vehicles, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, the battery is charged from an external energy source. Still, the battery remains mounted to the vehicle during charging.
The availability of an electric vehicle which is solely dependent on the energy stored in the battery that is incorporated in the vehicle more than often leads to what is commonly known as “range anxiety”. Range anxiety is the fear that a vehicle has insufficient range to reach its destination and would thus strand the vehicle's occupants. The term, which is primarily used in reference to battery electric vehicles (BEVs), is considered to be one of the major barriers to large scale adoption of all-electric vehicles.
The main strategies to alleviate range anxiety among electric vehicle drivers are the deployment of extensive charging infrastructure, the development of higher battery capacity at a cost-effective price, the use of range extenders, such as an additional fossil fuel engine, accurate navigation and range prediction, availability of free loan vehicles for long trips and battery swapping technology.
In the case of battery swapping, the vehicle includes at least one vehicle-mounted battery having a plurality of cells configured to be removed from the vehicle-mounted battery for charging. Alternatively, the complete battery may be replaced or removed. Examples of current art solutions as described in patent applications are discussed below.
United States patent application US 2017/0043670A1 by Ford Global Technologies LLC discloses an electrified vehicle including, among other things, a vehicle-mounted battery and a modular battery. The modular battery is selectively removable from the vehicle, and is configured to be charged at a location remote from the vehicle. The vehicle is selectively powered by at least one of the modular battery and the vehicle-mounted battery.
International patent application WO2017/023869A1 by O’Hora is summarized as a removable modular battery pack with a first housing and a plurality of battery cells. The modular battery pack has a processing system that aggregates power from the battery cells, and a first interface that communicates a status of the modular battery pack to a second housing. The modular battery pack has a second interface that transmits the aggregated power to the second housing, and a thermal material enclosed in the first housing.
International patent application WO 2011/001251A2 by Toyota discloses a power supply system which switches from a first battery to a second battery when the state of charge of the first device is below a threshold.
A disadvantage of the current art solutions is that most current systems require a centralized control unit and/or additional hardware to switch between batteries. A further disadvantage is that power is interrupted when switching from a first battery to a second battery. Many systems also have one fixed battery which is not easily removeable and additional modular batteries which are usually different in size, shape and capacity and therefore not compatible. Moreover, the exchanging or removing of batteries is usually cumbersome. Finally, reconfiguring the position of batteries in a vehicle may lead to unwanted loss of space or a disbalance of the vehicle.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
Hereinafter terms are used to indicate various battery- and battery related elements and configurations. For the sake of clarity, the terms are described as follows:
- Battery Cell: a single battery cell.
- Meta Cell: several battery cells interconnected in parallel.
- Battery Module: several meta cells connected in series including an Analog Front End (abbreviated as “AFE”). The Analog Front Ends monitor the meta cells, which means they measure the voltage of each meta cell and temperatures. They also contain the balancing circuit for the batteries.
- Battery Pack: an interconnection of several battery modules connected to a Battery Management System (abbreviated as “BMS”) High Voltage (abbreviated as “HV”) Board and controlled by a BMS Control Board; all of which is contained in an enclosure which also contains a temperature control system. The Battery Management System control board controls most of the functionality of the BMS comprising:
- communication with the Electric Vehicle (abbreviated as “EV”);
- State of Charge (abbreviated as “SoC”) estimation;
- controlling contactors;
- monitoring battery voltage and current.
The BMS HV contains the HV circuit of the BMS.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a modular and rechargeable energy storage system with battery packs which allow the easy creation of a flexible and reconfigurable battery configuration. It is a further object of the invention to make efficient use of the capacity of each battery pack. It is yet a further object of the invention to ensure a safe use of the complete battery system, the battery packs, the battery cells and the electrical system to which the battery packs are connected. It is yet a further object of the invention to increase the safety of an electric vehicle which employs such energy storage system, or at least minimize the impact on the safety of the vehicle or application which is powered by the invented energy storage system.
These and other objects are realized by the following clauses.
1. A modular and rechargeable energy storage system comprising battery packs, wherein the battery packs are arranged for being removably placed in the storage system and wherein a battery pack of the battery packs is modularly arranged for providing an energy supply to an electrical system which is connected to the storage system, whereby the battery pack comprises one or more battery modules with interconnected battery cells, and wherein the system further comprises a control unit arranged for selectively connecting or disconnecting the battery pack to the electrical system, whereby connecting respectively disconnecting comprises electrically connecting respectively disconnecting, characterized in that the control unit is arranged for connecting a first battery pack of the battery packs to the electrical system, and switching the resulting connection to and/or from the electrical system from a first battery pack to a second battery pack, whereby each of the battery packs comprises a current limiting circuit arranged for substantial continuation of the power during said switching, whereby a difference in a single characteristic of a set of characteristics or a combination of multiple characteristics of the set of characteristics of the first battery pack in comparison to the second battery pack does not substantially influence said continuation of the power, and whereby a characteristic of the set of characteristics comprises capacity, voltage or instantaneous voltage, or state of charge.
2. The energy storage system according to clause 1, characterized in that the current limiting circuit is arranged for gradually adjusting the voltage of the electrical system from the voltage of the first pack to the voltage of the second pack.
3. The energy storage system according to clause 1 or 2, characterized in that the control unit is arranged for connecting the first battery pack and the second battery pack simultaneously to the electrical system if the difference in instantaneous voltage between the first battery pack and the second battery pack is sufficiently small for being compatible.
4. The energy storage system according to any one of the preceding clauses, characterized in that the control unit is arranged for connecting the first battery pack and the second battery pack subsequently to the electrical system if the difference in instantaneous voltage between the first battery pack and the second battery pack is sufficiently small for being compatible.
5. The energy storage system according to any one of the preceding clauses, characterized in that each battery pack of the battery packs comprises a control unit, thereby providing switching of the connection by each battery pack autonomously.
6. The energy storage system according to any one of the preceding clauses, characterized in that the control unit is arranged for determining further characteristics of the set of characteristics comprising any one of the group comprising:
- current;
- temperature;
- state of charge;
- state of health.
7. The energy storage system according to any one of the preceding clauses, characterized in that the control unit is further arranged for determining characteristics of the interconnected battery cells comprising any one of the group comprising:
- capacity;
- voltage;
- instantaneous voltage;
- temperature;
- state of charge;
- state of health.
8. The energy storage system according to any one of the preceding clauses, characterized in that the control unit is further arranged for switching the connection from the first battery pack to the second battery pack, if the state of charge of the first battery pack is lower than the state of charge of the second battery pack and the state of charge of the first battery pack is lower than a first limit value.
9. The energy storage system according to any one of the preceding clauses, characterized in that the control unit is further arranged for disconnecting the first battery pack when the second battery pack is connected, if the state of charge of the first battery pack is lower than the state of charge of the second battery pack and if at least one of the following requirements are met:
- the energy requirement does not exceed the capacity of the second battery pack;
- the lifetime of the second battery pack is estimated not to be abnormally decreased.
10. The energy storage system according to any one of the preceding clauses, characterized in that a battery module of the one or more battery modules comprises:
- an on-off switch;
- a data input-/output interface;
- an analog front end arranged for monitoring the one or more battery cells, such as measuring the voltage and or temperature of each battery cell of the one or more battery cells, the analog front ends further comprising a balancing circuit arranged for balancing the battery cells.
.The system according to any one of the preceding clauses, characterized in that a battery pack of the one or more battery packs further comprises:
- a battery management control board comprising the control unit;
- a high voltage circuit connecting the battery to the electric system;
- a current limiting circuit.
12. The system according to any one of the preceding clauses, characterized in that estimating the remaining lifetime of the one or more battery packs is based one or more parameters of the group comprising:
- estimated lifetime at normal use;
- the determined state-of-health;
- factory specifications related to lifetime predictions;
- calendar life i.e. lifetime dependent on deterioration due to the passing of time;
- cycle life i.e. usage related performance degradation related to the number of cycles and time;
- incurred stress factors such as overcharging, aggressive driving and/or high ambient temperature;
- incurred product failures such as leakage or failure of a seal;
- incurred ageing accelerators such as high humidity, high and/or very low temperatures, high charge and discharge rates, mechanical stress and/or vibration.
13. The system according to clause 12, characterized in that the system further comprises one or more sensors arranged for detecting input for determining the one or more parameters, the sensors comprising sensors of the group comprising:
- an ambient temperature sensor;
- a battery temperature sensor positioned in a housing arranged for the housing of a battery pack of the one or more battery packs, or positioned near or attached to a battery module of the one or more battery modules, or positioned near or attached to a battery cell of the one or more battery cells;
- a humidity sensor such as an ambient humidity sensor;
- a gas sensor, such as a sulphur dioxide gas sensor, said gas sensor positioned in the housing;
- an accelerometer.
14. The system according to any one of the preceding clauses, characterized in that the control unit of a battery pack of the one or more battery packs is arranged for detecting an error in said battery pack and subsequently disconnecting said battery pack.
15. The system according to any one of the preceding clauses, characterized in that multiple battery packs of the one or more battery packs are connected in series, and the control unit of a battery pack of the multiple battery packs is arranged for disconnecting said battery pack, when the battery management system detects that one or more of the other battery packs of the multiple battery packs are disconnected.
16. The energy storage system according to any one of the preceding clauses, characterized in that the electrical system comprises an electrical system of an electric vehicle and the electrical vehicle is arranged for being powered by the one or more batteries.
17. The energy storage system according to clause 16, characterized in that the control unit is further arranged for determining a required minimum range of the electric vehicle and arranged for estimating a maximum range of the electric vehicle when powered solely by the first battery pack, whereby a further requirement of the one or more requirements comprises that the available energy of the first battery pack is estimated to be insufficient for realizing the minimum range.
18. The system according to clause 16 or 17, characterized in that the control unit is further arranged for calculating an optimal weight distribution of the one or more sets of battery modules in the electric vehicle.
19. The system according to any one of the clauses 16-18, characterized in that the electric vehicle comprises a rail system and a battery pack of the one or more battery packs comprises a sliding or rolling device arranged for respectively sliding or rolling the battery pack into the electric vehicle, and for moving the battery pack in a desired position, taking into account requirements such as optimal weight distribution, maximum safety and optimal replacement sequence.
The present invention proposes to incorporate a control unit in each battery pack that is employed in the energy storage system. In this way a decentralized system is realized which does not require additional centralized hardware in the electrical system to switch between battery packs.
Preferably, when multiple battery packs need to be connected at the same time, these battery packs are substantially similar or have, within margins, equal instantaneous voltage when connected at the same time. The invention allows, however, to switch from one battery pack to another battery pack, even when the instantaneous voltage is not the same, i.e. lower or higher.
Optimization of the battery pack configuration is realized by autonomous disconnecting a first battery pack from the electrical system, when the control unit of the first battery pack determines that connecting a second battery pack instead is more advantageous, and by subsequently and without power interruption connecting the second battery by the control unit of the second battery pack in an autonomous way as well. This makes the invented system extremely “plug ‘n play “and easy to implement in various applications, especially in electric vehicles.
The user of an EV provided with the invented energy storage system may choose for a relatively large range when needed, for example, when on a holiday trip, or choose for a limited range for everyday travel to work for example. By carrying fewer batteries, the vehicle is reduced in weight, and is more energy efficient. Statistically, most users do not need the option of a large range on daily basis, but they fear that one time in the year when they do. By providing the extra batteries, this anxiety is removed, and hence, they can buy the shorter-range car which will be lighter. In this way the invented modularity of the energy storage system provides the best battery pack configuration in most conditions.
The invention further provides that the user may choose to invest less in batteries, thus reducing the total cost of ownership of the EV. When needed, the user, or a battery distribution station for example, may easily replace, extend and upgrade battery packs. The batteries and/or battery packs can even be hot-swapped if desired i.e. without power interruption. This is for example especially interesting for car sharing applications. The invented system provides a better energy efficiency and higher acceleration of the electric vehicle.
The use of rails may serve two purposes. On the one hand the rails make it easy to insert or remove the battery packs or individual battery modules. On the other hand, by shifting the packs over the rails, the weight distribution of the EV can be optimized. To benefit from the invented energy storage system, especially when applied in an electric vehicle, the vehicle’s design needs to take into account that battery packs will be added or removed, while at least one battery pack should be placed at any time, to power the vehicle. The vehicle may for example be designed to house four battery packs, whereas typically two battery packs are installed for daily travel. The empty space as well as the position of the battery packs is as said preferably such that the weight distribution is optimized. However, one may also choose to fill the empty space with a reinforcing structure, which may provide for example extra stability or impact resistance of the vehicle. Alternatively, the empty space may be turned (temporarily) into extra luggage space.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The figures show views of embodiments in accordance with the present invention. FIGURE 1 shows an embodiment of an energy storage system according to the present invention.
FIGURE 2 shows an embodiment of a battery pack as part of the invented energy storage system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The invention is now described by the following aspects and embodiments, with reference to the figures.
FIGURE 1 shows an embodiment of energy storage system 100 according to the present invention wherein battery packs 101 a,b,c are electrically connected to electrical system 110. Electrical system 110 is connected to a load and/or a power supply, such as an electrical motor, the grid, ora solar energy installation. Battery pack 101a may for example already be on board of an electric vehicle. When battery pack 101b is connected as well, the control unit of battery pack 101a may decide to disconnect and the control unit of battery pack 101b may decide to connect to the electrical system using the current limiting circuit to raise or lower the voltage of the electrical system.
This switching from battery pack 101a to battery pack 101b is done without power interruption. The control units of battery pack 101a,b may also decide to become connected simultaneously or the control unit of battery pack 101b may decide to connect to the electrical system while battery pack 101a remains connected as well. When it is preferable that both battery packs 101a,b are both connected to the electrical system, the characteristics, and especially the instantaneous voltage of both battery packs 101a,b should preferably be compatible i.e. at the same voltage with a tolerable margin.
FIGURE 2 shows an embodiment of a battery pack 101a as part of the invented energy storage system 100, wherein the battery pack comprises multiple battery cells 102a,b,c, which are grouped and in parallel interconnected as a meta cell. Battery cells 103a,b,c which are also parallel connected as a meta cell are connected in series with meta cell formed by battery cells 102a,b,c. Together the battery cells 102a,b,c and 103a,b,c form battery module 104a. Battery module 104b is organized in a similar manner. Each battery module 104a,b is provided with an Analog Front End 106a,b. AFEs 106a,b are connected to a control unit 107, either directly or through AFE 106a.
Battery modules 104a,b are switchable connected to a High Voltage bus 108, under control of control unit 107. The establishment of electrical connections and disconnections and the cooperating elements such as AFE 105a,b, control unit 107 and High Voltage bus 108 are part of the battery management system 109. Optionally a temperature control system 105 is integrated in the battery pack 101a and is arranged for monitoring the temperature of the battery pack and/or its individual components.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention, and that a person skilled in the art will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. Use of the verb to comprise and its conjugations does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those stated in a claim. The term and/or includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. The article a or an preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. The article the preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. In the device claim enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The mere 5 fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.
Claims (19)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2021063A NL2021063B1 (en) | 2018-06-05 | 2018-06-05 | Modular and rechargeable energy storage |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2021063A NL2021063B1 (en) | 2018-06-05 | 2018-06-05 | Modular and rechargeable energy storage |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NL2021063B1 true NL2021063B1 (en) | 2019-12-11 |
Family
ID=63405309
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2021063A NL2021063B1 (en) | 2018-06-05 | 2018-06-05 | Modular and rechargeable energy storage |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| NL (1) | NL2021063B1 (en) |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20130181680A1 (en) * | 2009-06-15 | 2013-07-18 | Hak Hon Chau | Fault tolerant modular battery management system |
| US20140312845A1 (en) * | 2006-02-09 | 2014-10-23 | Karl F. Scheucher | Refuelable battery powered electric vehicle |
| US20150044518A1 (en) * | 2006-02-09 | 2015-02-12 | Karl F. Scheucher | Serviceable battery pack |
| US20170187077A1 (en) * | 2015-12-28 | 2017-06-29 | Proterra Inc. | Battery system of an electric vehicle |
-
2018
- 2018-06-05 NL NL2021063A patent/NL2021063B1/en active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20140312845A1 (en) * | 2006-02-09 | 2014-10-23 | Karl F. Scheucher | Refuelable battery powered electric vehicle |
| US20150044518A1 (en) * | 2006-02-09 | 2015-02-12 | Karl F. Scheucher | Serviceable battery pack |
| US20130181680A1 (en) * | 2009-06-15 | 2013-07-18 | Hak Hon Chau | Fault tolerant modular battery management system |
| US20170187077A1 (en) * | 2015-12-28 | 2017-06-29 | Proterra Inc. | Battery system of an electric vehicle |
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