NL2020128B1 - Method for enhancing color deposition in eggs and poultry meat - Google Patents
Method for enhancing color deposition in eggs and poultry meat Download PDFInfo
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- NL2020128B1 NL2020128B1 NL2020128A NL2020128A NL2020128B1 NL 2020128 B1 NL2020128 B1 NL 2020128B1 NL 2020128 A NL2020128 A NL 2020128A NL 2020128 A NL2020128 A NL 2020128A NL 2020128 B1 NL2020128 B1 NL 2020128B1
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Abstract
The current invention concerns the use of a feed supplement for enhancing the color deposition in poultry meat and eggs, characterized in that said feed supplement comprises an emulsifier.
Description
METHOD FOR ENHANCING COLOR DEPOSITION IN EGGS AND POULTRY MEAT
TECHNICAL FIELD
The invention pertains to the technical field of poultry farming and relates particularly to skin, subcutaneous fat, meat and egg yolk pigmentation and the use of a feed supplement for enhancing the color deposition in poultry meat and eggs and to a method for enhancing the color deposition in poultry meat and eggs.
BACKGROUND
Acceptable level and quality of pigmentation is desired for the skin, subcutaneous fat, meat and eggs of the birds destined for consumption and for egg yolk. The use of materials to enhance yolk color, for example, is generally promoted because consumers prefer deeply (particularly rich golden yellow) pigmented yolks. The visual appearance is indeed an important factor in the assessment of quality. Also, eggs used in recipes can influence the color of pasta, bakery products and sauces. In addition, although consumer preference for broiler skin color varies according to culture and region, here also, good health is generally associated with golden skin and subcutaneous fat color.
Poultry meat and egg pigmentation depend on several factors, amongst which the light-absorbing properties of particular carotenoids and the quantity of carotenoids present in the animals' feed. Another important factor influencing poultry meat and egg pigmentation is the degree of ease with which carotenoids are taken up into the animal body following consumption of the carotenoid-enriched feed. The latter is called the pigment deposition rate.
Known state of the art solutions include the addition of pigments to the animals' daily diet. For instance, pigmentation can be promoted by providing carotenoids in the animals' daily diet, consisting of yellow corn and derivatives such as gluten and distillers grains; alfalfa and its concentrate; and nature-identical or nature-extracted carotenoids (flowers like marigold or paprika).
However, the need for supplementary pigmentation is especially prevalent today in view of the reduction of grass consumption with the modern methods of intensive poultry rearing, which involve the use of low fiber, high energy feeds, rendering the production of well-pigmented poultry and egg yolks more challenging. Today, due to its high pigmentation efficacy, canthaxanthin is the preferred red xanthophyll in poultry production.
Unfortunately, the quantity of carotenoids added to the animals' diet is limited as high dietary intake levels of certain carotenoids result in deposition of color crystals in the retina. The crystals may cause damage to the retina and may impair visual activity. In addition only a fraction of the pigments present in the animals' diet is available for uptake.
Therefore, there remains a need in the art for improved carotenoid deposition in poultry meat and eggs.
The present invention aims to resolve at least some of the problems mentioned above. The invention thereto aims to provide a method for enhancing the color deposition in eggs and poultry meat.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention thereto describes the use of a feed supplement for enhancing the color deposition in poultry meat and eggs as described in claim 1. More in particular, the feed supplement is characterized in that said feed supplement comprises one or more emulsifiers.
In order to further enhance the attractiveness and quality of poultry products, the invention provides, in a second aspect, a method for enhancing the color deposition in poultry meat and eggs, as described in claim 11.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Unless otherwise defined, all terms used in disclosing the invention, including technical and scientific terms, have the meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. By means of further guidance, term definitions are included to better appreciate the teaching of the present invention.
As used herein, the following terms have the following meanings: "A", "an", and "the" as used herein refers to both singular and plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. By way of example, "a compartment" refers to one or more than one compartment. "About" as used herein referring to a measurable value such as a parameter, an amount, a temporal duration, and the like, is meant to encompass variations of +/-20% or less, preferably +/-10% or less, more preferably +/-5% or less, even more preferably +/-1% or less, and still more preferably +/-0.1% or less of and from the specified value, in so far such variations are appropriate to perform in the disclosed invention. However, it is to be understood that the value to which the modifier "about" refers is itself also specifically disclosed. "Comprise," "comprising," and "comprises" and "comprised of" as used herein are synonymous with "include", "including", "includes" or "contain", "containing", "contains" and are inclusive or open-ended terms that specifies the presence of what follows e.g. component and do not exclude or preclude the presence of additional, non-recited components, features, element, members, steps, known in the art or disclosed therein.
The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numbers and fractions subsumed within that range, as well as the recited endpoints.
The expression "% by weight" (weight percent), here and throughout the description unless otherwise defined, refers to the relative weight of the respective component based on the overall weight of the formulation.
The present invention aims to enhance the color deposition in poultry eggs and meat. Color deposition can be scored using the CIEL*a*b* color space, which mathematically describes all perceivable colors in the three dimensions: L* for lightness and a* and b* for the color opponents green-red and blue-yellow. The lower the L-value, the higher the color deposition.
In a first aspect, the invention discloses the use of a feed supplement for enhancing the color deposition in poultry meat and eggs, characterized in that said feed supplement comprises one or more emulsifiers. Currently, feed additives containing emulsifiers are used in poultry farming to facilitate fat digestion, thereby improving the energy efficiency of the diets of high-performing animals.
The bio-availability of pigments in the animals' feed imposes a limit as to the amount of pigment that can be taken up by the animal. This bio-availability is strongly influenced by the solubility of fat-soluble pigments. In particular, the addition of emulsifiers to the animals' feed results in an increased solubility of fat-soluble pigments such as carotenoids, thereby facilitating their uptake by the animals. Notably, this applies both to pigments naturally present in the food as well as to pigments added to the animals' daily diet. As a consequence the bio-availability of these pigments is increased, eventually resulting in an enhanced color deposition in poultry meat and eggs. Hence, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the feed supplement further comprises at least one pigment. The pigment can be a yellow or a red pigment or a combination of both. Commonly used yellow pigments include apocarotene ester, lutein and zeaxanthin while red pigments include astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsanthin or capsorubin and citraxanthin. Of course other pigments suitable for consumption by birds can also be used according to the invention.
The emulsifier can be chosen among conventional substances used as emulsifiers, such as but not limited to: lecithin, lysolecithin, phospholipids, bile extracts, casein, a castor oil based emulsifier such as glycerol polyethyleneglycol ricinoleate or a mixture of more than one emulsifier. Emulsifiers are classified by their hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB). This means the balance between their activity in the two media- water and fat. To make an oil in water emulsion (which is required as it is seen in poultry intestine) we need more hydrophilicity and less hydrophobicity. It means HLB value should be more than 5 on the scale of 0 to 20.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the used feed supplement is characterized in that the emulsifier is a castor oil based emulsifier or a derivative thereof, more preferably glycerol polyethyleneglycol ricinoleate. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the emulsifier comprises between 10% and 30% by total weight of said feed supplement. Preferably, the emulsifier is incorporated into the feed supplement in the form of granules, powder or a liquid.
In another particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the feed supplement comprises between 0.01% to 0.1% by total weight of the daily feed of the animals. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the feed supplement is provided as a liquid, admixed with the feed or with the drinking water of the animals.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the emulsifier is provided on a mineral carrier, preferably comprising purified diatomaceous earth. In a particularly preferred embodiment the ratio of emulsifier to mineral carrier is approximately 1:3. Since the visual appearance of both eggs and meat is an important factor in the assessment of quality and consumers generally prefer deeply pigmented colored egg yolks as well as broilers with golden skin and subcutaneous fat, the current invention provides a tool to increase the commercial value of poultry products for human or animal consumption. Also, industries processing poultry products benefit from the invention disclosed here, as processing of ingredients with enhanced color deposition results in the manufacture of products that are more appealing to the consumer, without the need to add artificial colorants to the product.
As mentioned above, enhanced color deposition through the use of a feed supplement comprising an emulsifier is attained due to increased bio-availability, uptake and deposition of pigments. These pigments can consist mainly of carotenoids. Therefore, in another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enhanced color deposition correlates with increased carotenoid levels in poultry meat and eggs.
In a second aspect, the present invention also describes a method for enhancing the color deposition in poultry meat and eggs. This method thereto comprises the step of supplementing one or more emulsifiers to the feed of the birds. The emulsifier can be chosen among conventional substances used as emulsifiers, such as but not limited to: lecithin, lysolecithin, phospholipids, bile extracts, casein, a castor oil based emulsifier such as glyceryl polyethyleneglycol ricinoleate or a mixture thereof. Preferably, the emulsifier is incorporated into the feed in the form of granules, a powder or a liquid. Alternatively, the emulsifier is incorporated into the drinking water of the animals.
In one embodiment of the invention, the feed of the birds is further supplemented with one or more pigments. Commonly used red and yellow pigments include apocarotene ester, lutein, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsanthin or capsorubin and citraxanthin. Of course other pigments suitable for consumption by birds can also be be supplemented to the feed according to the invention.
In another further preferred embodiment of the invention, the supplemented emulsifier is a castor oil based emulsifier or a derivative thereof, preferably glyceryl polyethyleneglycol ricinoleate. The method disclosed preferably leads to an effective amount of 0.005% to 0.01% of emulsifier by total weight of the daily feed of the birds. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, this method is suited for laying hens as well as for broiler chickens. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the method is suited for enhancing the color deposition in the meat and eggs of ducks, turkeys and geese.
Because carotenoids are well known anti-oxidant agents, enhancement of color deposition in poultry meat and eggs leads to an exceptional increase in anti-oxidant content in both poultry meat as well as eggs. Eventually this results in remarkably healthier animals and healthier food products can be obtained from these animals.
The present invention may be described by the following embodiments: 1. Use of a feed supplement for enhancing the color deposition in poultry meat and eggs, characterized in that said feed supplement comprises one or more emulsifiers. 2. Use of a feed supplement as described in previous embodiment 1, characterized in that said feed supplement comprises one or more pigments. 3. Use of a feed supplement as described in any of the previous embodiments 1 to 2, characterized in that said emulsifier is provided on a mineral carrier. 4. Use of a feed supplement as described in any of the previous embodiments 1 to 3, characterized in that the ratio of emulsifier to mineral carrier is approximately 1:3. 5. Use of a feed supplement as described in any of the previous embodiments 1 to 4, characterized in that said emulsifier is a castor oil based emulsifier or a derivative thereof. 6. Use of a feed supplement as described in any of the previous embodiments 1 to 5, characterized in that said emulsifier is glyceryl polyethyleneglycol ricinoleate. 7. Use of a feed supplement as described in any of the previous embodiments 1 to 6, characterized in that said emulsifier comprises between 10% to 30% by total weight of said feed supplement. 8. Use of a feed supplement as described in any of the previous embodiments 1 to 7, characterized in that said feed supplement comprises between 0.01% to 0.1% by total weight of the daily feed of the animals. 9. Use of a feed supplement as described in any of the previous embodiments 1 to 8, characterized in that said enhanced color deposition correlates with increased carotenoid levels in poultry meat and eggs. 10. Use of a feed supplement as described in any of the previous embodiments 1 to 9, characterized in that said mineral carrier comprises purified diatomaceous earth. 11. A method for enhancing the color deposition in poultry meat and eggs, comprising the step of supplementing one or more emulsifiers to the feed of the birds. 12. Method as described in previous embodiment 11, characterized in that one or more pigments is supplemented to said feed. 13. Method as described in any of the previous embodiments 11-12, characterized in that said emulsifier is a castor oil based emulsifier or a derivative thereof. 14. Method as described in any of the previous embodiments 11 to 13, characterized in that said emulsifier is glyceryl polyethyleneglycol ricinoleate. 15. Method as described in any of the previous embodiments 11 to 14, characterized in that said emulsifier comprises between 0.005% to 0.01% by total weight of the daily feed of the birds.
The invention is further described by the following non-limiting examples which further illustrate the invention, and are not intended to, nor should they be interpreted to, limit the scope of the invention.
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Color deposition in egg yolk
The experimental period started at the hen (Lohmann brown) age of 40 weeks and contained the dietary treatments according to Table 1, wherein the feed was supplemented with 0.035% (350 ppm) feed supplement (according to Table 1) based on the total weight of the feed. The yellow pigment used was an apocarotene ester, the red pigment used was Canthaxanthin and the emulsifier used was a castor oil based emulsifier. Drinking water and feed was provided ad libitum. The experiment consisted of three treatments (Table 1), each with 2 replicates of 16 animals. Duration of the trial was 3 weeks: 2 weeks adaptation and 1 week for egg collection. The layers remained on the same diets for the entire period.
Table 1: Composition of the feeds
Egg yolk color was assessed objectively by means of a colorimeter, using the CIE Lab color scale. The CIEL*a*b* color scale mathematically describes all perceivable colors in the three dimensions: L* for lightness and a* and b* for the color opponents green-red and blue-yellow. L* indicates color depth representing the darkest black at L* = 0, and the brightest white at L* = 100. The lower the L* value, the higher the color deposition, a* and b* are used to determine the color by calculating AB (=a/b*100). The color can also be calculated on the Roche yolk color fan (RYCF) scale.
The results of the test are shown in Table 2. Egg yolks produced by hens that underwent the control treatment showed higher L* values, and lower a* and b* values than egg yolks produced by hens that underwent test treatments. Surprisingly, addition of the emulsifier to the feed further contributed to lowering the L* values, and increasing a* and b* values, indicating higher color deposition in
egg yolks produced by hens that were fed with the emulsifier according to an embodiment of the invention.
Table 2: Color deposition in egg yolk
Example 2: Color deposition measurement in broiler skin
Good health of broilers is generally associated with golden skin and subcutaneous fat color. Birds were grown during 7 weeks and were provided with feed and drinking water ad libitum, where the feed consisted of the following dietary treatments: - Control: feed + pigment - Test 1: feed + pigment and 0.035% (350ppm) of a feed supplement comprising 20% castor oil based emulsifier
Broiler skin color was assessed of breast skin on the carcass of the animal 2 h post mortem (after chilling) objectively by means of a colorimeter, using the CIEL*a*b* color scale. The results of the test are shown in Table 3 and demonstrate that broilers that were fed based on dietary treatment Test 1 have lower L* values and higher b* values than broilers receiving the control dietary treatment. The b* values reflect yellowness, with the smallest value indicating blue (-100) and the highest value indicating yellow (+100). L* values reflect color depth with the lowest value (0) representing the darkest black, and the highest value (100) representing the brightest white. The lower the L* value, the higher the color deposition. Hence, broilers fed with the feed according to the invention had lower L* values and higher b* values, indicating higher pigment deposition in their skin.
Table 3: Breast skin b* values (yellowness) of 7 week old broilers
It is supposed that the present invention is not restricted to any form of realization described previously and that some modifications can be added to the presented example of fabrication without reappraisal of the appended claims. For example, the present invention has been described referring to chickens, but it is clear that the invention can be applied to turkeys for instance or to geese.
Claims (2)
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NL2020128A NL2020128B1 (en) | 2017-12-19 | 2017-12-19 | Method for enhancing color deposition in eggs and poultry meat |
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NL2020128A NL2020128B1 (en) | 2017-12-19 | 2017-12-19 | Method for enhancing color deposition in eggs and poultry meat |
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