NL2006936C2 - A morphing structure and method for morphing a structure. - Google Patents
A morphing structure and method for morphing a structure. Download PDFInfo
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- NL2006936C2 NL2006936C2 NL2006936A NL2006936A NL2006936C2 NL 2006936 C2 NL2006936 C2 NL 2006936C2 NL 2006936 A NL2006936 A NL 2006936A NL 2006936 A NL2006936 A NL 2006936A NL 2006936 C2 NL2006936 C2 NL 2006936C2
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 230000001141 propulsive effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C3/00—Wings
- B64C3/38—Adjustment of complete wings or parts thereof
- B64C3/44—Varying camber
- B64C3/46—Varying camber by inflatable elements
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
- F03D1/06—Rotors
- F03D1/0608—Rotors characterised by their aerodynamic shape
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
- F05B2240/00—Components
- F05B2240/20—Rotors
- F05B2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
- F05B2240/31—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor of changeable form or shape
- F05B2240/311—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor of changeable form or shape flexible or elastic
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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Description
P30690NL00/ENY
Title: A morphing structure and method for morphing a structure
The invention relates to a morphing structure comprising: - an outer wall defining an outer surface of the morphing structure, which outer surface can change shape between a predetermined first shape and a predetermined second shape, 5 - a first row of interconnected cells extending substantially adjacent to the outer surface of the morphing structure, each cell of the first row having a polygonal cross-section and comprising a plurality of walls which are pivotally connected to each other by joints, each cell of the first row comprising a substantially pressure-tight chamber, the pressure-tight chambers of the cells of the first row being in fluid communication with each other by 10 means of fluid passages, each cell of the first row being able to change shape between a first shape and a second shape, - a second row of interconnected cells extending adjacent to the first row of cells, the cells of the second row being connected to the cells of the first row, each cell of the second row having a polygonal cross-section and comprising a plurality of walls which are pivotally 15 connected to each other by joints, each cell of the second row comprising a substantially pressure-tight chamber, the pressure-tight chambers of the cells of the second row being in fluid communication with each other by means of fluid passages, each cell of the second row being able to change shape between a first shape and a second shape.
In this patent application, the term “joint” should be understood as a pivotal 20 connection between the walls of a cell. For example, each joint defines a pivot axis or pivot centre line. The joints may be constructed in various ways. For example, the joints of a cell may comprise hinge pins or the joints of a cell may be integrated into the walls of said cell as weakened portions which have a smaller bending stiffness than the adjacent portions of the walls, such as film hinges. It is also noted that according to the invention the walls of each 25 cell of the first row and/or the walls of each cell of the second row may be planar or curved, for example slightly elliptic.
US 2005/0029406 describes a cellular actuator device for actuating a control surface of an aircraft or spacecraft. The device is made from a number of elementary cells which are combined to form a common elementary cell arrangement. The elementary cells contain at 30 least one first pressure-tight chamber and at least one second pressure-tight chamber. The elementary cells can be acted upon by a pressure medium to be deformed in at least one working direction while changing their length. When the pressure in the first chamber of the -2- elementary cell is increased in comparison to the pressure in the second chamber of the elementary cell, the volume rises in the first chamber in comparison to the volume in the second chamber, which results in a contraction of the elementary cell in the working direction. If, on the other hand, the pressure in the second chamber is increased with 5 respect to the pressure in the first chamber, this results in an expansion of the volume in the second chamber with respect to the volume in the first chamber and the elementary cell expands in the working direction. For combining their length changes in the working direction to an overall movement of the elementary cell arrangement, the elementary cells are mutually coupled. The cellular actuator device can be used to replace a hydraulic cylinder.
10 In the case of a rudder, for example, the rudder includes two cellular actuator devices on opposite sides of the hinge axis of the rudder. Each cellular actuator device is deformable in the working direction while changing its length in a direction transversely to the hinge axis of the rudder, essentially in the direction parallel to the chord, i.e. the straight line from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the rudder. For a deflection of the rudder in 15 one direction, one cellular actuator device is contracted and the other cellular actuator device is expanded, or vice versa.
The individual elementary cells may be combined such that they result in different shapes of the cellular actuator device. If the elementary cells are arranged in a plane, a plate-shaped cellular actuator device is obtained. By means of other spatial arrangements of 20 the elementary cells, spherically or generally three-dimensionally curved actuators may be contemplated. However, irrespective of the spatial arrangement of the elementary cells, the cellular actuator device changes its shape mainly in the plane of the elementary cells. The cellular actuator device cannot be used to accurately adapt the shape of an outer surface of a morphing structure between two predetermined desired shapes, for example two 25 aerodynamic profiles relating to different flight conditions.
It is an object of the invention to provide an improved morphing structure, in particular a morphing structure which allows the outer shape of the morphing structure to be adapted between two predetermined shapes in an accurate manner.
This object is achieved according to the invention by a morphing structure 30 comprising: - an outer wall or skin wall defining an outer surface of the morphing structure, which outer surface can change shape between a predetermined first shape and a predetermined second shape, - a first row of interconnected cells extending substantially adjacent to the outer 35 surface of the morphing structure, each cell of the first row having a polygonal cross-section -3- and comprising a plurality of walls which are pivotally connected to each other by joints, each cell of the first row comprising a substantially pressure-tight chamber, the pressure-tight chambers of the cells of the first row being in fluid communication with each other by means of fluid passages, each cell of the first row being able to change shape between a 5 first shape and a second shape, in particular a first cross-sectional shape and a second cross-sectional shape, - a second row of interconnected cells extending adjacent to the first row of cells, the cells of the second row being connected to the cells of the first row, each cell of the second row having a polygonal cross-section and comprising a plurality of walls which are pivotally 10 connected to each other by joints, each cell of the second row comprising a substantially pressure-tight chamber, the pressure-tight chambers of the cells of the second row being in fluid communication with each other by means of fluid passages, each cell of the second row being able to change shape between a first shape and a second shape, in particular a first cross-sectional shape and a second cross-sectional shape, 15 wherein the cells of the first and second rows are configured such that the polygonal cross-sections of a plurality of the cells of the first row differ from each other and the polygonal cross-sections of a plurality of the cells of the second row differ from each other, and the polygonal cross-sections of the cells of the first and second rows are configured 20 such that, for a first predetermined pressure ratio between the pressure in the pressure-tight chambers of the cells of the first row and the pressure in the pressure-tight chambers of the cells of the second row, the cells of the first row assume their first shape and the cells of the second row assume their second shape, and the outer surface of the morphing structure 25 assumes the predetermined first shape, and for a second predetermined pressure ratio between the pressure in the pressure-tight chambers of the cells of the first row and the pressure in the pressure-tight chambers of the cells of the second row, the cells of the first row assume their second shape and the cells of the second row assume their first shape, and the outer surface of the 30 morphing structure assumes the predetermined second shape.
It should be noted that the invention is not limited to a morphing structure with two rows of interconnected cells - the morphing structure according to the invention may comprise any number of additional rows of interconnected cells. Thus, where the description below refers to the first and second rows of cells of the morphing structure, it should be -4- understood that the morphing structure may also comprise additional rows of cells similar to the first and second rows of cells.
According to the invention, each single cell of the first and second rows is individually tailored to enable the morphing structure as a whole to be adaptive between the 5 predetermined first and second target shapes of the outer surface of the morphing structure. Thus, when the predetermined first and second shapes of the outer surface of the morphing structure are given, for example by two different functions, the associated polygonal cross-sections of each of the cells of the first and second rows are individually defined, for example by means of a computer program, for the first and second predetermined pressure 10 ratios.
Therefore, the cells of the first and second rows are configured in a substantially unstructured or irregular manner such that the polygonal cross-sections of a plurality of the cells of the first row differ from each other and the polygonal cross-sections of a plurality of the cells of the second row differ from each other, although it should be noted that the 15 resulting polygonal cross-sections of the cells may include a number of substantially identical polygonal cross-sections.
In other words, the polygonal cross-sections of a plurality of the cells of the first row and of a plurality of the cells of the second row are not identical to each other, but substantially different from each other. This is unlike the state of the art as described above, 20 in which all the first chambers of the elementary cells are substantially identical to each other and all the second chambers of the elementary cells are also substantially identical to each other, i.e. the first and second chambers of the elementary cells, respectively, all have equal dimensions and define a structured, repetitive pattern.
Thus, the cells of the first and second rows have different polygonal cross-sections. 25 In addition, according to the invention, the different polygonal cross-sections of the cells are not arbitrarily defined, but the polygonal cross-sections of the cells are designed such that the combination of the individually tailored cells of the first and second rows result in an overall morphing structure which morphs into the predetermined first and second target shapes for the first and second predetermined pressure ratios between the pressure in the 30 cells of the first row and the pressure in the cells of the second row.
For example, when the first row of cells is pressurized to a pressure pi and the second row of cells is subjected to a pressure p2 defining the first predetermined pressure ratio pi/p2, the cells of the first row take their first shape and the cells of the second row have their second shape. The pressures pi and p2 may have various values, for example, 35 the pressure pi is 5 bar and the pressure p2 is 1 bar, but other pressures may be used.
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Accordingly, the first predetermined pressure ratio pi/p2 may be equal to 5 or any other number, including 1. Thus, the first predetermined pressure ratio pi/p2 between the first row of cells and the second row of cells leads to the first and second shapes of the cells of the first and second rows, respectively. The geometries of the cells of the first and second rows 5 are designed such that the outer surface of the morphing structure then defines the predetermined first shape.
Furthermore, if the pressure ratio between the pressure in the cells of the first row and the pressure in the cells of the second row pVp2 is changed from the first predetermined pressure ratio pi/p2 to the second predetermined pressure ratio pi/p2, i.e. the first row of 10 cells is pressurized to a pressure pi and the second row of cells is subjected to a pressure p2 defining the second predetermined pressure ratio pi/p2, the cells of the first row are transformed into their second shape and the cells of the second row are transformed into their first shape. Again, the pressure pi in the first row of cells and the pressure p2 in the second row of cells may have various values, for example, the pressure pi is 1 bar and the 15 pressure p2 is 5 bar, but other pressures may be used. Accordingly, the second predetermined pressure ratio p^ may be equal to 0.2 or any other number, including 1. For the second predetermined pressure ratio pi/p2 between the first row of cells and the second row of cells, the outer surface of the morphing structure morphs into the predetermined second shape as a result of the design of the geometries of the cells. Thus, by changing the 20 pressure ratio pi/p2 between the first row of cells and the second row of cells from the first predetermined value to the second predetermined value and vice versa, the morphing structure can morph between the predetermined first and second target shapes.
In other words, the geometries of the cells of the morphing structure according to the invention are completely tailored to the predetermined first and second target shapes of the 25 outer surface of the morphing structure for the first and second predetermined pressure ratios pi/p2. As a result, the shape of the morphing structure according to the invention may be adaptive to the desired first and second shapes in a very accurate manner.
In an embodiment, each cell of the first and/or second row has a hexagonal or pentagonal cross-section. Thus, it is possible for each cell of the first row to have a 30 hexagonal cross-section, and it is also possible for each cell of the first row to have a pentagonal cross-section, and it is furthermore possible for the cells of the first row to have either a hexagonal or pentagonal cross-section. Furthermore, it is possible for each cell of the second row to have a hexagonal cross-section, and it is also possible for each cell of the second row to have a pentagonal cross-section, and it is furthermore possible for the cells of 35 the second row to have either a hexagonal or pentagonal cross-section. With a morphing -6- structure having additional rows of interconnected cells, each cell of any intermediate row preferably has a hexagonal cross-section. When the cells of the first and second rows, and optionally additional rows, have hexagonal or pentagonal cross-sections, it is possible to very accurately tailor the geometries of the cells such that the overall morphing structure 5 morphs into the predetermined first and second target shapes for the specific predetermined pressure ratios.
In an embodiment, each cell of the first row has a pentagonal cross-section, in which the outer surface of the outer wall comprises one of the walls of each cell of the first row. When each cell of the first row has a pentagonal cross-section, it comprises five walls which 10 are pivotally connected to each other by five joints. In this case, one of the walls of each cell of the first row defines a portion of the outer surface of the outer wall of the morphing structure. Thus, the outer surface of the outer wall of the morphing structure is formed integrally with the cells of the first row of the morphing structure. This leads to a large strength to self-weight ratio for the morphing structure.
15 In an embodiment, the hexagonal or pentagonal cross-section of each cell is substantially convex. In this case, the cells have a substantially convex hexagonal or pentagonal cross-sectional shape. When the pressure-tight chamber of such a cell is pressurized, the geometry of said cell is modified so as to maximize the volume of said cell. As the hexagonal or pentagonal cross-section of the cell is substantially convex, the 20 morphing structure changes its shape in a controlled and accurate manner between the predetermined first and second shapes of the outer surface of the outer wall.
In an embodiment, the walls of the cells of the first and second rows are substantially rigid, in which the cells of the first and second rows are able to change shape by rotation of the walls around the joints. The walls of the cells define the cell sides in cross-section. The 25 walls of the cells are substantially rigid, i.e. they have a substantially inextensional length. By pressurizing the pressure-tight chambers of the cells, the walls of the cells are rotated about the joints so as to modify the geometry of the cells while the lengths of the walls of the cells remain substantially fixed. Using cells with substantially rigid planar walls simplifies the computation of the polygonal cross-sections of the cells which are adapted to the 30 predetermined first and second shapes of the outer surface of the outer wall.
In an embodiment, the cells of the first row are connected to each other by means of common walls, and/or in which the cells of the second row are connected to each other by means of common walls, and/or in which the cells of the first row and the cells of the second row are connected to each other by means of common walls. The side lengths of the 35 polygonal cross-sections of the interconnected cells are defined by the common walls, i.e.
-7- the lengths of said side lengths are equal. As the cells of the first row and the cells of the second row share common walls, the cells of the first and second rows are linked up with each other in an interacting manner.
In an embodiment, the outer surface of the outer wall defines, as seen in cross-5 section, at least a portion of an airfoil comprising a leading edge, a trailing edge, an upper side and a lower side, and in which the cells of the first row extend along the upper side, at least one of the edges and the lower side, and in which the cells of the second row extend adjacent to the first row of cells along the upper side, said at least one of the edges and the lower side.
10 In this case, the morphing structure may comprise a linkage mechanism which is pivotally connected to one of the joints of one of the cells of the second row along the upper side and to one of the joints of one of the cells of the second row along the lower side.
When the morphing structure comprises a rigid base structure, which supports the first row of cells and the second row of cells, the linkage mechanism may also be pivotally connected 15 to the rigid base structure. The linkage mechanism may be a passive or active linkage mechanism. For example, the linkage mechanism consists of a rigid body.
When the geometries of the cells of the first and second rows are individually tailored to the predetermined first and second target shapes of the outer surface of the morphing structure for given, predetermined pressure ratios, the solution is not unique, i.e. there are a 20 number of possibilities to design the geometries of the cells in such a manner. The nonuniqueness in the form-finding process allows the enforcement of additional constraints in the form of the linkage mechanism. The linkage mechanism provides displacement constraints for certain joints of the cells and increases the stiffness of the morphing structure.
25 The morphing structure may be constructed in various manners. For example, the cells of the morphing structure may be formed by steel plates which are connected to each other by hinges, in which a rubber tube or a specially tailored membrane is fitted into each cell so as to pressurize said cell. Advantageously, the morphing structure is a monolithic structure, in which the walls and the joints of the cells are integrated and the joints are 30 formed by weakened portions of the walls, for example by reducing the wall thickness locally at the cell corners. In this case, the walls of the cells may be rotated about the pivot centre lines defined by the joints being integrally formed with the walls. This results in a large strength to self-weight ratio. The monolithic structure can be made of different materials. For example, the monolithic structure comprises carbon.
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The morphing structure can be used in many different applications, for example for shape changing structures such as keels, rudders of high performance ships, regeneratively cooled nozzles for jet planes or rockets. In particular, the morphing structure may be arranged in an aircraft, for example, in an aircraft wing.
5 The invention also relates to a method for changing the shape of a morphing structure as described above. In a particular embodiment, the morphing structure is arranged in a fluid, and the morphing structure generates a propulsion force when the morphing structure changes shape from the predetermined first shape to the predetermined second shape and vice versa. For example, the predetermined first and second shapes are 10 defined by a sin and cos function. Thus, the morphing structure may be used for propulsion.
The invention will now be explained, merely by way of example, with reference to the figures.
Figures 1a, 1b show schematic cross-sectional views of a first embodiment of a morphing structure according to the invention, in which the outer surface of the morphing 15 structure has a predetermined first and second shape, respectively.
Figures 2a, 2b show enlarged details lla and lib of figures 1a and 1b.
Figure 3 schematically shows a pressurization system for pressurizing the cells of the morphing structure shown in figures 1a,1b.
Figures 4a, 4b show schematic cross-sectional views of a second embodiment of a 20 morphing structure according to the invention, in which the outer surface of the morphing structure has a predetermined first and second shape, respectively, and in which a linkage mechanism is incorporated into the morphing structure.
Figures 5a, 5b, 5c schematically show a third embodiment of a morphing structure according to the invention.
25 The morphing structure according to the invention is designated by reference numeral 1. In this exemplary embodiment, the morphing structure 1 is integrated into a wing structure of an aircraft. The wing structure comprises an outer wall or skin wall 3 which defines an outer surface 5 of the morphing structure 1. As seen in cross-section, the wing structure defines an airfoil having a leading edge 6, a trailing edge 7, an upper side or 30 suction side 8 and a lower side or pressure side 9.
The wing structure is equipped with high-lift devices so as to increase the lift coefficient, in particular during landing. The wing structure comprises a flap 10 which can be displaced from a retracted position to an extended position and vice versa, as shown in figures 1 a and 1 b. The operation of such a flap 10 is generally known. The flap 10 may -9- increase the lift coefficient of the aircraft significantly. However, the actuation of the flap 10 leads to additional weight, complexity and cost penalties.
It is also generally known to use a slat to increase the lift coefficient of the wing (not shown). Instead of such a conventional slat, the wing structure comprises the morphing 5 structure 1 according to the invention. Using the morphing structure 1 the shape of the outer surface 5 of the nose of the wing structure can be changed. Thus, the wing structure can be adapted to different flight conditions.
Although the morphing structure 1 in this exemplary embodiment is integrated into the nose of a wing structure, it should be understood that the morphing structure 1 can also 10 be arranged, for example, at the trailing edge 7 so that the flap 10 can be omitted.
Furthermore, the morphing structure 1 may be adapted to change the shape of the entire wing structure. In addition, the morphing structure 1 can also be applied to other shape changing structures.
The morphing structure 1 can be adapted so that the outer surface 5 changes shape 15 from a predetermined first shape as shown in figures 1a, 2a to a predetermined second shape as shown in figures 1b, 2b, and vice versa. In this exemplary embodiment, the predetermined first and second shapes are imposed by different flight conditions. In other applications, the predetermined first and second shapes may relate to other desired specifications.
20 In order to enable said shape change the morphing structure 1 comprises a first row of interconnected cells 11 extending substantially adjacent to the outer surface 5 of the morphing structure 1. The morphing structure 1 also includes a second row of interconnected cells 12 extending adjacent to the first row of cells 11 on the inside of the first row of cells 11, i.e. on the side of the first row of cells 11 which is facing away from the 25 outer surface 5. As the morphing structure 1 in this exemplary embodiment is integrated into the nose of the wing structure, the cells 11, 12 of the first and second rows extend along the upper side 8, the leading edge 6 and the lower side 9 of the airfoil.
Each cell 11, 12 of the first and second rows has a polygonal cross-section. In the exemplary embodiment shown in figures 1a, 1b, the cells 11 of the first row have a 30 pentagonal cross-section, whereas the cells 12 of the second row have a hexagonal cross-section. As shown in the figures, the pentagonal or hexagonal cross-sections of each cell 11,12 are each substantially convex.
Each cell 11,12 of the first and second rows comprises a plurality of walls 14 which are pivotally connected to each other by joints 15 which define pivot axes for the walls 14.
35 The cells 11 of the first row have common walls 14. Similarly, the cells 12 of the second row - 10- include common walls 14. In addition, the cells 11 of the first row and the cells 12 of the second row are interconnected by common walls 14. As a result, the cells 11 of the first row and the cells 12 of the second row are joint together in an interacting manner.
The walls 14 of the cells 11, 12 of the first and second rows are substantially rigid, 5 i.e. each side length of the pentagonal and hexagonal cross-sections of the cells 11, 12 is substantially invariable. However, the pentagonal and hexagonal cross-sections of the cells 11,12 can be changed, i.e. the geometry of the individual cells is adaptive. As the walls 14 of the cells 11,12 are substantially rigid, the cells 11, 12 of the first and second rows are able to change shape by rotation of the walls 14 about the joints 15 which define pivot 10 centre lines for the walls 14.
In this exemplary embodiment, as the cells 11 of the first row are pentagonal in cross-section, the base walls 14 of the cells 11 of the first row being aligned with each other form the outer surface 5. It is noted that the cells 11 of the first row may also have a hexagonal cross-section (not shown), in which case the outer wall 3 may cover the cells 11 15 of the first row.
In order to transform the cells 11, 12 of the first and second rows, each cell 11,12 comprises a substantially pressure-tight chamber 16. For example, each cell 11,12 comprises an inflatable member being configured to be subjected to internal pressure. The pressure-tight chambers 16 of the cells 11 of the first row are in fluid communication with 20 each other by means of fluid passages 17. Similarly, the pressure-tight chambers 16 of the cells 12 of the second row are in fluid communication with each other by means of fluid passages 17.
The cells 11, 12 of the first and second rows can change shape by controlling the pressure in the pressure-tight chambers 16 of the cells 11 of the first row with respect to the 25 pressure in the pressure-tight chambers 16 of the cells 12 of the second row. When the pressure-tight chamber 16 of a cell 11, 12 is pressurized, the pentagonal or hexagonal cross-sectional shape of said cell 11, 12 is changed so as to maximize the cross-sectional area. However, the cells 11, 12 of the first and second rows are interconnected so that each cell 11, 12 is influenced by surrounding cells 11, 12. Consequently, the pentagonal or 30 hexagonal cross-sectional shape of each cell 11,12 may be urged to deviate from the maximum cross-sectional area under the influence of surrounding cells 11, 12.
Thus, the pentagonal or hexagonal cross-sectional shape of each individual cell 11, 12 can be adapted from a first cross-sectional shape to a second cross-sectional shape, and vice versa. For example, the first cross-sectional shape of each cell 11,12 has a first cross-35 sectional area and the second cross-sectional shape of each cell 11,12 has a second cross- -11 - sectional area which is smaller than the first cross-sectional area. However, the first cross-sectional area and the second cross-sectional area defined by the first and second cross-sectional shapes, respectively, may also be, for example, equal while the geometries of the first and second cross-sectional shapes are different.
5 According to the invention, the pentagonal or hexagonal cross-section of each individual cell 11, 12 of the first and second rows is designed such that the outer surface 5 of the morphing structure 1 as a whole can be controlled to morph between the predetermined first and second shapes shown in figures 1a, 1b for a first and second predetermined pressure ratio between the pressure pi in the pressure-tight chambers 16 of 10 the cells 11 of the first row and the pressure p2 in the pressure-tight chambers 16 of the cells 12 of the second row.
As already indicated above, the predetermined first and second shapes of the outer surface 5 of the morphing structure 1 are imposed. They may be given, for example, by two different functions. Based on the predetermined first and second shapes of the outer 15 surface 5 of the morphing structure 1 and the first and second predetermined pressure ratios, the associated pentagonal and hexagonal cross-sections of each of the cells 11, 12 of the first and second rows are individually determined, for example by means of a computer program.
Therefore, the cells 11, 12 of the first and second rows of the morphing structure 20 according to the invention are configured in a substantially unstructured or irregular manner. As a result, the pentagonal cross-sections of a plurality of the cells 11 of the first row differ from each other and the hexagonal cross-sections of a plurality of the cells 12 of the second row also differ from each other. However, it should be noted that, depending on the desired first and second target shapes and constraints of the cell geometries, there may still be a 25 number of identical or similar pentagonal or hexagonal cross-sections of the cells 11, 12.
For example, for a first predetermined pressure ratio pi/p2 = 5 between the pressure in the cells 11 of the first row and the pressure in the cells 12 of the second row, for example when the pressure pi in the first row of cells 11 is 5 bars, and the pressure p2 in the second row of cells 12 is 1 bar, the cells 11 of the first row take their first shape while the cells 12 of 30 the second row take their second shape. With the cells 11, 12 of the first and second rows being subjected to the first predetermined pressure ratio pi/p2, the cells 11, 12 of the first and second rows take their first and second shapes, respectively. According to the invention, the geometries of the cells 11, 12 of the first and second rows are designed such that the outer surface 5 of the morphing structure 1 defines the predetermined first shape for 35 said first predetermined pressure ratio pi/p2 (see figures 1a and 2a).
- 12-
The second predetermined pressure ratio pi/p2 is different from the first predetermined pressure ratio pi/p2- In this exemplary embodiment, the second predetermined pressure ratio pi/p2 = 0.2, for example the first row of cells 11 is pressurized to the pressure pi = 1 bar, and the second row of cells 12 is subjected to the pressure pi = 5 5 bar. Then, the cells 11 of the first row are transformed into their second shape and the cells 12 of the second row obtain their first shape. As a result, for said second predetermined pressure ratio, the outer surface 5 of the morphing structure 1 is transformed into the predetermined second shape shown in figures 1b and 2b. Of course, the values of the pressures pi and p2 mentioned above are merely illustrative and the pressures pi and p2 10 may have different values.
The cells 11, 12 of the morphing structure 1 can be constructed in various manners. For example, the walls 14 of the cells 11, 12 of the first and second rows may be formed by steel plates which are connected to each other by hinges. However, the cells 11,12 may also be integrally formed in a monolithic structure, for example made of carbon. In a 15 monolithic structure, the joints 15 may be integrally formed with the walls 14 by regions with low bending stiffness at the corners of each cell. A high strength to self-weight ratio may be obtained by using a monolithic structure.
Figure 3 shows a pressurization system 20 for controlling the pressure in the cells 11, 12 of the first and second rows. The pressurization system 20 comprises a pressure source 20 21, which may be connected, for example, to one of the compressor stages of the jet engine of an aircraft. The pressure source 21 is connected via a filter 22, which is optional, to two parallel pressure lines 30, 31.
The pressure line 30 includes a first pressure regulator 24 to regulate a predetermined pressure, in this example 5 bars, and a first control valve 25 to control the 25 mass flow in the pressure line 30. The pressure line 31 is provided with a second pressure regulator 23 to regulate a predetermined pressure, in this example 1 bar. The pressure line 31 also includes a one-way valve 26, an outflow valve 27, which opens at a pressure higher than 1 bar, and a second control valve 28 to control the mass flow in the pressure line 31, in particular for backflow.
30 The pressure lines 30, 31 are connected to a command valve 29 which is in fluid communication to the cells 11, 12 of the first and second rows. Using the pressurization system 20, the desired pressure differential between the cells 11 of the first row and the cells 12 of the second row can be generated.
Figures 4a, 4b show a second embodiment of the morphing structure according to 35 the invention. The same and similar features are designated by the same reference - 13- numerals. In this second embodiment, the morphing structure 1 comprises a linkage mechanism 18 which is pivotally connected to one of the joints 15 of one of the cells 12 of the second row along the upper side 8 and to one of the joints 15 of one of the cells 12 of the second row along the lower side 9. The linkage mechanism 18 is also pivotally 5 connected by means of a joint 19 to a rigid base structure which supports the first row of cells 11 and the second row of cells 12. In this exemplary embodiment, the linkage mechanism consists of a rigid body.
There is a degree of freedom when the geometries of the cells 11, 12 of the first and second rows are individually tailored to the predetermined first and second shapes of the 10 outer surface 5 of the morphing structure 1 for predetermined differential pressures. In other words, the design of the geometries of the cells 11, 12 is not unique and there are still a number of possibilities to design the geometries of the cells in such a manner. This nonuniqueness allows the linkage mechanism 18 to provide displacement constraints for certain joints 15 of the cells 12 of the second row. This increases the stiffness of the morphing 15 structural.
Figures 5a, 5b, 5c show a third embodiment of the morphing structure according to the invention. The same and similar features are designated by the same reference numerals. The outer surface 5 of the outer wall 3 of the morphing structure 1 can change shape between the predetermined first shape shown in figure 5b and the predetermined 20 second shape shown in figure 5c. The predetermined first shape corresponds to a sin function, whereas the predetermined second shape corresponds to a cos function. Figure 5a shows an object 30 which is attached to the morphing structure 1. It is noted that both predetermined first and second shapes of the morphing structure 1 are shown in figure 5a. With this third embodiment, the morphing structure 1 may generate a propulsion force when 25 the morphing structure 1 is surrounded by a fluid.
The invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments described above. The skilled person may design various modifications without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, it is noted that the features of the description of the exemplary embodiments and the features of the introduction to the description can be combined, 30 separately or in any combination, with one or more of the features of one or more of the claims.
Claims (14)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2006936A NL2006936C2 (en) | 2011-06-15 | 2011-06-15 | A morphing structure and method for morphing a structure. |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2006936 | 2011-06-15 | ||
| NL2006936A NL2006936C2 (en) | 2011-06-15 | 2011-06-15 | A morphing structure and method for morphing a structure. |
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| NL2006936C2 true NL2006936C2 (en) | 2012-12-18 |
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| NL2006936A NL2006936C2 (en) | 2011-06-15 | 2011-06-15 | A morphing structure and method for morphing a structure. |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US11192635B2 (en) | 2017-09-15 | 2021-12-07 | Airbus Operations Gmbh | Actuator arrangement for a flexible control surface of an aircraft, control surface with actuator arrangement, and aircraft with flexible control surface |
| US11214352B2 (en) | 2017-09-15 | 2022-01-04 | Airbus Operations Gmbh | Control surface for an aircraft, and aircraft having a flexible control surface |
| DE102019134245B4 (en) | 2019-12-13 | 2022-12-15 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Shape-changing structure |
| DE102019118324B4 (en) | 2019-07-05 | 2023-02-16 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Device and method for changing the position and shape of a body |
| DE102023117337B3 (en) | 2023-06-30 | 2024-07-04 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Aerodynamic profile body and flying object |
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| US6015115A (en) * | 1998-03-25 | 2000-01-18 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Inflatable structures to control aircraft |
| WO1999061313A1 (en) * | 1998-05-25 | 1999-12-02 | Prospective Concepts Ag | Adaptive pneumatic wings for flying devices with fixed wings |
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| US11192635B2 (en) | 2017-09-15 | 2021-12-07 | Airbus Operations Gmbh | Actuator arrangement for a flexible control surface of an aircraft, control surface with actuator arrangement, and aircraft with flexible control surface |
| US11214352B2 (en) | 2017-09-15 | 2022-01-04 | Airbus Operations Gmbh | Control surface for an aircraft, and aircraft having a flexible control surface |
| DE102019118324B4 (en) | 2019-07-05 | 2023-02-16 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Device and method for changing the position and shape of a body |
| DE102019134245B4 (en) | 2019-12-13 | 2022-12-15 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Shape-changing structure |
| DE102023117337B3 (en) | 2023-06-30 | 2024-07-04 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Aerodynamic profile body and flying object |
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