NL2005419C2 - Method and apparatus for liquefying a natural gas stream. - Google Patents

Description

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METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR LIQUEFYING A NATURAL GAS STREAM

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for liquefying a natural gas stream.

Several methods of liquefying a natural gas stream thereby obtaining liquefied natural gas (LNG) are known.

5 It is desirable to liquefy a natural gas stream for a number of reasons. As an example, natural gas can be stored and transported over long distances more readily as a liquid than in gaseous form, because it occupies a smaller volume and does not need to be stored at high 10 pressures.

Usually, the natural gas stream to be liquefied (mainly comprising methane) contains ethane, heavier hydrocarbons and possibly other components that are to be removed to a certain extent before the natural gas is 15 liquefied. To this end, the natural gas stream is treated. One of the treatments may involve the removal of undesired components such as H2O, CO2 and H2S and some of the ethane, propane and higher hydrocarbons such as butane and pentane.

20 In WO 2006/009646 A2 a method is disclosed for liquefying natural gas. In Figure 1 a conventional LNG liquefaction plant is shown, wherein the LNG liquefaction plant includes several examples of optional treatment steps such as feed purification steps (liquids removal, 25 hydrogen sulphide removal, carbon dioxide removal, dehydration), product purification steps (helium removal, nitrogen removal) and non-methane product production steps (de-ethanizing, de-propanizing, sulphur recovery). According to WO 2006/009646 A2 the liquefaction and 30 treatment are both performed on a single location.

- 2 - A problem of the known method is that, if at the place where the natural gas is treated and liquefied no easy access exist for ships or vessels intended for transporting the LNG to remote markets, the LNG has to be 5 transported via a pipeline to a remote port first. This is highly undesirable in view of the high costs for cryogenic pipelines.

It is an object of the invention to minimize the above problem.

10 It is a further object of the present invention to provide an alternative method for liquefying a natural gas stream, in particular under very cold conditions such as those that are encountered in the Arctic region.

One or more of the above or other objects are 15 achieved according to the present invention by providing a method of liquefying a natural gas stream, the method at least comprising the steps of: (a) providing a natural gas stream at a first location, said first location being off-shore on a first 20 floating structure; (b) treating the natural gas stream in the first location thereby obtaining a treated natural gas stream, wherein the treated natural gas stream comprises in the range of from 70 to 100 mole% of methane; 25 (c) transporting the treated natural gas stream via a pipeline to a second location, said second location being off-shore on a second floating structure; (d) liquefying the treated natural gas stream at the second location thereby obtaining liquefied hydrocarbon 30 product at approximately atmospheric pressure.

In a further aspect the present invention provides an apparatus for liquefying a natural gas stream, the apparatus at least comprising: - 3 - - one or more treating units at a first location for obtaining a treated natural gas stream, said first location being off-shore on a first floating structure; - at least one liquefaction plant at a second 5 location for producing a liquefied hydrocarbon product at approximately atmospheric pressure, said second location being off-shore on a second floating structure; - a pipeline for transporting the treated natural gas stream from the first location to the second location.

10 The first and the second location are both situated off-shore. Preferably, the first structure forming the first location is provided in the form of a floating production structure capable of receiving hydrocarbon fluids from a hydrocarbon reservoir, such as a natural 15 gas or a petroleum reservoir, and comprising sufficient equipment to derive a natural gas stream from the hydrocarbon fluids and to treat the natural gas stream to obtain the treated natural gas stream.

The second structure forming the second location may 20 be provided in the form of a floating liquefaction storage and off-loading structure (FLSO). Examples of such structures are described in for instance WO 2010/069910 and WO 2009/141293.

One or both of the first and second floating 25 structures may be formed on a ship.

Optional storage capacity may be provided at the first location. Such optional storage may preferably be employed for storage of natural gas liquids, such as C3/C4 liquid petroleum gas (LPG), and condensate, such as 30 C5+ liquid. In a preferred embodiment, the (treated) natural gas stream is not stored in the first location, but directly transported to the second location to be liquefied. This way storage of the natural gas in vaporous form is advantageously avoided.

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Optionally, the floating production structure is provided in the form of a floating production storage and off-loading structure (FPSO) known in the art, in which case it comprises storage capacity in addition to its 5 production function.

An advantage of the invention is that less equipment is needed in each of both locations; this enables liquefying a natural gas stream even when limited plot space is available on the floating off-shore structure.

10 Another advantage is that the second floating structure may be a fully standardized structure with standardized liquefaction equipment, because any reservoir-specific modifications as regards to the treating necessary to provide treated natural gas ready 15 to be liquefied without the need of further treatment can be confined to the first floating structure only.

Another advantage is that, in particular if the method of the present invention is applied in very cold regions such as the Arctic, use can be made of the cold 20 ambient whereby the treated natural gas stream can be cooled to a certain extent before the actual liquefaction takes place. This may result in a reduced CAPEX (capital expenses) for the liquefaction equipment.

Since the second location is situated off-shore, the 25 liquefied hydrocarbon product can be easily transported from the second location using a transportation vessel. The transportation vessel may connect to the second floating structure in a tandem-offloading arrangement, a side-by-side offloading arrangement, or any other 30 suitable offloading arrangement. Thus, no liquefied hydrocarbon product, in particular LNG, has to be transported over long distances via a pipeline.

The first and second locations are not limited to include only a single process or treating unit but are 35 rather intended to include a plant site containing one or - 5 - more process units. The first and second locations may be closer than 2 km from each other, but are preferably at a distance of at least 2 km from each other, more preferably at least 5 km, even more preferably at least 5 10 km. The distance may be longer than 1000 km but is preferably less than 900 km. The length of the pipe line The first location is preferably situated near a site where the natural gas stream to be treated and liquefied is produced, such as a natural gas or a petroleum 10 reservoir. On the first location one or more treating units are located. These treating units may include conventional treating units such as a slug catcher, a condensate stabilizer, acid gas removal (AGR) units, dehydration units, sulphur recovery units (SRU), mercury 15 removal units, nitrogen rejection units (NRU), helium recovery units (HRU), hydrocarbon dewpoint units, etc. Also fractionation or extraction units for recovery of e.g. C3/C4 liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and Cs+ liquid (condensate) may be present on the first location. As 20 these treating units as such are well known to the person skilled in the art, they are not further discussed here.

The second location is preferably situated near an LNG export terminal from where the liquefied natural gas is shipped or otherwise transported to the desired 25 markets. Preferably, the export terminal is on the second location, such as on the second floating structure.

On the second location at least a liquefaction plant is present to obtain a liquefied hydrocarbon product. If desired, also some of the treating units mentioned in 30 respect of the first location may be present at the second location. However, preferably as few treating units as possible are located at the second location. Herewith the amount of handling (and thereby the presence of workpeople) near the liquefaction plant can be - 6 - minimized. Furthermore, the plot space on the second location is minimised.

The natural gas stream may be any suitable natural gas stream to be treated and liquefied, but is usually a 5 natural gas stream produced at and obtained from natural gas or petroleum reservoirs. As an alternative the natural gas stream may also be obtained from another source, also including a synthetic source such as a Fischer-Tropsch process wherein methane is produced from 10 synthesis gas.

Usually the natural gas is comprised substantially of methane. Preferably the feed stream comprises at least 60 mol% methane, more preferably at least 80 mol% methane.

15 Depending on the source, the natural gas may contain varying amounts of hydrocarbons heavier than methane such as ethane, propane, butanes and pentanes as well as some aromatic hydrocarbons. The natural gas may also contain non-hydrocarbons such as H2O, N2, CO2, H2S and other 20 sulphur compounds, and the like.

According to preferred embodiment, the treating in step (b) at least comprises removal of CO2, preferably such that the treated natural gas stream comprises less than 500 ppm CO2, more preferably less than 200 ppm CO2, 25 even more preferably less than 50 ppm CO2• It is especially preferred that no CO2 removal takes place at the second location.

Further it is preferred that the treating in step (b) at least comprises removal of H2O, preferably such that 30 the treated natural gas stream comprises less than 100 ppm H2O, more preferably less than 10 ppm H2O, even more preferably less than 1 ppm H2O.

In addition it is preferred that the treating in step (b) comprises removal of mercury (Hg).

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The treated natural gas stream to be liquefied comprises in the range of from 70 to 100 mole% of methane, preferably from 80 to 100 mole% of methane. Preferably, the treated natural gas stream to be 5 liquefied comprises less than 5 mole%, preferably less than 1 mole% of C5+ hydrocarbons, meaning pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons .

Preferably the treated natural gas stream is compressed before transporting in step (c), preferably to 10 a pressure above 50 bar, more preferably above 60 bar, still more preferably above 70 bar. It is especially preferred that the treated natural gas stream is transported in a state being substantially above the critical point. In this way, the treated natural gas 15 stream can be transported in substantially a dense phase.

According to an especially preferred embodiment of the present invention, the treated natural gas stream is cooled during transporting by heat exchanging against the ambient. Preferably, the treated natural gas stream is 20 cooled to a temperature < 10 °C, preferably < 0 °C, more preferably < -10 °C before it reaches the second location. Herewith the cooling duty in the liquefaction plant at the second location can be significantly decreased. It is desirable that the distance between the 25 first and second location is such that the treated natural gas stream is cooled as much as possible, preferably reaching ambient temperatures, if it is transported via a pipeline that is substantially not thermally insulated. Herewith, full advantage of cold 30 ambient conditions may be used, in particular if the pipeline is in a cold area such as in Arctic regions. It is believed that this can be achieved when the distance over which the natural gas is transported between the first and second location via the pipeline is more than 2 - 8 - km, preferably more than 5 km, still more preferably more than 10 km.

In step (d) the treated natural gas stream is liquefied. Suitably, this is done using one or more 5 refrigerants. The refrigerants may be produced in the second location or may be produced elsewhere and transported to the second location. Preferably, the refrigerants needed for liquefying the treated natural gas stream are produced in a location that is 10 geographically removed from the second location where liquefaction takes place. Preferably the distance between the location where the refrigerants are produced and the second location is more than 2 km, more preferably more than 5 km.

15 In one preferred embodiment, a mixed refrigerant comprising at least two refrigerants is used and the refrigerants are transported to the second location via separate pipelines for each of the pure component refrigerants that make up the mixed refrigerant as used 20 in the liquefaction process. This solution offers the simplest line-up operation-wise for the supply and makeup of the required refrigerants.

In another embodiment, a mixed refrigerant comprising at least two refrigerants is used and the different pure 25 component refrigerants are delivered pre-mixed via a common pipeline. The advantage of this embodiment is the elimination of the other pipelines that would otherwise be required to transport the different refrigerant components separately.

30 In yet another embodiment, a mixed refrigerant comprising at least two refrigerants is used and the different pure refrigerant components are delivered to the second location via a single pipeline in successive plug-flows. The advantage is that there is no need for a - 9 - fractionation column at the second location to separate the mixed refrigerants.

In another embodiment, refrigerant is supplied to the second location via pipelines and the refrigerant supply 5 pipelines are used as storage vessels to eliminate (or reduce) storage of the refrigerants at the second location. This further reduces the plot space needed at the second location.

The refrigerant is used to cool down the treated 10 natural gas stream to less than -140 °C, preferably less than -150 °C. The cooling step is followed by expansion to atmospheric pressure. The liquefied hydrocarbon product is obtained at atmospheric pressure.

After liquefaction the liquefied hydrocarbon product 15 is usually transported and regasified. The transportation of the liquefied hydrocarbon product such as LNG is usually performed by shipping. Regasification is usually done at e.g. an LNG import terminal that may be onshore or offshore.

20 The person skilled in the art will readily understand that after liquefaction, the liquefied hydrocarbon product may be further processed before transporting, if desired.

Preferably one of the treating units at the first 25 location is adapted for removal of CO2. Further it is preferred that no CO2 removal from the treated natural gas stream takes place at the second location. Also it is preferred that one of the treating units at the first location is adapted for removal of H2O.

30 Usually the apparatus according to the present invention further comprises a compressor for compressing the treated natural gas stream at the first location, preferably to a pressure above 50 bar, preferably above 60 bar, more preferably above 70 bar.

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According to an especially preferred embodiment the pipeline is substantially not thermally insulated. This enables cooling of the treated natural gas stream against the ambient during transport from the first to the second 5 location. If the transport takes place in a cold environment such as the Arctic region, use of the cold ambient can be made.

Hereinafter the invention will be further illustrated by the following non-limiting drawing. Herein shows: 10 Fig. 1 schematically a process scheme in accordance with the present invention; and

Fig. 2 schematically a process scheme in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.

For the purpose of this description, a single 15 reference number will be assigned to a line as well as a stream carried in that line. Same reference numbers refer to similar components.

Figure 1 schematically shows a process scheme (generally indicated with reference No. 1) for the 20 treating and liquefaction of a natural gas stream such as natural gas .

The process scheme of Figure 1 is divided over two separate locations, viz. a first location 2 and a second location 3. The first location 2 is usually situated near 25 a site where the natural gas to be treated and liquefied is produced, such as a natural gas or a petroleum reservoir (not shown). Preferably the first location is onshore. On the first location 2 one or more treating units are located. These treating units may include 30 conventional treating units such as a slug catcher; a condensate stabilizer; acid gas removal (AGR) units for removal of CO2, H2S and other sour gases; dehydration units for the removal of H2O; sulphur recovery units (SRU); mercury removal units; nitrogen rejection units 35 (NRU); helium recovery units (HRU); hydrocarbon dewpoint - 11 - units; etc. Also fractionation or extraction units for recovery of e.g. C3/C4 liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and 05+ liquid (condensate) may be present at the first location 2. As these treating units as such are well 5 known to the person skilled in the art, they are not further discussed here.

In the embodiment of Figure 1, the first location 2 contains a CO2 removal unit 11, a dehydration unit 12, a mercury removal unit 13, and a hydrocarbon dew-pointing 10 facility 14 for removing selected heavier hydrocarbons from the natural gas. Furthermore, two coolers 15,16 as well as a compressor 17 are present. If desired, the compressor 17 may be a train of two or more compressors.

The second location 3 is preferably situated near an 15 LNG export terminal from where the produced liquefied natural gas is shipped or otherwise transported to the desired markets. The distance between the second location and the first location is at least 2 km, and may be as high as 900 km. On the second location 3 at least a 20 liquefaction plant 21 is present to obtain LNG.

If desired, also some of the treating units mentioned in respect of the first location 2 may be present at the second location 3. In the embodiment of Figure 1, the second location 3 includes a liquefaction plant 21 (that 25 may have various line-ups as is known in the art), and upstream of the liquefaction plant, a scrub column 18 in which 03+ hydrocarbons are removed from the natural gas and sent to a fractionation unit 19 for further workup. Furthermore some coolers 22, 23 and 24 are present 30 During use of the process scheme shown in Figure 1, a feed stream 10 (as e.g. obtained from the natural gas or petroleum reservoir) is processed by the various treatment units at the first location 2 thereby obtaining a treated natural gas stream 20. Typically, the inlet 35 pressure of the feed stream 10 will be between 50 and - 12 - 100 bar and the temperature will usually between 0 and 60 °C. After treating of the stream 10 a treated natural gas stream 20 is obtained. Dependent on the treating steps performed, the treated natural gas stream 20 5 usually will have a temperature in the range of about 40-90 °C, typically about 80 °C.

Stream 20 is subsequently transported via pipeline 4 to the second location 3. The pipeline may be above or under the ground, or surrounded by sea water. In 10 particular if the pipeline 4 is in a cold area, such as the Arctic region, it is preferred that the pipeline 4 is substantially not thermally insulated from the ambient such that the treated stream 20 is cooled against the ambient. To this end, the pipeline 4 may be substantially 15 made from low temperature resistant carbon steel.

Preferably, the treated stream 20 is cooled during transport in the pipeline 4 to a temperature < 10 °C, preferably < 0 °C, more preferably < -10 °C before it reaches the second location 3. Of course, the amount of 20 cooling in the pipeline will depend on various factors such as the ambient temperature, the length of the pipeline 4 and the materials used in the pipeline 4. It has been found that suitable results may be obtained if the pipeline 4 is at least 2 km long.

25 In the embodiment of Figure 1, the treated stream 20 is further treated at the second location 3 to remove 03+ hydrocarbons (which are sent to the fractionation unit 19 as stream 60). The resulting leaner stream 40 is (after cooling in cooler 23) passed to the liquefaction plant 21 30 in which a LNG product 50 is produced. The LNG 50 may be sent to an LNG export terminal for transportation to remote markets in which the LNG will be regasified again on or near a LNG import terminal (not shown). The regasification of the LNG may take place onshore or - 13 - offshore. Thereafter the regasified gas may be sent to a gas network and distributed to the end users.

The (one or more) product(s) obtained may be used as fuel or refrigerant. If desired, at least a part of the 5 product 70 may be sent back to the first location 2.

Figure 2 shows an alternative embodiment of the present invention, in which also the scrub column 18 and fractionation unit 19 are placed at the first location 2. In this embodiment the treated stream 20 is already 10 suitable for liquefaction before it is passed via the pipeline 4 to the second location 3. Thus, no treatment needs to be performed at the second location 3.

The person skilled in the art will readily understand that many modifications may be made without departing 15 from the scope of the invention.

Claims (2)

A method for liquefying natural gas, comprising at least the steps of: (a) providing a natural gas stream (10) in a first location (2), which first location is a first floating structure at sea; (b) pre-treating the natural gas stream (10) at the first location (2), and thereby obtaining a pre-treated natural gas stream (20), which consists in the range of 70 to 100 mol% of methane; (C) transporting the pre-treated natural gas stream (20) via a pipeline (4) from the first location (2) to a second location (3), which second location is a second floating structure at sea; (d) liquefying the pre-treated natural gas stream (20) by cooling it at the second location (3), and thereby obtaining a liquefied natural gas product (50) at approximately atmospheric pressure. Device (1) for liquefying natural gas, comprising at least: - one or more pre-treatment units (11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, ...) in a first location (2) around a natural gas stream (10) to be pre-treated and thus to obtain a pre-treated natural gas stream (20), which first location (2) is a first floating structure at sea; - at least one liquefaction device (21) at the second location (3) for obtaining a liquefied natural gas product (50) at approximately atmospheric pressure by cooling the pre-treated natural gas stream (20); A pipeline (4) between the first location (2) and the second location (3) for transporting the pre-treated natural gas stream (20) from the first location (2) to the second location (3).