NL2003812C2 - Bio-electrochemical device and method for upgrading a fluid. - Google Patents

Bio-electrochemical device and method for upgrading a fluid. Download PDF

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Publication number
NL2003812C2
NL2003812C2 NL2003812A NL2003812A NL2003812C2 NL 2003812 C2 NL2003812 C2 NL 2003812C2 NL 2003812 A NL2003812 A NL 2003812A NL 2003812 A NL2003812 A NL 2003812A NL 2003812 C2 NL2003812 C2 NL 2003812C2
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Netherlands
Prior art keywords
fluid
bio
upgrading
electrochemical
compartment
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Application number
NL2003812A
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Dutch (nl)
Inventor
Cees Jan Nico Buisman
Hubertus Victor Marie Hamelers
Tomas Hubertus Johannes Antonius Sleutels
Original Assignee
Stichting Wetsus Ct Excellence Sustainable Water Technology
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Filing date
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Application filed by Stichting Wetsus Ct Excellence Sustainable Water Technology filed Critical Stichting Wetsus Ct Excellence Sustainable Water Technology
Priority to NL2003812A priority Critical patent/NL2003812C2/en
Priority to EP10787924A priority patent/EP2502301A2/en
Priority to PCT/NL2010/050764 priority patent/WO2011062485A2/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of NL2003812C2 publication Critical patent/NL2003812C2/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/16—Biochemical fuel cells, i.e. cells in which microorganisms function as catalysts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
    • B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
    • C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/22—Fuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising carbon or oxygen or hydrogen and other elements; Fuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising only elements other than carbon, oxygen or hydrogen
    • H01M8/227—Dialytic cells or batteries; Reverse electrodialysis cells or batteries
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/005—Combined electrochemical biological processes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M16/00—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Description

BIO-ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICE AND METHOD FOR UPGRADING A FLUID
The present invention relates to a bio-electrochemical device for upgrading a fluid. More specifically, the device 5 can be used to upgrade a liquid flow, like a waste water flow, to enable the use of the liquid flow for energy generation or the production of hydrogen, for example.
Bio-electrochemical devices are known to be able to degrade organic matter using bacteria to produce a current 10 and thereby energy. Such system is a microbial fuel cell, for example. In a similar configuration, such as a microbial electrolysis cell, hydrogen is produced. This energy generation or hydrogen production requires a fluid with sufficiently high alkalinity and salt concentrations. In 15 practice alkalinity and concentrations limit scaling up the systems and/or the applicability thereof.
The object of the present invention is to improve the applicability of bio-electrochemical devices.
This object is achieved with the bio-electrochemical 20 device according to the invention for upgrading a fluid, the device comprising: a housing for containing the fluid; an anode compartment provided with an anode, and a cathode compartment provided with a cathode; and 25 - an upgrading compartment separated from the anode compartment by a first membrane and separated from the cathode compartment by a second membrane.
A bio-electrochemical device comprises an anode compartment provided with an anode and a cathode compartment 30 provided with a cathode. At the anode organic material is oxidized to electrons, protons and C02. At the cathode oxygen in case of a microbial fuel cell (MFC), or protons in case of a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC), are reduced to water 2 and hydrogen, respectively. Electrons move from anode to cathode. To compensate this movement of negative force, cations move from anode to cathode and/or anions move from cathode to anode. The system according to the invention 5 further comprises an upgrading compartment that is separated from the anode compartment by a first membrane and is separated from the cathode compartment by a second membrane. Because of the flow of electrons cations and anions will be transported towards this upgrading compartment. This 10 increases the pH and the conductivity of the fluid in the upgrading compartment. This upgrades the fluid in this compartment and enables the use thereof in a MFC for energy generation and/or a MEC for hydrogen production, for example .
15 The conductivity of waste water is often in the order of 2 ms/cm. Such level of conductivity limits the applicable distance between the anode and cathode. In experiments a limit of about 1 mm was determined. This relatively small distance prevents practical application of bio-20 electrochemical devices using these waste water flows. Providing these flows with additional salts is rather expensive and does not contribute to the sustainability of the system. In addition, such added salts should be removed before disposing the fluid that is used. This is especially 25 relevant in case the fluid comprises waste water, for example .
By upgrading a fluid, such as the waste water flow mentioned above, the efficiency of operations involving a MFC and/or MEC can be improved by using the upgraded fluid. 30 In addition, at present flows are often not usable for use in bio-electrochemical systems. Such flows can be upgraded by incorporating the device according to the invention in the bio-electrochemical system. This 3 incorporation in a bio-electrochemical system according to the invention increases the amount of flows that can be used. Furthermore, by improving the properties of the flows also the possibilities of scaling up the systems are 5 improved. This contributes to large scale energy generation or hydrogen production, for example.
By upgrading the fluid in the upgrading compartment, the pH is increased. For example, this enables treatment of waste streams with solid particles. In fact, such solid 10 particles are made available for oxidation. Another application is degrading the organic matter in volatile fatty acids. At present the degrading of organic matter is limited by the decreasing pH as function of the acids that are produced. The upgrading the fluid in the bio-15 electrochemical system according to the invention enables further acidification. This improves the efficiency of this process .
Preferably, the first membrane comprises a cation exchanging membrane, while the second membrane comprises an 20 anion exchange membrane. The anode is separated from the cathode by a cation selective membrane on the anode side and an anion selective membrane on the cathode side of the upgrading compartment. Cations are transported from the anode compartment to the upgrading compartment and anions 25 are transported form the cathode compartment to the upgrading compartment. This upgrades the fluid in the upgrading compartment. Preferably, the anode and/or cathode comprise biochemical active micro-organisms. Also preferably, the fluid in the upgrading compartment comprises 30 waste water. This enables the use and/or re-use of a waste water flow.
The bio-electrochemical system according to the invention can be operated as a batch process by maintaining 4 an amount of liquid in the upgrading compartment for a period of time, or as a continuous process by maintaining a continuous flow through this upgrading compartment.
Energy can be generated or hydrogen produced by 5 providing the upgraded flow with the system according to the invention to a MFC and/or a MEC. Other processes in the production of energy and hydrogen are also possible using the upgrading system according to the invention. For example, the upgraded flow can be used to produce volatile 10 fatty acids.
The invention also relates to a bio-electrochemical system for generating energy or providing hydrogen, comprising: a microbial fuel cell for energy generation or a 15 microbial electrolysis cell; supply means for supplying a fluid to the cell; and an upgrading system including a bio-electrochemical device as described above.
Such system provides the same effects and advantages as 20 those related to the device.
In a preferred embodiment according to the present invention the upgrading device acts as a pre-treatment system for pre-treating a fluid.
Providing the device with coupling means for coupling 25 the device to a process device, like a MFC or a MEC, results in the bio-electrochemical device being used as a pretreatment system in the system according to the invention. The device upgrades the fluids before processing this fluid in the system. An advantage thereof is that the processing 30 device can be operated efficiently for upgrading the flow. Also, this configuration has the additional advantage that the pre-treatment can be performed without requiring significant changes to the existing processing system. This 5 improves the applicability of different types of flows, like waste water flows, for processing devices including MFC's and MEC's. Depending on the specific conditions, the entire flow, or part thereof, can be pre-treated in the device 5 according to the invention.
In a preferred embodiment according to the present invention the bio-electrochemical device acts as regenerating system for regenerating the fluids, the device comprising coupling means for coupling the device to a 10 processing device.
By providing coupling means the bio-electrochemical device according to the invention can be coupled to a processing device, like a MFC and MEC. This enables a posttreatment operation in the device according to the 15 invention. By regenerating the fluid the (partly) regenerated fluid can be recycled to the processing device, thereby improving the overall efficiency of the processing operation. A further advantage of regenerating the fluid in the device according to the invention is the applicability 20 of the device in combination with existing processing eguipment. Depending on the specific conditions of the processing operation the flow can be recycled in its entirety or in part.
In addition, the device according to the invention can 25 be used as pre-treatment and/or as post-treatment operation. This can be achieved by alternately operating the bio-electrochemical device according to the invention as pretreatment and post-treatment device, or by providing different devices for the different operations.
30 The present invention also relates to a method for upgrading a fluid comprising the steps of: providing a fluid to a bio-electrochemical device as described above; and 6 providing a potential difference and/or a resistance between electrodes in the device.
Such method provides the same effects and advantages as those related to the device. The method according to the 5 invention can be applied to a batch operation or a continuous operation like described above.
The upgrading of the fluids can be performed as a pretreatment operation. The upgraded flow is provided to a MFC for generating energy or MEC for providing hydrogen or 10 performing another bio-electrochemical operation. The upgraded fluid can also be provided to other alternative process operations. Furthermore, the method for upgrading a fluid can also be performed for recycling an entire fluid or a part thereof after energy is generated or hydrogen is 15 produced, for example. Also the method can be performed as a pre-treatment and post-treatment operation.
Further advantages, features and details of the invention are elucidated on basis of preferred embodiments therefore, wherein reference is made to the accompanying 20 drawings, wherein: figure 1 illustrates a bio-electrochemical device according to the invention; figure 2 shows results with the device of figure 1; and 25 - figure 3 also shows results of the device of figure 1.
A bio-electrochemical device (figure 1) comprises a housing or container 4. Container 4 comprises an anode compartment 6 with an anode 8 whereon micro-organisms 10 are provided. Container 4 further comprises a cathode 30 compartment 12 that is provided with a cathode 14. Between anode compartment 6 and cathode compartment 12 there is provided an upgrading compartment 16. Upgrading compartment 16 is separated from anode compartment 6 by a cation 7 exchanging membrane 16. Upgrading compartment 16 is separated from cathode compartment 12 by anion exchanging membrane 20. Inlet 22 provides upgrading compartment 16 with a flow with a relatively low pH and a low conductivity. The 5 upgraded fluid leaves upgrading compartment 16 through outlet 25. The influent is provided to the anode compartment 6 through inlet 26 and the effluent leaves compartment 6 through outlet 28, while hydrogen produced in the cathode compartment 12 leaves through outlet 30. A current or power 10 source 32 is connected by circuit 34 to the electrodes 8, 14.
At anode 8 micro-organisms 10 oxidize organic material to electrons, protons and CO2. At the cathode oxygen or protons are reduced to water and hydrogen. Electrons move 15 from anode 8 to cathode 14 through circuit 34. This provides a driving force causing cations to move from anode compartments 6 towards cathode compartment 12 and anions to move from cathode compartment 12 towards anode compartment 6. By separating compartments 6, 12 with membranes 18, 20 20 cations from the anode compartment and anions from the cathode compartment 12 are transported to the upgrading compartment 16, thereby improving the pH and conductivity of the fluids in compartment 16.
In an experiment device 2 is used to upgrade a fluid.
25 The pH (figure 2) and the conductivity (mS/cm) (figure 3) are measured of both the incoming influents (indicated with I and filled circles) and the fluid in the upgrading compartment 16 (indicated with B and open circles). Measurements are performed during a time period of seven 30 days. The results indicate a strong increase in pH and conductivity C of the fluid in the upgrading compartment 16. This illustrates the applicability of upgrading a fluid like 8 waste water, for example. This upgraded flow can be used for energy generation or hydrogen production.
The present invention is by no means limited to the above described preferred embodiments thereof. The rights 5 sought are defined by the following claims within the scope of which many modifications can be envisaged.
9
Clauses 1. Bio-electrochemical device for upgrading a fluid, the device comprising: 5 a housing for containing the fluid; an anode compartment provided with an anode, and a cathode compartment provided with a cathode; and an upgrading compartment separated from the anode compartment by a first membrane and separated from 10 the cathode compartment by a second membrane.
2. Bio-electrochemical device according to clause 1, wherein the first membrane is a cation exchanging membrane and the second membrane is an anion 15 exchanging membrane.
3. Bio-electrochemical device according to clause 1 or 2, the anode and/or cathode comprising bio-chemical active micro-organisms .
20 4. Bio-electrochemical device according to clause 1, 2 or 3, wherein the fluid comprises waste water.
5. Bio-electrochemical system for generating energy or 25 providing hydrogen, comprising: a microbial fuel cell for energy generation or a microbial electrolysis cell; supply means for supplying a fluid to the cell; and an upgrading system including a bio-electrochemical 30 device according to any of the clauses 1-4.
10 6. Bio-electrochemical system according to clause 5, wherein the bio-electrochemical device acting as a pretreatment system for pre-treating the fluid, the device comprising coupling means for coupling the device to 5 the cell.
7. Bio-electrochemical system according to clause 5 or 6, wherein the bio-electrochemical device acting as a regenerating system for regenerating the fluid, the 10 device comprising coupling means for coupling the device to the cell.
8. Method for upgrading a fluid, comprising the steps of: providing a fluid to a bio-electrochemical device 15 according to any of the clauses 1-4; and - providing a potential difference and/or a resistance between electrodes in the device.
9. Method according to clause 8, wherein after upgrading 20 the fluid is provided to a microbial fuel cell for generating energy or a microbial electrolysis cell for providing hydrogen or performing another bio-electrochemical operation.
25 10. Method according to clause 8 or 9, wherein upgrading the fluid is performed after energy is generated or hydrogen is provided using the fluid for enabling reuse of the fluid.

Claims (10)

1. Bio-electrochemische inrichting voor het opwaarderen van een fluïdum, waarbij de inrichting omvattende: 5. een behuizing voor het bevatten van het fluidum; - een anode compartiment voorzien van een anode en een kathode compartiment voorzien van een kathode; en - een opwaarderings-compartiment gescheiden door een eerste membraan van het anode compartiment en door 10 een tweede membraan gescheiden van het kathode compartiment.A bio-electrochemical device for upgrading a fluid, the device comprising: 5. a housing for containing the fluid; - an anode compartment provided with an anode and a cathode compartment provided with a cathode; and - an upgrade compartment separated by a first membrane from the anode compartment and by a second membrane separated from the cathode compartment. 2. Bio-electrochemische inrichting, volgens conclusie 1, waarin het eerste membraan een cation uitwisselend 15 membraan omvat en een tweede membraan een anion uitwisselend membraan omvat.2. Bio-electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the first membrane comprises a cation exchange membrane and a second membrane comprises an anion exchange membrane. 3. Bio-electrochemische inrichting volgens conclusie 1 of 2, de anode en/of kathode omvattende biochemisch 20 actieve micro-organismen.3. Bio-electrochemical device according to claim 1 or 2, comprising biochemically active micro-organisms comprising the anode and / or cathode. 4. Bio-electrochemische inrichting volgens conclusie 1, 2 of 3, waarin het fluïdum omvattende afvalwater.A bio-electrochemical device according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the fluid comprises waste water. 5. Bio-electrochemisch systeem voor het genereren van energie of het voorzien van waterstof, omvattende: een microbiële brandstofcel voor het genereren van energie of een microbiële elektrolyse cel; toevoermiddelen voor het toevoeren van een fluïdum 30 naar de cel; een opwaarderingssysteem omvattende een bio-electrochemische inrichting volgens één of meer van de conclusies 1-4.A bio-electrochemical system for generating energy or providing hydrogen, comprising: a microbial fuel cell for generating energy or a microbial electrolysis cell; supply means for supplying a fluid 30 to the cell; an upgrade system comprising a bio-electrochemical device according to one or more of claims 1-4. 6. Bio-electrochemisch systeem volgens conclusie 5, waarin de bio-electrochemische inrichting opererend als een voorbehandelingsysteem voor het voorbehandelen van een fluïdum en het systeem omvattende koppelings- 5 middelen voor het koppelen van de inrichting aan de cel.6. Bio-electrochemical system according to claim 5, wherein the bio-electrochemical device operating as a pretreatment system for pretreatment of a fluid and the system comprising coupling means for coupling the device to the cell. 7. Bio-electrochemisch systeem volgens conclusie 5 of 6, waarin de bio-electrochemische inrichting opererend als 10 een regenererend systeem voor het regenereren van het fluïdum, het systeem omvattende koppelingsmiddelen voor het koppelen van de inrichting aan de cel.7. Bio-electrochemical system according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the bio-electrochemical device operating as a regenerating system for regenerating the fluid, the system comprising coupling means for coupling the device to the cell. 8. Werkwijze voor het opwaarderen van een fluïdum, 15 omvattende de stappen: - het voorzien van een fluïdum aan een bio-electrochemische inrichting volgens één of meer van de conclusies 1-4; en - het voorzien van een potentiaalverschil en/of een 20 weerstand tussen de elektroden in de inrichting.8. A method for upgrading a fluid, comprising the steps of: - providing a fluid on a bio-electrochemical device according to one or more of claims 1-4; and - providing a potential difference and / or a resistor between the electrodes in the device. 9. Werkwijze volgens conclusie 8, waarin na het opwaarderen het fluïdum wordt voorzien aan een microbiële brandstofcel voor het genereren van energie 25 of aan een microbiële elektrolysecel voor het voorzien van waterstof of het uitvoeren van een ander bio-elektrochemische operatie.9. A method according to claim 8, wherein after the upgrading the fluid is supplied to a microbial fuel cell for generating energy or to a microbial electrolysis cell for supplying hydrogen or performing another bio-electrochemical operation. 10. Werkwijze volgens conclusie 8 of 9, waarin het 30 opwaarderen van het fluïdum wordt uitgevoerd na het genereren van energie of produceren van waterstof, gebruikmakend van het fluïdum voor het mogelijk maken van hergebruik van het fluïdum.10. A method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the upgrading of the fluid is performed after generating energy or producing hydrogen, using the fluid to allow reuse of the fluid.
NL2003812A 2009-11-17 2009-11-17 Bio-electrochemical device and method for upgrading a fluid. NL2003812C2 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL2003812A NL2003812C2 (en) 2009-11-17 2009-11-17 Bio-electrochemical device and method for upgrading a fluid.
EP10787924A EP2502301A2 (en) 2009-11-17 2010-11-17 Bio-electrochemical device and method for upgrading a fluid
PCT/NL2010/050764 WO2011062485A2 (en) 2009-11-17 2010-11-17 Bio-electrochemical device and method for upgrading a fluid

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL2003812 2009-11-17
NL2003812A NL2003812C2 (en) 2009-11-17 2009-11-17 Bio-electrochemical device and method for upgrading a fluid.

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WO2011062485A2 (en) 2011-05-26
EP2502301A2 (en) 2012-09-26

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