NL1040193C2 - Breakwater as wave energy converter. - Google Patents
Breakwater as wave energy converter. Download PDFInfo
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- NL1040193C2 NL1040193C2 NL1040193A NL1040193A NL1040193C2 NL 1040193 C2 NL1040193 C2 NL 1040193C2 NL 1040193 A NL1040193 A NL 1040193A NL 1040193 A NL1040193 A NL 1040193A NL 1040193 C2 NL1040193 C2 NL 1040193C2
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- Prior art keywords
- breakwater
- tsunami
- wave energy
- storm
- installation
- Prior art date
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229940063583 high-density polyethylene Drugs 0.000 description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005381 potential energy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009972 noncorrosive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 2
- VGVRFARTWVJNQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetamide Chemical compound NC(=O)COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl VGVRFARTWVJNQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000034972 Sudden Infant Death Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010042440 Sudden infant death syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013332 literature search Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010813 municipal solid waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
- E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
- E02B3/06—Moles; Piers; Quays; Quay walls; Groynes; Breakwaters ; Wave dissipating walls; Quay equipment
- E02B3/062—Constructions floating in operational condition, e.g. breakwaters or wave dissipating walls
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
- F03B13/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates
- F03B13/12—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy
- F03B13/14—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy
- F03B13/141—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy with a static energy collector
- F03B13/144—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy with a static energy collector which lifts water above sea level
- F03B13/145—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy with a static energy collector which lifts water above sea level for immediate use in an energy converter
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A10/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE at coastal zones; at river basins
- Y02A10/11—Hard structures, e.g. dams, dykes or breakwaters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/30—Energy from the sea, e.g. using wave energy or salinity gradient
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Revetment (AREA)
Description
5
Breakwater as wave energy converter
The technical field
The invention is in the field of breakwater used for wave energy conversion to electricity.
Background art
Since the oil crises in the 1970s attempts have been made to combine breakwaters for coastal protection, with the generation of electricity from the energy of the wave. For a review of existing art see [1-6]. For the generation of electricity the OWC (Oscillating Water Column) 10 [2-4], the overtopping [5, 6] and other methods [1] are used. For each method there are suitable turbines, see a guidebook for turbines/generators [7] and new ideas like hydrostatic pressure wheel (HPW) [8]. There are many devices for wave energy conversion (WECs) reviewed in [1,9], though mostly not at the same time breakwaters.
The potential global wave energy contribution is estimated to be of the order of 2000 15 TWh/year, about 10% of world electricity consumption, but the cost of wave energy conversion is too high. In the course of time the estimated cost came down to an average of 0.08 EUR/kWh, but it is still too high compared to the average price of electricity in the EU of 0.04 EUR/kWh [1], and too optimistic compared to reality [3]. There are several technical aspects: a corrosive environment, extreme weather conditions and structural requirements to 20 meet with natural disasters like earth quake, tsunami and heavy storms. The onshore breakwater used so far are of the impact type and should be of very robust construction and therefore expensive, while offshore breakwaters would be of more benefit because of the higher wave energy available off the coast. Therefore, although there are more than 1000 patents on WECs in Japan, North America and Europe by 2002 [1], there is less than 2 MW 25 capacity of WECs installed, mostly of pilot and research projects, with the Mutriku commercial OWC power plant, using 100 m of a 440 m shoreline breakwater in northern Spain, adding some 0.3 MW capacity since July 2011, annual yield 600.000 kWh, total investment for civil works and electromechanical equipment: € 6.4 million [3], i.e. at 8% annual discount: € 0.85/kWh; the total cost including the breakwater is € 24.5 million, at 8% annual 30 discount: € 3.26/kWh, much too high compared to the average electricity price in EU of 0.04 €/kWh [1].
1040193 2
Disclosure of the invention
As wave energy is abundantly available, especially off the coast and hydro power technology is highly perfected, with efficiencies up to 95%, to bring the price of wave energy conversion down a change in breakwater technology is needed, which will now be described.
5 The invention describes a breakwater and wave energy converter in one embodiment, which is capable of coastal protection against the high waves of heavy storms and tsunami, while harnessing the wave energy off the coast, where the power level is high, and converting it to electricity. Breakwaters against tsunami and storm waves have been developed [10]. The annihilation type breakwater in an offshore floating configuration will be used in this 10 description. To meet with the technical and economical constraints, corrosive environment and extreme weather conditions: non-corrosive, UV and weather resistant, durable and recyclable materials lighter than water will be used for the construction of the breakwater and the supporting structures. The material of choice is HDPE (high density poly ethylene).
Selection of the breakwater. The annihilation type floating breakwater [10] will now be 15 described with the help of Fig. 1 and modified to function also as electricity generator. Fig. 1 top is the horizontal cross section and bottom is the vertical cross section through the middle of the breakwater, (1) is a semi-circular cylinder, with radius R and height h, (2) is a hollow tube of height h and circular cross section of radius r (r« R), wall thickness dr, concentric with the semi-circle of the cylinder. The half cylinder can be of thickness dR, attached to a supporting 20 structure, or cast in the constructive structure like a caisson. To function as a breakwater the small circular tube is closed at both ends and the spaces between the semi-circular cylinder (1) and the small cylinder (2) are open at both ends, to dissipate the potential energy, which is obtained from the annihilation of the kinetic energy of the wave by the breakwater. The casing (3) and fixing provisions (4) can be constructed in various ways, depending on the infra-25 structure for the attachment to the shore or seabed.
Modifications for wave energy conversion. The modifications will be described with the help of Fig. 2, the vertical cross section through the middle of the modified breakwater. The common numbers with Fig. 1 have the same meaning. The spaces between (1) and (2) at the bottom and top are closed with a cover (5), which can be removed during heavy storms and 30 tsunami, or used as power regulator. Both openings of the breakwater are provided with oneway inlet valves (6). The surface of the small cylinder facing the semi cylinder is provided with sufficient water inlet openings such that water can flow into the small cylinder. The top cover 3 of the small cylinder (2) is replaced by a one-way valve (6) allowing the water to flow into an upward extension, which can be closed during storm or tsunami, and an adjustment to a conductor (7), of radius s, chosen such that the water reaches the collector (8), at height H, called head, relative to the top of the breakwater. Several breakwater units can be assembled 5 together. The conductors lead the water to the collector before the water flows with constant flow through a pipe (9), called penstock, to the turbine/generator (10), with outlet (11), the tailrace, which is at the level of the top of the breakwater. For low heads, H 2 -5 m, the Kaplan is the turbine of choice [7]. Instead of the small cylinder, a tube T across the central part of the semi-cylinder wall, then bended upward, can be used, Fig. 3. The one-way gates at the 10 entrance are then optional. A trash rack is set in front of the one-way valve of the conductor.
As an illustration a numerical example is now given. The coastal wave power levels P vary between 10 and 100 kW/m crest length [2]. A breakwater unit with: h = 6 m (h must be chosen as the expected height of the tsunami or heavy storm waves at the considered location), R = 5 m, r = 1 m, s = 0.5 m has a harnessing capacity C of: C = 2 R P. This sustains a column of 15 water in the conductor (7) of height x, with a mean potential energy of π s2 x2/2. From this expression it follows that for a given P and R a desired value for x can be obtained by adjusting the radius s of the conductor. This is an important property. It makes the adjustment of the breakwater to the available power level P easy, without changing the remaining construction.
By definition a horsepower (0.736 kW) lifts 0.075 m3 water up for 1 m in one second. For the 20 low wave power level P of 10 kW/m, C = 100 kW which lifts 10.19 m3 water up in 1 m/s; by equating this with the mean potential energy it is found that x = 5.1 m. By choosing the head H = 4 m one can be sure that the water passes through the conductor into the collector, through the penstock (9) into a Kaplan turbine [7]. For P of 100 kW/m and s = 0.5 m, x = 16 m, for s = 0.75 m, x = 10.7 m. Therefore, given a value for P and R, by changing the radius s of the 25 conductor one can achieve a suitable value for H at many coastal locations along the world coastlines. It follows that a wave power generator of 0.1 -1 MW capacity can be achieved with a breakwater unit of 10 m length. Several breakwater units can be assembled together, for example in lengths of 100 m. Such bigger structures would allow using higher values of H (10 to 15 m allowable by the values of x as calculated above), than allowable for a single breakwater 30 unit of 10 m for stability reason. In addition the bigger collector of the assembly combined with high head H serve for better efficiency for the turbine/generator. With regard to the 4 electromechanical part, which is not part of the invention, the Kaplan turbine/generator is the best choice.
Best mode of carrying out the invention 5 A good material for the offshore floating breakwater wave power generator is HDPE (high density poly ethylene), which is non corrosive, UV and weather resistant, durable with life time > 50 years and recyclable, has smooth surface for water flow and has a density of 950 kg/m3. Sea water has a density of 1025 kg/m3. So HDPE floats on water, with 93% of the height h immersed. This has the advantage that immersed plates and tube walls will not experience big 10 forces across the wall by compensation of forces of the water on both sides. HDPE tubes of several diameters and plates of different thickness and sizes are available; the pieces can be welded together, for example by extrusion welding.
The additional weights of the modifications mentioned in the description, including the weight of the water in the tubes and the electromechanical parts, can be compensated by 15 floating HDPE tubes of sufficient floating capacity. As the breakwater power generator can be part of development including real estate, residential and industrial activities, the breakwater can be fixed to the floating access roads of the infra structure. The technical realization of such a hybrid breakwater is therefore not difficult. The industrial applicability will depend crucially on the economics, which will now be assessed, first for the breakwater, then the modifications 20 and finally the electromechanical part.
Cost of the breakwater wave energy converter. The cost estimate for the breakwater in the numerical example will now be done for prices of HDPE plates and tubes in the Netherlands, April 2013 at about 5.000 C/m3for plates and tubes, raw material price is less than 1.000 €/ton available worldwide. Using plates of thickness 15 mm and tubes of thickness 10 mm, including 25 structural reinforcements and labour, the outcome is 12.000 € for the 10 m breakwater. The modifications cost is 8.000 €. So the cost of the modified breakwater is 20.000 € for 100 kW, i.e. 200 €/kW. For the electromechanical costs, from [11] it follows that for a 100 kW system those costs are 800 €/kW. So the breakwater power generator can deliver electricity for about 1000 €/kW. At 8% discount rate (80 €) and 90% load (7884 hours per year) this means an 30 electricity price of 80:7884 = 0.01 €/kWh, even less in locations with higher wave power levels [2]. The price includes the breakwater against tsunami and heavy storms. With a world coastline of 356.000 km [12] the above findings offer a tremendous opportunity for cheap 5 electricity with coastal protection, including possibilities for expansion and creation of working and living space, crucial especially for the small island developing states SIDS [13] threatened by frequent storms, tsunami and sea level rise.
5 References [1] A. Clément et al., Wave energy in Europe: current status and perspectives,
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 6 (2002) 405-431.
[2] S. J. Paimpillil and M. Baba, Linking of wave energy utilization with coastal protection, 2nd International Conference in the Palestinian Environment, October 2009.
10 [3] Y. Torre-Enciso et al., Mutriku Wave Power Plant: from the thinking out to the reality,
Proc. of the 8th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, Uppsala, Sweden, 2009.
[4] J. R. Joubert and J. L. Niekerk, Designing the ShoreSWEC as a breakwater and wave energy converter, 2011, www.crses.sun.ac.za [5] L. Schoolderman et al., Generating electricity at a breakwater in a moderate wave climate, 15 Proc. 32nd International Conference on Coastal Engineering, Shanghai, China 2010.
[6] D. Vicinanza et al., Innovative breakwaters design for wave energy conversion,
Proc. 33rd International Conference on Coastal Engineering, Santander, Spain 2012.
[7] C. Penche, Layman's guidebook on how to develop a small hydro site, Directorate General for Energy of the European Commission, second edition, June 1998.
20 [8] N. Linton, Flexible blades for water wheels and hydrostatic pressure machines, WO 2011/135038 A2, publication date 3 November 2011.
[9] B. Drew et al., A review of wave energy converter technology, Proc. IMechE 223 Part A: J. Power and Energy (2009) 887-902.
[10] S. Emid, Breakwaters against tsunami and storm waves, NL patent 1039528, 25 filing date 10.04.2012, publication date 31.01.2013.
[11] Morehead Valley Hydro Inc., www.smallhvdropower.com/more2.html [12] Coastal lengths of the world, http://world.bvmap.org/Coastlines.html [13] United Nations Development Programme Capacity 21 Project, The growing vulnerability of small islands developing states, September 2002, www.un.org 30 6
Note in view of the literature search and written opinion of the patent office. Apart from this note no change is made to the text, figures and abstract of the original application.
The purpose of the present application is to construct one embodiment, which is a wave energy converter under normal weather conditions, but still fulfills the vital function as 5 breakwater against tsunami and heavy storms during such circumstances. This goal is achieved by modifying the annihilation type breakwater against tsunami and storm waves, developed in Dl, with covers, which are removed when tsunami or storm is expected, p. 2 lines 29-30, and conductor which is closed, p. 3 lines 1-2, during tsunami and storms. See also p. 4 lines 30-31. The wave energy converters developed in D2 - D4 are not breakwaters against tsunami and 10 storms; they do not serve the dual function.
With respect to wave energy conversion, the art used in D2 by leading the water into a conductor with one-way valve, collector and reservoir at a certain height, then to feed the water through a penstock into the hydro-electric generator is described already in D3, as mentioned in the search report for D2, and also in D4. Therefore the procedure will be used as 15 known common practice and is not part of the invention.
However, the prior art does not teach how to choose the dimensions of the installation and the material of choice, especially for a floating dual purpose breakwater-wave energy converter, whereas the present application, taking into account the available wave powers over the globe, gives a quantitative account for the dimensions of the installation and specific 20 choice of materials with respect to durability, resistant to UV light and seawater, lower specific weight compared to seawater to be unsinkable, so that a definite technical and economic assessment for the construction is possible, including which part needs only be changed for a wide range of applicability of the construction, cf. p. 3 lines 15 - 27. Therefore, as demonstrated by calculations, the described method offers a better alternative for existing arts 25 of electricity generation. The claims are redressed taking the search report and written opinion into consideration together with the comments in this note, to distinguish the new and inventive aspects of the application from the prior art (Dl - D4).
Dl: NL1039528 C (EMID SOEMAR) 31 January 2013, ref. [10] of the application.
30 D2: WO 2011/135145 A (DISENASL) 3 November 2011.
D3: US 4078871A (PERKINS JR CLIFFORD A) 14 March 1978.
D4: JP S59-90773 A (KAWASAKI HEAVY IND LTD) 25 May 1984.
1040193
Claims (5)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL1040193A NL1040193C2 (en) | 2013-05-02 | 2013-05-02 | Breakwater as wave energy converter. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL1040193A NL1040193C2 (en) | 2013-05-02 | 2013-05-02 | Breakwater as wave energy converter. |
| NL1040193 | 2013-05-02 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NL1040193C2 true NL1040193C2 (en) | 2014-01-20 |
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ID=51564385
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL1040193A NL1040193C2 (en) | 2013-05-02 | 2013-05-02 | Breakwater as wave energy converter. |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| NL (1) | NL1040193C2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL1040829C2 (en) * | 2014-06-02 | 2015-06-26 | Soemar Emid | Wind and wave energy conversion. |
-
2013
- 2013-05-02 NL NL1040193A patent/NL1040193C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL1040829C2 (en) * | 2014-06-02 | 2015-06-26 | Soemar Emid | Wind and wave energy conversion. |
| WO2015187006A1 (en) | 2014-06-02 | 2015-12-10 | Soemar Emid | Wind and wave energy conversion |
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