MXPA99008607A - Method and machine for producing energy by nuclear fusion reactions - Google Patents

Abstract

An experimental machine (1) for producing low-temperature nuclear fusion reactions, wherein an ion source (3) feeds a flux of positive deuterium ions to a reaction chamber (2) housing a target (5) defined by active elements (30, 31) and by an aggregate of metal sulfates hydrated with heavy water;a pumping assembly (4) being provided to maintain a vacuum in the reaction chamber (2);and the reaction chamber (2) having an accelerating device (10) for accelerating the positive deuterium ions, and which generates an electric field inside the reaction chamber (2) to convey and accelerate the deuterium ions against the active element of the target (5) in such a manner as to initiate nuclear fusion reactions between the incident deuterium ions and some of the atoms of the active element.

Description

METHOD AND AQUINA TO PRODUCE ENERGY FOR NUCLEAR FUSION REACTIONS TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a method for: producing energy by nuclear fusion reaction.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 'The general consensus in most scientific circles is that the emission of neutrons by itself is undoubted evidence of the nuclear fusion of two atoms of *:' deuterium or of a deuterium atom and an atom of tritium.

EXHIBITION OF THE INVENTION 15 An object of the present invention is to refute this assumption by showing that the preliminary and / or simultaneous emission of neutrons and gamma rays is an essential condition for the nuclear fusion reactions between deuterium and tritium atoms to be brought to cape. In others words, an object of the present invention is to show that • - the deuterium / tritium nuclear fusion phenomenon invariably proceeds and / or is accompanied by the deuterium / deuterium nuclear fusion phenomenon. According to the present invention, it is provided A method for producing energy by nuclear fusion reactions and comprises the steps of: feeding a flow of positive ions of deuterium into a reaction chamber containing a target having deuterium atoms in its crystal lattice and active metallic elements; and transport, within the reaction chamber, the flow of positive deuterium ions to the target, so that the flow of deuterium positive ions hits the target to produce the nuclear fusion reactions between the incident deuterium positive ions and some of the atoms that make up the white itself. The present invention also relates to a machine for producing energy by nuclear fusion reactions. According to the present invention, there is provided a machine for producing energy by means of nuclear fusion reactions, characterized in that it comprises a reaction chamber, a target housed inside the reaction chamber, a source of deuterium positive ions that communicates with the reaction chamber, and a pumping unit that communicates with the reaction chamber to maintain a vacuum inside the reaction chamber, the target has deuterium atoms in its crystal lattice and the source of deuterium positive ions feeds a flow of Deuterium positive ions into the reaction chamber, so that the flow of deuterium positive ions hits all elements of the target to produce low temperature nuclear fusion reactions between the incident deuterium positive ions and the atoms that constitute the deuterium White .

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A non-limiting mode of the present invention will be described by way of example in relation to the accompanying drawings, wherein: Figure 1 shows a schematic view of a machine for producing energy by nuclear fusion reactions of according to the teachings of the present invention; Figure 2 shows a detailed section of the machine of Figure 1; Figure 3 shows a graph illustrating the production of neutrons.

BEST WAY TO CARRY OUT THE INVENTION Number 1 of Figure 1 generally indicates a machine for producing energy by low temperature nuclear fusion reactions, which are different from hypothetical "thermonuclear" reactions.

The machine 1 comprises a reaction chamber 2; a source 3 of deuterium positive ions to feed a flow of positive ions of deuterium (deuterium) to reaction chamber 2; a known pumping unit 4 for maintaining a relatively low pressure inside the reaction chamber 2, and a target housed inside the reaction chamber 2 and which is struck by the flow of deuterium positive ions fed into the reaction chamber 2 by the source 3. The reaction chamber 2 is preferably, although not necessarily, cylindrical and extends coaxially with a reference axis 6 and communicates with the source of positive ions 3 and the pumping unit 4 by means of ducts. respective connection 7 and 8, each of which is connected to the reaction chamber 2 at a respective end 2a, 2b of the reaction chamber 2. In particular, the conduit 7 connecting the reaction chamber with the source 3 is connected to the end 2a of the reaction chamber 2 so that the deuterium positive ions are fed into the reaction chamber 2. In relation to Figure 1, the reaction chamber 2 is connected to an ion accelerator device 10 to generate an electric field inside of the reaction chamber 2, in order to accelerate the flow of positive ions towards the target 5. The accelerator device 10 comprises a pair of electrodes located at two ends 2a, 2b of the reaction chamber 2 and a source of electrical energy 11 to maintain a certain difference in the electrical potential between the two electrodes. One of the electrodes, indicated as 12 is located at one end and penetrates inside the chamber 2, and the other electrode is defined by the target 5, which is housed inside the reaction chamber 2, near the end 2b of the chamber Reaction 2. In the example shown, the reaction chamber 2 is made of Pirex® glass and houses a focusing device 13 close to the target 5. The focusing device 13 is made of a metallic material and is electrically isolated from the electrode 12 and white 5 and provides the concentration of deuterium positive ion flux on target 5. More specifically, focusing device 13 is divided into two portions 13a and 13b, the first of which is oriented towards electrode 12 and it is defined by a cylindrical tubular body that extends coaxially in relation to the reference axis 6, and the second portion is oriented towards the target 5 and is defined by an ogival body coa xial to the reference axis 6 and having a through hole with an internal diameter that is much smaller than the external diameter of the cylindrical tubular body defining the portion 13a. In the example shown, source 3 of deuterium positive ions - hereinafter also referred to as "deuterium" - comprises a known tank 15 for storing deuterium gas and communicating with reaction chamber 2 via line 7, and a known ionizing unit 16 for ionizing the deuterium coming from the tank 15 in order to form the flow of deuterium positive ions to be fed into the reaction chamber 2. The source 3 of deuterium positive ions also comprises, in sequence, an ignition and shut-off valve 17, of known type, positioned along the conduit 7 to allow and cut off the supply of gaseous deuterium from the tank 15; a known device 18 for pressure reduction and a valve 19 of known type, for on and off and regulation. The reduction device 18 provides for the preservation of a specific pressure of the gaseous deuterium from the tank 15. More specifically, the ionizing unit 16 comprises an essentially cylindrical ionizing chamber 20 located along the conduit 7 and a device 21 for generating electrical oscillations. high frequency and, in turn, comprises a coil 22 of electrically conductive material wound around an ionizing chamber 20, an energy supply 23 for inducing high frequency electrical current in the coil 22, in order to generate inside the chamber ionizing means 20 an electromagnetic field capable of ionizing the gaseous deuterium coming from the tank 15. The ionizing unit 16 also comprises an ion accelerator device for generating an electric field within the ionizing chamber 20 to transport the flow of positive ions generated within the ionizing chamber 20 towards the portion of the conduit 7 that communicates with the reaction chamber 2. The accelerating device comprises a pair of electrodes 25 placed at the two opposite ends of the ionizing chamber connected to the conduit 7 and a source 26 of medium voltage electrical energy to maintain a specific adjustable difference in the electrical potential between the two electrodes 25. In the example shown, the electrode 12 is electrically connected to the electrode 25 located at the inlet of the portion of the conduit 7 connecting the ionizing chamber 20 to the reaction chamber 2. The pumping unit 4 is defined by a pair of vacuum pumps 28 of known type (a rotary pump and a diffusion pump) connected to the reaction chamber 2 via the conduit 8, by means of the interposition of an on / off valve 29, of known type , to selectively isolate the reaction chamber 2 from the pumping unit 4. With reference to Figures 1 and 2, the target 5 preferably comprises, but in a non-necessary form, a cylindrical outer jacket 30 that is essentially cup-shaped and is coaxial with the axis 6, where its cavity 30a faces the focusing device 13; and an essentially cup-shaped element 31 housed within the jacket 30 with its cavity 31a coaxial with the ee 6 and facing the focusing device 13. In the example shown, the sleeve 30 is itself an active element and is defined by a stack of alternating washers 32 of different metals (eg, copper, titanium, iron, nickel and / or other metals of similar physicochemical characteristics) held together by fasteners (not shown), such as for example longitudinal screw fasteners . The active element 31 is defined by a compact aggregate of metal salts, in turn defined by a number of powdered metal sulfates (for example copper sulfate, lithium sulfate, titanium sulfate, potassium sulfate, etc.) mixed together with the addition of catalytic elements and / or binders to improve aggregate compaction. The copper and lithium sulfates are hydrated with heavy water (D20).

Each metal salt with heavy water (D20) is obtained from a corresponding metal salt hydrated with water (H20), for example CuS04 »5H20, which is first placed in an oven at a temperature of approximately 250 ° C until all the water molecules (H20) have been removed and then placed in a silica gel dryer (of known type) where the salt is recrystallized in the presence of heavy water (D20) to obtain a corresponding metal salt hydrated with heavy water (D20), for example CuS04 «4D20. The titanium sulfate preferably, although not in a necessary form, is used as a catalyst element and a silicone or alkali metal alkylsiliconate resin dissolved in heavy water (D20) preferably, but not necessarily, used as a binder. A first possible composition of active element 31 includes: 0.278 moles CuS04 • 4D20; 1853 moles of LiSO4-0.8D20; 0.0625 moles of TiOS04; and sufficient amount of 5% ethereal solution of an alkyl polysiloxane resin with an R / Si ratio of about 1.5 to obtain a thick homogenous mixture, which is then dried in a mold at a specific temperature (about 40 ° C).

A second possible composition of the active element 31 includes: 0.125 moles of NiS04-5.6D20; 0.278 moles of CuSO4-4D20; * 1853 moles of Li2SO4-0.8D20; 0.0172 moles of K2S04; and sufficient amount of 5% ethereal solution of an alkyl polysiloxane resin with an R / Si ratio of about 1.5 to obtain a thick homogenous mixture, which is then dried in a mold at a specific temperature (about 40 ° C). A third possible composition of the active element 31 includes: 0.278 moles of CuSO4-4D20; 1853 moles of Li2SO4 »0.8D20; 0.0172 moles of K2S04; 0.125 moles of TiOS04; and sufficient amount of 5% ethereal solution of an alkyl polysiloxane resin with an R / Si ratio of about 1.5 to obtain a thick homogenous mixture, which is then dried in a mold at a specific temperature (about 40 ° C). The amount of heavy water (D20) to recrystallize metal salts CuS04, Li2S04 and NiS04 is 20% less than the stoichiometrically calculated amount, to reduce the activation time of the target 5. Referring to Figure 1, the machine 1 also comprises a device 33 (for example a thermocouple) for measuring the temperature of target 5, a device 34 for detecting and counting the emitted neutrons and a device 35 for measuring gamma-ray emissions, all of which are located near the reaction chamber 2; a device 36 for measuring the pressure inside the reaction chamber 2 and which is connected by a branch to the conduit 8 between the reaction chamber 2 and the valve 29, and a device 37 for detecting the presence of tritium in the reaction chamber 2 and which is located along the conduit 8 downstream of the pumping unit 4. The devices 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 are all of the known type and, therefore, do not require further description. The operation of the machine 1 will be described below assuming that the pumps 28 of the pumping unit 4 have already provided the pressure inside the reaction chamber 2 bringing it to extremely low values (a few thousandths of mm Hg). In actual use, when the valve 17 is opened, the gaseous deuterium flows into the conduit 7 and through the pressure reducing device 18 into the ionizing unit 16, where it is ionized to supply the chamber 52/69 of reaction 2 with a flow of deuterions. More specifically, gaseous deuterium is ionized by electromagnetic excitation by the high frequency magnetic field produced by the device 21 and transported to the reaction chamber 2 by the electric field generated by the two electrodes 25, between which a difference is maintained in electric potential of a few kilovolts. At the same time, source 11 maintains a difference in electrical potential, preferably, but not necessarily, 2 to 10 kilovolts between the electrode 12 and the target 5, so that the deuterons, once inside the reaction chamber 2, are transported to the target 5 by the electric field in the reaction chamber 2, to bombard the target 5 as shown in the graph of Figure 3, which shows the production of neutrons per second as a function of the applied acceleration voltage. Before bombarding the target 5, the flow of deuterium is fed through the focusing device 13, whereby it is concentrated in a narrow beam of deuterium, suitable for hitting the active element 31. When the deuterion beam strikes the active element 31, the device 33 detects a drop in the temperature of the target 5 and the device 36 detects a 52/69 drop in pressure inside the reaction chamber 2, these phenomena can be explained by the absorption of the incident deuterions within the active element 31 and by the subsequent catalytic disintegration of the deuteriums within the crystalline lattice of the active element 31, according to the endothermic nuclear reaction: D- Metal * n + p (-2.224MeV) where "D" indicates a deuterium atom, "n" a neutron and "P" a proton. Subsequently, the device 33 detects a sudden increase in the temperature of the target 5 (up to about 1000 ° C), while the devices 34, 35, 37 respectively detect a neutron flux. (up to 105 neutrons per second) of several orders of magnitude (3 to 5) higher than the natural flow, a high emission electromagnetic waves of different wavelengths including gamma rays and x-rays, and the production of tritium, these phenomena can be explained by the initiation of low temperature nuclear fusion reactions according to the following exothermic reactions: I) D + D > T + p + y (+ 4-M5MeV) 52/69 II) D + D- - He + n + (+3.250 MeV) where "D" indicates a deuterium atom, "T" a tritium atom, "3He" a helium-3 atom, "n" a neutron, "P" a proton and "?" the emission of gamma rays. More specifically, the exothermic reaction (I) can be the result of the following sum of reactions: Metal D- * n + p (-2.224 MeV) + • D + n > t + y (+6.239 MeV) = D + D > T + p + y (+ 4.015MeV); and the exothermic reaction (II) is the result of the following sum of reactions: Metal D- - »n + p (-2.224 MeV) + D + p > He + y (+5,414 MeV) = D + D > 3 He + n + y (+3,250 MeV).

As the exothermic reaction (I) involves the production of tritium, an additional low-temperature nuclear fusion reaction can be initiated according to the following exothermic reaction: III) D + T > He + n (+ n.6MeV), where "D" indicates a deuterium atom, "T" an atom of 52/69 tritium, "4He" a helium-4 atom and "n" a neutron. In view of the large amount of energy produced, the exothermic reaction (III) may be responsible for the sudden increase in the temperature of the target 5 (during the experiments, the target 5 reaches temperatures of around 1000 ° C). Given the heterogeneous composition of the active element 31 other low temperature nuclear fusion reactions can take place, for example: Deuterium + Deuterium * > Helium-4 Deuterium + proton > Helium-3 + photon Deuterium + neutron range * Tritium + photon range Lithium-6 + neutron "> Tritium + Helium-4 Lithium-7 + neutron> Tritium + Helium-4 + Lithium-7 neutron + proton * Beryllium- * - Copper range photon + gamma photon> Radioactive copper + Titanium neutron + neutron> Radioactive titanium + photon Potassium range + neutron * Radioactive potassium + 2 neutrons Beryllium-9 + proton * &Beryllium-8 + deuterium During the operation, the experiments showed that a reduction in the electrical potential difference between the electrode 12 and the target 5 immediately after the rapid increase in temperature, assimilable with the However, at the beginning of the nuclear fusion reactions, it does not result in a proportional reduction in the neutron flux (a reduction in the potential of 5 to 3 kilovolts resulted in a reduction of approximately 25% in the number of neutrons emitted by unit of time). The method according to the present invention therefore comprises feeding a flow of positive ions of deuterium to a reaction chamber 2 which houses a target 5 having deuterium atoms in its crystal lattice. Subsequently, the method provides the transport of the flow of positive deuterium ions entering the reaction chamber 2 towards the target 5, so that the flow of deuterium positive ions hits the target 5 to produce the nuclear fusion reactions between the two. incident deuterium positive ions and some of the atoms constituting the target 5. More specifically, the step of transporting deuterium positive ions to target 5 comprises accelerating the flow of deuterium positive ions by means of an electric field and focusing the flow of the deuterium positive ions towards a concentrated beam before impact with the target 5. In the example shown, the step of feeding the flow of positive ions of deuterium to the reaction chamber 2 comprises extracting deuterium atoms in the form 52/69 gaseous from tank 15, the subsequent ionization of the deuterium atoms to produce the flow of deuterium positive ions to supply them to the reaction chamber 2. Obviously, changes can be made to the method and machine 1 described in illustrate in the present, without thereby departing from the spirit of the present invention. 52/69

Claims (16)

1. CLAIMS i 1. A method for producing energy by means of nuclear fusion reactions comprising the steps of: feeding a flow of positive ions of deuterium to a reaction chamber containing a target, the target comprises at least one active element, the element Active is made of a material that has a crystal lattice and deuterium atoms in its crystal lattice; and - transport, within the reaction chamber, the flow of positive deuterium ions to the target, so that the flow of deuterium positive ions hits the target to produce the nuclear fusion reactions between the deuterium positive ions incident. and some of the atoms that make up the active element of the target.
2. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the step of transporting deuterium positive ions to the target comprises accelerating the flow of deuterium positive ions by means of an electric field. A method according to claim 1 and / or 2, wherein the step of transporting deuterium positive ions to the target comprises focusing the flow of deuterium positive ions towards a concentrated beam before 52/69 to hit the target. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the step of feeding the flow of positive deuterium ions into the reaction chamber comprises extracting deuterium atoms from the tank and subsequently ionizing the deuterium atoms to produce the flow of deuterium atoms. Deuterium positive ions. 5. a machine for producing energy by nuclear fusion reactions, characterized in that it comprises a reaction chamber, a target housed inside the reaction chamber, a source of deuterium positive ions that communicates with the reaction chamber, and a unit of pumping which communicates with the reaction chamber to maintain a vacuum therein, the target comprises at least one active element, the active element is made of a material having a crystal lattice and deuterium atoms in its crystalline lattice , and the source of deuterium positive ions feeds a flow of positive deuterium ions into the reaction chamber, so that the flow of deuterium positive ions hits the at least one active element of the target to produce nuclear fusion reactions between the positive deuterium ions incident and the atoms that constitute the target itself. 6. A machine according to claim 5, 52/69 characterized in that the reaction chamber comprises an accelerating medium for transporting the flow of positive ions of deuterium against the target and accelerating the deuterium positive ions. A machine according to claim 6, characterized in that the accelerating means comprises at least two electrodes housed inside the reaction chamber, and a source of electric power to maintain in any way a variable difference in the electric potential between the two electrodes , one of the two electrodes is defined by the target. A machine according to any of the preceding claims 5 to 7, characterized in that the reaction chamber comprises a focusing device through which the flow of positive deuterium ions travels to hit the target, the focusing device focuses on the flow of positive ions of deuterium to form a concentrated beam of deuterium positive ions. 9. A machine according to any of claims 5 to 8, characterized in that the target comprises an outer jacket that is essentially cup-shaped and has its cavity oriented towards the focusing device, the at least one active element is housed within the outer jacket and has essentially cup-shaped and its cavity is oriented 52/69 towards the focusing device; the active element is hit by the concentrated beam of deuterium positive ions. 10. A machine according to claim 9, characterized in that the outer jacket is made of metallic material. 11. A machine according to claim 10, characterized in that the external jacket is defined by a stack of alternating washers made of different metallic materials and held together by a fastening means. 12. A machine according to claim 9, characterized in that the active element is defined by an aggregate comprising metal salts. A machine according to claim 12, characterized in that some of the metal salts belong to the class of sulfates comprising ferrous sulfate, nickel sulfate, titanium sulfate and potassium sulfate. 14. A machine according to claim 12, characterized in that the metal salts are selected from copper sulphate and lithium sulphate, the sulfate is hydrated with heavy water. 15. A machine according to claim 9, characterized in that the active element material is 52/69 able, when struck with a flow of deuterium ions, to absorb deuterium positive ions and start an endothermic reaction with deuterium positive ions. 16. A machine according to claim 5, characterized in that the source of deuterium positive ions comprises a tank containing deuterium atoms in gaseous form for delivery to the reaction chamber, and an ionizing unit interposed between the tank and the reaction chamber in order to ionize the deuterium atoms in order to supply them to the reaction chamber in the form of deuterium positive ion flux. 52/69