MXPA99008494A - Resistant container to ni - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a child-resistant container, characterized in that it comprises: a base having an edge extending along a lateral projection, a cover having an edge extending along a lateral projection, a hinge integrally connecting the cover to the base along the lateral projections of the base and the cover opposite the edges, and wherein the edge of the cover and the edge of the base make butt contact between each other when the base and cover are in the closed position and have outer edges that are generally level with each other when the base and cover are closed, and where the edges have cooperative recesses, one on each side of the edges, which are offset from each other longitudinally. of the edges when the base and the cover are closed in such a way that the recess of the edge of the base provides access to a facing edge surface faced ia at the edge of the base and the cover edge recess provides access to a surface of the edge of the base facing the edge of the cover, first and second bolt means located on each of the longitudinally opposite ends of the base and the cover, and wherein the base and cover are each rectangular in shape and generally coextensive with each other when the base and cover are closed together, and wherein the lock means are located adjacent to the corners of the container that are closest to each other. to the aforementioned edges, and wherein each of the first and second lock means comprises an elastic finger integrally attached at one end to the base, and an opening in the cover in exact correspondence with the elastic finger in the closed condition of the container, the elastic finger has a tang end projecting upward at least generally level with the outer surface of the cover, each finger also has a tapered cam joining edge facing away from the container and a catch projection adapted to cooperate with a cover engaging portion that defines a portion of the opening and operative so that is coupled by the finger catch projection, the engaging portion and an opposite projection of the cover opening which is spaced only at a distance to allow sufficient oscillating movement of the free end of the finger to make it possible to disengage it from the portion of engagement of the cover so that the end of the pin of the finger is operative to block by this the access of the tip of the finger to the opposite projection of the opening of the cover when the elastic finger is oscillated to the unlocking position

Description

RESISTANT CONTAINER FOR CHILDREN Field of the Invention This invention relates to containers or boxes of the type that can be held by hand, for storing articles such as packages of bubble pack medicine tablets.

Background of the Invention The use of child resistant packaging is well known in the art and is used for many different types of articles. Such packaging is used primarily for those products that present a potential risk in the hands of children - that is, drugs, and the like, as well as potentially less harmful but difficult to handle content, such as the compact ingredients of cosmetics. Many pharmaceutical products are packaged in the form of pills or tablets sealed in bubble packs. A container for storage and distribution of tablets from a bubble pack has a low dimensional ratio, typically of a rectangular profile and Ref. 031351 generally, for reasons of convenience, is of a size that can be handled by hand. The same is true if the container is to be used as a compact cosmetic case. In the design of child resistant packaging, it is also important that the package can be opened without undue difficulty by the average consumer for whom the product is proposed, and particularly for the elderly. Therefore the package which is based on a certain amount of force to open, is often counterproductive because the interested end user may find it difficult or impossible to open such a package. Additionally, the elderly often find it difficult to open the bubble packages to access the tablets enclosed in them. Accordingly, the containers and dispensers for the tablets may have the floor of the container open, and the container designed to receive a packet of multiple bubble pill in exact correspondence with the openings. This makes it possible to distribute the individual tablets from their individual bubble packing compartments by pushing down from above to thereby break the thin barrier film provided on the underside of the bubble pack and thereby eject the bubble. tablet through the hole in the associated bottom wall of the container. The base of the container therefore has a plurality of holes that conform to the spacing and size of the individual bubble pack and the compartments of the bubble pack. Typically, such containers are designed with a base and a cover connected thereto along an edge by an articulated structure, and are additionally provided with closure systems in which various types of pins or bolts require the application of predetermined forces using the fingers of two hands, either simultaneously or successively in a coordinated manner, which makes the container difficult for children to open. Examples of such structures in the prior art are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,219,116; 5,275,291; 5,346,069; and 5,740,938, as well as many of the references cited as the prior art therein.

Objects of the Invention Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved child resistant container for use with a tablet or compact case, and an improved method of storing and distributing a number of different items, as such container or package in which a substantial amount of force is not required to open the package and still an improved feature of child resistant closure is provided. Another object is to provide an improved, child-resistant container of the aforementioned character, which is simple in its construction and design and therefore is easily adaptable for the injection molding of the plastic material as a one-piece product., which is easily adaptable to be made as a self-dispensing package for a pharmaceutical packaged in bubble pack, and where, if desired, only two releasable fixing locks need to be provided in the container construction and still the container it can not be easily opened unless the fingers of both hands are used to operate the locks and force the packing by leverage.

Brief Description of the Invention In general, and by way of summary description and not by way of limitation, the invention achieves the foregoing objects and others providing, in a preferred embodiment, an improved child resistant container, in the form of a compact case or tablet case of a one-piece molded plastic construction, composed of a generally flat rectangular base and an upper deck part interconnected by an integral "active" hinge or joint. The base and the upper part of each have an edge protrusion extending at least along the front edge of the base and the top, that is, the edge away from the hinge or joint. Each projection has an arched recess, and these recesses are mutually offset from each other when the case is closed with the projections resting against each other. Consequently, a thumb can be placed in the recess of the upper overhang of the cover, and the tip of the index finger in the recess of the base protrusion, and then manipulated oppositely to apply a levering force to the protrusions and by consequently to open the compact case easily. However, due to the decentering of the projections one relative to the other, only one or the other of the recesses is visible when the case is viewed from the upper or lower sides. Therefore, this way of opening the case is not easily apparent to an infant or child, but it is very easy for an elderly or weak adult to understand and use it for opening the compact case only by the touch of the fingers. In addition, the base has a pair of elastic fingers placed on the opposite sides laterally near the front edge of the base, which are laterally aligned with each other. These fingers protrude upwardly from the bottom wall of the base of a cantilevered beam mode so that the upper ends are formed as bolts or bolts and end up generally level with the outer top wall of the roof top. The upper part has a cooperative pair of cavities or receptacles that receive the ends of the tang of the elastic fingers in the closed condition of the case. The outer edges of these cavities or receptacles form the shock portion of a bolt system. The internal edges of these cavities or receptacles are spaced a given distance from the engabatch portion to allow only a sufficient oscillating movement of the free end of the fingers to make it possible to disengage the finger pin from the latch portion of the aperture. associated superior To open the case, a hand pressure must be applied with one hand simultaneously to both of the elastic fingers to move them to a disengaged condition, and then to retain them in this condition while, simultaneously, with the other hand a pressure of lifting with lever to the two projections of the front edge in the aforementioned off-center recesses. This two-handed operation resists opening by a child because of its complex coordination requirement. In addition, preferably the two elastic fingers are spaced apart at a distance of at least 7.62 cm to 10.16 cm (three to four inches) so as to exceed the normal extension between the thumb and the middle finger of an infant. The protrusion of the free end of the elastic finger flush with the top cover also serves as a barrier to prevent lifting the cover using a finger nail to hold the innermost edge of the cavity or socket openings on the top of the cover . Preferably, a tablet case according to the preferred embodiment leads by itself to be constructed as a bubble type dispenser. For this purpose, an array or network of holes or openings is provided in the base of the case, which are sized to conform to the size and spacing of the bubble pack compartments individually containing the items that are to be delivered from the bubble pack. The case is sized so that the insertion of the bubble pack remains in an appropriately oriented location so that when a tablet is to be dispensed, the case is opened and the pressure is applied to a tablet so that the seal of the tablet is broken. plastic of the bottom of the bubble pack, whereby the tablet is pushed through the opening in the lower wall of the corresponding case which is in exact correspondence with such tablet in a bubble pack. If desired, a third bolt system can be added to the rim flanges of a conventional quick hitch type.

Brief Description of the Drawings The foregoing objects, features and advantages, as well as additional ones, of the present invention, will become apparent from the following detailed description of a preferred but exemplary embodiment of the best mode currently contemplated for carrying out the invention, starting from the appended claims and with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: Figure 1 is a top plan view of a preferred but exemplary embodiment of a container of the downstream pressure distribution type of the bubble pack tablets; resistant to children, of the invention, shown with the upper part of the container cover turned back to a fully open position relative to the base of the container; Figure 2 is a front elevation view of the container as shown in Figure 1; Figure 3 is a top plan view of the container of Figures 1 and 2 with the roof top closed down and secured with locks on the base; Figure 4 is a front elevation view of the container in the closed condition of Figure 3; Figure 5 is an extreme elevation view of the container in the closed condition of Figures 3 and 4, and Figures 6 and 7 are fragmentary cross-sectional views taken respectively on lines 6-6 of Figures 5 and 7-7. of Figure 4.

Detailed Description of the Preferred Modalities Referring now more particularly to the drawings, a preferred but exemplary embodiment of the construction of the child resistant container according to the invention is generally designated as in Figures 1 to 7. The container 10 is preferably sized to be fastened with the hand conveniently and is of a one-piece molded plastic construction, adapted for mass production using conventional plastic injection molding processes and apparatuses. The container 10 includes a base 12 and an upper part or cover 14 with these two main components which are interconnected by an integral "active" elastic hinge or hinge 16 designed to flexibly deflect the cover to the open position in a flexible manner. Figure 1. As is evident from the views of Figures 1 to 5, the container 10 is preferably rectangular profile or outline in plan and elevation views and of relatively shallow depth so that it has a low dimensional ratio of convenient use as a tablet case or a compact case of the type that can be held by hand. The base 12 has a flat bottom wall 18 with a four-sided peripheral wall 20 that rises integrally therefrom and terminates on all four sides in a coplanar peripheral upper edge 22. According to a feature of the invention, the edge 22 is enlarged along the front edge of the base 12 to form an edge 24 of the closing projection. An edge 26 of the casing closing projection is formed along the front edge of the cover 14 which, in the closed condition of the container, is adapted to rest flat against and which is generally coextensive with the edge 24 of the base . The closing edges 24 and 26 each have an arched recess 28 and 30 respectively, which are offset laterally completely out of register with each other when the case or container is closed (Figures 3 and 4). Accordingly, a thumb of a well-informed adult can be placed in a recess 30 of the cover edge to support a base edge 24 while the tip of an index finger of the same hand can be placed in the recess 28 of the edge of the base. the base to rest on top of an edge 26 of the cover to lift with a lever by means of this, the compact case 10 open. However, the cover edge 26 hides the recess 28 at the edge 24 of the base when the container 10 is closed, when it is generally observed from above, and vice versa. The cover 14 is releasably but surely secured against the base 12 by a pair of bolts 32 and 34 one on each of the laterally opposite sides of the container 10. Each bolt 32, 34 comprises an elastic finger of the bolt and a hook of the cooperative fastener oriented to align with each other in the closed condition of the container. As best seen in Figures 1, 5 and 6, each bolt 32 and 34 thus comprises an elastic finger 36 and 38 respectively, which is formed integrally (ie, molded in one piece) with the base 12. Each bolt 32 and 34 also includes a cooperative receptacle opening 40 and 42 suitably suitably formed in the cover 14 such that the end 44 of the tang of each elastic finger 36, 38 protrudes towards the opening 40, 42 in the closed position of the container. (Figures 3, 5 and 6). The elastic fingers 36 and 38 are integrally cantilevered from the bottom base wall 18, are elastic and are designed to be lightly tensioned when the edge 46 of the nail or fin (Figure 6) of each finger pin 44 is fixed with a bolt on a portion of the hook 48 of the cooperative bolt, of the peripheral side wall 50 of the cover 14 whose engager portion 48 extends through the associated receptacle opening 40, 42 as best seen in the Figures 3, 5 and 6. The surface 52 of the facing edge facing out (Figure 6) of each pin 44 of the finger is angled to provide a joining action with a cam for deflecting the associated inward elastic finger when the cover 14 is being completely closed and the sear engagement 48 is consequently reaching the surface 52 of the spike. Preferably, the upper edge 54 of each pin 44 of the finger is dimensioned to be oriented substantially flush with the upper external surface 57 (Figure 6) of the flat top wall 56 of the cover 14 in the closed condition with the container lock 10. When constructed and oriented like this, the spigot 44 provides a barrier obstruction to the uppermost inner edge 60 of each receptacle opening 40, 42 of the wall, when the resilient holding finger 36, 38 is displaced away from the engager 48. , which prevents a tip of the finger from grasping the edge 60 and by means of this open the cover 14 by means of leverage. Also, for this purpose, each edge 60 is off-center (as seen in the plane of Figure 6 of the drawings). ) from the inner edge of the associated engaging portion 48, a distance only sufficient to provide a sufficient swelling space only for the end 44 of the pin of each elastic finger, to make possible a movement of hook and operative disengagement of the same. According to another feature of the present invention, to open the cover 14 when it is in its closed, bolted position, it is necessary (1) to apply an inward pressure to both of the elastic fingers 36 and 38 to flex them toward each other to that both disengage from their respective detent latches 48, and (2) simultaneously apply the opening pressure by leverage, opposite, to edges 24 and 26. That is, a thumb and typically the middle finger of a hand could be used to support respectively against, and tighten towards one another, the portions 44 of the upper pin of the elastic fingers 36 and 38, while the thumb and the index finger of the other hand must be inserted respectively into the recesses 30 and 28 of the edges 26 and 24 to apply a distance pressure by means of an opposite lever on these edges. It is also necessary to keep the capture edge 46 of the elastic finger pin free or clear of the associated hook portion 48 until the cover 14 has been opened by leverage sufficiently to clear the capture edge 46 of the elastic finger . OtherwiseIf the clamping pressure on the spring fingers is released prematurely, the upper part 14 will remain closed by means of bolts. On the other hand, if the elastic fingers 36 and 38 are not pressed towards each other, when the opening forces by leverage are being applied to the edges 24 and 26, the container can not be opened either because the fixed coupling with locks of the elastic fingers individually with its hook of the associated sear. It will be noted that the above sequence and the container opening handling procedure require a particular two-handed operation which strongly resists opening by an infant or child. The preferred orientation of the upper edge 54 of each projecting elastic finger at least flush with the upper surface 57 of the cover wall 56 also ensures that the cover 14 can not be lifted using the fingertips to hold the edges 60 of the openings 40 and 42 after pressing the fingers towards each other until the unhooked condition, while the other hand is kept clear or away from the container, ie, an opening operation of one hand is also largely avoided in this way . It will also be understood that the container 10 is preferably dimensioned in such a way that the elastic fingers 36 and 38 are spaced far enough apart (preferably of the order of 7.62 cm (3 inches) or more, for example, approximately 9.14 cm (3.60 inches). in the illustrated mode) so that the space between them exceeds the maximum achievable obtainable between the thumb and the longest finger of at least the majority of infants and toddlers. This further disables the opening by an infant to be added consequently to the child resistant character of the container 10. In the unlikely event that such a child could use one hand to flex one elastic finger inward, and the other hand to flex simultaneously the another finger inward, this would leave no hand available to apply the opening action by leverage along the front edges 26 and 24. As an additional embodiment, a snap lock is included (not shown) which may be located on the front of the container as a third bolt for additionally securing the cover 14 to the base 12, and consequently working together as a system with the bolts 32 and 34 on the sides of the container. The quick-disconnect and locking tab of the lock can be located on the edges of the upper or lower body respectively, or vice versa. Such a third edge lock system is therefore operable to prevent opening of the compact case 10 in the case of the simultaneous release of both locks 36 and 38 using the thumb and the index finger of each hand because of the joint fixation with additional locks, of the edges 24 and 26 by such third construction of quick disconnect bolt, conventional. With this additional bolt provided along the front edge of the compact case, the front edge can not be opened by leverage because both hands in this unlikely situation could be simultaneously engaged in disengaging the fingers of both bolts 36 and 38 in the company of an attempt to raise the cover 14 open in these lateral locations. Such a protrusion on one edge and a quick release receptacle or recess on the other edge seated to press-close together can be located laterally centered between the recesses 28 and 30. Such a quick-release latch and lug construction is shown for example, in the US Patent No. 4,219,116, incorporating the same here for reference in its entirety. As best seen in Figures 1 and 7, the container 10 is well adapted for use in the storage of a package of bubbles of tablets that are to be distributed through corresponding openings provided in the lower wall of the base 12 of the container. Accordingly, a predetermined plurality of holes or openings 61 can be provided in an array or network of configurations, such as that shown in Figure 1, in the lower wall 18 of the base 12 designed to correspond individually with the tablets 62 (Figure 1). 7) individually contained within compartments 64 of the associated bubble pack of a typical bubble pack 66. The bubble pack of the tablets 66 to be dispensed can be placed flat within the base 12 and retained in the container. same by four lugs 70, 72, 74 and 76 (Figures 1 and 7). When a tablet 62 is to be dispensed, the compact case 10 is opened and pressure is applied to a tablet from above to break open the lower cover sheet of the bubble pack construction so as to make it possible for one tablet is pushed through the opening 61 of the associated lower wall which is in exact correspondence with that particular tablet in the bubble pack. It will be noted from the foregoing description that all of the structural features of the container 10 are adapted to be serially produced economically by conventional injection molding processes wherein the complete container 10 is integrally formed, i.e., made in one piece during the molding process, from a suitable thermoplastic material. Furthermore, the container according to the present invention has the advantage of being resistant to children, while at the same time, however, it can be easily opened by an adult, even by a weak and / or elderly adult. An additional advantage of the containers embodying the principles of this invention is that the proposed adult users of the container can obtain access conveniently and without frustration. The tumblers 32 and 34 of the container do not require the use of force or dexterity to be activated because this child-resistant feature relies on the simultaneous activation of the bolts instead of resisting the force of the fingers that make them a leverage force, of a child. In addition, recesses 28 and 30 for the opening by leverage of the front edges facilitates, for an adult, the opening action by leveraging the container with the thumb and finger of one hand while two fingers of the other hand are holding or retaining locks 32 and 34 in their release mode. The present invention therefore allows access to the medicament so that those persons most inhibited by the lack of strength, dexterity and / or vision, obtain such access.

It is noted that in relation to this date the best method known by the applicant to carry out the aforementioned invention, is that which is clear from the present description of the invention.

Having described the invention as above, property is claimed as contained in the following

Claims (8)

1. A child-resistant container, characterized in that it comprises: a base having an edge extending along a lateral projection, a cover having an edge extending along a lateral projection, a hinge integrally joining the cover at the base along the lateral projections of the base and the cover opposite the edges, and wherein the edge of the cover and the edge of the base make butt contact with each other coextensively when the base and cover they are in the closed position and have external edges which are generally level with each other when the base and cover are closed, and wherein the edges have cooperative recesses, one on each side of the edges, which are offset from each other longitudinally of the edges. edges when the base and the cover are closed in such a way that the recess of the edge of the base provides access to a surface of the facing edge facing towards the edge of the base and the recess of the cover edge provides access to a surface of the edge of the base facing the edge of the cover, first and second bolt means located on each of the longitudinally opposite ends of the base and the cover, and wherein the base and the cover are each rectangular in shape and generally coextensive with each other when the base and the cover are closed together, and wherein the bolt means are located adjacent the corners of the container that are closest to the edges mentioned above, and wherein each of the first and second lock means comprises an elastic finger integrally attached at one end to the base, and an opening in the cover in exact correspondence with the elastic finger in the closed condition of the container, the elastic finger has a spigot end projecting upwards at least generally level with the outer surface of the cover, each ded or it also has a tapered cam joining edge facing away from the container and a capture projection adapted to cooperate with a cover engaging portion defining a portion of the opening and operative to be engaged by the finger catching projection, the engaging portion and an opposite projection of the cover opening which is spaced only at a distance to allow sufficient oscillating movement of the free end of the finger to make it possible to disengage it from the engaging portion of the cover so that the end of the pin of the finger is operative to thereby lock the access of the tip of the finger to the opposite projection of the opening of the cover when the elastic finger is oscillatingly moved to the release position. .

2. The container according to claim 1, characterized in that the edges are additionally provided with third corresponding quick-opening latch means.

3. The container according to claim 1 or 2, adapted to contain a bubble pack of the type containing a plurality of compartments of the bubble pack, closed, spaced, each of the compartments of the bubble pack, closed, contain an article small, the bubble pack has a lower surface of the bubble pack through which the small article is normally distributed, the lower surface of the bubble pack is placed when in use in the container on a lower wall of the base, the container has a plurality of article distribution holes formed in the bottom wall of the base and which are sized to conform to the size and spacing of the bubble pack compartments, whereby, when a portion of a lower surface of the package of bubbles for one of the compartments of the bubble pack is perforated with the article for Forcing the small article through a dispensing orifice of the corresponding article, the small article in the bubble pack compartment can be distributed by means of this through the dispensing orifice of the corresponding article by applying a finger pressure on a top part of the first compartment of the bubble pack.

4. The container according to claim 3, characterized in that the edges are additionally provided with third corresponding quick-opening bolt means.

5. A method of storing and containing articles in a container of the hand-held type, which makes articles generally inaccessible to children, characterized in that it comprises the steps of: a) providing a base having an edge that is extends along a lateral projection, b) provides a cover having an edge extending along a lateral projection, c) providing a hinge integrally connecting the cover to the base along the lateral projections of the base and the cover opposite the edges, d) construct the edges so that they make butt contact with each other coextensively when the base and cover are closed and so that they have external projections that are generally level with each other, and provide the edges with cooperative recesses, one on each of the edges, which are dimensioned for the insertion of the tip of the thumb and the tip of a finger of an adult person, and n offset from each other longitudinally of the edges when the base and the cover are closed, e) provide first and second bolt means located one on each of the longitudinally opposite ends of the base and the cover, f) construct the base and the each covering a rectangular configuration and generally coextensive with each other when the base and cover are closed together, and locating the first and second bolt means adjacent to the corners of the container that are closest to the edges mentioned above, and g) providing each of the first and second locking means in the form of an elastic finger integrally attached at one end to the base, and providing an opening in the cover in exact correspondence with the elastic finger in the closed condition of the container, the elastic finger has a tang end projecting upwards at least generally in a level manner with the extern surface a of the cover and having a facing edge facing away from the container and a capture projection adapted to cooperate with a cover engaging portion defining a portion of the opening and operable to be engaged by the finger catch projection , the engaging portion and an opposite projection of the cover opening are spaced apart only at a distance that allows sufficient oscillating movement of the free end of the finger to make it possible to disengage it from the engaging portion of the cover so that the end of the pin of the finger is operable by means of this to block access to the opposite projection of the cover opening when the elastic finger is oscillatingly moved to its disengaging position.

6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that the edges are additionally provided with corresponding, fast-opening third locking means.

7. The method according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that it comprises the additional step of providing the container with a bubble package housed therein and containing a plurality of compartments of the bubble pack, closed, spaced, each of the enclosed bubble pack compartments contain a small article, provide for the packaging of bubbles with a lower surface of the bubble pack through which the small article is normally distributed, place the lower surface of the bubble pack in the container on a lower wall of the base, provide a plurality of orifices distributing the articles in the lower wall of the base, sized to conform to the size and spacing of the compartments of the bubble pack, thereby, when a portion of the lower surface of the bubble pack for one of the compartments of the bubble pack is pierced with the article to force the small article through a dispensing orifice of the corresponding article, the small article in the first compartment of the Bubble packing can be distributed by means of this through the dispensing orifice of the corresponding article by applying a finger pressure on an upper part of the first compartment of the bubble pack.

8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that the edges are additionally provided with third corresponding quick-opening bolt means. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a compact case or tablet case, child-resistant, of a molded plastic construction in one piece, composed of a generally flat rectangular base and a cover top interconnected by an integral "active" hinge . A pair of projections of the matching or corresponding edge extend each along the front protrusions of the base and the upper part, that is, the edges away from the hinge. Each projection has an arched recess, and these recesses are mutually offset from each other laterally of the case when it is closed with the projections resting against each other. Placing one thumb in a recess, and the tip of the index finger in the other recess, an opening force can be applied by leverage to easily open the case. Since only one recess is visible when viewing the case from the top or the bottom, this way of opening the case is not easily apparent to an infant or child, but it is very easy for a weak or elderly adult to understand and use to open the compact case only by the touch of the fingers. Further, the base has a pair of resilient gripping fingers placed one on each of the opposite sides laterally near the front projection of the base and protruding upwardly from the bottom wall of the base of a cantilevered beam mode. The upper part has a cooperative pair of recesses or cavities that receive the ends of the tang of the bolt, free of the elastic fingers, to make them accessible to the outside in the closed condition of the case. The outer edges of these recesses or cavities form the engaging portion of the bolt system. To open the case, one hand pressure should be applied simultaneously to both of the ends of the elastic finger pin to move them to a disengaged condition, and then keep them in this condition while, also simultaneously, with the other hand an opening pressure by means of leverage is applied to the two projections of the front edge in the off-center recesses mentioned above. This two-handed operation additionally resists opening by a child because of its complex two-hand coordination coordination requirement.