MXPA99007233A - Electronic method for controlling charged particles to obtain optimum electrokinetic behavior - Google Patents

Abstract

An electronic method is described whereby the applied electromotive force optimizes the electrokinetic behavior of charged particles to match closely the natural electrical response and physical structure of the system. The method shapes the electromotive force's amplitude and frequency to normalize the relative interactions between the charged particles and the physical structure. An injection means (1) allows this method to be applied to a broad base of physical, biological, and electrochemical processes that depend on the electrokinetic behavior of charged particles. The method can effectively utilize the reactive energy or amplification occurring at natural system resonance to enhance the performance of the system without an increase in the applied power. In an electrochemical process the method provides an optimized mass transport perturbation, including the electrical double layer, that is perpendicular to the electrodes. Further, a battery module (52) isdisclosed using this method to control and improve performance in electrolytic, galvanic, and storage modes of operation. Advantages of this method include less energy consumption, better material utilization, tighter process control, simpler circuitry, lower cost, longer operational life, and higher process throughput.

Description

ELECTRONIC METHOD FOR CONTROLLING LOADED PARTICLES AND OBTAINING A BEHAVIOR OPTIMAL ELECTROCINETICS FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to physical, biological and electrochemical processes that depend on the electrokinetic behavior of charged particles and, in particular, to an improved method for controlling the electrokinetic behavior in such processes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a perspective projection of the applied emf or electromotive force and the resultant displacement of the charged particle versus time, illustrating a preferred embodiment of the invention; Figures 2A and 2B illustrate the waveforms for the applied electromotive force and the resultant displacement of the charged particle with and without DC compensation (direct or continuous current); Figures 3A and 3B illustrate the electromotive force and the waveforms resulting from the displacement, when the oscillation frequency is changed; Figure 4 is a projection used to illustrate the three different concepts of reactive amplification that occurs in the resonance of the system, the damping effect on the transient response of the circuit and the ability to manipulate the peak amplitude of the injected signal; Figure 5 illustrates two modalities of emf of alternative waveforms and shows both with positive and negative CD compensation; Figure 6 is a block diagram of the system illustrating the essential elements of the invention; Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of a simplified system of a preferred embodiment of this invention; Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of a simplified system, illustrating a preferred alternative embodiment; Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of a simplified system of a third preferred alternative embodiment of the invention; Figure 10 is a simplified schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of the invention; Figure 11 is a perspective drawing illustrating the dynamic nature of the electric double layer at the junction of the solid-solution and the resulting potential gradient; Figure 12 is a perspective drawing of Brownian movement of charged particles, with and without an applied CD field; Figure 13 is a perspective projection of activation overpotential versus distance from the surface, to illustrate the influence of transient concentrations on the reaction regime; Figure 14 is a perspective projection of the surface charge density versus the activation overpotential, to illustrate the influence of the transient concentrations on the surface charge density, - Figure 15 is a projection of the current versus the displacement of ions , representative of the pulsed CD methods typical in many processes of the prior art; Figure 16 is a projection. -operating the preferred waveform and the resulting displacement versus the displacement of an effective force .. '-r--' z of equivalent CD; Figure 17 is a comparative projection of the preferred waveform versus the pulsed CS waveform (step function), described in the prior art, illustrating the loss of energy resulting from DC; Figure 18 provides a projection of a waveform of the emf of an alternative embodiment for high current applications; Figures 19A and 19B illustrate the electrokinetic behavior of electrons fluorescent and phosphorescent, Figures 20A and 20B illustrate the structure of a parallel plate capacitor, dielectric polarization, and dielectric loss of the application of a alternative champion, Figure < 21 is a projection of impedance versus frequency for various types of battery systems; Figures 22A and 22B are perspective drawings illustrating the mass transport flow in a parallel plane electrode system, used to compare the prior art with the advantages of this invention; Figure 23 is a perspective illustration of a porous electrode, to illustrate the disadvantages of using CD electromotive forces and the advantages of this invention; Figure 24A is an equivalent circuit for an electrochemical cell and illustrates the classical view of a static cell with a CD field applied, as described in the prior art; Figure 24B is an improved equivalent circuit for an electrochemical cell, illustrating the dynamic electrokinetic behavior of the cell, when operated as described in this invention; and Figure 25 illustrates the effect of the waveform of the preferred embodiment on the double layer electric capacitor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The Faraday Law of Electrolysis explains how the amount of the chemical change produced by the passage of an electric current is proportional to the total amount of the electric charge. Even the equation uc Tar ^ y gives only a theoretical value for mass loading. This discrepancy is measured primarily because some load is consumed in parasitic processes. A key to the regimes of the electrochemical reaction is the ability to manipulate an additional electrical potential, which results in much greater control of the reaction process. A change of one volt on the surface of the electrode may result - an eighth order increase in the reaction rate. The Butler-Volmer equation expresses the cinéc Cc "" electrode by comparing the ratio of current overpotential to the exchange current density and the anode and cathode transfer coefficients. For large overpotential values, a simplification of the Butler-Volmer equation results in the Tafel equation: The Tafel equation can be solved directly to find the density i of the current and the activation or overpotential ?? The term i0 is the exchange current, aa is the uc-anoference coefficient of the anode, F is the Faraday constant, R is the universal constant of the gases and T is the in Kelvin. The potential developed through the cell is equal to: V =? S. { anode) +? c (anode) + IR -? c (cathode) -? s (cathode) The term? c is the concentration overpotential and the term IR represents the ohmic losses. The cathode overpotentials are negative by convention, so the five components are added to define the potential through the cell. The five elements are not a source of energy and represent losses. The reaction regime is dominated by the overpotential that results from the occurrence of an electric double layer structure, which occurs at the solid-liquid interface (surface-solution). This double electric layer or double layer acts as a capacitor in parallel with the reaction process. Liaison to > _- "ivation or surface superpotential acts to prevent the electric field that is driven by the reaction regime. The overpotential of activation is a loss of parasitic energy and results in the production of heat. Historically, electrochemical systems have been supplied with DC voltages and currents. The impulse of the reaction with CD, whether continuous or pulsed, also means that a significant portion of the energy is consumed by charging the double layer. Stern described the double layer electr structure as two double layers, one motionless near the surface and the other a diffuse region that extends into the solution. Frumkin added a correction to Stern's model to account for changes in the double layer structure, caused by localized variations in the concentration of reactants and reaction products. Stern described the capacitance of the two double layers as two capacitors connected in series. The capacitance of the inner layer or of Helmholtz designates as Ch and the diffuse or Gouy-Chapman layer is designated as -ge • The result of this arrangement is that the smaller capacitance dominates the effective capacitance Cs (Stern capacitor) of the double layer structure, cor equation: Ch -ge Figure 24B illustrates the configuration of the electrical circuit. When the Helmholtz region is highly concentrated, Cgc is large compared to C, so the effective capacitance Cs is approximately equal to Ch. With a diluted concentration, Cs will be approximately equal to Cgc. Figure 11 illustrates the theoretical physical arrangement of the double layer in an active union of the left-solution. Two lines are drawn in Figure 11 and labeled by convention as IHP for the internal Helirnoltz plane and OHP for the external Helmholtz plane. The distance from the surface to the IHP is approximately one nanometer (nm) and the distance from the surface? 1 OHP is approximately 3 nm. The typical capacitance developed on this region can be between 10 μF / cm2 and 50 μF / cm2.

If the potential across the IHP (1 nm) is 100 mV, then the resistance of the field through the region is very large at 1 x 108 V / m. The potential can be seen as a kinetic resistance. The potential energy of an ion in the electric field is based on the formula ze ?, with z equal to the valence of the ion y equals the charge on the electron. The plane in d coincides with the effective thickness of the diffuse layer and can be as small as 3 nm at low concentrations and at 0 less than 25 mV. The potential? 0 can easily be hundreds of millivolts. Another important factor is that the outside of the Helmholtz layer, the reactive species are too distant from the surface to react. The meaning is that the driving force for reaction is the potential developed through the Helmholtz layer rather than the entire structure of the double layer. Figures 13 and 14 are derived from the "? De Gouy-Chapman" equation and have limitations on large potentials, but are useful to illustrate two important properties. As illustrated in Figure 13, the decrease in potential?, Over distance, It occurs more rapidly if the concentration is increasing.Figure 14 shows that the surface charge density s, for a given potential? G, increases with increasing concentration.Other factors control the general regime of reaction. It is controlled by the kinetics of the reaction, as discussed, and is also dependent on the regime of mass transport of reactants and reaction products to and from the reaction site.The three types of transport are convection, diffusion and Diffusion is the process where particles are dispersed from a high concentration region to a lower concentration region. or where a particle moves from one region to another under the influence of a force, such as electromigration, which results from the application v. i. electric field. A reaction is controlled by diffusion if there is a high probability that the two species react if they come into contact. A reaction is controlled activation if the reaction is highly dependent on the activation of the energy of the reaction itself. Historically, a system with mass transport limits can be improved with electrolytic stirring.

Similarly, high activation energy barriers are overcome by the addition of a catalyst or an increase in operating temperature. When a potential is applied to an electrode, charges accumulate on the surface and attract oppositely charged ions plus molecules that have a dipole moment. Figure 11 illustrates this action. For clarity, Figure 11 does not show the full extent of the presence of the other molecules and ions that occupy spaces in the solution. According to the regime equation, a reaction can decrease because the reagents that try to reach the reaction site must compete with other molecules plus any reaction product that accumulates in the site. Irreversible losses result from transportation limitations and these factors are responsible for ohmic losses and warming. The vigorous mechanical agitation of the solution can increase the rate of mass transport in such systems. Nernst defined a diffusion layer thickness d (not to be confused with the effective thickness of the double layer) that extends into the solution. The thickness of this layer is a convenient measure of the resistance of the system to the mass transport of the reactants. The thickness of the diffusion layer can vary approximately from 0.01 to 0.5 mm. This thickness depends on the hydrodynamium. "1- of the system, so that the thinner the layer, the greater the agitation of the fluid and thus the better the mass transport process. If a process is well agitated, the deposit or dissolution of the material will not affect the hydrodynamics and so d. If a current is increased to a point where the concentration on the surface approaches zero, a further increase in current must cause a different (usually unwanted) reaction to occur. This limit defines the limiting current density _e! r '^ topic. This limiting current density is inversely proportional to d. Since d can vary from 50: 1, the limiting current can vary over the same magnitude, in response to the conditions of change in the cell. An electrochemical system operated at the density of the limiting current is operated under the control of mass transport. In a system operating below -S-.e the limiting current density, the rate of the reaction of the application of an external field, the ion will be dragged in the direction of the electric field. In Figure 12, the ion, without an applied electric field, starts at point A and experiences three collisions before ending at point B. With the applied electric field, the same ion can start at point A and experience two collisions , before finishing at point C. The result of the electric force is a displacement in the direction of the applied force. The drag velocity of an ion is the average velocity in the direction of the applied field. The vectors shown in Figure 12 show approximately the result of the collision if the ion does not V >; = state under the influence of the electric field. Note that Figure 12 is a two-dimensional representation in the plane of x and y only and an ion is free to move in the z-plane equally. The effective viscosity in the diffuse layer is affected by the application of the electric field and the drag or electromigration resulting from the ions in the field. This change in viscosity results in an electrophoretic effect or retardation. This delay causes an ionic atmosphere to move in a direction opposite to the motion of the central ion, thus reducing the natural velocity of the ion. Likewise, the Helmholtz layer is very immobile because the forces are so great that the lifetime, in this layer, of a polarized ion or molecule is large. Any reactive species that enters the double layer region has to compete in access to the surface. But the electric field suppresses the natural three-dimensional Brownian movement of the reactive ions. Without the applied electrical force, the ion is free to move laterally or in a reverse direction until it finds a suitable reaction site. The suppression of Brownian movement can severely limit the ability of the ion to move to an available site. The combination of these factors contributes to the development of a time delay in the ion response to transient changes in the electromotive force. The result is an increase in the activation overpotential caused by the effects on the double layer structure and an increase in the overpotential of the concentration caused by the local depletion of the ions. Depending on the electrochemical process involved, other negative effects may result, such as parasitic evolution of the gas, passivation of the electrodes, growth of the dendrites and / or poor electroplating or electrocrystallization. The electric mobility u (m2 / Vs) of an ion is its drag velocity (m / s) in the field (V / m). The displacement of an ion under a CD field can be estimated from the equation: dx = u E dt = u J K dt The values of u can be found in several chemical reference books. The density -t. the current is expressed as J and the conductivity as K. All real systems have c .__ retios a point of resonance. As the forced response X (s) in c? F approaches c, the Q circuit increases. When? F =? N, Q is maximum and the response of the circuit to the stimulus is maximum. Figure 4 illustrates this concept. This important source of the natural amplification of the process has been revised in the electronic control of the physical and electrochemical systems. Many electrochemical systems depend on the use of a porous electrode. This porous electrode can be characterized as a distribution or gradient of the reaction regimes averaged over a large structure. This type of electrode can increase the effective surface area that is exposed to the reaction by a factor of 103 to 105. Figure 23 shows an illustrative porous electrode. The principles, previously discussed, that govern the reaction regimes, are sensitive to the porous electrode, but are complicated by the physical structure of the electrode. The relationship of the conductivities of the electrode and the electrolyte can vary in the structure so that the current density is rarely uniform and is usually higher at the interfaces. The electrolyte "penetrates the porous structure, but the problem of polarization of localized concentration can be highly amplified.The uneven current density can lead to localized depletion of reactants and the accumulation of reaction products, parasitic secondary reactions, poor use of the material, irregularly shaped reservoir, and morphological changes in the structure of the crystal.The potential gradients and concentration gradients that promote the non-uniform current density, because the diffusive processes are slow, the porous electrode is usually limited in mass transport. Figure 23 can help visualize the effect of a long-term CD emf on the porous electrode. The ions will be forced to migrate to the metal current collector for extended periods. As can be seen, this makes it difficult for hydrated ions to deposit on surfaces that are parallel and face the current collector. The deposit or electrocrystallization may be poor because the solution requires good nucleation and growth, but the structure and electric field of DC applied increases the chances of poor nucleation. This poor nucleation can result in the formation of dendrites at the interfaces. Localized polarization problems have been recognized for a long time and many techniques have been developed to limit unwanted polarization. It is well-known that using the pi-ada CD improves the efficiency of electroplating. The theory is that the pulse is applied for a time that is more cut off and the time it takes to develop any polarization of significant concentration.

Since at least the late 1960s, it has been well known that the use of a pulsed CD improves the charging efficiency of the batteries. The widely publicized and highly acclaimed GE Nickel -Cadmium Battery Application Engineering Handbook, exposes these techniques. Since then, many US patents have been issued for the various techniques that use pulsed CD to improve charging efficiency. Note the above U.S. Patents, which include Nos. 3, 597, 673 and 3,614,583 issued by Burkett et al, and No. 3, 617, 851, issued to Du Puy et al. The inventions of these patents apply a continuous or pulsed DC load with a relatively long duration, followed by a short duration pulse (load). This discharge pulse is applied to depolarize the battery. The primary difference between the inventions is the frequency and duration of the applied pulses. U.S. Patent No. 4,385,269, issued to Aspinwall et al, describes a pulsed CD charge, followed by a depolarization pulse and a second technique of applying a two-strip pulsed CD charge, followed by a depolarization pulse. The duration of the charge pulse was around ten seconds and the duration of depolarization was approximately two seconds. In U.S. Patent No. 4,746,852, issued to Martin, the pulsed CD charge of 1 second was followed by a depolarization pulse of 5 milliseconds. The charge and depolarization pulses were then followed by a measurement period of 15 milliseconds. U.S. Patent No. 4,829,225, issued to Podrazhansky et al., Introduced a pulsed CD charge of 0.1 to 2 seconds in length, followed by a depolarization pulse of 0.2 to 5% duration of the charged pulse. The charge pulse and depolarization was followed by a period of rest that exceeds the duration of the depolarization pulse. This period of rest was also defined as a period of ion stabilization of approximately 7 to 20 milliseconds. It is claimed that the resting period has beneficial results, allowing the ions to find their position between the plates of the battery. In U.S. Patent No. 5,307,000, issued to Podre-ans et al, a CD pulse, single or double, with a period of rest, was followed by a plurality of depolarization pulses with rest periods. It is claimed that discharge pulses serve to create and disperse ions through the electrolyte. Multiple pulses were used to depolarize so the natural, chemical and electrical gradients within the battery will also serve to d? Ions the ions more evenly. The charge pulse has a duration of at least 150 milliseconds, the depolarization pulses have a duration of approximately 0.4 percent of the charge pulse, and the waiting periods vary in a range of 0.4 to 2.4 percent of the charge pulse . A further claim describes how the high discharge current will cause the diffusion layer to be interrupted and the time allowed for the waiting period for the ions to migrate away from the plate. This action causes the plate to be more receptive to the pulse of high load current. A common attribute and problem with the prior art, is the dependence on the CD, if it is continuous or pulsed. The main advantage claimed, in all the discussed inventions, is an improved method or the result of applying the depolarization pulses. Figure 15 illustrates a typical waveform of the prior art inventions. The use of DC causes the development of a polarization overpotential, which reduces the acceptance of the charge and this polarization must be distributed to achieve a reasonable acceptance of the charge. The overpotential that develops is a combination of activation and concentration overpotentials. Remember that an overpotential is a deviation in the potential of the electrode needed to cause a given reaction. The resulting losses are irreversible and lead to the generation of heat. All the processes of the prior art cause an accumulation of polarization. The CD pulses described can be analyzed as a function of the CD passage. A Fourier analysis of an ideal step function, will provide harmonic functions to infinity. In practical circuits, the functions of the step are far from the ideal but the times of elevation are very fast and the harmonic energy generated extends to very high frequencies. A transformation of the time frequency domain reveals that the continuous spectrum envelope extends to the corner frequency fi = l / pt, with a pulse width t. For a tf rise time of 100 nanoseconds, the frequency f2 of the 2nd corner should be about 3MHz. The envelope amplitude decreases after a rate of -20 dB / decade and -40 dB / decade after ae f2. Experimentation reveals that ions have a transient response time of the order of 1 to 10 microseconds. Various measurement methods can determine this value and Figure 21 illustrates a method. This Figure 21 is an impedance graph versus the frequency, projected on a log-log scale, for several types of batteries. A pulse can rise faster than the ions can deliver the charge. If a rate of pulse rise exceeds the transient response time of the ions, the system must (by definition) be limited in mass transport. Under this condition, the density of the limiting current is momentarily exceeded and the energy in the pulse must be converted to heat by some unwanted processes. As noted before, each application of the pulsed CD, charges the double layer capacitor at the guide edge and discharges it at the falling edge. Figures 20A and 20B show the physical structure of a parallel plate capacitor. The capacitance developed by a parallel plate capacitor is: C = e d The dielectric primitive form is represented by e, the plate area by A, and the distance between the plates as d. From the equation, the capacitance is obviously directly related to the primitiveness of the dielectric. In a double layer capacitor, the polarized water dipoles form the dielectric material. Figure 11 shows the structure of the electrode-electrolyte junction that forms the double-layer capacitor and the physical relationship of the water dipoles to the electrode. In a liquid, the dipoles are easily polarized. In the IHP, the surface charge causes the poles to be highly polarized. However, in the OHP, the dipoles are more highly influenced by the ions than the surface charge. If the concentration of the ions increases, the dielectric constant (primitivity) decreases and the capacitance decreases. Similarly, if the concentration of ions decreases, then the capacitance increases. The current required to meet the capacitance with the DC follows the equation: dV i = C dt The energy required to charge and discharge the double layer capacitor is wasted, since it does not contribute to the electrochemical reaction. Due to the resulting overpotentials, the application of DC pulses can reduce the effective reaction rate. Figure 24A shows an equivalent circuit for a typical battery cell that is compatible with the equivalent circuit described in the GE Nickel-Cadmium Battery manual and other battery texts. A double layer structure will be formed at the solid-solution interfaces in an electrochemical system, under the influence of an electromotive force. At a time constant Cp will be charged at 63.2% or downloaded at 36.8% of its final value. Loading a cell with a pulse duration of the order of a time constant and a pu "1 <= <or discharge of short duration, will charge the capacitor a little more than 5 times the constants. The depolarization pulses will slightly discharge The waiting periods will allow the ions to the outside of the Helmholtz region to diffuse freely but the potential across the region keeps the double layer structure essentially intact.The combination of short duration depolarization pulses and periods of wait (less than 5 times the constants) have little effect on the structure of the double layer capacitor and the activation overpotential that develops.Depending on whether the cell is operating as an electrolytic or galvanic cell, the double layer structure in a electrode will dominate the general reaction.If a particular electrode dominates the reaction with the current flowing in a given direction, then The other electrode dominates when the direction of the current reverses. With few exceptions, the cations do not enter the internal Helmholtz plane, due to the Gibbs free energy constraints. This fact means that the dielectric constant is very high and, therefore, the capacitance is very large. The effective capacitance of the cell, therefore, is dominated by the opuonal electrode? with the lower capacitance. The claims that the depolarization pulses and waiting periods interrupt or eliminate the double layer ignore the physical characteristics of the structure. Battery chargers using 120 Hz rectified DC pulses, typical of 1969, as described in the GE Nickel-Cadmium manual, are CDs pulsed effectively to the double layer capacitor. The rest of the displaced periods are of longer duration than recent technologies, but short enough for the capacitor to reach full charge in a short time, however, the rest periods are of sufficient duration that they waste significant energy in the loading and unloading of a double layer, because the rest period is of relatively short duration, measuring the voltage of 'channel', during the displacement period, it is not a true open circuit voltage of the cell, as is often stated. The most recent techniques, discussed above, because the resting periods are too short, compared with the capacitance time constant, suffer the overpotential discharge. The measurements are free of the instantaneous losses of 'IR', associated with the concentration overpotential, but still have an overpotential error. An additional problem with 2nd CD of long duration, is the ionization of water at the electrodes, as a parasitic secondary reaction.Figure 11 shows the ratio of the water dipole to the positive electrode.The greater the potential of the CD retained by the dipole of the water strongly to the surface, the greater the chance that the water will dissociate in the ions H +, O'2 and OH ". Due to the strong attraction, oxygen can be adsorbed on the positive electrode and hydrogen can be adsorbed on the negative. The remaining elements (byproducts) may impede the general reaction or cause ot • "- <; - > < _ problems, such as the accumulation of gas pressure. As discussed, when the pulse duration of the DC is long, compared to the transient response time of the ions, the process can be analyzed as a continuous CD. It is well known and documented that transient response techniques can be applied to electrochemical systems to separate the various overpotentials for individual analysis and measurement. Others, in addition to the pulsed DC techniques, which take advantage of the natural transient responses of the ions, have not been applied to electrochemical processes to optimize the general reaction regime. A battery is an example of an electrochemical system that can be used in either an electrolytic (energy consuming) or galvanic process (that produces energy). The batteries are often charged with the CD pulsed and a depolarization pulse. The application of the pulses of depolarization (which consumes energy) momentarily converts the battery into a galvanic cell, but the operation attempted is an electrolytic process. Except as noted, transient response techniques are used to improve the reaction regimes for electrolytic processes, but not for galvanic processes. Battery packs (multiple cells) often integrate a control circuit, such as a microprocessor, in the package to monitor battery charge and discharge cycles. The patent of E.U.A., No.. 4, 289, 836, issued to Lemelson, integrates a microprocessor in a package to detect and control the charge of the battery. This control circuit usually monitors the current entering or leaving the battery. The control can combine the load and discharge current with an estimate of the self-discharge, which includes a temperature compensation factor, to predict the available load capacity of the package. Additionally, the termination of the load can be done by means of the control circuit, sending a control signal to the external power source to finish the charge. In more complex applications, the internal control circuitry communicates with an external programmable power supply by a series collector. U.S. Patent No. 5, 572, 110, issued to Dustan, J-scri ^ e this type of system. The control can specify the current of the power supply and the voltage levels to correspond with the chemistry of the battery. This last technique allows the programmable power supply to be used safely with various chemical systems in the battery. In U.S. Patent No. 5,471,128, issued to Patino et al., A battery undervoltage protection circuit is described. The father of E.U.A., No. ,569,550, issued to Garrett et al, the battery overvoltage protection is added. In U.S. Patent No. 5,218,284, issued to Burns et al., A power supply switch is included to control the current levels of both charge and discharge. Except as noted, the control circuitry system does not actively increase the performance of the battery discharge in a galvanic mode of operation. All battery systems experience the problems of voltage depression (memory), and self-discharge. The severity of the problem is different from one system to another and varies significantly with the operating conditions. A major cause is the morphological change in the structure of the crystal. These changes occur primarily in areas of the crystal where the material has been inactive. When the material is inactive for prolonged periods, the structure of the crystal may change in size. When this change occurs, the material becomes less active and unavailable to contribute to the reaction. Long-term storage and shallow discharge followed by tapered load results in areas where the material is inactive for long periods. This inactive material can be conditioned and restored by the application of several deep discharge / charge cycles. The problem in the heavens I have deep discharge is detrimental to the operating life in all battery systems. Conditioning is time consuming and generally not available. The problem with the self-discharge is that the battery is not available when required, are the recharge or a special maintenance program to periodically test, possibly the condition, and recharge the battery. Load transfer < ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ the charge between a metal and a solution of its ions. The three forms of transmission are electron flows, ion fluxes and charge transfer reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface. The equations relating to the ion and electron charge transfer steps are very similar. Two systems that rely on electron charge transfer are illustrated in Figures 19A and 19B. These systems have historically depended on an alternating current electromotive force to supply the activation energy. A fluorescent system is shown in Figure 19A. In this system, the valence band and the conduction band are separated by an energy interval, shown as Eg. When stimulating a stimulus, an electron gains enough energy to jump into the conduction band. Obeying the netural tendency to return to the lowest available energy level, the electron supplies extra energy and falls into the valence band. In the process, a photon is emitted. The wavelength of the emitted light depends on the width of the energy interval. In this situation, the wavelength is emitted in the visible band and thus a useful light results. The emission of light stops when the electrical stimulus is removed. Increasing the frequency of the applied AC waveform increases the frequency of the light emitted and effectively increases the production of light. The problem with? The prior art technique is that the control circuit system that supplies the most efficient light output is much more expensive than the less efficient one, but cheaper than the 60 Hz control circuit system. A primary reason for this high cost is the complex circuitry needed to produce the higher frequency AC waveform (40 kHz). The reduction of light can save additional energy, when applicable, but the cost of the additional circuit system is prohibitively greater.

Figure 19B. Again, a range of energy separates the valence and conduction bands. An additional energy level, shown as Tt, results from the introduction of a donor (impurity) into the material. When the electrical stimulus is applied, the electron gains it. energy needed to jump into the driving band. When the electron falls back down, it emits a photon, but then it becomes trapped at the level of the donor's trap. This electron will remain at the level of the donor's trap temporarily before falling back into the valence band. A photon will be emitted when the electron leaves the level of the donor's trap. Because the electron is temporarily trapped at the level of the donor's trap, the phosphorescent material will continue to emit light for a short time after removing the electrical stimulus. Historically, this type of system has been supplied with complex AC power sources- A phosphorescent light system of interest is the electroluminescent lighting strip. The light production efficiency of the following is low and they can experience a short operating life. The increase of the amplitude of the AC voltage (up to 380 Vrms) and the frequencies (up to 8 kHz), can increase the production of light. The conflict is that the operating life is inversely proportional to the amplitude of the voltage and the frequency. The physical structure of the material is similar to a parallel plate capacitor, so the impedance of the system is greatly capacitive. Low cost inverters are available to supply power to small strips, up to 20 VA. The technology to produce very large or very long strips is now available. However, the cost of AC power from 150 VA to 500 VA is prohibitively high and obstructs acceptance of the systems. Figure 20 is a drawing illustrating a dielectric system similar to the electroluminescent strip. The current texts in the matter explain that the electroluminescent strips can not be driven with CD and the upper operating range for the AC is 8 kHz. As shown in Figure 20, the application of an electromotive force polarizes the dipoxc? Molecular in the dielectric material. If the potential is reversed, as is the case with alternating current, the molecular dipoles must be inverted by 180 °. The rotation introduces a dipole friction and a displacement of the current flow. The result is that the dielectric loss increases with frequency. The molecular dipoles experience the highest dielectric loss at approximately 10 kHz. Corona discharge is a problem at the present levels of the AC voltage. This crown can cause material - == plastic insulators to deteriorate rapidly. Being able to control the production of light is highly convenient, but the cost of the light-reducing circuit for the larger strips is prohibitively high.

OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES Therefore, it is an object of this invention to provide an electromotive force (fem) that effectively utilizes the natural resonance or other physical properties of a system, to optimize e: "1 cc Electrokinetic loading of charged particles and, Besides. use reactive energy or amplification at resonance to increase the effectiveness of the process, without an increase in the direct current or continuous (DC) energy input applied. In addition, it is an object of this invention to match the waveform configuration of the input stimulus (emf) to optimize the natural movement or behavior of the charged particles, in particular, to normalize the amplitude and frequency of the stimulus. input to match the relative interactions between the charged particles and the physical structure of the process. As examples, the emf should maximize the Brownian natural motion of an ion and the diffusion process that prevails in a solution. The displacement, in time, the ions should be normalized to the physical distances of the electric double layer. An object of this invention is to produce an electronic catalytic effect in an electrochemical process, effectively reducing the activation overpotential, the concentration overpotential and the energy loss in the electric double layer, thus reducing the activation energy necessary for the relationship to occur. . In addition, it is an object of the electronic catalytic effect to increase the exchange current in the system process, thus increasing the density of the limiting current with the result being an improvement in the efficiency and production of the process. An object of this invention is to provide an electronic method for supplying the mass transport disturbance, which especially includes the electric double layer and, in addition, to create an electromotive disturbance that is perpendicular to the electrodes, which optimizes the natural processes of the Brownian movement. , diffusion and convection. It is also an object of the disturbance, to optimize the concentration of the reactants in the reaction sites and to reduce the development of the concentration gradients on the surface, while the penetration within the porous electrodes is maximized, if applicable, thus increasing the effective surface area of the electrodes. Furthermore, it is an object of the disturbance to improve the electrodisolution, elect roder-istion or electrocrystallization on the surfaces.

An object of this invention is to provide a process that uses the impedance of an active electrochemical system, to control the amplitude of the emf applied and, particularly, to allow the impedance of the system to naturally dampen the amplitude of the applied electromotive force, thus allowing the control of the automatic process of the amplitude of the emf. Furthermore, it is an object to adjust the displacement of the CD, peak currents, duty cycle and frequency of the control process, to coincide with the conditions of system change. It is an object of this invention to avoid DC polarization thereby eliminating the need for a depolarization pulse and thus reducing the additional parasitic effects of DC and the depolarization pulse. It is an object of this invention to obtain the true voltage of the open circuit and the exact measurements of the open circuit voltage, during an active electrochemical process. In addition, the improved voltage accuracy will increase the accuracy of the load, discharge or self-discharge Coulometric measurements that occur in the system. It is an object of this invention to provide an emf for charging a battery, which reduces heat production and overpotential, thus enabling simple measurements of voltage and temperature to detect the full charge, in a reliable and accurate manner. Additionally, fast and reliable detection will avoid damaging overload, particularly, high-rate c-load charging. In addition, it is an advantage of simple, fast and reliable (or full-load) detection that charging with high C regimen may be maintained until the full charge is reached, without tapering the protective current. Furthermore, it is an advantage of the improved accuracy of the voltage measurement and the reliable detection of the full load that the higher load safety regimes are possible. An object of this invention is to provide control of the process, by means of transforming, integral and transient response techniques, which can be used to improve the reaction rate of both electrolytic and galvanic systems, and, in particular, to provide a method that can be used to control the performance of the battery during both electrolytic and galvanic operation modes. It is an object of this invention to provide a method for the provision of a control circuit (module) that can be integrated into a battery pack (multiple cells) to control both electrolytic and galvanic modes of operation. Furthermore, it is an object of this invention that the geometrical size and configuration of the module is approximately equivalent to the space occupied by a cell in a multi-cell package. Furthermore, it is an object of the control module to contain active circuit systems to control: (a) the input and output current; (b) regulation of the output voltage; and (c) charging and discharging the battery, which includes temperature compensation. It is an advantage of this invention to increase the personal safety of the user of the package with the protection of active current from short circuits and overload and also the improved performance of the charge and discharge to maximize the operational life of the battery pack. An additional advantage is the overall reduction in the cost of the system, since an external battery charger will no longer be required and a low-cost, non-regulated power supply can be used. It is an object of this invention to provide an emf waveform that promotes the benefits of thicker electrodes without a loss of peak current capacity. It is an object of this invention to add a process for exercising a battery during storage or periods of inactivity, to reduce the effect of inactive material and self-discharge. It is an object of this invention to provide a modified emf waveform (alternative method) that offers many of the benefits of the preferred waveform, but which is more suitable for very high current applications. A further object of this invention is to provide a low-cost process for the supply of energy to luminescent systems, which provide a low-cost circuit system for the reduction of light and, particularly, in electroluminescent lighting systems, a waveform. of CD fem that: (a) effectively eliminates dielectric loss; (b) reduce corona discharge; (c) extend the limit of the operating frequency above 8 kHz; (d) increase production brightness and (e) extend operating life. It is an object of this invention to provide safety, environmental and economic benefits. Advantages include © a) enhanced personal and system security; (b) switched of lost energy; (c) better use of the material; (d) reduction of electromagnetic interference (EMI) by the elimination of high frequency harmonic energy; (e) control of the narrowest process; (f) simpler circuitry; (g) minor costs; (h) greater life of operation; e (i) greater production. Additional objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from a consideration of the drawings and the description that follows.

COMPENDIUM OF THE INVENTION An electronic method is provided by which the applied electromotive force optimizes < = 1 electrokinetic behavior of the charged particles to coincide with the natural electrical response and the physical structure of the system. Electrokinetic behavior is the movement resulting from charged particles, caused by changes in the applied electric field. This method can be applied to a very wide range of applications, including physical, biological and electrochemical systems, such as electrolysis, batteries, and fluorescent and electroluminescent (photochemical) lighting systems. This method can be applied to batteries to improve both electrolytic and galvanic modes of operation. An unexpected benefit of the method is that the circuitry needed to supply the optimized electrokinetic behavior is lower in cost than the existing circuit system.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED MODALITIES Figure 1 illustrates an electromotive force (emf) of the method, which produces a desired displacement of charged particles, for optimized electrokinetic behavior. The emf takes the configuration of an ideal damped sine wave form superimposed on a DC potential. The practical embodiment of this method will deviate from the ideal configuration shown. This waveform takes is: fem = f (x) + h (x) The function f (x) is the sinusoidal wave with exponential decay, and takes the form The value A establishes the amplitude, B deti ± e the decay rate and C establishes the oscillation frequency. The function h (x) defines the displacement, and takes the form: atan (R x x) h (x) = D x p In Figure 1, a first positive peak causes an initial positive displacement of the charged particle. As the waveform approaches zero, the slope of the displacement approaches zero. As the waveform continues, the potential becomes negative and the displacement of the charged particle also becomes negative. This negative offset is about 1/3 of the initial positive displacement. As the waveform of the emf again approaches the zero potential, the slope of the displacement of the charged particle again approaches zero. In a second crest, the emf continues to increase positively and the displacement becomes positive again. This positive displacement of the 2nd positive peak is approximately 2/3 of the first initial positive displacement. As the emf approaches the potential of zero, the slope of the displacement of the charged particle approaches zero for a third time .. A second negative emf crest causes the displacement of the negative charged particle to be approximately 1/3 of the displacement positive caused by the second crest of positive emf. This process continues for one more oscillation cycle. As the emf waveform is reduced or damped, the displacement of the resulting charged particle is also reduced. Figure 1 shows a process cycle with three cycles of oscillation. At the end of the third cycle of oscillation, at time = 60, the process cycle will begin again.

Figures 2A and 2B illustrate the effect of a displacement of the CD in a damped sinusoidal fem. The fem waveform follows the format described in Figure 1. Figure 2A shows a damped sinusoidal fem without displacement of the CD. A positive net displacement will result because the emfs that carry positive crests have greater amplitude than the following negative crests. Figure 2B shows a damped sine waveform with a displacement of the applied DC, which is similar to Figure 1, but with different peak amplitudes. Figure 2A shows a larger negative charged particle displacement per time unit than Figure 2B. This Figure 2B shows approximately an increase of 5 to 1 in the net positive displacement per unit of time than Figure 2A. Figures 3A and 3B show two damped sine waveforms with identical peak values and displacement of the CD, but operated on different oscillation frequencies, to illustrate the effect on the displacement of the charged particle. Figure 3A shows a fem at a base frequency (lx) and a displacement of a charged particle resulting in time. Figure 3B shows a fem at twice the base frequency and a charged particle displacement resulting in time. For comparison purposes only, Figure 3B shows approximately 6 oscillation cycles but in a practical application a second process cycle will start at time = 50. The comparison illustrates that the increase in oscillation frequency results in a decreased displacement in the weather. Figure 4 shows a damped sine wave form with different peak amplitudes. Figure 6 shows a block diagram of the essential elements needed to implement this method. The system 50 consists of the injection element 1, the waveform generator 2, the control circuit 3, the process 4, the energy source b, and the control signals 6, 7 and 8. The process 4 is the physical process that is going to be optimized. The injection element 1 is coupled to the outputs from the waveform generator 2 and the power source 5, then supplies the resulting emf to the process 4. The waveform generator 2 is the conventional one used to develop the signal fem supplied to the injection element 1. The control circuit 3 generates the control signal 6, to control the output of the waveform generator 2. This control circuit 3 is conventional in its embodiment and can be as simple as an amplifying circuit of operation or as complex as a microcontroller or complete computer system. The power source 5 is conventional and may vary from the main AC to a programmable power supply. The control signal 6 may be a single signal or a plurality of signals, including voltage, current, frequency, work cycle and / or damping ratio, used to control the output of the generator 2 of wave form. The control signal 7 may be a single signal or a plurality of signals and may be unidirectional or bidirectional. The control signal 7 can be used by the control circuit 3 for monitoring and / or the control process 4 directly. The control circuit 3 controls the process 4 indirectly by means of the waveform generator 2, the injection element 1 and (possibly) the power source 5. The control circuit 3 can control ciartcc parameters of process 4, such as the temperature, directly by means of the control signal 7. This control signal 7 is 53 capacitor 10 and the diode 13. The waveform generator 2 in the system 51 is a conventional oscillator tuned to LC. The control signal 6 activates switch 12 to initiate an oscillation cycle. The inductor 11, secondary winding of the coupled inductor 9, capacitor 10 and diode 13 form a conventional LC tank circuit, used to generate the waveform of the desired emf. This waveform developed in the capacitor 10 is applied directly to the secondary winding of the coupled inductor 9. This coupled inductor 9 on imposes (couples) the waveform of the emf of the secondary winding on the DC current supplied by the power source 5. Switch 12 is shown as a pnp transistor, but it can be any switch suitable for the application. 54 DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVE MODALITIES DESCRIPTION OF AN ADDITIONAL MODE FOR WAVE WAVE FORMS Figures 5A, 5B, 5C and 5D show four different emf waveforms, but similar. The waveforms of Figures 5A and 5B are: f (x) = (- [(sin (x-c))] + displacement of CD) fem crest Figure 5A shows the waveform with a displacement of the positive CD and Figure 5B shows the waveform with a displacement of the negative CD. The waveforms of Figures 5C and 5D are: f (x) = ([(sin (x-c))] + displacement of CD) fem crest Figure 5C shows the waveform with a displacement of the positive CD and Figure 5D shows the waveform with a negative CD shift. Practical realizations of this method will deviate from the ideal configurations shown.

DESCRIPTION OF AN ADDITIONAL MODALITY FOR A WAVE FORM OF ELEVATED CURRENT FEM 56 DESCRIPTION OF AN ADDITIONAL MODALITY FOR AN INJECTION ELEMENT Figure 10 shows the system 54 with an alternate circuit embodiment for an injection element 1 and a waveform generator 2. The control circuit 3, the process 4 and the power source 5, and the control signals 6, 7 and 8 are identical in description and operation as the system 50. The functional operation of the system 54 is identical to the descriptions given for the system 50, with the exception that the injection element 1 is realized as a conventional linear amplifier circuit and the waveform generator 2 is realized as an oscillator 32. This oscillator 32 is a conventional circuit used to generate a signal of sinusoidal, triangular or square wave. The output of the oscillator 32 is supplied to a switch 31. This switch 31 is shown as an npn transistor, but can be any suitable switch device for the application. Although not shown, the output of oscillator 32 will normally be capacitively coupled to the base of switch 31. Resistors 27 and 28 are used to adjust point Q for switch 31. Resistor 29 is an emitter resistor description as ~ er? _eTr_s? s ema 5O. The procress 4 ~ is heated to the battery 19. The capacitor 16 is a 60 min.

DESCRIPTION OF AN ADDITIONAL MODE OF INTEGRAL BATTERY MODULE Figure 9 shows the module 53, which is essentially identical to the module 52, except for the addition of an inductor 24, capacitor 25 and diode 26. The switch 14, inductor 24, capacitor 25 and diode 26 are configured as a power supply switch. The control signal 17 is now a control signal of the pulse width modulator (PN) to control the duty cycle of the switch 14. The control signal 8 must include the feedback function for proper regulation of the output voltage in the connection 20. Although not shown, the feedback will be provided from the connection 20 to the control circuit 3, with or without the external circuit 23 which is connected at the connections 20, 21 and 22. This configuration allows the circuit 3 of control provides a fixed or programmable output voltage at connection 20. External circuit 23 can supply a programming signal, at connection 21, by means of a serial collector communication or a single voltage or resistance setting. The configuration shown can only provide a voltage that is less than 61 battery voltage 19. Alternatively, the components of switch 14, inductor 24, capacitor 25 and diode 26 can be rearranged (load / pulse) to supply a voltage greater than or equal to the voltage of battery 19. The emitter of switch 15 is again shown connected at connection 20, but can be wired separately. Although it is very difficult to carry out, due to conflicting requirements, the coupled inductor 9 can also be used to form the power supply switch. The switch 14 will be connected with the emitter to the coupled inductor 9 and the collector to the positive electrode of the battery 19. The diode 26 will be connected to the emitter of the switch 14 and the module 53 to ground. The inductor 24 and capacitor 25 will be eliminated. In this configuration switch 14, the coupled inductor 9, the capacitor 16 and the diode will form the power supply switch. The switch 15 can be a diode connected in parallel with the switch 14 to allow charging current to bypass the switch 14.

THEORY OF OPERATION 62 The physical and electrochemical systems have electrical characteristics that occur naturally, which govern the efficiency and effectiveness of the particular processes involved. The characteristic of interest in this method is the electrokinetic behavior of the charged particles. Although not within the scope of this invention, the first process necessary to optimize the electrokinetic behavior of charged particles is a complete understanding of the process to be controlled. This understanding requires a detailed analysis of the behavior of the transient response, which includes the evaluation of the transfer functions for the time domain and the integral Fourier and LaPlace transformations. In a physical system, where an electron is the primary charge transfer process, the analysis and measurement of the electrical characteristics are usually directly. In an electrochemical system, the two charge transfer methods are ions in the solution and electrons in the electrode-electrolyte charge transfer. The electrochemical system is further complicated by the chemical reaction regime and the fact that more than one reaction can electric ion of the stationary ion. This theory can be applied a priori in the case of a meeting of a surface and a non-reactive ion. The lifetime of the encounter (in the double layer region) is governed by the large forces exerted by the double layer in the ion. The diameter of a hydrated ion is of the order of 1 nm, the effective thickness of the double layer region is about 3 to 10 nm, and the Helmholtz plane is of the order of 3 nm. If the transient response of the ion is determined limited to 10 μs, for example, it a priori takes 10 μs for the ions to overcome the electrophoretic delay and the time delay associated with the double layer. The out of impulse, therefore, must be normalized to produce the drag of the ion of the order of nanometers in an interval that maximizes the natural lifetimes of the ion encounter, but is not faster than the response time. In effect, this is to optimize the movement of ions to the physical parameters. As an example, under ideal conditions, the first pulse will strongly push the ions by 6 nm towards the electrode then pause, to allow the ions to diffuse freely. The next pulse will pull the 66 ions away from the electrode by 2 nm will then pause, to allow the ions to diffuse. A weak 2nd pulse will push the ions by 4 nm to the electrode and then pause. This will be followed by a traction that moves the ions by 1 nm from the electrode, followed by a pause. A third push of 2 nm and then a pause will follow. This third thrust will be followed by a very low intensity impulse (slight thrust) that it will essentially allow the ions to diffuse freely. - An emf that can cause this displacement of ions is shown in Figure 1. The waveform is that of a damped sinusoidal function with a displacement of the CD. The oscillation frequency in this example will be less than 100 kHz to correspond with the resonance and transient response times. The damped sinusoidal waveform is a waveform that occurs completely naturally. It is also the output response of a sub-damped system. In Figure 1, it can be seen that each time the waveform of the emf crosses the zero line, the slope of the displacement over a small period is essentially zero, corresponding to a time that the ions are free to diffuse. naturally. The sinusoidal nature of the waveform will not load the double layer capacitor. In Ql zero crossing point, the potential through the double layer structure is zero and then the potential is reversed. A very significant effect is that the double layer structures in the electrodes are inverted and reformed with a greater disturbance of the Helmholtz region as well as the diffuse regions. Figure 25 illustrates the effect of the emf on the double layer structure. In Figure 25, five time slots are illustrated. In time interval A, the internal Helmholtz plane (IHP) in both electrodes is well ordered and the cell is in galvanic mode. The time interval B shows that the potential through the electrodes is zero and the IHP is interrupted. The ions are released from the force of the IHP and are free for diffusion. The water dipoles are reoriented by the ions. In the time interval C, the cell is in the electrolytic mode and the IHP in each electrode is again well ordered, but in the reverse direction. The time interval D again shows the potential of zero and the interrupted IHP. In the time interval E, the cell is 69 The reaction will be maximized and the parasitic elements are minimized. The displacement of the CD shown in Figure 1 is a normal CD fem, which will be used to boost the system in the prior art inventions. The reactive power allows a more effective force without an increase in the average or the energy of the CD supplied to the system. Figure 16 illustrates the displacement with the new method versus the equivalent CD current. The damped sine waveform shown completes three oscillations each cycle, with 5 direction changes and 5 diffusion periods. The first crest in the example is close to 5 times the amplitude of the CD value and results in a large initial displacement that is equal to half the total displacement of each cycle. The displacement resulting from the CD does not reach the same value until approximately 60% of the cycle is completed. The last period of diffusion lasts approximately 20% of the cycle. The net displacement in a straight line from the equivalent CD is only 80% of the displacement of the damped sine wave form over the same period. 70 With a second CD pulse applied, as described in the prior art, the ions will be driven stably towards the electrode, without a depolarization pulse for 33,333 cycles of the damped sinusoidal fem, shown in Figure 1. In these 33,333 cycles there will be 166,665 changes in ion direction and diffusion periods. Each change in ion direction also results in an inversion and reformation of the double layer structure at each electrode. The CD fem of very long duration, contributes to overpotentials and poor distribution of ions and can actually decrease the reaction rate. The emf of the long-duration CD has essentially the opposite effect of mechanical agitation. A depolarization pulse width of 5 ms is still approximately 167 times the cycle time in this example. Figure 24B shows the dynamic nature of an electrochemical cell in contrast to the static view illustrated in Figure 24A. The electrochemical cell is in a constant state of change. Many factors affect the cell and include current, voltage, temperature, state of charge, and previous operating conditions. Still 71 With the operation of the CD, the cell is constantly changing and should be seen as a dynamic system. A comparison of a damped sine wave form and a DC step function are shown in Figure 17. The comparison is attempted to quantify other parasitic losses associated with DC versus the sinusoidal waveform. For comparison purposes, the peak amplitude of the initial pulse is equal to the unit value of the DC. Since the electrochemical system can not respond to the rate of elevation of the step of the CD, the result is the loss of energy and the heating of the system. Obviously, the rate of high of the CD in a practical system will be finite. If the guide edge of the sinusoidal pulse is optimized to the natural response of the system, as is attempted, then the area between the two curves, from t = 0 to the first sinuosidal crest, will represent the loss of the CD. This area is generated by the high frequency harmonics required to produce the waveform of the CD. The area represents 32.9% of the total CD energy applied over that period. This example also explains how the coincidence of the regime of 72 Elevation of a pulse of the CD in a process can reduce the losses of the CD. Nernst explains that the limiting current density will be much greater with vigorous agitation than without this agitation. Many electrochemical systems operate under the control of mass transport, since mechanical agitation is not practical. Many industrial processes operate under the control of mass transport even with mechanical agitation. With or without agitation, the waveform illustrated in Figure 1 results in a disturbance of the ions. This disturbance of the mass transport will be perpendicular to the electrodes, since the ions are pushed and pulled between the electrodes by the emf. - Figure 22A illustrates a prior art method for supplying ground mass disturbance using a flow channel. Other methods exist for mechanical agitation with several resulting flow patterns. A common factor is that the stirred solution develops a laminar flow over the electrodes, which is parallel to the plane of these electrodes. The resulting flow-velocity distribution is shown in Figure 22A. The velocity of the flow approaches zero on the surfaces. 73 The concentration of the reagents is higher at the guiding edge of the electrode and lower at the trailing edge, so that the reaction rate is higher at the guide edge and decreases through the surface of the electrode. Figure 22B shows the relative advantage of perpendicular electromotive mass transport perturbation created by this method. This electromotive disturbance, combined with mechanical agitation, will improve the distribution of concentration across the surface of the electrodes. Many industrial processes are operated at or near the limiting current density for maximum production, since the limiting current density will increase with the perpendicular disturbance and production will increase. The use of the load of regime C greater improves the acceptance of load of the batteries, because the ions penetrate deeper in the electrode. One reason for the improvement in penetration is that at higher current forces the current will disperse on a larger surface. This dispersion is caused by the gradient of the conductivities on the surface. When the high current density is passed through an area of 74 Low conductivity, the resistance increases so that some current then flows to other areas. At a low current density, the pattern of current flow can be more concentrated in a small area. At higher current densities, the ions can not all react at or near the surface, so most ions are pushed inside. The deep penetration of ions in the electrodes also minimizes the problem of inactive materials and morphological changes in the crystal structure. A primary cause of self-discharge in a battery is the structural morphological change in the crystal structure. If a battery is subjected to a waveform, as illustrated in Figure 1, but with a displacement of the CD from zero, during inactive periods, the self-discharge process will be reduced a priori. If a battery is charged with the waveform (crest 5x displacement of the CD) illustrated in Figure 1 and the displacement of the DC current is adjusted to the 1C regime, a priori the acceptance of the load will be 75 increased to approximately the 5C regime, without the other side effects of the DC loading of regime 5C. If the battery is discharged with the waveform (crest 5x displacement of CD) illustrated in Figure 1, superimposed on the DC current, the exchange current will be increased and the kinetic resistance will be decreased a priori the performance of the discharge will be improved. The energy density in a battery is a function of the total mass of the active material and the effective surface area of the electrodes. The peak current density is a function of the surface area at the interface of the electrodes. The physical construction of a battery is a compromise between the thick electrodes (large mass) and the interfacial surface area. If both modes of electrolytic and galvanic operation are controlled in a battery by a process, with the waveform (crest 5x displacement of CD) illustrated in Figure 1, superimposed on the CD current, a priori thicker electrodes can be used to increase the energy density and still maintain the capacity of the peak current. 76 The entrainment velocity that an ion can achieve is based on the ionic mobility of the ion and the applied force. This ion mobility of the hydrogen ion H + is approximately 4.5 to 8 times faster than a typical metal ion and in the OH hydroxide ion "it is about 3 to 5 times faster." The evolution of hydrogen gas is a often a product of a parasitic side reaction caused by inefficient charging and discharging, the hydrogen generated at one electrode often migrates to the other electrode and causes permanent damage to the active materials, and the accumulation of hydrogen gas also increases the pressure in a cell and can lead to permanent damage.These factors enhance the importance of avoiding parasitic side reactions and the importance of understanding the operating parameters of the system.In an electrical RLC circuit, a log-log projection of impedance versus frequency will provide a projection with a slope of -45 ° (-20 dB / decade), which approaches the minimum impedance point at a resonance of? b, a cus calls in? n and a slope of + 45 ° (+20 dB / decade) after the resonant point. The phase will be from -90 ° to the point of 0.1? N, then the phase will rise to 90 ° per decade 77 (2nd order system) before leveling to + 90 ° and to 10? n. With an electrochemical system (battery), the initial slope is very gradual and is followed by a plateau of almost zero slope, very wide, that extends for 3 to 5 decades before increasing. Figure 21 shows a projection of the impedance for three different size AA batteries. A point that can be measured occurs where the impedance is minimal, but the expected phase shift at 0.1? N does not occur. A phase shift will occur a decade before the impedance begins to rapidly increase. In Figure 21, it can be seen that the impedance begins to increase rapidly by about 100 kHz. Although not shown, the phase shift occurs at about 10 kHz and only rises to about 45 ° per decade. The phase and impedance relationships indicate a complex, multiple order system with multiple resonance points. The electrochemical system can maintain a relatively flat response over a very wide frequency range. The only way to maintain a flat response is for the reactive components to change in value as the frequency increases. The 78 Experiment confirm that the capacitance decreases with increasing frequency below? n. This means that the cell is effective until the transport or ion reaction is no longer able to respond to external demands. The electrochemical system has a critically damped response to a stimulus based on time domain transient response measurements. The voltage rises and falls to external loads with an exponential response. - Load acceptance decreases with increasing temperature and / or overpotentials. Thus, the generation of heat and overpotentials provides external parameters for the control of the load acceptance process. If the active control, with feedback, is used in an electrochemical process, the peak current, displacement of the CD and the frequency of the load waveform, may correspond to the conditions of change in the cell to maximize acceptance of the load. Experimentation has revealed a relationship between? N and the thickness of the electrodes. Coarse porous electrodes result in higher frequency values? N. A priori, the greater the effective surface area, the more 79 high will be the frequency of operation. The value of? N varies significantly with the physical and geometric properties of a system. For example, a NiCd C cell will have a different value? N than the AA cell of the same chemistry. In an electrical RLC circuit, the resistance value will determine the damping ratio. A very low value of R will supply a sub-damped system and a very large value will result in an over-damped system. The same relationship is maintained for the electrochemical system. When a force function, such as the waveform illustrated in Figure 1, is superimposed on an electrochemical system, the response to the stimulus will depend on the value of R. If the impedance of the cell is low, then the response will be sub-damped. In this way, the process in this system is naturally damped by the effective resistance of the electrochemical system. For example, if the impedance of a deeply discharged battery is initially high, then the values of the peak current will be naturally damped (reduced). As the charge level increases and the effective resistance decreases, the peak current will increase. 80 This natural cushioning effect can be seen in Figure 4.

OPERATION OF THE INVENTION - PREFERRED MODE ~ For clarity and except as mentioned, the description that follows is limited to the application of an electrochemical process. Figure 1 shows an electromotive force (emf) capable of causing electrokinetic movement of the optimized charged particle or displacement in an electrochemical system. The initial crest of the emf causes a displacement in time of the ions towards an electrode. As the positive peak approaches the zero crossing point, the slope of the ion shift is essentially zero. When the slope of the displacement is essentially zero, the ions are free to diffuse without the influence of the emf. As the waveform of the emf continues negatively, the ions are pulled from the electrode. As the waveform approaches zero again, the ions are again allowed to diffuse freely. Due to the damped nature of the emf, each cycle of oscillation has a diminished displacement, positive and negative, in time. The oscillation frequency for the emf is selected to correspond closely with the frequency of the natural resonance of the system. The displacement in time of the ions can also be cheated by changing the peak amplitude of the emf and the displacement of the DC. The displacement in time must be optimized to correspond with the natural physical structure of the system and thus this structure is double electric layer, which is formed in the solidosolution interfaces. The goal is to optimize or normalize the electrokinetic behavior (movement) to the process, in this case it causes a displacement of several nanometers per unit of time. The operation in the carcass of the resonance of the system allows the use of reactive energy or amplification, to improve the response of the system without increasing the average applied or the energy of the CD. Figures 2A and 2B show the effect of the displacement of the CD on the emf and the resulting displacement. This displacement of the CD affects more than the net displacement in time. If a displacement of the CD is not applied, the ions will receive greater disturbance (displacement) positive and negative in the 82 time, but with a small net positive displacement, as shown in Figure 2A. If the displacement of the CD is set higher than the value shown in Figure 2B, the net displacement will be greater, but the positive and negative perturbation of the ions will be reduced further and also the time and frequency of the diffusion periods will be reduced . Increasing the CD too much, has an adverse effect on the disturbance of the ions, assuming that the peak amplitude remains constant. The effect of the oscillation frequency is shown in Figures 3A and 3B. Figures 3A and 3B are projected on the same time basis and Figure 3B is allowed to continue to oscillate over the total time. With the same peak current and displacement of the CD, increasing the frequency of oscillation reduces the displacement of ions in the same time. Figure 3B illustrates that after the third cycle, at time = 50, the displacement of ions is essentially constant per unit of time. This result also illustrates the effect of increasing "the displacement of the CD, discussed above. 83 Figure 4 shows three different AC peak amplitudes for the emf. The adjustment of the peak amplitude will result in larger useful oscillation cycles developed, as seen in Figure 4. The adjective 'useful' is used to relate the number of negative displacements per cycle to the desired ion disturbance. In Figure 3B, the peak amplitude and displacement of the CD results in about three useful oscillation cycles. Increasing the peak amplitude in Figure 3B will result in more useful oscillations and greater ion disturbance. Figure 4 also illustrates the concept of reactive energy or amplification at resonance. The closer the frequency of the emf to the natural resonance of the system, the greater the response of the system. Figure 4 also shows how the impedance of the system can control the emf. If the impedance of the system is high at the beginning of the process, this impedance will dampen the response to the emf and the peak current will be reduced. As the process proceeds and the impedance decreases, the response will increase. 84 Figure 6 is a block diagram of the system of the elements necessary to carry out this method. As applied to an electrochemical system, the system 50 controls the reaction rate of the process 4. The injection element 1 superimposes (injects) the waveform of the emf generated by the waveform generator 2 in the displacement current of the CD generated by the power source 5. The control circuit 3 monitors the process 4 and adjusts the waveform of the emf and the displacement current of the DC to optimize the electrochemical process. The control circuit 3 may, optionally, monitor the parameters of process 4, which include voltage, current, impedance, temperature, pressure, pH (hydrogen ion activity) and / or other statistical process control parameters (SPC) . Changes in the impedance of process 4 automatically adjust the amplitude of the emf. The control circuit 3 can bypass the damping factor separately from process 4, thereby increasing or decreasing the amplitude of the crest of the emf. The control circuit 3 can effectively control the reaction rate of process 4 by controlling the characteristics of The emf, which include the voltage, current, frequency, duty cycle and damping ratio The control circuit 3 can also control how many damped oscillations are allowed per cycle. The number of damped oscillations can vary from one cycle to a practical limit of, for example, 10. The control circuit 3 can optionally control the output parameters of the power source 5, which include the voltage, current and frequency. Remember that the injection element 1 is coupled to a force function c? F on the displacement of the CD that can be independent of the natural resonance? N- Figure 7 shows a preferred embodiment, the system 51, for applying the form wave of the emf in this method. The system 51 deviates from the overall operation of the system 50 by the embodiment of the injection element 1. This injection element 1 functions as an coupled inductor 9. The coupled inductor 9 superimposes the emf signal from the waveform generator 2 on the DC current from the power source 5. An important design feature of the coupled inductor 9 is the ratio of the turns of the primary and secondary windings. 86 The ratio of the turns determines the relative amplitude of the coupled emf of the secondary winding to the primary winding. A very important and less obvious parameter is the coupling coefficient. The closely coupled windings result in a high coupling coefficient and the loosely coupled windings result in a low coupling coefficient. If the coupling coefficient of the coupled inductor 9 is high, then the emf will be injected in phase with the primary current. With a low coupling coefficient, the energy will be stored in the core and a time delay (phase delay) will occur before the energy is delivered to the primary. The meaning of these two conditions is that the coupling mode determines the impact of the emf in the process 4. With a close coupling in the coupled inductor 9, the process 4 will be forced to oscillate in phase with the emf generated in the generator 2 of wave form. With a loose coupling, the energy stored in the core allows the generated emf to oscillate with the process (the load). 4. This coupling technique allows this method to be applied to many different systems. If process 4 is an electroluminescent system, the system 87 Highly capacitive will be matched to an inductor 9 coupled with a Lajo coupling coefficient. If process 4 is a battery, this low impedance battery will match a coupled inductor 9 with a high coupling coefficient. This coupling coefficient allows the emf to correspond to the high impedance loads. Figures 5A, 5B, 5C and 5D are typical of the voltage fem that results with high impedance or reactive load and a low coupling coefficient. Figures 1, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B and 4 are typical of the current fem that results with low impedance loads and high coupling coefficients. Care should be taken with the circuit system of the single LC tank, shown as a waveform generator 2 in Figure 7, when setting the number of damped oscillations per cycle. The switch 12 applies a certain amount of energy to the circuit to initiate the oscillations. Attempting to start a new cycle, before dissipating the energy, can result in saturation of the inductor 11 and other problems. A practical limit is not less than 2 cycles of 88 damped oscillation with the simple circuitry shown.

OPERATION OF ALTERNATIVE MODALITIES OPERATION OF AN ALTERNATIVE WAVEFORM MODE OF THE HIGH CURRENT FEM Figure 18 shows a suitable emf waveform for very high current applications, which exceeds the current capacity of the injection element 1 equipped with the coupled inductor 9. Many electrochemical processes operate at very high currents, which can benefit from greater efficiency and ion disturbance, as illustrated in Figures 22A and 22ET. T_aT Figure 18 illustrates a pulsed emf with limited elevation regime and this waveform is, therefore, developed by a current source with a limited elevation regime. Figure 18 is compatible with the system 50, as shown in Figure 6. The waveform generator 2 and the control signal 6 will be eliminated. The control circuit 3, in the system 50, initiates the power source 5 to start a cycle in current 89 zero. The injection element 1 (inductor or current source) that controls the rate of rise of the emf current applied to the process 4. The injection element 1 limits the lifting rate to a practical value that minimizes the loss of energy of the CD. Process 4 is driven by the fem of the DC for a period corresponding to the application and then the control circuit 3 starts a cycle of negative current by disconnecting the positive current output from the power source 5. At the crossing point zero, the control circuit 3 can initiate a waiting period greater than 5 time constants or start the negative current output of the power source 5. When the current is started, it will then continue to descend to the negative peak. In this negative peak, the control circuit 3 disconnects the negative current output from the power source 5 and then the current starts to rise to zero. At the zero crossing point, the control circuit 3 will begin the next positive CD cycle. This high current fem mode can also be performed in a low cost, low current configuration. This low cost realization can be 90 used when the acquisition preserves are more important than the operating benefits and energy savings derived from the preferred embodiment of the system 50 in practice with the emf waveform illustrated in Figure 1.

OPERATION OF AN ALTERNATIVE MODE OF INTEGRAL BATTERY MODULE Figure 8 shows a practical application of the system 51 in the form of the module 52. The operation of the module 52 is essentially identical to the system 51 with the inclusion of the external circuit 23. In this form of embodiment, the module 52 is attempted as an integration of the battery 19, the control circuit 3, the waveform generator 2, the coupled inductor 9, and the switches 14 t 15 in a single package. The preferred embodiment of the module 52 is the package of the control circuit 3, waveform generator 2, coupled inductor 9 and switches 14 and 15 in a set that is approximately the size of a single battery cell 19.

The resulting assembly and battery 19 are then packaged together as an integral battery assembly, module 52. 91 The control circuit 3 is typically a microcontroller circuit that regulates all aspects of charging and discharging the battery 19. The switches 14 and 15 can be used to protect the battery 19 from external short circuits and overload currents. The switch 15 controls the charging current that is applied to the battery 19 by a power source in the external circuit 23. The switch 15 may be equipped to operate in the linear mode or as a current source to regulate the DC current supplied from the battery 19. If the switch 15 is operated in this mode, then the power supply in the external circuit 23 may be an unregulated supply, very low cost. The module 52 eliminates the need for an external battery charger and decreases the overall cost of the system. The switch 14 is used to control the discharge current from the battery 19. This switch 14 can terminate the discharge of the battery 19, to ensure a safe depth of discharge, compensated for in temperature, as determined by the circuit 3 of control. The coupled inductor 9 will continue to inject the battery with the waveform of the emf, not displacement of the CD, when the 92 switches 14 and 15 are both disconnected. The current path is through capacitor 16, coupled inductor 9, battery 19 and module 52 to ground. The pulses of the emf, with displacement of CD, are applied to the battery 19 to minimize the amount of inactive material and reduce the memory and the effects of self-discharge. The repetition rate of the pulses is determined by the control circuit 3, based on the use of the battery 19 (history) and the ambient temperature. The switches 14 and 15 are connected to the connection 20, but can easily be connected to the individual connection points for a separate connection to the external circuit 23. Typical feedback signals from the battery 19, supplied by the control signal 7, they will be the battery voltage, the battery center derivation voltage, and the battery temperature. This bypass voltage from the center of the battery can be used to monitor imbalances in the individual cells. The control circuit 3 can optionally communicate with the external circuit 23 by means of the control signal 8. The communication can be as simple as the status signals of the logic level, such as the enable and Figure 4 shows three different AC peak amplitudes for the emf. The adjustment of the peak amplitude will result in larger useful oscillation cycles developed, as seen in Figure 4. The adjective 5 'useful' is used to relate the number of negative displacements per cycle to the desired ion disturbance. In Figure 3B, the peak amplitude and displacement of the CD results in about three cycles of oscillation ? á useful. Increasing the peak amplitude in Figure 3B will result in more useful oscillations and greater ion disturbance. Figure 4 also illustrates the concept of reactive energy or amplification at resonance. The closer the frequency of the emf to resonance is If the system is natural, the response of the system will be greater. Figure 4 also shows how the impedance of the system can control the emf. If the impedance of the system is high at the beginning of the process, this impedance will dampen the response to the emf and the peak current will be reduced. 20 As the process proceeds and the impedance decreases, the response will increase.

Figure 6 is a block diagram of the system of the elements necessary to carry out this method. As it is applied to an electrochemical system, the system 50 1 controls the reaction rate of the process 4. The injection element 5 1 superimposes (injects) the waveform of the emf generated by the waveform generator 2 into the displacement current of the CD generated by the source 3- power 5. Control circuit 3 monitors process 4 and adjusts the waveform of the emf and the current of displacement of the CD to optimize the electrochemical process. The control circuit 3 may, optionally, monitor the parameters of process 4, which include voltage, current, momentum, temperature, _ *? ». pressure, pH (hydrogen ion activity) and / or other statistical process control parameters (SPC). The 4 changes in the impedance of process 4 automatically adjust the amplitude of the emf. The control circuit 3 can bypass the damping factor separately from process 4, increasing or decreasing as well the amplitude of the crest of the emf. The control circuit 3 can effectively control the reaction rate of process 4 by controlling the characteristics of * ft. The emf, which include the voltage, current, frequency, duty cycle and damping ratio The control circuit 3 can also control how many damped oscillations are allowed per cycle. The number of 5 dampened oscillations can vary from one cycle to a practical limit of, for example, 10. The control circuit 3 can optionally control the output parameters of the power source 5, which include the voltage, current and frequency. Remember that element 1 of injection is coupled to a force function? F on the displacement of the CD that can be independent of natural resonance? N. Figure 7 shows a preferred embodiment, the 3 _ | system 51, to apply the waveform of the emf in this method. The system 51 deviates from the overall operation of the system 50 by the embodiment of the injection element 1. This injection element 1 functions as an coupled inductor 9. The coupled inductor 9 superimposes the emf signal, from the waveform generator 2, on the current of CD from the power source 5. An important design feature of the coupled inductor 9 is the ratio of the turns of the primary and secondary windings. The ratio of the turns determines the relative amplitude of the coupled emf of the secondary winding to the primary winding. A very important and less obvious parameter is the coupling coefficient. The closely coupled windings result in a high coupling coefficient and the loosely coupled windings result in a low coupling coefficient. If the coupling coefficient of the coupled inductor 9 is high, then the emf will be injected in phase with the primary current. With a low coupling coefficient, the energy will be stored in the core and a time delay (phase delay) will occur before the energy is delivered to the primary. The meaning of these two conditions is that the coupling mode determines the impact of the emf in the process 4. With a close coupling in the coupled inductor 9, the process 4 will be forced to oscillate in phase with the emf generated in the generator 2 of wave form. With a loose coupling, the energy stored in the core allows the generated emf to oscillate with the process (the load). 4. This coupling technique allows this method to be applied to many different systems. If process 4 is an electroluminescent system, the "highly capacitive" system will be matched to an inductor 9 coupled with a Lajo coupling coefficient. If process 4 is a battery, this low impedance battery will match a coupled inductor 9 with a high coupling coefficient. This coupling coefficient allows the emf to correspond to the high impedance loads. Figures 5A, 5B, 5C and 5D are typical of the voltage fem that results with high impedance or reactive load and a low coupling coefficient. Figures 1, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B and 4 are typical of the current emf which results in low impedance loads and high coupling coefficients. Care must be taken with the circuit system of the simple LC tank, shown as a generator 2 of waveform in Figure 7, when the number of damped oscillations per cycle is established. The switch 12 applies a certain amount * of energy to the circuit to initiate the oscillations. The attempt to start a new cycle, before dissipating the energy, can result in saturation of the inductor 11 and other problems. A practical limit is not less than 2 oscillation cycles damped with the simple circuitry shown.

OPERATION OF ALTERNATIVE MODALITIES OPERATION OF AN ALTERNATIVE WAVEFORM MODE OF THE HIGH CURRENT EMF Figure 18 shows a suitable emf waveform for very high current applications, which exceed the current capacity of the injection element 1 equipped with the coupled inductor 9. Many electrochemical processes operate at very high currents, which can benefit from greater efficiency and ion disturbance, as illustrated in FIGS. 22A and "Jñ 15 22B. Figure 18 illustrates a pulsed emf with a limited lift regime and this waveform is, therefore, developed by a current source with a limited rise rate. , as shown in Figure 6. The generator 2 of waveform and control signal 6 will be eliminated. -f The control circuit 3, in the system 50, initiates the power source 5 to start a cycle at zero current. The injection element 1 (inductor or current source) that controls the rate of rise of the emf current applied to the process 4. The injection element 1 limits the rate of elevation to a practical value that minimizes the loss of CD energy. Process 4 is driven by the fem of the CD for a period corresponding to the application and then the control circuit 3 starts a cycle of negative current by disconnecting the positive current output from the source energy 5. At the zero crossing point, the control circuit 3 can initiate a waiting period greater than 5 time constants or start the negative current output of the power source 5. When the current is started, then it will continue to descend to the crest ir-15 negative. In this negative peak, the control circuit 3 disconnects the negative current output from the power source 5 and then the current starts to rise to zero. At the zero crossing point, the control circuit 3 will begin the next positive CD cycle. 20 This high current fem mode can also be performed in a low cost, low current configuration. This low cost realization can be used when the acquisition preserves are more important than the operating benefits and energy savings derived from the preferred embodiment of the system 50 in practice with the emf waveform illustrated in Figure 1.

OPERATION OF AN ALTERNATIVE MODE OF INTEGRAL BATTERY MODULE fj f Figure 8 shows a practical application of the system 51 in the form of the module 52. The operation of the module 52 is essentially identical to the system 51 with the inclusion of the external circuit 23. In this embodiment, the module 52 is attempted as an integration of the battery 19, the circuit 3 control, generator 2 waveform, coupled inductor 9, and switches 14 t 15 in a single package. The preferred embodiment of the module 52 is the package of the control circuit 3, waveform generator 2, coupled inductor 9 and switches 14 and 15 in a set which is approximately the size of a single battery cell 19. The resulting assembly and battery 19 are then packaged together as an integral battery assembly, module 52.

The control circuit 3 is typically a microcontroller circuit that regulates all aspects of charging and discharging the battery 19. The switches 14 and 15 can be used to protect the battery 19 from external short circuits and overload currents. The switch 15 controls the charging current that is applied to the battery 19 by a power source in the external circuit 23. The switch 15 may be equipped to operate in the linear mode or as a source of current to regulate the DC current. supplied from the battery 19. If the switch 15 is operated in this mode, then the power supply in the external circuit 23 may be an unregulated supply, of very low cost. The module 52 eliminates the need for an external battery charger and decreases the overall cost of the system. The switch 14 is used to control the discharge current from the battery 19. This switch 14 can terminate the discharge of the battery 19, to ensure a safe depth of discharge, compensated for in temperature, as determined by the circuit 3 of control. The coupled inductor 9 will continue to inject the battery with the waveform of the emf, not the displacement of the CD, when the switches 14 and 15 are both disconnected. The current path is through capacitor 16, coupled inductor 9, battery 19 and module 52 to ground. The pulses of the emf, with displacement of CD, are applied to the battery 19 to minimize the amount of inactive material and reduce the memory and the effects of self-discharge. The repetition rate of the pulses is determined by the control circuit 3, based on the use of battery 19 (history) and the ambient temperature. The switches 14 and 15 are connected to the connection 20, but can easily be connected to the individual connection points for a separate connection to the external circuit 23. Typical feedback signals from the battery 19, supplied by the control signal 7, they will be the battery voltage, the battery center derivation voltage, and the battery temperature. This bypass voltage from the center of the battery can be used to monitor imbalances in the individual cells. The control circuit 3 can onally communicate with the external circuit 23 by means of the control signal 8. The communication can be as simple as the status signals of the logic level, such as enabling and status. The communication can be by means of a serial collector that transmits the state of charge data of the battery 19 to a guest system that is operating from the power supplied by the module 52. Additionally, a user can control the circuit 3 by means of of a control signal 8, to bypass the safe protection of the depth of discharge. The control circuit 3 will also record the use of the battery 19 and this data can be used to determine warranty emergencies. This information can be retrieved by means of the control signal 8 if the appropriate keys are supplied by the external circuit (the guest) 23.

OPERATION OF AN ALTERNATIVE MODE OF INTEGRAL BATTERY MODULE. Figure 9 shows module 53 as a further extension of the smaller and smaller cost module, 52. The greatest distinction between module 52 and module 53 is the inclusion of a regulated power supply at the output of module 53. This Power supply can be, optionally, programmable. The switch 14, inductor 24, capacitor 25 and diode 26 form a regulated power supply, shown in the configuration of a box. The components can also be arranged in a box-amplifier array if a voltage greater than the battery voltage 19 is needed. The switch 14 can also be realized as a linear, low-cost regulating power supply, and the inductor 24 and diode 26 can be eliminated. The module 53 can eliminate the need for an internal power supply, typical of the host system, placed in the external circuit 23.

CONCLUSION, BRANCH AND SCOPE OF THE INVENTION Therefore, the reader will see that an electronic method has been provided, whereby the applied electromotive force optimizes the electrokinetic behavior of charged particles to correspond closely to the natural electrical response and the physical structure of the system. In electrochemical systems, this method will result in faster reaction regimes, greater efficiency, reduced parasitic side reactions, more improved transport disturbance, narrower process control, improved electroplating or deposit uniformity, lower energy and system costs , better use of materials and better production of the process. This method will allow further improvements of the system or process, which can better utilize the benefits of the optimized emf, such as thicker electrodes. This method has benefits of prolongation of safety, environmental and economic lines beyond the scope of the electrokinetic behavior of the systems. The injection technique described in this method allows the process to be applied on a very broad base of physical and electrochemical systems, beyond the examples discussed. As an example, this method has been applied experimentally to other electrolysis processes and the use of it in many industrial processes is considered. This method can be applied immediately to processes such as the electrokinetic remedy in itself of contaminated soil, electrophoresis, electrodecantation, electroplating, electrodisolution, electrodialysis, electro-discharge or electronic machining, electro-refining, electropolishing, electroforming, electroextraction, electrostatic precipitation, electroendósmosis, electrocapilaridad, electrostatic separation and the formation of new batteries. Although not explored, the types of charged particles considered extend beyond molecules, ions and electrons, to include biological systems. While the foregoing description provides many example uses or uses considered for this method, this should not be construed as limitations in the scope of the invention, rather they are an exemplification of its preferred embodiments. Therefore, the scope of the invention should not be determined by the illustrated modes, but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents.

Claims (26)

R E IVI N D I C T I O N S

1. In a physical process, an improved method for controlling the electrokinetic behavior of charged particles, which comprises the following: waveform generating elements, to produce a waveform of a predetermined amplitude, frequency, wave configuration, damping factor and work cycle; energy source elements, to produce enough energy; injection elements, to combine the waveform with the energy and produce an electromotive force; apply this electromotive force to the process; control elements, to repeat the previous steps, until achieving a preselected parameter; whereby the electrokinetic behavior of the charged particles coincides substantially with the natural electrical response of the process and the physical characteristics.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the electromotive force is substantially characterized as a damped sine wave form of at least one oscillation superimposed on a predetermined direct current shift.

3. The method of claim 1, further including a reactive amplification element, wherein these reactive elements are used to substantially amplify the influence of energy on the electrokinetic behavior of the charged particles.

4. The method of claim 1, further including natural damping elements, wherein the amplitude of the crest of the electromotive force is substantially damped by the impedance of the physical process.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the electromotive force is adapted as a wave configuration, substantially described by the mathematical formula: f (x) = (- [(sin (x-c))] + displacement of direct current) electromotive peak force; where the variable x is a linear function of time and the parameter c is a predetermined constant that establishes the initial condition at a time equal to zero.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the electromotive force is adapted as a wave configuration, substantially described by the mathematical formula: f (x) = ([(sin (x-c))] + displacement of direct current) electromotive peak force; where the variable x is a linear function of time and the parameter c is a predetermined constant that establishes the initial condition in time equal to zero.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the electromotive force is adapted as a substantially described wave configuration as a trapezoidal pitch function, with a predetermined rate of change that is substantially based on the resonance of the charged particles and the response time transient and a rest period from zero to greater than five time constants.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the control element further includes adjustment of the waveform generator, to sufficiently change the waveform and substantially optimize the electromotive force based on the changing condition of the physical process: and the changing condition includes at least one parameter of the group of voltage, current, impedance, temperature, pressure and ion activity.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the control element further includes adjusting the energy source to sufficiently change the energy and substantially optimize the electromotive force based on the changing condition of the physical process; and the changing condition includes at least one parameter of the group of voltage, current, impedance, temperature, pressure and ion activity.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the physical process is an electrochemical process. _

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the physical process is a photochemical process.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the physical process is a biological process.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the natural electrical response is substantially a natural resonance point of the physical process.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the natural physical characteristic of the physical process is an electric double layer.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the natural physical characteristic of the physical process is a range of energy.

16. The method of claim 1, further comprising disturbing elements, wherein the electromotive force effectively causes a mass transport disturbance of the charged particles.

17. An apparatus for the improved control of the electrokinetic behavior of charged particles in a physical process, this apparatus comprises: elements generating waveforms, to produce a waveform of pre-determined amplitude, frequency, wave configuration, damping factor and cycle job; power source elements, to produce enough energy; injection elements to combine the waveform with the energy and produce an electromotive force; apply this electromotive force to the process; control elements, to repeat the previous steps until a preselected parameter is achieved; whereby the electrokinetic behavior of the charged particles coincides substantially with the natural electrical response of the process and the physical characteristics.

18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the injection element is equipped with an coupled inductor.

19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the waveform generating element is equipped with an oscillator circuit of the inductor capacitor tank.

20. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the control element further includes the adjustment of the waveform generator, to sufficiently change the waveform to substantially optimize the electromotive force based on the changing condition of the physical process: and the condition changing includes at least one parameter of the group of voltage, current, impedance, temperature, pressure and ion activity.

21. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the control element further includes adjusting the power source to sufficiently change the energy and substantially optimize the electromotive force based on the changing condition of the physical process; and the changing condition includes at least one parameter of the group of voltage, current, impedance, temperature, pressure and ionic activity.

22. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the control element is selected from the group consisting of a microprocessor, microcontroller and integrated circuits of specific application.

23. An integral battery module apparatus, which comprises: a battery with at least one cell; switch elements to control the current flowing inside the module from the external power source and outside the module, from the battery to the external load; waveform generating elements, to produce a waveform of predetermined amplitude, frequency, wave configuration, damping factor and duty cycle; injection elements to: combine the waveform with the current and produce an electromotive force; _ apply this electromotive force to the battery; control elements for: monitoring the battery, - adjusting the waveform generator to sufficiently change the waveform to substantially optimize the electromotive force based on the changing condition of the battery; and this changing condition includes at least one parameter of the group of voltage, current, impedance, temperature, pressure and ion activity; select the switching elements to control the modes of galvanic, electrolytic and storage of the battery; Repeat the previous steps until a pre-selected parameter is achieved. whereby the module is packaged as a simple functional unit, which is substantially the functionality of the battery and the size; In addition, the electrokinetic behavior is optimized in the galvanic, electrolytic and storage modes of the battery.

24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the module further includes regulatory elements, to regulate the energy provided to the external load.

25. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the module further includes programmable regulating elements, for regulating the energy provided to the external load, based on a signal from the external load.

26. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the module further includes regulatory elements for regulating the energy provided from the external power source. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An electronic method is described by which the applied electromotive force optimizes the electrokinetic behavior of the charged particles to correspond closely with the natural electrical response and physical structure of the system. This method configures the amplitude and frequency of the electromotive force to normalize the relative interactions between the charged particles and the physical structure. An injection element (1) allows this method to be applied to a broad base of physical, biological and electrochemical processes, which depend on the electrokinetic behavior of charged particles. The method can effectively use the reactive energy or amplification that occurs in the resonance of the natural system, to increase the performance of the system without an increase in the applied power. In an electrochemical process, the method provides an optimized disturbance of the mass transport, which includes the electric double layer, which is perpendicular to the electrodes. In addition, a battery module (52) is described that uses this method to control and improve performance in the electrolytic, galvanic and storage modes of operation. The advantages of this method include lower energy consumption, better material utilization, narrower control of the process, easier circuitry, lower cost, longer operating life and greater process performance.