MXPA98010065A - Overhead detergents containing me - Google Patents

Abstract

The phenate-based detergents with high ratios of total number of bases: percentage of surfactant are useful lubricanat additives

Description

OVERHEAD DETERGENTS CONTAINING METAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to suitable compositions, inter alia, as lubricant additives, and especially with calcium based detergents, and more especially with materials suitable for use as lubricant additives for their use in marine machines. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION To meet the intense pressures on capital, maintenance, and operating costs, marine machine manufacturers are producing new engines designed to minimize fuel and lubricant consumption, and are making serious demands on suppliers to provide lubricants that reduce wear and extend the period between revisions. There is a continuing need for lubricating additives that provide detergency, antioxidant, and corrosion protection properties, and that neutralize the corrosive acids of sulfur-containing fuels. Only the overbased detergents are able to fulfill all these necessary papers. The formulators of lubricants, as a result of the requirements imposed on them by engine manufacturers and users, are in turn looking for overbased detergents with a higher total number of bases (NTB), in order to reduce the treatment regime and At the same time maintain effectiveness. (In this specification the total number of bases of an overbased detergent is the total number of bases, in milligrams of KOH / g, measured by ASTM D2896.) There is also a need for products which, while being very effective as additives, they can be more cost effective than existing products, and which are relatively easy to prepare and manage. Detergents containing overbased metal suitable for use as lubricant additives are typically prepared as oil concentrates. In these concentrates, a basic material containing metal in dispersion or solution in the oil is maintained by a surfactant system comprising, for example, anions of phenate, salicylate, sulfonate or naphthenate. The overbased detergents initially contained a single type of anion, for example a member or members of the phenate group, or of the sulfonate group, but for many years compositions containing anions of two or more of these groups, obtained either by adding two or more overbased detergents having different types of anions or by the manufacture of a hybrid material in which two or more anions of different groups are incorporated during the overbasing process. As the basic materials, compounds of members of the alkali and alkaline earth metal groups are used, with the calcium compounds being the most frequently used. For many applications, for example, for lubricants for use in marine engines, in some cases it is desirable, for maximum efficiency, that the ethobased detergents contain a relatively high proportion of phenate and / or salicylate anions. These overbased detergents in the same way may be useful in other applications. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides an overbased calcium detergent comprising a surfactant system derivable, and preferably derived, from at least two surfactants, at least one of which is a sulfurized or non-sulfurized phenol or a derivative thereof and the another, or at least some other, is a surfactant other than a phenol surfactant; the proportion, measured as described herein, of the phenol in the surfactant system is at least 15 percent by mass, and the overbased detergent has a ratio of total number of bases: percentage of surfactant (as defined below in present) of at least 21. By "overbased calcium detergent" is meant an overbased detergent in which the metal cations of the basic metal-containing material are essentially calcium cations. There may be small amounts of other cations in the basic metal-containing material, but typically, at least 80 mole percent, more typically at least 90 mole percent, for example at least 95 mole percent, of the cations in the base metal-containing material, are calcium ions. The non-calcium cations can be derived, for example, from the use in the manufacture of the overbased detergent of a surfactant salt in which the cation is a metal other than calcium. The percentage of the surfactant in the above-ground detergent, and the percentages of the individual surfactants, for example, phenol, in the surfactant system, are the percentages measured by the method presented below, which also indicates how the "number" is determined. total of standardized bases "of an overbased detergent. 1. Dialysis of the overbased detergent and determination of the total number of bases normalized A known amount (A g, approximately 20 grams) of the liquid overbased detergent (usually free of other lubricating oil additives) is dialysed through a membrane in a Soxhiet extractor (150 millimeters in height x 75 millimeters in internal diameter) using siphon of normal hexane at a rate of 3 to 4 times per hour for 20 hours. The membrane should be one that retains substantially all material containing metal, and substantially all of the rest of the sample passes through. An example of a suitable membrane is a rubber rubber membrane supplied by Carters Products, Wallace Inc. Carter Division, New York, NY 10105 under the trade name Trojans. The dialysate and the residue obtained at the end of the dialysis step are evaporated to dryness, any remaining volatile material is then removed in a vacuum oven (100 ° C to less than 1 Torr or less than about 130 Pa). The mass of the dry residue, in grams, is designated B. The percentage (C) of the overbased detergent material in the liquid sample is given by the equation: BC = x 100% A The "total number of bases normalized" of the overbased detergent ( that is, the total number of bases expressed in a manner that is independent of the amount of diluent) is the total number of bases measured in accordance with ASTM D2896 on the dry residue. The background information of the dialysis technique is given by Amos, R. and Albaugh, E.W. in "Chromatography in Petroleum Analysis", Altgelt, K.H. and Gouw, TH, Eds, pages 417 to 422, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York and Basel, 1979. 2. Determination of the ratio of total number of bases: percentage of surfactant A known amount (D g, approximately 10 grams ) of the dry residue is hydrolyzed as specified in sections 8.1 to 8.1.2 of ASTM D 3712, except that at least 200 milliliters of 25 volume percent hydrochloric acid (specific gravity 1.18) is used in section 8.1.1 . The amount of hydrochloric acid used should be sufficient to effect acidification / hydrolysis of the overbased detergent residue in organic materials (surfactants) and inorganic materials (materials containing calcium, eg, calcium chloride). The combined ether extracts are dried by passing them through anhydrous sodium sulfate. The sodium sulfate is rinsed with clean ether, and the combined ether solutions are evaporated to dryness (at about 110 ° C) to give a hydrolyzed residue. The mass of the dry hydrolyzed residue, in grams, is designated E. The percentage, Y, of the total surfactants in the original liquid overbased detergent is given by the equation EY = x CD and the ratio of total number of bases: total percentage of surfactant, X, is given by the NTB equation of the overbased liquid detergent X = Y It will be noted that, in order to determine X, the mass of the surfactants will be used in its free form (that is, not in the form of a salt or other derivative ). For brevity, X will generally be called "the ratio of total number of bases: percentage of surfactant" and it is the value of X that is ? specify under this term in the claims and wherever in this specification. 5 3. Determination of individual surfactants (in their free form) in the surfactant system The techniques described below isolate the individual surfactants, in hydrolyzed form, from the hydrolyzed surfactant mixture derived from the detergent. _-_. 10 overbased. As indicated below, the proportion of each individual surfactant is the proportion by mass of the individual surfactant, in hydrolyzed form, in the mixture of hydrolyzed surfactants. Thus, where, for ele, the overbased detergent contains a surfactant system of Phenate / sulfonate / calcium salicylate, the proportions of the surfactants in the system are expressed as the proportions of phenol, sulfonic acid and salicylic acid respectively.

^ F The proportions of individual surfactants can be determined by the following method. 20 A known amount (F g, approximately 1 gram) of the dry hydrolyzed residue obtained as described above is placed on the top of a porous glass column of 450 millimeters x 25 millimeters (internal diameter) filled with Florisil US 60 mesh. 100 Florisil is magnesium silicate with a CAS number of 8014-97-9. The column is eluted with a 250 milliliter portion of each of seven solvents of increasing polarity, namely, heptane, cyclohexane, toluene, ethyl ether, acetone, methanol, and finally, a mixture of 50 volume percent chloroform, 44 volume percent isopropanol, and 6 volume percent ammonia solution (specific gravity 0.88). Each fraction is collected, evaporated to dryness, and the resulting residue is weighed and then analyzed to determine the amount (G1, G2, G3 ... g) and the nature of the surfactant or surfactants contained in the fraction. The analysis of the fractions (or of the hydrolyzed residue) can be carried out by, for example, chromatographic, spectroscopic, and / or titration techniques (color or potentiometric indicators) known to the skilled artisan. When the overbased detergent contains a sulfonate surfactant and a salicylate surfactant, the sulfonic acid and salicylic acid obtained by hydrolysis of these surfactants will usually be eluted from the column together. In this case, and in any other case where it is necessary to determine the proportion of sulfonic acid in a mixture containing it, the proportion of sulfonic acid in the mixture can be determined by the method described by Epton in Trans. Far. Soc. April 1948, 226. In the aforementioned method, the mass (in grams, designated H1) of a given surfactant, in hydrolyzed form, is determined from the fraction or fractions containing it, and thus the proportion of the surfactant in the surfactant system of the original overbased detergent is H1 5 - X 100% F The percentages (by mass) of the individual surfactants (in their free form, that is, not in the form of a salt or other derivative) based on the surfactant system can be predicted from the proportions of the surfactants used as starting materials, provided • that the percentage of the "reactive ingredient" is known for each initial surfactant material. (The term "ingredient "Reagent" is defined in Note 1 of Tables 1 and 2 in the examples in this specification.) The percentage of the total surfactants (in their free form) in the liquid overbased product can then be predicted, and can also be determined the total number ratio of t &20 bases: percentage of surfactant In addition, the total number of standardized bases can be predicted, provided that the proportion of the overbased detergent material in the liquid overbased product is known (ie the proportion of the liquid overbased product other than oil or material non-reactive surfactant). Good correlation can be found between predicted values and measured values as described above.

The overbased detergents according to the invention are preferably hybrid overbased detergents, that is, overbased detergents obtained by overbasing a mixture containing two or more surfactants. At least one of the surfactants in a mixture to be overbased may be present in a previously prepared overbased detergent. The present invention also provides a method for manufacturing an overbased calcium detergent having a surfactant system derived from at least two surfactants, this method comprising treating with an overbase agent (as defined hereinafter) a mixture comprising: (a) at least two surfactants, at least one of which is a surfactant which is a sulfurized or unsulfurized phenol or a derivative thereof, and the other is a surfactant other than a phenol surfactant; (b) at least one basic calcium compound; and (c) oil, the treatment with the overbasing agent is carried out at least in one step, preferably at least in two steps, at less than 100 ° C, the total proportion, measured as described herein, of the The phenol in the surfactant system of the overbased detergent is at least 15 percent by mass, and the overbased detergent has a ratio of the total number of bases: percentage of surfactant of at least 21. It will be appreciated that the mixture to be overbased contains compound (s). ) of free basic calcium, that is, basic calcium compound (s) that are (are) available to react with the overbased agent. By an "overbasing agent" is meant an agent or compound capable of reacting with the basic calcium compound or compounds (b) to form a basic calcium-containing material that can be maintained in dispersion or solution in the oil by the surfactant system . When there is more than one overbasing step, if desired, different overbasing agents can be used for different steps. In each individual overbasing step, a mixture of overbasing agents can be used, if desired. Examples of suitable overbasing agents are carbon dioxide, a source of boron, for example, boric acid, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia. The preferred overbasing agents are carbon dioxide or boric acid, or a mixture of the two. The most preferred overbasing agent is carbon dioxide and, for convenience, treatment with overbasing agent will generally be known as "carbonation". Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, it will be understood that references herein to carbonation include references to treatment with other overbasing agents. Advantageously, at the end of the carbonation step (or steps), part of the basic calcium compound (s) (b) remains non-carbonated. Advantageously, up to 15 mass percent of the basic calcium compound or compounds remains uncharged, especially up to 11 percent in mass. As indicated above, carbonation is carried out at less than 100 ° C. Typically, carbonation is carried out at at least 15 ° C, preferably at least 25 ° C. Advantageously, the carbonation is carried out at less than 80 ° C, more advantageously less than 60 ° C, preferably at most at 50 ° C, more advantageously at most at 40 ° C, and especially at most 35 ° C. Advantageously, the temperature is maintained substantially constant during each carbonation step, with only minor fluctuations. When there is more than one carbonation step, both or all of the carbonation steps are preferably carried out substantially at the same temperature, although different temperatures may be used, if desired, provided that each step is carried out at least of 100 ° C. The carbonation can be carried out at atmospheric pressures, ferrous or subatmospheric superatmos. Preferably, the carbonation is carried out at atmospheric pressure. Advantageously, the first carbonation step (and preferably also the second or each subsequent carbonation step, if used) is followed by a "hot soak" step in which the mixture is maintained, without addition of any other chemical reagent, in a selected temperature range (or at a selected temperature), which is normally greater than the temperature at which the carbonation is effected, for a period before any other processing step is carried out. The mixture is usually stirred during the hot soak. Typically, hot soaking may be carried out for a period of at least 30 minutes, advantageously at least 45 minutes, preferably at least 60 minutes, especially at least 90 minutes. The temperatures at which the hot soaking can be carried out are typically in the range of from 15 ° C to just below the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture, preferably 25 ° C to 60 ° C: the temperature should be be such that substantially no material (eg, solvents) is removed from the system during the hot soaking step. We have found that hot soaking has the effect of helping stabilize the product, dissolve solids and filterability. Preferably, following the first carbonation step (and the hot soaking step, if used), another quantity of basic calcium compound (component (b)) is added to the mixture and the mixture is carbonated again, following the second carbonation step advantageously by a hot soaking step.

. Reduced viscosity products can be obtained by using one or more additions of basic calcium compound and the subsequent carbonation, following each carbonation step advantageously by a hot soaking step. This is an important aspect of the present invention. In addition we have found that you can obtain products with a higher total number of bases, and a ratio of the total number of bases: percentage of higher surfactant, with convenient viscosities by using the steps mentioned in this paragraph. In each case, the comparison is made with the product resulting from the treatment in fewer steps with the same amount of the basic calcium compound and the overbased agent. The basic calcium compounds for use in the manufacture of overbased detergents include calcium oxide, hydroxide, alkoxides, and carboxylates. The calcium oxide and, more especially, hydroxide are preferably used.

A mixture of basic compounds can be used, if desired. The mixture to be overbased by the overbasing agents should normally contain water, and may also contain one or more solvents, promoters or other substances commonly used in the overbasing processes. Examples of suitable solvents are aromatic solvents, for example, benzene, benzenes substituted by alkyl, for example, toluene or xylene, benzenes substituted by halogen, and lower alcohols (with up to 8 carbon atoms) preferably lower aliphatic alcohols. Preferred solvents are toluene and / or methanol. The amount of the toluene used is advantageously such that the mass percentage of toluene, based on the overbased calcium detergent (excluding oil) is at least 1.5, preferably at least 15, more preferably at least 45, especially at least 60, more especially at least 90. For practical / economic reasons, the percentage of toluene is typically at plus 1200, advantageously at most 600, preferably at more 500, especially when more 150. The amount of methanol used is advantageously such that the percentage by mass of methanol, based on the calcium detergent (excluding oil) is at least 1.5, preferably at least 15, more preferably at least 30, especially at least 45, more especially at least 50. For practical / economic reasons, the percentage of methanol ( as a solvent) is typically at most 800, advantageously when more 400, preferably when more 200, especially as When more 100. The above percentages apply if toluene and methanol are used together or separately. Preferred promoters for use according to the invention are methanol and water. The amount of methanol used is advantageously such that the mass percentage of methanol, based on the initial charge of basic calcium compound (s), for example, calcium hydroxide (ie, excluding any added basic calcium compound (s)) in a second step or subsequent step), it is at least 6, preferably at least 60, more preferably at least 120, especially at least 180, more especially at least 210. For practical / economic reasons, the percentage of methanol (as a promoter ) is typically at most 3200, advantageously when more 1600, preferably at more 800, especially when more 400. The amount of water in the initial reaction mixture (before treatment with the overbased agent) is advantageously such that the mass percentage of water, based on the initial charge of basic calcium compound (s) (that is, excluding any basic calcium compound (s) added in a second or subsequent step), is at least 0.1, preferably at least 1, more preferably at least 3, especially at least 6, more especially at least 12, particularly at least 20. For practical / economic reasons, the percentage of water is typically at most 320, advantageously when more 160, preferably when more 80, especially when more 40. If the reagents used are not anhydrous, the proportion of water in the reaction mixture should take into account any water in the components and also the water formed by the neutralization of the surfactants. In particular, a discount should be made on any water present in the same surfactants.

Advantageously, the reaction medium comprises methanol, water (at least part of which may be generated during salt formation), and toluene. If desired, low molecular weight carboxylic acids (with 1 to about 7 carbon atoms), for example, formic acid, inorganic halides, or ammonium compounds can be used to facilitate carbonation, to improve filterability, or as viscosity agents for overbased detergents. The overbased detergents according to the invention can, however, be prepared by a process which does not require the use of an inorganic halide or ammonium salt catalyst, for example ammonium salts of lower carboxylic acids or alcohols, and they are preferably free of groups derived from such a halide or ammonium catalyst. (When an inorganic halide or an ammonium salt is used in the overbasing process the catalyst will normally be present in the final overbased detergent.) In addition, the overbased detergents according to the invention can be prepared by a process that does not require the use of reagents such as dihydric alcohols (e.g., ethylene glycol) which are used when operating at higher temperatures; the overbased detergents of the invention preferably do not have dihydric alcohols or residues thereof. The invention also provides overbased detergents prepared by the method of the invention, concentrates comprising overbased detergents in accordance with, or preparations in accordance with, the invention, and oil-based compositions, particularly lubricating oils, especially marine lubricating oils, comprising an overbased detergent in accordance with, or prepared in accordance with, the invention. For ease of handling, an overbased detergent according to, or prepared in accordance with, the invention advantageously has a KV40 of at most 20,000 square millimeters per second, preferably when more 10,000 square millimeters per second, especially when more 5,000 square millimeters per second , and a KV100 of at most 2,000 square millimeters per second, preferably when more 1,000 square millimeters per second, especially when more 500 square millimeters per second. Throughout this specification, viscosities are measured in accordance with ASTM D445. Overbased detergents according to the invention advantageously have a total number of bases of at least 300, more advantageously at least 330, preferably at least 350, more preferably at least 400, and especially at least 450. As indicated below in this Descriptive memory, an important aspect of the present invention is the provision of overbased detergents with a high total number of bases of acceptable viscosity and which may contain a relatively high proportion of phenate and / or salicylate surfactants in the surfactant system. The invention also makes possible the provision of overbased detergents with high normalized total base numbers (as defined in a present). Thus, for example, the overbased detergents can have a total standardized base number of 450 or more, especially 460 or more, advantageously at least 500, more advantageously at least 550, preferably at least 600, more preferably at least 650. of total number of bases: percentage of surfactant is an indication of the amount of (relatively expensive) surfactant required to prepare an overbased detergent from a specific total number of bases. The overbased detergents according to the invention have a ratio of total number of bases: percentage of surfactant of at least 21. With suitable initial materials / reaction conditions, proportions of up to 25 or more such as 30 or more can be obtained, for example 35 or more, or 40 or more. Regardless of the ratio of total number of bases: percentage of surfactant, the total proportion of the phenol in the surfactant system is advantageously at least 25 percent by mass, preferably at least 35 percent by mass, preferably at least 45 percent by mass. dough, more preferably at least 55 percent by mass, especially at least 70 percent by mass. Surfactants of which the surfactant system of the overbased detergents in accordance with, or preparations in accordance with, the invention are derivable or derivative preferably contain at least one hydrocarbyl group, for example, as a substituent on an aromatic ring. The term "hydrocarbyl" as used herein means that the group referred to is primarily composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms but does not exclude the presence of other atoms or groups in an insufficient proportion to reduce the substantially hydrocarbon characteristics of the group. Advantageously, the hydrocarbyl groups in surfactants for use according to the invention are aliphatic groups, preferably alkyl or alkylene groups, especially alkyl groups, which may be linear or branched. The total number of carbon atoms in the surfactants should be sufficient to impart the desired oil solubility. When overbased detergents are prepared according to the invention one or more of the surfactants can be used, if desired, in the form of a derivative thereof, provided that the derivative, if different from a metal salt, can react with the basic calcium compound or compounds (b) to form a calcium salt of the surfactant. Unless clearly inadequate in context, references in the following discussion of the individual surfactants, and in other parts of this specification, to surfactants in their "free" form (not in the form of salt) include references to suitable derivatives of these surfactants. Examples of suitable derivatives of certain of the preferred surfactants are: ammonium salts, metal salts or esters or phenols; ammonium salts, metal salts, esters, anhydrides, acid chlorides or amides or salicylic acids; ammonium salts, metal salts, esters, anhydrides, acid chlorides or carboxylic acid amides; and salts of ammonium, metal salts, esters or anhydrides of sulphonic acids. The phenols used according to the invention may be unsulfurized or preferably sulfided. In addition, the term "phenol" as used herein includes phenols containing more than one hydroxyl group (eg, alkyls catechols) or fused aromatic rings (eg, naphthyl alkyls) and phenols that have been modified by chemical reaction, example, bridged alkylene phenols, and phenols of Mannich condensed base; and saligenin type phenols (produced by the reaction of a phenol and an aldehyde under basic conditions). Preferred phenols for which overbased detergents can be derived according to the invention are of the formula wherein R represents a hydrocarbyl group e and represents 1 to 4. Where y is greater than 1, the hydrocarbyl groups may be the same or different. In overbased detergents of lubricating oil, phenols are frequently used in a sulphurated form. The sulfurized hydrocarbyl phenols are typically represented by the formula: where x is generally from 1 to 4. In some cases, more than two phenol molecules can be linked by S? bridges. In the above formulas, the hydrocarbyl groups represented by R are advantageously alkyl groups, which advantageously contain from 5 to 100 carbon atoms, preferably from 5 to 40 carbon atoms, especially from 9 to 12 carbon atoms, the average number of atoms of carbon in all groups R is at least about 9 in order to ensure adequate solubility in oil. The preferred alkyl groups are the nonyl groups (tripropylene). In the following discussion, hydrocarbyl substituted phenols for convenience will be referred to as alkylphenols. A sulfurizing agent for use in preparing a phenol or sulfurized phenate can be any compound or element that introduces - (S) - bridging groups between the alkylphenol monomer groups, wherein x is generally from 1 to about 4. Thus, the The reaction can be carried out with elemental sulfur or a halide thereof, for example sulfur dichloride or, more preferably, sulfur monochloride. If elemental sulfur is used, the sulfiding reaction can be carried out by heating the alkylphenol compound at from 50 to 250 ° C, and preferably at least 100 ° C. The use of elemental sulfur will typically give a mixture of bridging groups - (S) - as described above. If a sulfur halide is used, the sulfiding reaction can be carried out by treating the alkylphenol at from -10 ° C to 120 ° C, preferably at least 60 ° C. The reaction can be conducted in the presence of a convenient diluent. The diluent advantageously comprises an organic diluent, for example formaldehyde, propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde. The preferred aldehyde is formaldehyde. The modified phenols of Suitable aldehyde for use in accordance with the present invention are described in, for example, the US Pat.

, United States of America Number: A-5 259 967. The Mannich condensed-base phenols are prepared by the reaction of a phenol, an aldehyde and an amine. Examples of suitable Mannich condensed base phenols are described in GB-A-2 121 432. In general, the phenols can include substituents other than those mentioned above provided that such substituents do not significantly reduce the surfactant properties of the compounds. phenols. Examples of such substituents are methoxy groups and halogen atoms. In a preferred aspect of the invention, at least one of the surfactants from which the surfactant system can be derived is a salicylic acid or a derivative thereof. The salicylic acids used according to the invention may be unsulfurized or sulfurized, and may be chemically modified and / or contain additional substituents, for example, as discussed above for phenols. Processes similar to those described above can also be used to sulfur a hydrocarbyl substituted salicylic acid, and are well known to those skilled in the art. Salicylic acids are typically prepared by the carboxylation, by the Kolbe-Schmitt process, of phenoxides, and in that case, they will generally be obtained (usually in a diluent) in admixture with non-carboxylated phenol. Preferred substituents in oil soluble salicylic acids from which the overbased detergents according to the invention can be derived are the substituents represented by R in the above discussion of phenols. In salicylic acids substituted by alkyl, the alkyl groups advantageously contain from 5 to 100 carbon atoms, preferably from 9 to 30 carbon atoms, especially from 14 to 20 carbon atoms. In another preferred aspect of the present invention, at least one of the surfactants from which the surfactant system can be derived is a sulfonic acid or a derivative thereof. The sulphonic acids used in accordance with this aspect of the invention are typically obtained by the sulfonation of hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, especially substituted by alkyls, for example, those obtained from the fractionation of petroleum by distillation and / or extraction, or by the alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Examples include those obtained by alkylation of benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, biphenyl or their halogen derivatives, for example, chlorobenzene, chlorotoluene or chloronaphthalene. The alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons can be carried out in the presence of a catalyst with alkylating agents having from about 3 to more than 100 carbon atoms, such as, for example, halogen paraffins, olefins obtainable by the dehydrogenation of paraffins, and polyolefins, for example, polymers of ethylene, propylene, and / or butene. The alkylarylsulfonic acids usually contain from about 7 to about 100 or more carbon atoms. Preferably they contain from about 16 to 80 carbon atoms, or from 12 to 40 carbon atoms, per alkyl-substituted aromatic fraction, depending on the source from which they are obtained. When these alkylaryl sulfonic acids are neutralized to provide sulfonates, hydrocarbon solvents and / or extender oils may also be included in the reaction mixture, as well as promoters and viscosity control agents. Another type of sulfonic acid that can be used according to the invention comprises alkyl phenolsulfonic acids. These sulfonic acids can be sulfurized. These acids, whether sulfurized or non-sulfurized, are believed to have surfactant properties comparable to those of sulphonic acids, rather than surfactant properties comparable to those of phenols. Suitable sulfonic acids for use in accordance with the invention also include alkylsulfonic acids. In these compounds the alkyl group conveniently contains from 9 to 100 carbon atoms, advantageously from 12 to 80 carbon atoms, especially from 16 to 60 carbon atoms. In one aspect of the invention, the surfactant system can be derived from at least one sulfurized phenol or a derivative thereof and at least one sulfonic acid or a derivative thereof. In this case, the proportions, measured as described herein, of phenol with respect to sulfonic acid are preferably in the range of 15: 85 to 95: 5 mass percent, preferably 30: 70 to 70: 30 percent mass, especially 40: 60 to 60: 40 percent mass. In another aspect of the invention the surfactant system is derivable, from at least one sulfurized phenol or a derivative thereof, at least one salicylic acid or a derivative thereof and at least one sulfonic acid or a derivative thereof. In this case, the proportions, measured as described herein, of phenol with respect to salicylic acid and sulfonic acid in the surfactant system is advantageously in the range from 15 to 90 mass percent: 5 to 90 mass percent : 20 to 80 percent mass; preferably 20 to 80 percent by mass: 20 to 80 percent by mass: 10 to 50 percent by mass; especially 30 to 50 percent by mass: 25 to 45 percent by mass: 15 to 35 percent by mass. If desired, at least one of the surfactants from which the overbased detergent is derivable may be a carboxylic acid. The carboxylic acids that can be used according to the invention include mono and dicarboxylic acids. Preferred monocarboxylic acids are those containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, especially from 8 to 24 carbon atoms. (When this specification indicates the number of carbon atoms in a carboxylic acid, the carbon atom (s) in the carboxyl group (s) is (are) included in that number.) Examples of monocarboxylic acids are acid iso-octanoic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid and behenic acid. If desired, iso-octanoic acid can be used in the form of a mixture of acidic isomers of 8 carbon atoms sold by Exxon Chemical under the tradename "Cekanoic". Other suitable acids are those with tertiary substitution at the carbon atom a and dicarboxylic acids with more than 2 carbon atoms separating the carboxylic groups. In addition, dicarboxylic acids with more than 35 carbon atoms, for example, from 36 to 100 carbon atoms, are also convenient. The unsaturated carboxylic acids can be sulfided. Although salicylic acids contain a carboxylic group, for the purposes of the present specification they are considered to be a separate group of surfactants, and are not considered to be carboxylic acid surfactants. (Also, although they contain a hydroxyl group, they are considered to be phenol surfactants). In one aspect of the invention, where a carboxylic acid / derivative is used, this is not (a) an acid of the formula Ra-CH (Rb) -C00H, where Ra represents an alkyl or alkenyl group containing from 10 to 24 carbon atoms and Rb represents hydrogen, an alkyl group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a CH2COOH group, or an acid anhydride, acid chloride or ester thereof, or (b) a di- or polycarboxylic acid containing from 36 to 100 carbon atoms or an acid anhydride, acid chloride or ester thereof. In another aspect of the invention the carboxylic acid / derivative, if used, has from 8 to 11 carbon atoms in the carboxylic-containing moiety. In another aspect of the invention, when a carboxylic acid / derivative is used, it is not a monocarboxylic acid / derivative with more than 11 carbon atoms in the carboxylic-containing moiety. In another aspect, the carboxylic acid / derivative is not a dicarboxylic acid / derivative with more than 11 carbon atoms in the carboxylic-containing moiety. In a further aspect, the carboxylic acid / derivative is not a polycarboxylic acid / derivative with more than 11 carbon atoms in the carboxylic-containing moiety. In another aspect, a carboxylic acid surfactant is not a succinic acid substituted by hydrocarbyl or a derivative thereof. In one aspect of the invention, the surfactant system is derivable from at least one sulfurized phenol or a derivative thereof, at least one sulfonic acid or a derivative thereof, and at least one carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof. In this case, the proportions, as defined herein, of phenol with respect to sulfonic acid and carboxylic acid are preferably in the range of from 15 to 90: 5 to 90: 5 to 90 mass percent; preferably 20 to 80: 10 to 50: 10 to 50 mass percent; especially 30 to 70: 10 to 30: 10 to 30 percent by mass. Examples of other surfactants that can be used according to the invention include the following compounds, and derivatives thereof: naphthenic acids, especially naphthenic acids containing one or more alkyl groups, dialkylphosphonic acids, dialkyl thiophosphonic acids, and dialkyldithiophosphoric acids, alcohols with high molecular weight (preferably ethoxylated), dithiocarbamic acids, thiophosphines, and dispersants. Surfactants of these types are well known to those skilled in the art. When a surfactant is used in the form of a salt, any convenient cation may be present, for example a quaternary nitrogenous ion, or preferably, a metal ion. Suitable metal ions include those of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals (including magnesium) and transition metals. Examples of suitable metals are lithium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, barium, copper, zinc, and molybdenum. The preferred metals are lithium, potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium, more preferably lithium, sodium, magnesium and calcium, especially calcium. The neutralization of surfactants can be carried out before the addition of basic calcium compound (s) (b) used in the overbasing step or by means of the basic calcium compound. If desired, a mixture of two or more members of any group of surfactants can be used to prepare overbased detergents according to the invention, provided that at least one surfactant of a different group is also present. Thus, for example, many processes for introducing substituents into aromatic rings will result in a mixture of compounds, and it is usually convenient to use this mixture without separating its components from one another. When in this specification it is stated that an overbased detergent is prepared from certain specified surfactants, for example, a phenol surfactant and a sulphonic acid surfactant, or a phenol surfactant, a sulfonic acid surfactant and an acid surfactant carboxylic, or a phenol surfactant, a salicylic acid surfactant and a sulfonic acid surfactant, the total proportion of those surfactants (in free form) in the surfactant system of the overbased detergent is advantageously at least 75 percent by mass, preferably when less 85 percent by mass, especially at least 95 percent by mass. The invention makes it possible, if desired, to obtain a total number of high bases of overbased phenate and / or salicylate detergents while minimizing the amount of the (relatively expensive) surfactant component of the overbased detergent: thus the invention makes it possible to obtain overbased detergents with a ratio of total number of bases: percentage of relatively high surfactant. This is of particular advantage in the case of lubricants for marine use, since marine engines require relatively large quantities of lubricants containing overbased detergents with a high total number of bases (for example, Marine Diesel Cylinder Lubricants (MDCL) are lubricants "of one step "), but it is also an advantage in the case of other lubricants, for example, crankcase lubricants. Furthermore, the invention makes it possible to provide highly effective overbased detergents having a relatively low viscosity, even when the surfactant system contains a relatively high proportion of phenate and / or salicylate. Sulfonates and overbased calcium carboxylates with high total number of bases with low viscosities were known before. The provision of overbased calcium detergents comprising a surfactant system that can contain a relatively high proportion of phenate and / or salicylate thus giving good performance levels in numerous applications, for example, in marine lubricants, while minimizing the amount of The relatively expensive surfactant required, and which can also have a high total number of bases and low viscosity, represents a significant technical advance. In addition, previously proposed processes for preparing phenate and / or overbased salicylate detergents typically employ relatively high carbonation temperatures, for example, temperatures of more than 100 ° C and, in many previous proposals, the use of a surfactant such as certain carboxylic acids having at least 12 carbon atoms was shown to be essential to obtain a satisfactory product. In accordance with the present invention, carbonation is carried out at lower temperatures, and can be carried out without reagents such as glycols needed when operating at higher temperatures. In addition, satisfactory products can be obtained without the use of certain carboxylic acids having at least 12 carbon atoms previously shown to be essential. As previously indicated, the overbased detergents according to the invention are preferably hybrid overbased detergents, that is, overbased detergents obtained by overbasing a mixture containing two or more surfactants. These hybrid detergents have the advantage of making it possible to provide an overbased detergent system having properties contributed by two or more surfactants without the need to manufacture and mix two or more separate overbased detergents. In addition, the elimination of the need to mix separated overbased detergents gives more flexibility to the total number of bases, to the proportions of surfactant and to the ratios of total number of bases: percentage of final surfactants, and can also overcome problems of incompatibility or stability that they can be experienced when preparing mixtures containing separate overbased detergents. More particularly, it can be found that the hybrid overbased detergents of the present invention give rise to improved stability when used to formulate lubricating oils, for example, for marine diesel engines with trunk piston, ie, medium speed marine diesel engines. In particular, when these oils are formulated to contain tensioactive anions of phenate, sulfonate and salicylate, greater stability is achieved, as measured by the reduction of the volume sediment in the stored oil, when two or more of those anions are provided in the oil. in the form of a complex detergent of the present invention. This is compared to oils where three anions are provided separately in the oil. For example, an oil formulated with a hybrid overbased phenate: sulfonate detergent of the invention and a salicylate provided separately, and an oil formulated with a hybrid overbased detergent of phenate: sulfonate: salicylate of the invention, each has greater stability than a comparable oil formulated with a phenate, a sulfonate and a salicylate each provided separately. Overbased detergents in accordance with or prepared according to the invention, which are normally prepared as concentrates in oil containing, for example, 50 to 70 percent by mass of overbased detergent based on the mass of the concentrate, are useful as additives for oil-based compositions, for example, lubricants or fats, and the invention thus also provides these compositions containing the overbased detergents, and concentrates for use in preparing these compositions. The amount of overbased detergent to be included in the oil-based composition depends on the type of composition and its proposed application: lubricants for marine applications typically contain 0.5 to 18 percent by mass of overbased detergent, on an ingredient basis. Active based on the final lubricant, while automotive crankcase lubricating oils typically contain 0.01 to 6 percent by mass of overbased detergent, on an active ingredient basis based on the final lubricant. Overbased detergents in accordance with or prepared according to the invention are soluble in oil or (in common with certain of the other additives referred to below) can be dissolved in oil with the aid of a solvent convenient, or are materials that can be dispersed stably. Soluble in oil, dissolvable, or stably dispersible as the terminology used herein does not necessarily indicate that the additives are soluble, dissolvable, miscible, or capable of being suspended in oil in all proportions. However, it means that the additives are, for example, soluble or stably dispersible in oil to a sufficient degree to exert their intended effect in the environment in which the oil is used. Furthermore, incorporation in an oil-based composition of other additives may allow the incorporation of higher levels of a particular additive, if desired. Overbased detergents can be incorporated into a base oil in any convenient manner. Thus, they can be added directly to the oil by dispersion or by dissolving them in an oil at the desired level of concentration, optionally with the aid of a suitable solvent such as, for example, toluene or cyclohexane. This mixture can occur at room temperature or at an elevated temperature. Overbased detergents in accordance with, or preparations in accordance with, the invention are particularly useful in lubricating oil compositions employing a base oil in which the mixtures are dissolved or dispersed. Base oils that overbased detergents may use include those suitable for use as crankcase lubricating oils for spark ignition or compression ignition combustion engines, for example, automobile and truck engines, and marine diesel engines. As indicated above, overbased detergents are of particular utility in lubricants for use in marine engines. Synthetic base oils include alkyl esters of dicarboxylic acids, polyglycols and alcohols; poly-α-olefins, including polybutenes; alkylbenzenes; organic esters or phosphoric acids; and polysilicone oils. The natural base oils include mineral lubricating oils which can vary widely with respect to their crude origin, for example, if they are paraffinic, naphthenic, mixed, or paraffinic-naphthonic, as well as with respect to the method used in their production, for example, its distillation range and whether they are of right or fractured run, hydrofinished, or extracted with solvent. The base lubricating oil supplies suitable for use in sump lubricants conveniently have a viscosity of about 2.5 to about 12 cSt, or square millimeters per second, at 100 ° C, although base supplies with other viscosities may be used, for example , bright supply. Suitable base lubricating oil supplies for use in marine lubricants conveniently have a typical viscosity of about 3 to about 15 cSt, or square millimeters per second, at 100 ° C, although base supplies with other viscosities may be used. Thus, for example, bright supplies, typically having a viscosity of about 30 to 35 cSt, or square millimeters per second, can be used at 100 ° C. An overbased detergent according to, or prepared in accordance with, the present invention may be employed in a lubricating oil composition which comprises lubricating oil, typically in a greater proportion, and the overbased detergent, typically in a lesser proportion. Additional additives can be incorporated into the composition to enable it to meet particular requirements. Examples of additional additives that can be included in lubricating oil compositions containing an overbased detergent according to the invention are viscosity index improvers, corrosion inhibitors, other oxidation inhibitors or antioxidants, friction modifiers, dispersants, other detergents, rust inhibitors of metal, antiwear agents, depressants of the runoff temperature, and anti-foaming agents. Suitable lubricating oils for use in marine engines advantageously include a dispersant and an anti-wear agent as additional additives and may also contain other additives, for example, additional antioxidants, anti-foaming agents and / or rust inhibitors. Certain of the additional additives specified above are more suitable for use in automotive engine lubricants than for use in marine engine lubricants. The viscosity index improvers (or viscosity modifiers) impart high and low temperature operability to a lubricating oil and allow it to remain with stable shear at elevated temperatures and also exhibit acceptable viscosity or fluidity at low temperatures. Suitable compounds for use as viscosity modifiers are generally high molecular weight hydrocarbon polymers, including polyesters, and viscosity index improver dispersants, which function as dispersants as well as viscosity index improvers. The oil-soluble viscosity modifying polymers generally have average molecular weights of from about 10,000 to 1,000,000, preferably 20,000 to 500,000, as determined by gel permeation chromatography or light scattering methods. The corrosion inhibitors reduce the degradation of metal parts that make contact with the lubricating oil composition. Thiadiazoles, for example those disclosed in U.S. Patents Nos. A-2 719 125, 2 719 126 and 3 087 932, are examples of corrosion inhibitors for lubricating oils. Oxidation inhibitors, or antioxidants, reduce the tendency of mineral oils to deteriorate in service, being evidence of this deterioration, for example, the production of deposits such as varnish on metal surfaces and superficial grease, and the increase in viscosity. Suitable oxidation inhibitors include sulfur alkylphenols and alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts thereof; diphenylamines; phenylnaphthylamines; and fosfosulfurados or sulfurados hydrocarbons. Other oxidation inhibitors or antioxidants that can be used in lubricating oil compositions comprise copper compounds soluble in oil. Copper can be mixed in the oils as any convenient oil-soluble copper compound. By "oil-soluble" is meant that the compound is soluble in oil under normal mixing conditions in the oil or additive package. The copper may, for example, be in the form of a dihydrocarbyl thio- or copper dithio-phosphate. Alternatively, the copper may be added as a copper salt of a synthetic or natural carboxylic acid, for example, a fatty acid of 8 to 18 carbon atoms, an unsaturated acid, or a branched carboxylic acid. Also useful are copper-soluble dithiocarbamates, sulfonates, phenates, and acetylacetonates. Examples of particularly useful copper compounds are basic, neutral or acid Cu1 and / or Cu11 copper salts derived from alkenyl succinic acids or anhydrides. Copper antioxidants will generally be employed in an amount of from about 5 to 500 ppm by weight of copper, in the final lubricant composition. Friction modifiers and fuel economy agents that are compatible with the other ingredients of the final oil can also be included. Examples of these materials are glyceryl monoesters of higher fatty acids, esters of long chain polycarboxylic acids with diols, oxazoline compounds, and oil soluble molybdenum compounds. The dispersants keep the insoluble substances in oil, resulting from oxidation during use, in suspension in the fluid, thus avoiding the flocculation of surface grease and the precipitation or deposit in normal mixing parts in the oil or additive package. The copper may, for example, be in the form of a dihydrocarbyl thio- or copper dithio-phosphate. Alternatively, the copper may be added as a copper salt of a synthetic or natural carboxylic acid, for example, a fatty acid of 8 to 18 carbon atoms, an unsaturated acid, or a branched carboxylic acid. Also useful are copper-soluble dithiocarbamates, sulfonates, phenates, and acetylacetonates. Examples of particularly useful copper compounds are basic, neutral or acid Cu1 and / or Cu11 copper salts derived from alkenyl succinic acids or anhydrides. Copper antioxidants will generally be employed in an amount of from about 5 to 500 ppm by weight of copper, in the final lubricant composition. Friction modifiers and fuel economy agents that are compatible with the other ingredients of the final oil can also be included. Examples of these materials are glyceryl monoesters of higher fatty acids, esters of long chain polycarboxylic acids with diols, oxazoline compounds, and oil soluble molybdenum compounds. The dispersants keep the insoluble substances in oil, resulting from the oxidation during use, in suspension in the fluid, thus avoiding the flocculation of superficial grease and the precipitation or deposit in metal parts. Dispersants called ashless are organic materials that substantially do not form ash in combustion, unlike metal-containing detergents (and thus ash formers). The borated dispersants without metal are also considered here as ashless dispersants. Suitable dispersants include, for example, derivatives of carboxylic acids substituted by long chain hydrocarbons in which the hydrocarbon groups contain from 50 to 400 carbon atoms, examples of these derivatives are derivatives of succinic acid substituted by high molecular weight hydrocarbyl. These hydrocarbyl substituted carboxylic acids can be reacted with, for example, a nitrogen-containing compound, advantageously a polyalkylene polyamine, or with an ester. Particularly preferred dispersants are the reaction products of polyalkylene amines with alkenyl succinic anhydrides. A viscosity index improver dispersant functions both as a viscosity index improver and as a dispersant. Examples of suitable viscosity index improver dispersants for use in lubricant compositions include products of the reaction of amines, for example polyamines, with a hydrocarbyl substituted mono or dicarboxylic acid in which the hydrocarbyl substituent comprises a chain of sufficient length to impart Improving properties of the viscosity index to the compounds. Examples of viscosity index improving dispersants and dispersants can be found in EP-A-24146. Additional detergents and rust inhibitors of the metal include the metal salts that can be overbased, or sulfonic acids, alkylphenols, sulfur alkylphenols, alkylsalicylic acids, thiophosphonic acids, naphthenic acids, and other oil soluble mono and dicarboxylic acids. Representative examples of detergents / rust inhibitors, and their methods of preparation, are given in EP-A 208 560. Anti-wear agents, as the name implies, reduce the wear of the metal parts. Zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates (DFsDZ) are widely used as anti-wear agents. Zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates especially preferred for use in oil-based compositions are those of the formula Zn [SP (S) (OR 1) (OR 2)] 2 wherein R 1 and R 2 contain from 1 to 18, and preferably from 2 to 12, carbon atoms. Pour point depressants, otherwise known as lubricant oil flow improvers, lower the minimum temperature at which the fluid will flow or may be. spill. These additives are well known. Foam control can be provided by a polysiloxane-type antifoam, for example, silicone oil or polydimethylsiloxane. Some of the aforementioned additives can provide a multiplicity of effects; thus, for example, a single additive can act as a dispersant-oxidation inhibitor. This form of approach is well known and no further elaboration is necessary in the present. When the lubricant compositions contain one or more of the aforementioned additives, each additive is typically mixed in the base oil in an amount that allows the additive to provide its desired function. Representative effective amounts of these additives, when used in crankcase lubricants, are as follows: * Percent mass of active ingredient based on the final oil The typical proportions for additives for a trunk piston engine oil are as follows: * Percent mass by mass of active ingredient based on the final oil Typical proportions for additives for a marine diesel cylinder lubricant are as follows: * Percent by mass of active ingredient based on the final oil When a plurality of additives are employed it may be desirable, but not essential, to prepare one or more additive packages comprising the additives, whereby several additives may be added simultaneously to the oil of base to form the lubricating oil composition. The dissolution of the additive packages in the lubricating oil can be facilitated by solvents and mixing accompanied by mild heating, but this is not essential. The additive package (or additive packages) will typically be formulated to contain the additive (s) in suitable amounts to provide the desired concentration in the final formulation when the additive package is combined with a predetermined amount of base lubricant. Thus, one or more overbased detergents in accordance with the present invention can be added to small amounts of base oil or other compatible solvents together with other desirable additives to form additive packages they contain. active ingredients in an amount, based on the additive package, of, for example, from about 2.5 to about 90 mass percent, and preferably from 5 to 75 mass percent, and more preferably from about 8 to about 60 percent in mass by weight, additives in the proper proportions with the rest being base oil. The final formulations typically may contain about 5 to 40 percent by mass of the additive package (s) with the remainder being base oil. The following examples illustrate the invention. Example 1 540 grams of toluene, 276 grams of methanol, 22 grams of water and 22 grams of diluent oil (150N) were introduced into a reactor and mixed while maintaining the temperature at about 20 ° C. Calcium hydroxide (Ca (0H) 2) (145 grams) was added, and the mixture was heated to 40 ° C, with stirring. To the slurry obtained in this manner was added a mixture, maintained at 40 ° C, of the phenol and sulfonic acid surfactants specified in Table 1 and 100 grams of toluene, followed by another quantity (50 grams) of toluene.

After the neutralization of the surfactants by the calcium hydroxide, the temperature of the mixture was reduced to about 28 ° C and maintained at about 28 ° C while the carbon dioxide was injected into the mixture at a rate such that substantially all the carbon dioxide was absorbed into the reaction mixture to form the basic material. The temperature was raised to 60 ° C for 60 minutes, after which the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 28 ° C for 30 minutes. At 28 ° C, another quantity of calcium hydroxide (127 grams) was added and carbon dioxide (62 grams) was charged. After this second carbonation step, the temperature was raised to 60 ° C above 90 minutes. Subsequently, the volatile materials were distilled, a second load of diluting oil (267 grams) was introduced, and the product was filtered to remove sediment. Details of the initial materials used in all the Examples are given in Table 1 and the notes thereon.

The amount of the diluent oil (SN150) in Table 1 is the total amount charged. Table 2 gives the total number of bases, the percentage of total surfactant (Y, determined as described herein) and the ratio of total number of bases: percentage of surfactant (X, determined as described herein) , the total number of bases normalized, and the proportions of individual surfactants in the surfactant system of the overbased detergent (see Note 2 of Tables 1 and 2) of the overbased detergent, together with information on viscosity and filtration rate (in kg / m2 / h) and the filtration gradient. Examples 2 to 23 The method indicated in Example 1 was repeated, using the initial materials, and proportions of starting materials, indicated in Table 1 and in the notes therein, and using amounts of toluene, methanol and water within the following ranges: toluene - 500 to 690 grams; methanol-270 to 330 grams; water - 15 to 25 grams. The characteristics of the overbased detergents obtained are specified in Table 2. In Examples 5 to 8, 15 grams of formic acid were also introduced into the reaction. In Example 12 oil SN600 was used in place of oil SN 150. In Examples, 2, 4, 9, 10 and 18 to 22, the product was filtered in solvents after the removal of the polar solvents. In Example 17, carbonation was carried out at 30 ° C. In Example 23 there was a further (third) addition of hydroxide. calcium, addition of carbon dioxide, and hot soaking sequence, carried out under the conditions indicated in Example 1 for the second of these sequences, except that each hot soaking step was carried out as in the first sequence. The production of overbased detergents according to the present invention can be associated with the evolution of sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans, particularly when the detergent is required, for operational reasons, to be maintained at an elevated temperature, such as above 130 ° C, for prolonged periods, following the distillation of volatile materials and before filtering to remove sediment. This evolution is undesirable because it interferes with the safe and hygienic operation of the plant. One way to avoid or improve this evolution is by treatment by olefin at any stage in the production of the detergent. For example, the olefin can be incorporated in any stage of preparation of raw material, neutralization, overbasing, distillation of volatile material, or the period passed at elevated temperature, ie at any stage in the preparation of the detergent. Incorporation is preferred during the distillation of the solvent, e.g. at approximately 130 ° C. Any olefin that may be in solution or dispersion in the detergent at elevated temperature can be used. Examples of these olefins are those with high or low substitution having from 18 to 60 carbon atoms or more. Specific examples of such olefins are normal octadecene; an olefin mixture having, on average, 24 carbon atoms; and butene oligomers. A convenient treatment rate of the olefins is 0.1 to 5 or more mass /% based on the finished detergent, preferably 0.1 to 2 mass /%.

Table 1 Loads for Examples 1 to 23 • 55 Table 1 Loads for Examples 1 to 23 (Continued) • • 56 Table 2 Properties for examples 1 to 23 Table 2 Properties for examples 1 to 23 (Continued) Notes to Tables 1 and 2 1. The sources of the surfactants of phenol, sulfonic acid, salicylic acid and carboxylic acid (see Table 1) are given in Table 3 below. In that table: i.a. = the mass percentage of the surfactant-containing material as it is charged to the reaction vessel which is not diluting oil. go. = percentage by mass of "reactive ingredient", that is, percentage of the surfactant as it is charged to the reaction vessel which, in the liquid overbased detergent, is associated with calcium. (It will be appreciated that the term "active ingredient" has its normal meaning, and refers to the portion of the surfactant-containing material which comprises molecules other than the molecules of the diluent oil.We have found that when surfactants are used to prepare overbased detergents according to the invention, in some cases a proportion of the surfactant molecules do not react with the basic calcium compound or compounds, and remain in the unreacted form, not salt, in the liquid overbased detergent. percentage of "reactive ingredient" will be lower than the percentage of "active ingredient".) 2. In Table 2,% Fen,% Sulf.,% Salt and% Carbox are the mass percentages of the surfactant phenol, sulphonic acid surfactant and surfactant of salicylic acid respectively (in hydrolyzed form), based on the mass of the total surfactant (in hydrolyzed form) associated with the basic calcium compound co in the overbased detergent.

TABLE 3 Sources of surfactants in Tables 1 and 2 Tensoactive Description Source 1 of phenol A sulphided alkylphenol, synthesized from sulfur dichloride and a mixture of 65/35 (by mass) of tertiary nonyl phenols (tripropylene) (predominantly for - substituted) and tertiary dinonyl phenols (predominantly 2,4-substituted). (ia = 70; ir = 40) Source 2 of phenol A sulphided alkylphenol, synthesized from sulfur monochloride and a mixture of 65/35 (by mass) tertiary nonyl phenols (tripropylene) (predominantly para-substituted) and tertiary dinonyl phenols (predominantly 2,4-substituted). (ia = 72; ir = 40) Source 3 of phenol A sulphided alkylphenol, synthesized from sulfur monochloride and a mixture of 65/35 (by mass) tertiary nonyl phenols (tripropylene) (predominantly para-substituted) and tertiary dinonyl phenols (predominantly 2,4-substituted). (ia = 84; ir = 40) Source 1 of sulfonic acid An alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, derived from SO3 (in liquid S02) with a molecular weight of 495 (ia = 100; ir = 90) Source 2 of sulfonic acid An alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, derivative of S03 (in liquid SO2) with a molecular weight of 683 (ia = 76; ir = 70) Source 3 of sulphonic acid An alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, derived from SO3 (in liquid S02) with a molecular weight of 683 (ia = 96; ir = 84) Source 4 of sulfonic acid An alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, derivative of S03 (in liquid SO2) with a molecular weight of 365 (ia = 97; ir = 90) 'Source 5 of sulfonic acid An alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, derived from SO3 (in liquid S02) with a molecular weight of 440 (ia = 100; ir = 90) Salicylic acid A low alkyl number alkyl alkylsalicylate (NTB = 64) from Shell Chemicals Ltd. (ia = 50; ir = 35) Cekanoic Acid Carboxylic Acid, substantially with 8 carbon atoms (ia = 1 00; i.r. = 100)

Claims (38)

1. NOVELTY OF THE INVENTION Having described the foregoing invention, it is considered as a novelty and, therefore, the content of the following CLAIMS is claimed as property 1. An overbased calcium detergent comprising a derivable surfactant system, and preferably derivative, of at least two surfactants, at least one of which is a sulphurated or unsulfurized phenol or a derivative thereof and the other, or at least some other, of which is a surfactant other than a phenol surfactant, the proportion, measured as described herein, the phenol in the surfactant system is at least 15 percent by mass, and the overbased detergent has a ratio of total number of bases: percentage of surfactant of at least 21.
2. 2. An overbased detergent in accordance with claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the proportion of the phenol in the surfactant system is at least 25 percent by mass, advantageously at least 35 percent by mass, preferably at least 45 percent by mass, more preferably at least 55 percent by mass, especially at least 70 percent by mass.
3. 3. An overbased detergent according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterized in that the phenol is a phenol substituted by hydrocarbyl, preferably substituted by alkyl.
4. 4. An overbased detergent according to the claim as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that at least one of the surfactants from which the surfactant system is derivable is a sulphonic acid or a derivative thereof .
5. 5. An overbased detergent according to claim 4, characterized in that the sulfonic acid is an arylsulfonic acid, substituted by The hydrocarbyl, preferably substituted by alkyl.
6. 6. An overbased detergent according to claim 4 or claim 5, characterized in that the total proportion of the phenol and sulphonic acid in the surfactant system is at least 75 times 15 percent by mass, preferably at least 85 percent by mass, especially at least 95 percent by mass.
7. 7. An overbased detergent according to claim 1 in any of claims 4 to 6, characterized in that the surfactant system is derivable from At least one sulfurized phenol or a derivative thereof and at least one sulfonic acid or a derivative thereof, the proportions, measured as described herein, of phenol against sulfonic acid in the surfactant system are in the range from 15: 85 to 95: 5 percent by mass, preferably 25 30:70 to 70:30 percent mass, especially 40:60 to 60:40 percent mass.
8. 8. An overbased detergent according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one of the surfactants from which the surfactant system is derivable is a carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof.
9. 9. An overbased detergent according to claim 8, characterized in that the carboxylic acid / derivative is otherwise than (a) an acid of the formula Ra-CH (Rb) -COOH, wherein Ra represents a alkyl or alkenyl group containing from 10 to 24 carbon atoms and Rb represents hydrogen, an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a group CH2C00H, or an acid anhydride, acid chloride or ester thereof, and (b) ) a di- or polycarboxylic acid containing from 36 to 100 carbon atoms or an acid anhydride, acid chloride or ester thereof.
10. 10. An overbased detergent according to claim 8, characterized in that the carboxylic acid derivative has from 8 to 11 carbon atoms in the carboxylic-containing fraction.
11. 11. An overbased detergent in accordance with claim as claimed in any of claims 8 to 10, dependent on claim 4 or claim 5, characterized in that the total proportion of the phenol, sulfonic acid and carboxylic acid in the surfactant system is at least 75 percent by mass, preferably at least 85 percent by mass, especially at least 95 percent by mass.
12. 12. An overbased detergent according to claim as claimed in any of claims 8 to 11, dependent on claim 4 or claim 5, characterized in that the surfactant system is derivable from at least one sulfurized phenol or a derivative thereof, at least a sulfonic acid or a derivative thereof and at least one carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof, the proportions, measured as defined herein, from phenol to sulfonic acid to carboxylic acid are in the range from 15 to 90: 5 a 90: 5 to 90 percent by mass, preferably 20 to 80:10 to 50:10 to 50 percent by mass, especially 30 to 70:10 to 30:10 to 30 percent by mass.
13. 13. An overbased detergent according to claim 1 in any of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that at least one of the surfactants from which the surfactant system is derivable is a sulfurized or non-sulfurized salicylic acid or a derivative thereof.
14. 14. An overbased detergent according to claim 13, characterized in that the salicylic acid is a salicylic acid substituted by hydrocarbyl, preferably substituted by alkyl.
15. 15. An overbased detergent according to claim 13 or claim 14, dependent on claim 4 or claim 5, characterized in that the total proportion of the phenol, the salicylic acid and the sulphonic acid in the surfactant system is at least 75 percent by mass, preferably at least 85 percent by mass, especially at least 95 percent by mass.
16. 16. An overbased detergent according to claim 1 in any of claims 13 to 15, characterized in that the surfactant system is derivable from at least one sulfurized phenol or a derivative thereof, at least one salicylic acid or a derivative thereof and when less a sulfonic acid or a derivative thereof, the proportions, measured as is. described herein, from phenol to salicylic acid to sulfonic acid are in the range from 15 to 90 mass percent: 5 to 90 mass percent: 20 to 80 mass percent, preferably 20 to 80 mass percent : 20 to 80 percent by mass: 10 to 50 percent by mass, especially 30 to 50 percent by mass: 25 to 45 percent by mass: 15 to 35 percent by mass.
17. 17. An overbased detergent according to claim 1 in any of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that it is substantially free of inorganic halides or ammonium salts, and groups or compounds derived from these compounds.
18. 18. An overbased detergent according to claim 1 in any of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that it is substantially free of dihydric alcohols and groups or compounds derived from dihydric alcohols.
19. 19. An overbased detergent according to claim 1, characterized in that it has a total number of bases of at least 300, advantageously at least 330, preferably at least 350, more preferably at least 400, especially at least 450.
20. 20. An overbased detergent according to claim 1 in any of claims 1 to 19, characterized in that it has a normalized total number of bases, measured as described herein, of at least 450, advantageously at least 500, more advantageously at least 550, preferably at least 600, more preferably at least 650.
21. 21. An overbased detergent according to any one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that it has a viscosity at 40 ° C at the most 20,000 square millimeters per second, preferably when more 10,000 square millimeters per second.
22. 22. An overbased detergent according to claim 1, characterized in that it has a viscosity at 100 ° C of at most 2000 square millimeters per second, preferably when more 1000 square millimeters per second, especially when more 500 square millimeters per second.
23. 23. An overbased detergent according to claim 1 in any of claims 1 to 22, characterized in that it is a hybrid detergent.
24. 24. A method for making an overbased calcium detergent having a surfactant system derived from at least two surfactants, this method comprises treating with an overbase agent a mixture comprising: (a) at least two surfactants, at least one of the which is a sulfurized or non-sulfurized phenol surfactant or a derivative thereof, and the other, or other of which, is a surfactant other than a phenol surfactant; (b) at least one basic calcium compound; and (c) oil, the treatment with the overbasing agent is carried out at least in one step, preferably at least two steps, less than 100"C, the total proportion, measured as described herein, of the phenol and in the surfactant system of the overbased detergent is at least 15 percent by mass, and the overbased detergent has a ratio of total number of bases: percentage of surfactant of at least 21.
25. 25. A method of compliance with the claim in the claim 24, characterized in that the treatment with the overbasing agent is carried out at at least 15 ° C, preferably at least 25 ° C
26. 26. A method according to claim 24 or claim 26, characterized in that the treatment with the overbasing agent is carried out at less than 80 ° C, advantageously at less than 60 ° C, preferably when more at 50 ° C, more preferably when more at 40 ° C, and especially when more at 35 ° C
27. 27. A method according to claim 24, wherein the first treatment step, and preferably the second of each subsequent treatment step, if used, is followed by a hot soaking step. .
28. 28. A method according to claim 27, characterized in that the hot soaking is carried out at a temperature, or at temperatures, in the range from 15 ° C to just below the reflux temperature of the mixture. the reaction, preferably 25 to 60 ° C.
29. 29. A method according to claim 24, characterized in that there are two treatment steps and an additional amount of basic calcium compound is introduced into the mixture between the two treatment steps.
30. 30. A method of compliance with claim as claimed in any of claims 24 to 28, characterized in that the treatment with the overbasing agent is carried out in three or more steps, introducing an additional amount of basic calcium compound into the reaction mixture before each treatment step after the first.
31. 31. A method according to claim 24, characterized in that the overbasing agent comprises carbon dioxide and / or boric acid.
32. 32. A method according to claim as claimed in any of claims 24 to 31, characterized in that the initial materials and the reaction conditions are such that the overbased detergent has the characteristics as specified in one or more of claims 2 to 23.
33. 33. An overbased detergent prepared by a method in accordance with that claimed in any of claims 24 to 32.
34. 34. An oil-based composition comprising an overbased detergent in accordance with claim 1 of any of the claims 1. to 23 and 33.
35. 35. A composition according to claim 34, which is in the form of a concentrate.
36. 36. A lubricating oil comprising the overbased detergent in accordance with claim 1 of any of claims 1 to 23 and 33.
37. 37. A lubricating oil according to claim 36, which is suitable for use in a marine machine.
38. 38. A method for lubricating a marine machine that comprises supplying the machine with a lubricating oil in accordance with that defined in claim 36.