MXPA98007573A - Control of distributions of probabilities of quantico correlaciona status - Google Patents

Abstract

We present a method and apparatus for controlling the quantum state probability distribution of a quantum object (S2 or I1) of a pair of correlated quantum objects (S2eI2, oS2eI2), which includes providing a pair of correlated quantum objects, each object has a distribution of probabilities of uniform quantum state, provide a system (12 and 14) to control the distribution of quantum state probabilities of that quantum object by using said control system to choose the distribution of probabilities of the quantum state of the other object quantum (12s2) of said pair of correlated quantum objects, choosing whether to observe the quantum state of the other quantum object, and subsequently observe the quantum state of that quantum object to determine whether the quantum state of that quantum object has been altered by the observation of the quantum state of the other quantum object

Description

? CONTROL OF DISTRIBUTIONS OF CORRELATED QUANTUM STATUS PROBABILITIES BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 5 This invention relates to non-modulated signaling methods by quantum locality. i. It has been shown, by Aspect and others, that under some circumstances, certain atomic spices and non-linear low conversion crystals can be induced to emit 0 pairs of photons that have correlated polarizations; depending on the nature of the source, the correlated linear polarizations of the pairs of photons are either at 90 degrees each or always parallel to each other. The photons can be provided in separate currents, with any of each pair or with each photon having an equal probability of being in any current. It has also been strongly demonstrated that, under certain conditions, these photons are not emitted with any predetermined direction of linear polarization, but that the polarization states of the photons are only fixed after measuring the polarization of one of the photons. Thus, by assuming the perpendicular polarization correlation, if one of the photons is measured vertically polarized, then the other photon becomes horizontally polarized at that time, 0 no matter how far the two photons have traveled before the measurement. The polarization states of the two photons are 100 percent entangled; the measurement of the polarization state of one photon determines the polarization state of the other, but before the measurement, its polarization states are indeterminate. In essence, the two photons are parts of the same object; no matter how far they travel from each other, changing the properties of a photon instantly changes the properties of the entire object, even the properties of the other photon. The experiments of Aspect, et al., Have convinced most quantum theorists that the polarizations of these correlated photons are not local; the polarizations are not predetermined at the time of emission, but rather are condensed in a particular state at the time of "observation" of one of them. A. Aspect, P. Grangier and G. Roger, Phys. Lett, 47, 460 (1981) and 49, 91 (1982). A. Aspect, J. Dalibard and G. Roger, Phys. Lett. 49, 1804 (1982); Z.Y. Ou and L.

Mandel, Phys. Lett. 61, 50 (1988) and 61, 54 (1988).

Theoretical vans and quantum experimenters have addressed the question of whether the non-local effects of correlated particles can be used as the basis for sending information. The published conclusions of Aspect and others have assessed that this is not possible. Baggott, Jim, The Meaning of Quantum Theory, Oxford Science Publications, Oxford Univesity Press, 1992, page 148-150; P. Eberhardt and R. Ross, Found. Phys. Lett., 2, 127 (1989). The logic is that the pace of any current correlated photons through their respective polarizer between the two photons. What is not random is the polarization correlation between the two photons. Since the receiver can not know the status of the sender's photon, then the receiver can not collect information about the photons it receives. The signal and the noise are, therefore, of equal magnitude.

These conclusions are correct, as far as they go. In systems that have been previously analyzed, the light source of correlated photons is placed halfway between the sender and the receiver and a single polarizer is considered at each end of the dual stream of photons, one for which it sends and another for the receiver, and the coincidence of photon detection in the sending and in the receiver, as a function of the ^ W polarizing angle, is observed. It seems to be true that you can not send information by correlating photon polarizations by means of such an apparatus specially designed to count coincidences.

It seems that previous researchers in this field have assumed that since information can not be transmitted by correlating polarizations using two polarizers and two or more detectors, then adding more polarizers to the system ± z will not improve things. It is also apparently assumed that once the photon passes through the linear polarizer its polarization state is fixed. 10 I have discovered that additional polarizers, when properly arranged and controlled, allow the separation of signal information from noise in a system of correlated photons and allow the use of such a system for the transmission of information. This goal is achieved without the need to carry out correlation measurements. Unlike previous methods of communication of quantum particles "# correlated the present invention does not require that the lower photons of a correlated pair are sent to the receiver so that that match account can be carried out.In fact, if the polarization correlation measurements or the matching account measurements are carried out, the correlation may appear random.

Furthermore, it is not therefore the correlation of the state of the photon, or the quantum object, that is communicated, but the state of the communicating apparatus. It is considered that the apparatus includes at the sending end, the system at the receiving end and the correlated stream of photons connecting the two. A change in the apparatus at the sending end immediately affects the observations at the receiving end and since the R two ends are connected by single quantum objects with ends in both positions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a means for sending information by controlling non-local correlation effects in correlated pairs of quantum objects.

Another object of the invention is to provide means for linking two physically separate measuring devices by non-local quantum effects.

Still another object of the invention is to provide a means for establishing a time-dependent reference point for two physically separate measuring apparatuses.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a means for sending information by transmitting a quantum object of a pair of quantum objects to a receiver, transmitting the other quantum object of a pair of quantum objects to the one it sends, and control the probability distributions of the quantum object addressed to the receiver by means of the control of the probability distributions of the quantum object 20 addressed to the sender.

The present invention is based on two quantum physical effects: the non-local correlation of quantum states of quantum objects in pairs and the interaction of individual energy with a certain sequential array of spin selection devices.

^ Quantum mechanics is a very successful set of rules and mathematical operators that can be used to predict the statistical behavior of a large number of quantum objects such as bosons, fermions and atoms and even, in particular, photons, the quantum units of light. Quantum mechanics does not explain why these "rules" work, or why they exist in the first place.The meaning of the rules and their underlying philosophy are open to broad interpretation.The most widely accepted interpretation of quantum mechanics is called Copenhagen Interpretation. of the ^ ^ main principles of the Interpretation Copenhagen is that the specific properties of a quantum objective are not fixed until the time of observation or detection of that object. Science, Volume 270, December 1, 1995, pages 1439-1440. The experiments of Aspect and other researchers strongly support that the above is true, especially by photons. Papers 3 of Aspect, Ou and Mandell, Baggott, supra.

Because of this principle, when quantum particles interact with each other, their quantum states become entangled and the subsequently measured properties of the particles are linked, or correlated. Since the original interaction involves the conversation of energy, momentum, quantum number or other property, the states of the two particles must satisfy the appropriate conservation laws when they are finally measured. Furthermore, if the properties of each particle are not fixed at the time of the measurement, the only way in which conservation laws can be satisfied is if the act of measuring the properties of one of the particles causes its correlated particle instantly take properties consistent with conservation. The Copenhagen Interpretation proposes that the act of measuring a quantum object "collapse" the superimposed potential quantum states (the Schrodinger wave function) 25 of the other quantum object correlated to the required quantum state.

In the case of correlated photons, their polarizations are 100 percent entangled, either polarized parallel to each or polarized orthogonal to each (Type I and Type p, respectively) according to the way they were created, so that the law of the conservation of angular momentum is fulfilled. It's like the photons represent the two ends of a perfectly rigid pole, constantly lengthening. When one end is bent to a particular position when the photon interacts with a linear polarizer, so the other end must immediately bend its photon. * The second effect employed in this invention involves the specific nature of the interaction of quantum objects with spin selection devices. For example, the interaction of light with polarizer is usually explained in terms of the electromagnetic wave theory, in which a polarizer selectively absorbs (or reflects) the vector component of the electric field that is perpendicular to its polarization axis. This view is satisfactory when dealing with large numbers of photons, but individual photons show a different view.

The energy of a photon is directly linked to the color of the photon. When randomly polarized light hits a linear polarizer, approximately 50 times percent of the light passes, and 50 percent is absorbed or reflected, depending on the type of polarizer. (For simplicity, the following explanation will be limited to absorption polarizers). If each photon gave half of its energy by losing its electric field component that was perpendicular to the polarization axis, then the color of that photon would change dramatically. No color changes are noticed, however, when this The experiment is carried out, so individual photons do not interact with the polarizers in that way. One direction of polarization causes the photon to be absorbed by the polarizer, the other direction causes it to pass through. Half of the photons choose one orientation, half another, so that the resulting network looks the same as in the electromagnetic theory. It is commonly known that if a second polarizer, or spin selection device, is placed in the path of light after it passes through the first polarizer, J? the percentage of light that passes this second polarizer depends on the angle of its polarization axis with respect to the first polarizer. If the polarization axes are parallel, virtually all the light that passes the first polarizer will also pass the second. If the polarization axes are orthogonal to each other, that is, crossed, or at an angle of 90 degrees with each one, almost all the light that passes the first polarizer will be blocked, or absorbed, by the second polarizer. The small amount of light that passes through is called a leak, and is a measure of polarizer efficiency. High efficiency polarizers have a very low leakage level when crossed, in the order of 1% 19 of one percent (Glan-Thompson Newport polarization prism, part number 10GT04AR.14). It is probably impossible to provide perfectly efficient polarizers due to the tunneling effects of photons. 0 With reference to a pair of crossed polarizers, its important feature is its orthogonal polarization axes. For simplicity, let's assume that the first polarizer has a horizontal polarization axis and the second a vertical polarization axis, and that the polarizers are perfectly efficient. We will assume that before finding the first polarizer, the polarization state of the photon is indeterminate. (The correlated photons 5 emitted by certain non-linear parametric low conversion crystals have a "latent" polarization state, but the polarization correlation between the two photons can still be obtained by performing certain operations on the photons.) After finding the first polarizer, the photon must choose either a vertical polarization or a horizontal polarization. The photon has an equal probability of choosing horizontal or 5 vertical. If a vertical polarization is chosen, the photon will be absorbed; its polarization has now been observed. If a horizontal polarization is chosen, it will go through the polarizer. It is important to note that a photon passing through a polarizer has not yet been observed, its energy has not been delivered to an electron, so its polarization state is still subject to change. I mean a photon in its state has a polarization "latent". The above does not mean that it can take any arbitrary polarization without external influence, but that it means that external influences can alter the observed final polarization.

It is known that unperturbed photons that pass through a horizontal polarizer 5 will not subsequently pass through a vertical polarizer. When the photon potentially polarized horizontally finds the second vertical polarizer, it is absorbed. The probability of choosing a vertical polarization is virtually zero for a first photon that passes through a horizontal polarizer.

Now the third polarizer enters the experiment. The first polarizer found by a photon is usually called the polarizer, and the second is called an analyzer. The third polarizer is placed between the polarizer and the analyzer, and will be called the door. Let us assume that in this third polarizer experiment the gate is oriented with its polarization axis parallel to the polarizer. It is clear that this orientation of the door does not will have an effect on the passage of photons through the analyzer. If the door is oriented ^ "parallel to the analyzer. The door then acts as the analyzer and the photons that pass the polarizer stop at the door, without ever reaching the analyzer.

A peculiar thing happens when the door is oriented at an angle that is not parallel to none of the other polarizers. It is convenient to choose the angle of the door being +/- 45 degrees of both, the analyzer and the polarizer. A photon that passes through the polarizer has a "latent" horizontal polarization (latent because it has not been ^ observed having this polarization). That "horizontally polarized" photon has a 50/50 chance of passing through the door or of being observed. When this finds the door, must choose a new polarization, either parallel to the polarization axis of the door or perpendicular to it, and pass or be absorbed, respectively.

If the photon passes the door, it now has a "latent polarization" of 45 degrees and instead of having a zero probability of passing the analyzer, it has a probability of 50 per a > hundred. After finding the analyzer, the photon chooses either to be absorbed as a horizontally polarized photon, or to pass as a vertically polarized photon. Thus, the "polarized horizontally" photon is caused to become a vertically polarized photon by imposing an intermediate quantum decision after it.

The proportion of photons that pass each of the polarizing elements is of the 50 percent, so the probability or proportion of photons that pass through the three elements is (0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5) = 0.125 or 12.5 percent. These are the photons that make all the "right" decisions in each polarizer. The rest, 87.5 percent, made a "wrong" decision somewhere along the way and was absorbed. 25 ^ t In summary, it is known that certain processes can produce correlated pairs of quantum objects, such as photons, which have entangled their linear polarization; The polarization measurement of a photon establishes the polarization state of your company to a compatible value. It is also known that the linear polarization of a photon can be altered, without detection, by causing the photon to make a sequence of quantum choices as it passes through a series of polarizers.

In light of these teachings, the above objectives of the present invention are achieved by providing a method and apparatus for controlling the distribution of probabilities. of the quantum state of a quantum object of a pair of correlated quantum objects, said method includes the steps of providing a pair of correlated quantum objects, each of said objects has a probability distribution of uniform quantum state, which provides a means to control the distribution of quantum state probabilities of a quantum object by using said control means to choose the distribution of probabilities of the observable quantum states of the other quantum object of the pair of correlated quantum objects, using said control means to choose the probability distribution of the quantum states of the other quantum particle, choosing if the quantum state of the other quantum object is observed, and subsequently observing the quantum state of an object The quantum of said pair of correlated quantum objects is determined to determine whether said quantum state probability distribution of said quantum object has been altered by an observation of the quantum state of the other quantum object. By means of this method, the information can be selectively transmitted in the observation of the quantum state of a quantum object by selectively controlling the probability distribution of the quantum state of the other quantum object of the pair of correlated quantum objects and thus selectively choosing if affects an alteration of the quantum state of a quantum object that is observed subsequently.

The method of the invention is suitable for a variety of quantum objects that include bosons, fermions and atoms, including, in particular, photons. The pair of correlated quantum objects can be provided as a part of a pair of streams of correlated quantum objects that can be provided by any one of a - ^ number of means that include, but are not limited to, a process of absorption of two-quantum objects / emission of two-quantum objects, such as the process of emission of two photons in conservation of rotation that includes, for example, the atomic cascade and the spontaneous emission of atomic deuteriums or atomic calcium, and low optical parametric conversion processes, including both type I and type II spin correlation processes.

Preferably, the source of the pair of correlated quantum objects provides - ^ ¿, 5 a pair that has distribution of probabilities of the quantum state randomized. Where the pair of correlated quantum objects is provided without a distribution of probabilities of the randomized quantum state, the probability distribution of the quantum state can be randomized by means of several forms, such as when the plane of polarization, or direction of rotation, is rotated, of a stream of quantum objects and combining 20 with the other, unrotated current of quantum objects. Ou and Mandel 1, supra.

The means to control the probability distribution of the quantum state of a quantum object by using the means to choose the distribution of probabilities of the observable quantum states of the other quantum objects. of quantum rotation selection devices or of quantum rotation alteration such as ^ f polarizing ray splitters, Nichols prisms, wave platforms, Pockels cells, dichoric polarizing plastic sheet material and Gerlach spin analyzers. Preferably, the pair of correlated quantum objects is provided as a part of separate streams of correlated quantum objects. In the case of photons correlated, the above can be achieved by using a device chosen from the group consisting of lenses, prisms, mirrors, polarizing ray splitters and combinations thereof in conjunction with the source to provide said correlated jfc photons to provide a probability same as detecting first any photon of a pair in said current. In the case of other correlated quantum objects other than photons, the above can be achieved by using devices that are the functional equivalent of optical devices, such as the use of a uniform magnetic field to act as a "prism" for charged correlated quantum objects.

The step of choosing whether to alter and observe the probability distribution of the quantum state of the other quantum object can selectively include either observing or not observing the quantum state of the other quantum object, depending on whether the user of the method wishes to transmit information by modulating the probability distribution of the quantum state of a quantum object or not. Furthermore, by observing the quantum state of the other quantum object by means of a spin selection device, it is possible to choose whether the probability distribution of a quantum object is altered or not altered after the selection of the turn selection device is altered .

My invention can be more fully understood by reference to the drawings and the detailed description of the preferred specimen provided below. 5 ^ f BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of an example of my present invention; Figure 2 is a schematic illustration of the invention of Figure 1 5 modified to show how the signaling can be changed; Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of an alternative example of my present invention; Figure 4 is a schematic illustration of the invention of Figure 3 modified to illustrate how the signaling can be changed; Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of another favorite example of my invention that uses a different source of photons; Y Figure 6 is a schematic illustration of the invention of Figure 5 modified to show how the signaling can be changed.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY PREDILECT 0 With reference now to the Figures in which the reference numerals designate similar parts, the system and method of the present invention are illustrated in their favorite example.

All the figures are divided into zones to facilitate their explanation. Figures 5 1 and 2 illustrate the operation of this invention in plotting the polarization states of photons ™ emitted from the source, 10, of correlated photon pairs Type II through two different optical paths. The roads are labeled "other" and "one." They are drawn as if they were parallel to each other to make clear the temporal relationship of the processes that act on the photons. In practice, these roads are more likely to extend in opposite directions to the source, 10. Each of the zones represents a cotemporal period for the photons in both paths; the initial and final positions of the zones represent equivalent optical path distances for their respective photons from the source, 10. Thus the "other" photons will arrive at the beginning of zone 2 on the "other" path, ™ and both photons of the correlated pair will have traveled the same distance from the road optical from the source, 10. The zones are sequentially located by the photons, so that the operations of zone 1 are carried out before those of zone 2, and so on. A key to the symbols used in the Figures is given below in Table 1.

TABLE 1- KEYS FOR THE FIGURES : Jfr "- Referring now to Figure 1, a source 10 of correlated photon pairs of Type II degenerate frequency provides photons in the two paths, "another" and "one". These photons are preferably produced by a low degenerate parametric Type II optical conversion process, arranged so that the protons consist of an equal number of signal photons and at rest in correlated pair that all have an equal probability of being found in any way, with a favorite warning; if a particular photon is observed in a path then its pair photon can only be observed subsequently in the other path. This warning can be relaxed at the cost of the signal-to-noise ratio. A source of this type will provide the signal and resting photons in orthogonal polarization states that are related to the polarization state of the source beam pump. For convenience, it is assumed that the signal photons are vertically polarized and it is assumed that the resting photons are horizontally polarized. Half of the light that enters the "other" path consists of vertically polarized signal photons and half consists of resting horizontally polarized photons, as shown in the upper zone 1 of the "other" path. These signal and resting photons are not in pairs with each other, but are in pairs with resting and signal photons, respectively, that enter the "one" path. Thus the signal photons in the "other" path are labeled SI and those in rest 12, while the signal photons in the "one" path are labeled S2 and the resting photons II. The SI signal photons are in pair with the resting photons II and the signal photons S2 are in pair with the resting photons 12, but only after observing one of the photons of a pair. Up to that moment all signal photons and all resting photons have an equal probability of being detected in any path. flT The horizontal-vertical polarization state (H-V) of a photon and the polarization state of +/- 45 degrees of the same photon are complementary quantum states subject to the Heisenberg Uncertainty principle. If there is complete information about one of these states, then there is no information about their status complementary. Since the HV state of the photons emitted by the source 10 is completely known, the state of +/- 45 degrees of these photons is completely indeterminate, as shown in the lower part of zone 1. Since the photons from '~ ^ signal and at rest are degenerated in frequency, indistinguishable in state of ^ polarization of +/- 45 degrees, indistinguishable in the direction of propagation and in the probability of being detected in any way, the signal and resting photons are completely indistinguishable from each one. I refer to the above as the maintenance of the anonymity of photons, and it is a requirement to maintain the observable non-local quantum correlation effects. & This invention makes it possible to point out by eliminating photons that make "bad" polarization state choices and by retaining photons that make "good" polarization state choices. The first of these "purification" steps is done in zone 2 by the polarization beam splitter of +/- 45 degrees 12, on the "other" path. The "other" photons that enter the polarizer 12 have an equal probability of leaving the left with a polarization of +/- 45 degrees and being detected by the DI detector, or going through through with a "latent" polarization of -45 degrees. The above is a "latent" polarization because the photon has not yet been observed in this state, and its observed final polarization state can be altered by the subsequent step through additional polarization optics. 25 The photons that are detected by means of DI have been observed in a polarization state of +45 degrees. According to the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics, the observation of these photons collapses the wave function of the correlated pair of photons, materializing instantaneously and effectively the remaining photon in the path "one" with a polarization orthogonal to that of the detected photon. The collapse of the wave function by detecting the photon in the "other" path constitutes a correlation event, symbolized by > », Labeled A in Figure 1. Each proton" one "that has its correlated" other "photon detected by DI reaches a polarization of +45 degrees. These "one" photons are now single photons, they are no longer part of a correlated pair of photons, and this state is symbolized by parentheses around the polarization direction symbol and the probability value.

Those "one" photons that are still part of a correlated pair remain in a state of +/- 45 degrees indeterminate. The remaining "other" photons pass through the beam splitter 12 and leave zone 2 with a polarization -45 degrees latent.

In zone 3 the "other" photons enter the polarizing beam splitter 14, which reflects all the single photons and half the remaining pair of photons within the detector D2. The detection of single photons by means of D2 has no effect on the photons in the "other" path, since the "other" photons that were in pair with the "one" photons alone were previously detected by means of the DI detector in zone 2. The "one" photons in pair that were detected by D2 are observed being in a state of -45 degrees, so that the pairs in the "other" path correlate with a state of +45 degrees, becoming photons unique The above is indicated by the correlation symbol * labeled B. The photons "one" that pass through the polarizer 14 reach a latent polarization state of +45 degrees.

The "other" photons now consist of an equal mixture of single photons in the polarization state of +45 degrees and the photons in pairs with a latent polarization of -45 degrees. After entering into zone 4 these "other" photons encounter the polarizing polarizing beam splitter of +/- 45 degrees 16, where the now single photons are reflected to the detector D3 and the pair photons pass through, maintaining if polarization state latent -45 degrees. These remaining "other" photons are the pairs of the remaining "one" photons. It can appreciate from Figure 1 that at this point 75 percent of the photons introduced to each of the paths "one" and the path "other" have been discarded because one or the other of the photons of a pair made one " bad "choice of polarization state. The remaining 25 percent of the photons introduced made a "good" choice of polarization state, making them useful for pointing. These are the photons that pass from zone 4 to the area 5. * The "one" photons in pair that reach zone 54 enter the horizontal-vertical polarizer (H-V) 18 and are separated with equal probabilities in horizontal photons (H) reflected to the right and vertical photons (V) that pass downwards. To keep the compact Figure 1 the photons h are shown reflecting in the mirror 23, which does not alter its polarization state. The "other" photons that arrive at zone 5 enter polarizer HV 20 and are divided equally into photons H reflected to the left and photons V that pass downwards in a similar way, photons H that are reflected from the mirror 22 for the same reason that photons "one" were reflected in the mirror 23. Both photons * "one" and "other" leave zone 5 in determined HV states and states +/- 45 indeterminate degrees.

The "other" H-V photons arriving in zone 6 enter the polarizing ray splitters 26 and 24, respectively and are detected in defined polarization states of +/- 45 degrees by the detectors D4a, D4b, D5a and D5b. The detectors D4a and D4b observe the "other" photons that contain a polarization state of +45 degrees and the detectors D5a and D5b observe the "one" photons that reach a polarization state of -45 degrees. The observation of the "other" photons constitute correlation events that establish the polarization states of +/- 45 degrees of the pairs on the "one" path. The above is indicated by the correlation symbol labeled C. Half of the photons "one" reach a latent polarization of +45 degrees and half reach a latent polarization of -45 degrees. As indicated by the parentheses around the polarization vectors, these "one" photons are now unique, having lost their "^ k 15 photons of torque" another ".

Single "one" photons leaving zone 6 enter polarizers 28 and 30 in zone 7 and are observed in definitive polarization states of +/- 45 degrees by detectors D6a, D6b, D7a and D7b. Detectors D6a and D6b observe photons "one" that have a polarization state of +45 degrees and detectors D7a and D7b observe photons "one" that have a polarization state of -45 degrees.

The probability distribution of the photons detected in zones 6 and 7 is of importance, represented as one of the total photons provided by the source 10 on each of the "one" and "other" roads that were observed in the -flp +45 degrees state, and the state--45 degrees ratio. The probability distribution of the "other" photons (0.125, 0.125). The probability distribution of photons "one" is (0.1225, 0.125). (The above will be the result observed with the polarizer HV 20 in place.) These probability distributions of "one" can be considered the first 5 a method of binary state signaling The second state is illustrated in Figure 2.

The optical arrangement of Figure 2 is identical to that of Figure 1, with one exception: polarizer H-V 20 has been removed from the "other" path. The optical process and the 10 states of polarization of zones 1, 2, 3 and 4 of Figure 2 are the same as those illustrated in the same areas in Figure 1.

The "other" photons that enter zone 5 pass through this without alterations, remaining in its latent state of -45 degrees established in zone 2. No photon "other" is reflected to the mirror 22 and therefore no "other" photon enters the polarizer of +/- 45 degrees 26 and none is observed by the detectors D4a and D5a in zone 6. The "other" photons that arrive The polarizer +/- 45 degrees 24 enters the zone 6 and passes directly to the detector D5b. No "other" photon entering zone 6 has a latent polarization state of +45 degrees, so none is reflected by polarizer 24 to the detector D4b. The observed probability distribution of the "other" photons, as previously defined, is changed to (0.0, 0.235) when polarizer H-V 20 has been removed.

The "one" photons that enter zone 5 are processed in the same way as in the Figure 1; they enter the polarizer H-V 18 and divide equally in states H and V, thus losing its latent state of +45 degrees produced in zone 3. In zone 6 the observation of the "other" photons in a state of -45 degrees by the detector D5b establishes the state of latent polarization of the photons "one" to a state of +45 degrees by the non-local quantum correlation effects represented by the correlation symbol C. The "one" photons arriving in zone 7 enter the polarizers +/- 45 degrees 28 and 30 and « detected by detectors D6a and D6b. Since there are no "one" photons with a latency of -45 degrees, none passes through the polarizers 28 and 30 for detection by the detectors D7a and D7b. The observed probability distribution of the "one" photons, as previously defined, is changed to (0.25, 0.0). These changes to the probability distributions of quantum states of the "other" and "one" photons constitute a signaling event.

It is important to note that no changes were made to source 10, nor were changes made to any of the optical elements on the "one" path, between the arrays of Figure 1 and Figure 2. The only change made between these two arrays is the inclusion or exclusion of polizer HV 20 in the "other" path. The "other" road and the "one" road may be physically divided to a large extent; however, this alteration of the optical arrangement in the "other" path will alter the observed probability distribution of the photons in the "one" path.

Many features of this invention can be altered without materially altering the ability to affect the observed probability distribution of the "one" photons by manipulating the observed probability distribution of the "other" photons by incision or exclusion of the polarizer. As illustrated in these figures, the polarizers are of the thin film beam splitter variety. They could, however, be of other varieties, such as the Wollaston prism polarizers (part number MW2A-10-5 by Karl Lambrecht, Rochon prisms of magnesium fluoride (part number MFRV-9 by Karl Lambrecht), "pile" polarizers of traditional polarizing polarizing sheets or dichroic plastic sheeting (part number IP38 of International Polarizer) - Polarizer modulating signals, polarizer HV 20, could be replaced by an electro-optical device that can be controlled either to reflect the "other" photons through an HV polarizer or to pass without alterations, or through other components that alter the active polarization, such as the Kerr cell. or the Pockets cell.

In both Figures 1 and 2 a number of the optical elements are enclosed by dotted boxes labeled "Optional". If these elements are removed the probability distribution "one" observed will be different from that of Figures 1 and 2 because the horizontal photons reflected by the polarizer 18 would be discarded and would not proceed to the detectors of the zone 7"one". The elimination of these elements does not eliminate the dependence of the probability distribution "one" of the presence or absence of the polarizer "other" 20. The elimination of these elements also alters the probability distribution observed for the "other" photons due to that both "other" photons alone and "other" photons in pairs will be observed by detectors D4b and D5b. With these elements in place as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 the "other" photons alone are "purified" from the "other" path, leaving only "other" photons in pairs to be detected by the detectors D4b and D5b. If the optional elements are removed from Figure 1 the probabilities for the "other" and "one" paths are (0.125, 0.125) and (0.625, 0.625), respectively. If the optional elements are removed from Figure 2 the probabilities for the "other" and "one" paths are (0.25, 0.25) and (0.125, 0.0), respectively.

The function of H-V polarizers 18 and 20 and mirrors 22 and 23 can be replaced with appropriately arranged fourth platforms that randomize the distribution of polarization probabilities of the photons passing through them. The foregoing exemplifies the apparatus by eliminating the polarizers 18, 20, 26 and 30, the mirrors 22 and 23, and the detectors D4a, D5a, D6a and D7a. In addition, polarizer 16 and detector D3 can be removed from the apparatus without altering the probability distribution of photons "one" and the dependence of that distribution of the presence or absence of the # "other" polarization scrambler element in zone 5 (polarizer 20 or a quarter wave platform in that position). This simplified apparatus is illustrated in Figures 3 and 4.

Figure 3 illustrates a simplified example of the invention in which most of the optional elements have been removed and the H-V polarizers 18 and 20 have been replaced with quarter wave platforms 32 and 34, respectively. The function of ** fourth wave platforms 32 and 34 is the same function of polarizers H-V 18 and 20; both optical devices randomize the observable polarization state of +/- 45 degrees of the photons passing through them.

The optical processes and polarization states of zones 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the Figure 3 are the same as those illustrated in the same areas of Figures 1 and 2. Photons "one" leaving zone 4 enter zone 5 where they pass through a fourth wave platform 32, which are thus aligned to convert its polarization state into a state of circular polarization. The circularly polarized light has a percent probability of passing through a linear polarizer of any orientation; Circularly polarized light does not have a latent linear polarization state. The "other" photons that leave zone 4 pass through a fourth wave platform 34 in zone 5, becoming also circularly polarized.

In zone 6 the circularly polarized "other" photons enter the polarizer +/- 45 degrees 24 and are reflected with equal probability to the detectors D4b and D5b. The observation of each of the "other" photons in pair constitutes a correlation event, which establishes its "one" photons corresponding to perpendicular polarization states with equal probability of +/- 45 degrees. The "one" photons then pass to zone 7 where the detectors D6a and D7a are reflected by the polarizer +/- 45 degrees 28.

The observed probability distribution of the "other" photons in pair in detectors D4b and D5b is (0.125, 0.125). The probability distribution of photons "one" in detectors D6a and D7a is also (0.15, 0.125).

The portion of the apparatus from zone 1 to zone 4 and including the fourth wave platform "one" in zone 5 is enclosed by a dotted box in Figures 3 and 4. All the elements within this table can be considered they constitute a source of correlated photons in prepared state 36, which provides photons correlated in prepared quantum probability states to the remaining "one" and "other" optical elements. The remaining "one" apparatus, the polarizer 28 and the detectors D6a and D7a and the remaining "other" apparatus, the fourth wave platform 34, the polarizer 24 and the detectors D4b and D5b, can be placed at any convenient distance from the source of correlated photons in ready state 36, provided that the length of the optical path from the source 10 to the polarizer 28"one" is greater than the distance of the optical path from the source 10 to the "other" detectors D4b and D5b.

Figure 4 is identical to Figure 3 except that the "other" fourth wave platform 34 has been removed. The result is to leave the pair of "other" photons in zone 5 with the latent polarization of -45 degrees that they obtained in zone 2. When these "other" photons in pair are observed by detectors D4b and D5b in zone 6 they cause their "one" pairs to correlate to a polarization state of +45 degrees. The observed probabilities for the "other" and "one" photons are thus changed to (0.0, 0.25) and (0.25, 0.0), respectively, said change in probabilities constitutes again a signaling event.

Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the use of these methods with a source of correlated photons, in parallel polarization correlation, Type I 38. The arrangement of the optical elements is identical in Figure 5 to that of Figure 3 with one exception; the "one" polarizer of +/- 45 degrees 14 has been rotated to reflect the polarized photons at +45 degrees to the detector D2 and to pass the polarized photons to -45 degrees to the following zones of the apparatus. This is the opposite of the function of the polarizer 14 in Figure 3. While this is just a change in the optical elements, the action of these elements on the correlated photons is different because the properties of the source 38 require that the Photons are correlated in states of parallel polarization instead of perpendicular polarization states, as in the previous figures.

The optical elements enclosed by the large box in dotted lines in both Figures 5 and 6, labeled 40, constitutes another form of a source of correlated photons in a separate state, driven in this case by a source of correlated photons of the Type I 38 So when the "other" photons at +45 degrees are detected by the DI detector the non-local quantum correlation connection establishes the latent polarization state of the corresponding "one" photons that are extracted from the "one" path by means of polarizer 14. The probability distribution of the "other" and "one" photons is the same for Figure 5 as for Figure 3, (0.125, 0.125) for both, "other" and "one". « Figure 6 illustrates the signaling status for a Type I source that is equivalent to that of Figure 4 for a Type II source. Polarizer 14 is in the same position as in Figure 5 and serves the same function as in that Figure. As in Figure 4 the fourth "other" wave platform 34 is removed, which allows the state - 45 degrees of the "other" photon to be passed to the detector D5b, establishing the polarization state, 15 of the "one" photons corresponding to -45 degrees. The distribution of probabilities is now the same for both paths in this figure; (0.0, 0.25). Note that the probability distributions of the roads in Figure 4 were not identical, but opposed to each other.

It is important to note that in the methods of all these figures, and in any similar or derivative method, the specific angles of the polarizers and the latent polarization states resulting from the photons are not, by themselves, significant. The meaning is in the relationship of each polarizer with the known polarization states of the photons. Thus, if the apparatus were rotated 45 degrees, the resultant polarization states H-V of the signal and the rest of the source 10 would become polarizers +/- 45 degrees, and the polarizers +/- 45 degrees would convert them into H-V polarizers.

With reference to Figures 1 to 6, I have particularly illustrated the favorite copy of my invention using photons. As an alternative, my invention is appropriate for a variety of correlated quantum objects including bosons, fernions and atoms. Any source of quantum objects is appropriate for my invention as long as the source produces correlated quantum objects. In addition, the control means described herein, particularly described as ray splitters, or a quarter wave platform, can be replaced by any appropriate spin selection device that can be employed to choose a probability distribution of the quantum state to be observed. Suitable turn selection devices include, not only ray splitters, but also Nichols prisms, wave platforms, kerr cells, Pockets cells, polarizing plastic sheet material analyzers and Stern-Gerlach spinning material analyzers. The appropriate types of detectors to detect or make an observation of the quantum state of one or both of the pair of quantum objects include microchannel platforms, sensing detectors and Faraday cups.

Having now fully described my invention, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that many changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of my invention as set forth in the following claims.

Claims (19)

1. CLAIMS: 1. A method to control the probability distribution of the quantum state of a pair of correlated quantum objects comprising the steps of: a. provide a pair of correlated quantum objects, each of these objects has a probability distribution of the uniform quantum state; b. provide means to control the probability distribution of the quantum state of a quantum object by using said means to control the probability distribution of the observable quantum states of the other quantum object of the pair of correlated quantum objects. c. using said control means to choose the distribution of probabilities of the quantum states of the other quantum particle; d. choose if you observe the quantum states of the other quantum object; and. Subsequently observe the quantum state of one of the quantum objects of said pair of quantum objects con-lated to determine if the probability distribution of the quantum state of said one quantum object has been altered by an observation of the quantum state of the other quantum object .
2. 2. A method as in Claim 1, wherein said correlated quantum objects are selected from the group consisting of bosons, fernions and atoms.
3. 3. A method as in Claim 1, wherein the one quantum object and the other quantum object of the pair of quantum objects is provided as part of a pair of currents of correlated quantum objects.
4. 4. A method as in Claim 1, wherein the pair of correlated quantum objects is provided by a source of correlated pairs of quantum objects.
5. 5. A method as in Claim 1, further including the step of providing at least one of the pair of quantum objects with a complementary quantum state before using said control means.
6. 6. A method as in claim 4, wherein the pair of correlated quantum objects is provided by a process of absorbing two-quantum objects / emission of two-quantum objects.
7. 7. A method as in Claim 4, wherein the pair of correlated quantum objects is provided by a source of correlated photons chosen from the group consisting of photon emission two processes with spin conservation and low optical parametric conversion.
8. 8. A method as in Claim 7, wherein said low optical parametric conversion process includes both Type I and Type II spin correlation processes.
9. 9. A method as in Claim 1, wherein said control means includes a spin selection device chosen from the group consisting of optical polarization components.
10. 10. A method as in Claim 9, wherein said optical polarization components are selected from the group consisting of polarizing ray splitters, Nichols prisms, wave platforms, kerr cells, Pockets cells, polarizing plastic sheet material and combinations thereof. .
11. 11. A method as in Claim 1, wherein said control means includes non-optical turning selection devices.
12. 12. A method as in Claim 11, wherein said non-optical spin selection devices are Stern-gerlach spin analyzers.
13. 13. A method as in Claim 1, wherein the one quantum object and the other quantum object of the pair of correlated quantum objects are given equal probability in two currents of quantum objects by one or more devices chosen from the group consisting of lenses, mirrors, polarizing ray splitters and combinations thereof.
14. 14. A method as in Claim 1, wherein said step of choosing whether to observe the probability distribution of the quantum state of the other quantum object includes not observing the quantum state of the other quantum object.
15. 15. A method as in Claim 1, wherein the step of choosing whether to observe the probability distribution of the quantum state of the other quantum object includes observing the quantum state of the other quantum object.
16. 16. A method as in Claim 1, wherein said observation of the quantum state of the other quantum object includes the alteration of the probability distribution of the other quantum object before observing the quantum states of the other quantum object.
17. 17. A method as in Claim 1, wherein said step of observing the quantum state of the one quantum object includes observation of the quantum state of the one quantum object to determine whether it is in a quantum state complementary to said quantum state observed of the other quantum object.
18. 18. A method as in Claim 1, wherein said pair of correlated quantum objects is provided in orthogonal polarization states, after observation.
19. 19. A method as in Claim 1, wherein said pair of correlated quantum objects is provided in parallel polarization states, after observation. EXTRACT OF THE INVENTION A method and apparatus for controlling the distribution of quantum state probabilities of a quantum object (S2 or II) of a pair of correlated quantum objects (S2 e 12, or S2 e 12), which includes providing a pair of correlated quantum objects, each object has a distribution of probabilities of uniform quantum state, provide a system (12 and 14) to control the distribution of quantum state probabilities of that quantum object by using said control system to choose the probability distribution of the quantum state of the other quantum object (12 or S2) of said pair of correlated quantum objects, choosing if the quantum state of the other quantum object is observed, and subsequently observing the quantum state of that quantum object to determine whether the state quantum of that quantum object has been altered by observing the quantum state of the ot ro quantum object.