MXPA98004109A - Therapeutic and diagnostic agents for the treatment of microbial infections - Google Patents

Abstract

Therapeutic peptides, vaccines and diagnostic agents for the treatment of pathogenic infections

Description

THERAPEUTIC AND DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF MICROBIAL INFECTIONS TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to therapeutic peptides and carbohydrates "to vaccines and diagnostic agents for the treatment of microbial infections" and is characterized as an adhesion blocking technology.

THE BACKGROUND . In infectious diseases, "a pathogen traffics or migrates from one place to another" in a manner analogous to how they do it ! F > leukocytes in their movement through the body. The similarity of leukocytes and microbial trafficking events »very notably the recognition of molecular direction» signal transduction and passage through endotheliums and epithelia »implies that many systems of microbial adhesion and signaling are evolution products of functional and molecular imitation of the portions of proteins and carbohydrates hosts. This convergence of cell biology and microbial pathogenesis predicts that for every system of mammalian cells that traffic »there is a pathogen that is intimately familiar with the network. The ability of a pathogen to infect a host should no longer be defined solely in terms of invasive or toxic properties that simply kill cells and / or impose itself on the host's immunological mechanisms. In fact »recent studies (1. 2, 3» 27 »20, 44» 52) suggest that the pathogenicity of a microbe can be defined more precisely in terms of its ability to exploit the host's cellular communications network »as a medium to find cellular and tissue environments favorable to the development and proliferation of the pathogen. So »the The pathogen reduces the insult to the host to its minimum expression "at the same time that it exploits the existing modes of trafficking in the complex chemical and cellular environments of the host. In functional terms »the journey of the pathogen to the tissue environments that it selects» implicit in the phenomenon of tropism to the tissue, can be seen as the consequence of a recognition of the pathogen towards the host cells or the extracellular matrix that carries a specific molecular direction. Other factors of microbial adhesion work to signal the host cells to accommodate the entry or passage of the pathogen into the surrounding cell or stroma. In other host-parasite interactions, the pathogen displays intracellular signals that either prevail or redirect the host's metabolic machinery in support of the growth and proliferation of the pathogen. These The facts appear to be obtained by the pathogen's use of the network of cell-to-cell communications »involving the adhesion molecules of leukocytes, endothelial cells» epithelial cells and other target cells of the host. US patent applications having serial numbers 08/247 »72 (related to PCT / US95 / 06832) and 08 / 483,558, describe a vaccine for the treatment of candidiasis, which comprises adhesion molecules of Candida albicans, which are Phospho anoprotein complexes isolated from the cell wall, in a liposomal carrier. The prior art has not recognized that pathogens and infectious agents use the machinery of the host cell itself (the recognition and signaling systems), to mimic the host cell and allow * the organism trafficates within the host and enters cells and tissues with relative ease. The inventors of the present have discovered that pathogens use the universal antigens of the host cell (binding or adhesion molecules) to attack and proliferate. The invention solves the difficulties of the prior art for developing a universal type vaccine for the treatment of pathogen infections.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a vaccine comprising a microbial binding molecule, which mimics a molecular direction of the host host cell, such as adhesion proteins, lipid molecules or carbohydrate molecules. The invention provides a prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine comprising one or more binding molecules or fragments thereof capable of binding to a molecular direction in a host cell.; the junction being capable of firing one or more signal transduction paths and allowing a selected pathogen and / or its toxin to 'traffic through the host tissue. Another object of the invention is to provide a vaccine comprising a microbial binding molecule which mimics the proteins or carbohydrate molecules, of host cell adhesion, of a cell selected from the group consisting of leukocytes, endothelial cells and cells. epithelial. The invention also provides a vaccine that f comprises a microbial binding molecule. In an alternative embodiment the invention provides a diagnostic assay comprising a monoclonal antibody specific for a microbial binding molecule, which replicates or mimics the proteins or the carbohydrate (adhesion) molecules of the host cell of a selected cell of the cell. group consisting of leukocytes, endothelial cells »epithelial cells and other host target cells. Advantageously, the invention provides a peptide Therapeutic comprising a molecule that mimics the adhesion molecule of a pathogen and interacts with the receptor molecules of a cell selected from the group consisting of leukocytes, endothelial cells, epithelial cells and other host target cells. The therapeutic peptide molecule can react specifically with the receptor (ligands) of the host adhesion molecule. Conversely, the invention provides a therapeutic peptide or carbohydrate comprising a molecule that mimics the adhesion molecule of a host cell and interacts with (blocks) the adhesion molecules of a pathogen. The invention provides a method for obtaining a vaccine for the development of immunity to a pathogen, comprising the steps of: a) isolating the pathogen-binding molecule (PAM, by its English designation: Pathogen's Attachment Molecule), which mimics a region expressed in host cells; b) develop monoclonal antibodies (Abs) directed against at least one region of the isolated binding molecule; c) effecting the purification of bound epitopes by said mAbs; d) obtaining a vaccine comprising peptide domains that reflect the topology of a pathogen binding molecule. The above objects and other objects of the invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in the relevant technical field from the following detailed description and the figures; wherein only the preferred embodiments of the invention are shown and described, simply by way of illustration of the best way to practice the invention. As will be easily recognized, "the invention is capable of being modified within the experience of the relevant technique" without departing from the spirit or scope of the same.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of a host / accession system. Ka) shows a host neutrophil cell, with binding molecules; Kb) shows a host lymphocyte cell with binding molecules; Kc) shows a host monocyte cell with binding molecules; Kd) shows host endothelial cells with binding molecules. Figure 2 shows a diagram of the prototype of the flow system with shear stress in vitro and in blood vessel. A live shear stress model employing intravital microscopy "has also been developed by the inventors to examine cellular interactions under physiological shear forces found in the venules of the intact animal.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to therapeutic carbohydrate peptides, to vaccines and to diagnostic agents for the treatment of microbial infections. In general, a vaccine according to the invention comprises a microbial binding molecule. The vaccines according to the invention comprise »more specifically» a microbial binding molecule or fragments thereof »which reproduce or mimic the proteins or the adhesion carbohydrate molecules of the a & Host host cell. In a preferred embodiment »the binding molecule A microbial that mimics the proteins or adhesion carbohydrate molecules of the host cell mimics a host cell selected from the group consisting of leukocytes, endothelial cells and epithelial cells. The binding molecule can resemble a selectin » such as a molecule substantially and functionally similar to a «Gg ,, selectin. In a preferred embodiment, the m ^ selectin molecule is selected from those which are similar to E, L and P selectins. In an alternative embodiment of the vaccine of the invention, the binding molecule resembles an integrin of VLA preference »Leucam and the integrin family of integrins. Additionally, it is possible to use molecules that are substantially and functionally similar to the integrin molecules and, better yet, the integrin molecules selected from the integrins VLA1-S »MAC-1, LFA1-3» CD41a »CD49 and CD51. to In an alternative embodiment, the binding molecule resembles a member of the superfamily of the munoglobulins »preferably ICAM1-3, VCAM» IMCAM and PECAM of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Molecules that are substantially and functionally similar to the molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily can also be used in the practice of the present invention. For an alternative modality, the binding molecule resembles a membrane of the cytokine family or of the chemokines. In accordance with the vaccine of the invention, the binding receptor molecule may alternatively be similar to a mucin molecule or a prokaryotic or eukaryotic adhesion protein. In the vaccine of the invention, the host cell adhesion carbohydrate proteins or molecules »imitated by the pathogen are from cells selected from the group consisting of leukocytes, endothelial cells, epithelial cells and cells of the nervous system. In a preferred embodiment, "endothelial cells of endothelial cells stimulated with cytokine" are selected, such as endothelial cells! is from the intestine »ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 positive; MAdCAM-1 positive intestinal endothelial cells and PNAd-1 positive peripheral lymph node endothelial cells. The target host cell can be a respiratory tract cell selected from the group consisting of nasopharyngeal and alveolar cells, including macrophages as seen! ares The microbe that supplies the microbial binding molecule for the vaccine can be selected from the microbes including: Bordetella pertussis, Plas odium berghei, Plasmodium falciparum »Candida albicans» Shigella sp. » Entamoeba histolytica »Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella sp. »E coli ^ 0157: H7. The microbe of mycobacteria, Legionella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus can alternatively be selected » histoplasma and pneumococci. The microbe can be Yersinia pseudotuberculus or Yersinia enterocolitica. When the microbe is Bordetella pertussis, the binding molecule preferably is pertussis toxin and hemagglutinin filaments (FHA) or functionally equ equivalents. The Bordetella pertussis host cell f recognition molecules are encoded by protein subunits S2 and S3. When the microbe is Helicobacter pylori »the binding molecule preferably adheres to the gastric epithelial cells, interacting with antigens of the blood group phenotype O» fucosi sides. Alternatively, the Trichomonas vaginalis microbe »Trichomonas foetus, Cryptospor d u» iaria and Entamoeba can be selected. The binding molecule can be gp 63 from Leishmania. 25 Thus »the vaccine of the invention is for the treatment of a selected microbial infection» among others »of histoplasmosis» pulmonary blastomycosis »nocardiosis» cryptococcosis »bronchopulmonary candidiasis» aspergillosis pulmonary, tuberculosis »infections and legionnaire's disease In the vaccine of the invention the adhesion molecule preferably mimics a CD1S-adhesion selected from the group consisting of LFA-1, Mac-1 and P150.954, which recognize ligands in inflamed endotheliums. EAF fimbrial of 19 KDA that forms hairy adhesion »expressed by a gene plasmid or associated with a bundle that forms hair from a bacterial strain selected from the group consisting of Vibrio cholerae »Neisseria gonorrhoeae» Neisseria en ngi t ids »Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The adhesion of the enteric microbes may alternatively be an outer membrane protein - a 94"Da chromosome-encoded int mine that adheres to the plasma membrane of the epithelial cell. In another embodiment of the invention, the adhesion receptor is a polysialic acid which preferably has a chain polymer of residues of N-acetylneuramic acid. The polysialic acid of the vaccine of the invention can be selected from polyaccharides of group B of N. eningococcus and the polysaccharide Kl of E. coli. The term "adhesive molecule" as used herein refers only to "microbial or pathogenic binding molecules" while the term "adhesion molecule" refers to both host and pathogen binding molecules.

* THE DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS A diagnostic analysis in accordance with the The invention comprises a monoclonal antibody specific for a microbial binding molecule that mimics the (adhesion) protein of the host cell or the carbohydrate molecules of a cell selected from the group consisting of leukocytes, endothelial cells and epithelial cells. Y other host target cells. The monoclonal antibody adheres to the pathogen of interest. Monoclonal antibodies can be raised for the adhesion or binding molecules of interest "following the procedure outlined in Sambrock and Maniatis and coauthors» Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual »Cold Spring Harbor ^^ Press »1989» incorporated here in its entirety through this ^ reference. The analysis for the detection and identification and enumeration of respiratory microorganisms comprises the steps of: a) passing a microbial sample through a collection device to capture the cells; b) add a fluorochrome dye to the collection device, specific for the detection of respiration cells and allow the dye to incubate; c) treating the collected sample with a fluorescent antibody * * reactive, which reacts with a microorganism of interest, present in the microbial sample; d) mounting the collecting device for examination by fluorescence microscopy, in which a system of suitable lighting to excite the fluorochrome dye and the fluorescent antibody, so that they fluoresce; and e) quantifying the fluorescence as a measure of the amount of microbial respiration cells sought. "* Preferably the specific O-fluorochrome dye for the detection of the respiratory microbe is collected by the organisms that breathe and is reduced to insoluble formazan crystals, by the cytochrome system of said microbes.It is preferred more than the specific fluorochrome dye for the detection of the cells that breathe, it is a tetrazolium compound .. The tetrazolium compound of 5-cyano-2,3-diol and 1-tetrazole (CTC) is very preferred. invention provides a method for the detection, identification and enumeration of a breathing, sought-after bacterium, comprising the steps of: 0 a) mixing munomagnetic granules comprising one or more antibodies that specifically bind to a target bacterium or sought, with a sample of liquid to be tested, b) allow the liquid sample to interact with the 5 granules for up to one hour, c) place the sample in a separator magnetic that makes * the magnetic granules to which the wanted bacteria have joined, separate from the liquid sample; d) aspirate the liquid from the liquid sample, leaving the granules with the bacteria attached; 5 e) wash the granules with a solution that separates loose bound bacteria and other particles from the sample 1 day; * ^ f) mix the granules with the bound bacteria, with a ^^ dye of fluorochrome, specific for the detection of bacteria that breathe; g) treating the bacteria present in the granules with a fluorescent spot or with a specific fluorescent conjugate antibody; h) mounting the sample for examination by epifluorescent microscopy 15 where a light filter system is used • suitable to excite the dye of fluorochrome and the antibody labeled with fluorochrome; and i) quantifying the fluorescence of the desired breathing bacteria. The analysis can be performed using unomagnetic granules according to the description of 1 to US application Serial No. 08/245 »2S2» filed on May 18, 1994, or PCT / US95 / 05971, incorporated herein by this reference , In its whole. In addition, the patent application provisional US No. 60 / 007,477"corresponding to this request" is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

THERAPEUTIC PEPTIDES The invention also comprises therapeutic peptides comprising a molecule that mimics the adhesion molecule of a pathogen and interacts with the receptor molecules of a , ^ t host cell »selected from the group consisting of ^ * leukocytes »endothelial cells, epithelial cells and other host target cells. In a preferred embodiment, the therapeutic peptide molecule reacts specifically with the receptor (ligands) of the selectin family, of host adhesion molecules. The therapeutic peptide molecule of preference can react with the receptors of the ^ _. superfamily of the munoglobuli as, the molecules of ^ Host adhesion. The peptide molecule alternatively reacts with receptors of the integrin family of host adhesion molecules »or mimics the molecule of host cell adhesion, and interacts with the adhesion molecules of the pathogen. The peptide reacts alternatively with the receptor of the cytogen or chemokine family of host adhesion molecules or mimics the adhesion molecule of The host interacts with the molecules of adhesion of the pathogen.

* The inventors have found that endogenous peptide antibiotics that occur naturally in vertebrates act as an effective barrier for viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections. Antibiotics peptide encoded by genes, are ubiquitous components of the host defenses an mammals, birds, amphibians »insects and plants. Its synthesis or de novo release from sites S ^ storage »can be induced quickly» what the * * is particularly important in the initial phases of resistance to microbial invasion. The endogenous antimicrobial peptides of animals are usually products of simple genes "and are synthesized as preproproteins. Multi-step processing produces the mature peptide or the mature peptide group »that can act inducing permeablation in the microbial membrane or by adhesion to the microbial surface. Adhesive peptides act as lecithins that bind to carbohydrates or lipids present on the surface of infectious microbes, thus making the organism more susceptible to immunological detection and elimination. These binding peptides can also act to block microbial adhesion events to the host »that lead to infection. Several families of antimicrobial peptides have been identified, which differ with respect to the presence of disulfide ligatures »amino acid composition» structural conformation and spectrum of activity. These peptides are remarkably abundant and widely distributed in animals and plants. The role of higher eukaryotic antibiotic peptides as therapeutic compounds is a central issue in natural immunity. Type C lectins or carbohydrate-binding lectins, which characterize selectins, as well as a host of microbial binding molecules, are listed in Microbial Lect ns and Aqglut nins, 1996, John Wiley and Sons, NY. This reference identifies almost SO microbial species that use lectins for 0 to bind to carbohydrate ligands in the host host cells. Microbial lectins, like those of host inflammatory cells, serve as recognition molecules in the cell-to-cell interaction, for example, the bacterial-cell-epithelial or phagocytic cell interactions. Furthermore, they are involved in signal transduction events that prepare the host cell for the entry of the parasite, its intracellular development and the eventual death of the cell. The lectins bind reversibly and non-covalently with the mono- or oligosaccharides, either simple or complex, and whether they are free in solution or on the surfaces of the cells. These sugars on the surface of the cell are called leetin receptors or ligands., and define the specificity of the leitine. Frequently, lectins appear on the surface of the cell "on specific organomes, such as bacterial fimbrias" or are part of the structure of the exotoxins * elaborated by the bacteria. Naturally engineered "engineered" mAbs or peptides with antiadhesive properties that are intended for signaling and adhesion associated with anion-parasite adhesion are effective in producing therapeutic diagnoses and vaccines for human infections. host that require microbial binding to host tissues.

IO PATHOGENICITY DEFINED BY ACCESSION EVENTS Many pathogens that traffic through the vascular system "use addition trajectories that operate under shear stress" as a means of sowing various tissues. The inventors believe that this concept is universally applicable and show the use of unique host adhesion trajectories for different anatomical systems (respiratory tract »gastrointestinal tract to the» urinary tract »etc.), for a given pathogen. Thus, a new approach to the definition of The virulence of many bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic organisms can be directed to the detection and characterization of various prokaryotic and eukaryotic adhesion proteins, which infiltrate the host communication network. Several studies on different relationships Host-parasite reveal how pathogens use host-cell-cell adhesion systems during the course of an infection. The results of some outstanding studies are presented to illustrate the types of functional imitation that they have developed to allow a microbe to infiltrate the host cell-to-cell networks and direct the course of the infection. Many pathogens spread or traffic from the portal of entry to distant tissues and organs »entering * in and being transported by the vascular system. In several -4 '* cases »pathogenic bacteria» fungi and protozoa have shown that they skillfully manipulate the host's adhesion system, including selectins and integrins' during their pathogenesis.

MOLECULAR BASE FOR THE PERVERSION BY THE PATHOGENS OF THE NETWORK 15 OF COMMUNICATIONS FROM CULA TO CELL OF THE HOST • While it is clear that protein-carbohydrate interactions control a myriad of biological events »the low-binding constants for protein-carbohydrate pairs have left doubts about the precise role of carbohydrate ligands in biological communication. However, a model for the host-cell microbial toxin interaction proposed by St. Hi Laire and co-authors (21) draws attention to the similarities of protein-protein interactions. carbohydrate found in microbial adhesion systems "with those used by the host" and notes that these latter interactions are involved in specificity "but not in the strong binding of receptor / ligand pairs. The firm union seems to be promoted by protein-protein or protein-1-lipid interactions. East principle has been demonstrated for the recruitment of neutrophils »where the recognition is mediated by the binding of protein (selectin) -carbohydrate (sialyl-Le)» but the binding ^ Strong and its establishment are the result of the union - • * protein-protein (integri na / 1 igando) or prbteína-1 ípido. From similarly »St. Hi Taire and co-authors have shown that the adhesion of the B subunit (one of the smallest known lectins) of the VTEC holotoxin invokes both the protein-carbohydrate interactions (for the detection of the toxin) and the interactions protein-1 lipid (for the entry of the toxin into the cell) »that also reminiscent of the mode of action of botulism toxins. pertussis and diphtheria (22). The generality of this motive requires structural and energetic studies in a long disposition of biological recognition systems »mediated by protein- carboh drato-Ipido. The recognition of, and the firm binding to, the target cells of the host, by a pathogen or by a toxin, is a prelude to the activation of the signaling pathways that produce alterations in the actin network of the eukaryotic cells (23). In general, these second-order signal transductions trigger destructive events, which include increases in li-cytosolic calcium, rapid rearrangement or alteration of actinic cytoskeleton, and lysosome recruitment and clustering, which often end in death. of the cell. Many pathogenic bacteria »largely gram-negative organisms» have apparently acquired and easily share the genes that code for proteins »elaborated by a specialized secretion system (type III), which is triggered by the union to the anfondian cell (24). These novel virulence proteins are distinguished by the lack of a signal sequence that normally allows a secreted protein to pass through membranes, but which is presumed to contain adhesion structures for specific proteins in the cytosol. They seem to obtain the income as a consequence of a specific interaction of protein-carbohydrate between the pathogen and the target cell, followed by a firm protein-protein binding »that promotes the structural and energetic changes necessary for the signal transduction within the cell. 0 EXAMPLES OF REMOVAL OR MOLECULAR AND FUNCTIONAL IMITATION OF HOST ACCESSION SYSTEMS, BY MICROBIAL PATHOGENS Several studies on different host-to-host relationships have begun to reveal how pathogens use the cell-to-cell adhesion systems of the host during the course of an infection. The results of some outstanding studies illustrate the types of functional mimics that have been developed to allow a pathogen to infiltrate the host cell-to-cell networks, and direct the course of the infection. Host and microbial adhesion molecules have been highlighted in each system.

THE COMMUNICATION NETWORK OF LEUKOCYTE / ENDOTHELIAL CELL Adhesion to vascular endothelial cells is necessary for leukocytes to leave the blood to the tissues. These interactions are controlled by the adhesion proteins expressed both by the leukocyte present in the blood and by the endothelial cell. The inventors have characterized the function of several adhesion proteins in the newly described family of molecules of • adhesion called selectins (4, 5, 6, 7). They are called selectins because their lectin-like structures mediate selective adhesive interactions. " recognition of the carbohydrates in the target cells (8). A leukocyte selectin (L-selectin) and two vascular selectins (E and P selectins) have been defined. In addition to endothelial cells, platelets also express P.-selectin. L-selectin is constitutively expressed by leukocytes »whereas the stimulation of endothelial cells with immunological cytokines, histamine or traumatic insult, is * necessary to induce E and P selectins In addition to selectins, other adhesion proteins, such as VCAM-1 in endothelial cells stimulated with cytokine (9). MADCAM-1 in high endothelial venules of the intestine »PNAd-1 in high endothelial venules in peripheral lymph nodes (10)» mucin-like molecules with high carbohydrate content (11 »12) and some integrins (VLA4 and LPAM-l) (13, 14), cell-to-cell interactions also mediate. Integrins are key adhesion proteins that work by firing the endothelial or epithelial cell to loosen firm joints in preparation for leukocyte or microbial transmigration. In most cases, the adhesive interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells are represented by the coiling of the leukocyte along the endothelial monolayer. These coiling interactions can cause reductions of more than 1,000 times the speed with which the leukocyte moves through the vascular system. Analysis of leukocyte / endothelial cell-0 interactions demonstrate that specific classes of adhesion proteins mediate preferential binding under shear forces »characteristically found in the vascular system (15, 16, 17, 18, 19). For example, many static, well-characterized adhesive interactions between 5 leukocytes and C endothelial cells, for example, those mediated by beta-2 integrins (LFA-1, MAC-DU) were found not to be tested in vitro under conditions of high shear stress »designed to reflect blood flow (17, 19) In contrast, adhesion molecules have been identified that preferably work under shear stress Table 1 provides a list of leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion proteins involved in extravasation "and indicates whether they work better under shear or static conditions. 0 TABLE 1 MOLECULES OF ACCESSION EXAMINED UNDER CUTTING EFFORT MOLECULE OF ADHESION EXPRESSED IN FUNCTIONAL CONDITIONS OPTIMAL Leukocyte Endothelium Static Effort Selectin E Selectin P + Selectin L + MAdCAM-1 + 0 PNAd - + +/- VCAM-1 + - / + + ICAM-1 + + Mac-1 4- + 1-LFA-l + 5 VLA4 - / + + beta-1 + - / + + LPAM 4- The inventors conclude that the winding of the leukocytes along the vascular endothelium allows other adhesive interactions to be carried out that cement the leukocytes to the vascular endothelium. Migration or transit through the vascular lining then takes place. Thus »three steps are involved in the successful arrest of leukocytes along the vessel wall: 1) binding and shear-dependent winding» involving selectins; 10 2) adhesion reinforcement dependent on activation (slow winding) followed by firm adhesion. 3) transendotelial cell migration »governed by inducible integrins in the endothelium. The three steps are necessary for recruitment effective of nflamatorios leukocytes to sites of damage or infection, or the seeding of lymphoid tissues. The isolation of microbial mimics of molecules of the superfamily of the uniol, the ICAM1-3, VCAM, NCAM and PECAM is achieved as described herein. The interactions of the suspected mimics of 1 to superfami 1 i a of GIs with known ligands, for example »integrins» is part of the characterization of microbial mimicry. There are numerous examples of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic adhesive proteins, some of which are glycoproteins »as described in the preceding responses. All carbohydrate-binding lectins, including selection lectins and microbial lectins, "are largely of the glycoprotein type" and are decorated with carbohydrates "to varying degrees. The eukaryotic adhesive proteins include selctones »the integrins and the immunoglobulin superfamily, as well as an arrangement of adhesive molecules that promote cell-to-cell signaling and ^^ recognition from cell to cell, such as CD4 and CD8 in ? v * T cells, GTP binding proteins (RhoA), cytokines and growth factors (IL-n »FGT-B1 and hepatocyte growth factor). More than five chemokine receptors have been identified in leukocytes and appear to play an important role in leukocyte trafficking. A large effort is now focused on the host-parasite interactions about the events of * Signaling initiated by microbial cellular compounds ~ adhesives and secreted ones »that promote changes in the actin network of host cells» such as leukocytes »epithelial cells» endothelial cells and cells of the system nervous »hosts. The leukocytes that traffic in the blood have been classified variously with: a) lymphocytes, b) neutrophils, c) monocytes, and d) platelets. Other cells that interact with, or that are derived from, cells found in the blood include cells that present antigens (M cells, dendritic cells »macrophages) and cells that make or secrete pharmacologically active compounds (mastoid cells» eosi óf los). The population of lymphocytes includes subsets of T cells reactive to the antigen, defined by the different functional roles they play (cytotoxic »auxiliary cells» suppressors »etc.) and the combination of antigens or surface receptors that they exhibit. Two distinct subsets of T cells are instrumental in directing the host immune response in the mediated immune response f. per cell (Thl) or predominantly an immune response humoral (Th2). Another population of lymphocytes, B cells »is characterized by the presence of membrane-bound immunoglobulins» initially IgM monomers and subsequently IgD molecules and »after maturing to plasma cells, they produce and secrete immunoglobulins. 15 Macrophages develop from monocytes that exist in the blood and carry several cell surface receptors for antibodies, complements, and various cell-to-cell interactions that promote movement through endotheliums and epithelia. The cells 2? Dendritic cells are also motile cells, large and, like macroagles, are involved in the processing / presentation of antigens to lymphocytes. The cells of the immune system and many of those that are involved in the flaming cell response, circulate as non-adherent cells in the blood and lymph "and migrate as adherent cells through the tissues. In 11 * presence of a foreign antigen or an inflammatory stimulus »must be able to congregate in the lymphoid organs» cross the endothelial and basement membrane barriers, to congregate in sites of infection and to adhere to the cells containing the foreign antigen. There is a rapid transition between the adherent and non-adherent state of leukocytes, which is key to the double functions of overlaying and of f. Munological response capacity. The three main families of adhesion receptors direct the localization and the migration or permanence of the leukocytes into their host tissues. The superfamily of immunoglobulins is found in the specific receptors for the antigen of T and B cells, the family of integrins is important in the dynamic regulation of adhesion * 15 and migration of leukocytes through epithelia and endotheliums, and selectins are prominent in the interaction of leukocytes with vascular endothelium. In some cases, "counter receptors" or adresins for these adhesion molecules have been found co-specific for the tissue or for the cell »which makes the leukocytes settle in the Peyer's patch» on the skin or in the endothelium or kidney. Platelets are intimately associated with changes in vascular physiology, through their interaction with leukocytes and endothelial cells, and with the development of pharmacologically active agents that are associated with infections and with inflammation. P-selectin is stored in the .8 * alpha granules of platelets and in Weibel-Palade bodies of endothelial cells and is rapidly mobilized to the surface of these cells »after stimulation by products of the clot-forming cascade» such as thrombin »where mediates the adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes. These factors are operative in reperfusion and traumatic damage and other vascular events that impair the function of tissues and organs. F. Epithelial cells line surfaces lu enals of the intestinal tract, the geni-urinary tract »of the upper respiratory tract and various organs of mammals. Epithelial cells express many members of the integrin family and possess a host of different co-conjugated gls that function as receptors opposite for pathogen adhesion molecules (PAM). Examples of cells of the nervous system include astrocities, glial cells, Schwann cells and neurons. The dominant host adhesion molecules found in the cells of the nervous system are NCAM and ICAM. The opposing ligand receptors that bind to PAM are structures rich in sialic acid. Examples of endothelial cells are those that have ICAM-1, VCAM-1 »MAdCAM-1 (Peyer's patch), PNAd-1 (peripheral lymph node). Endothelial cells may exhibit one or more adhesion molecules »depending: (a) from the stimulus by inflammatory mediators and (b) its location in the tissue or in an organ environment. The ICAM subfamily is generally expressed on endothelial cells as a consequence of stimulation by inflammatory mediators that include 1 ipopol isacid, interleukin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) made during infections or tissue damage. VCAM has kinetics of induction and function similar to ICAM, but interacts only with integrin VLA-4, whereas ICAM binds to integrin LFA-1. Lymphocytes in the blood enter the lymph nodes by binding to specialized "superior" endothelial cells. The molecules, termed "adresins" »selectively expressed in special HEVs in different types of lymphatic nodes» function as base or set receptor ligands. Thus, endothelial cells expressing MAdCAM-1 are found in the high endothelial venules of Peyer's patches and in the lamina propra in the lymphoid system associated with the intestine. Endothelial cells expressing PNAd-1 are found in peripheral lymph nodes. The isolation of a pathogen-binding molecule »that mimics or mimics those expressed in endothelial cells, begins with its detection and characterization in the inventor's" live or new adhesion analysis system "using target cells that express the ligand for the binding molecule. For example, "to detect a molecule similar to MAdCAM-1" used by the pathogen, a target cell system expressing the ligand MAdCAM-1, the integrin _4B7, would be used. Fibroblast transfectants expressing the integrin could also be used in the assay. If adhesion is detected, the specificity is verified by treatment with monoclonal anti-MAdCAM-1 antibodies (MECA-367) to block the adhesion of the microbe to the target cell (Bargatze, R and coauthors »1995» I munity »3 : 99-108). Similarly, the binding molecules similar to VCAM or * similar to ICAM would be detected in analyzes using the 10 target cells that display integrins _4ßl or LFA-1 respectively.

* Whooping cough Bordetella pertussis uses its hernaglutin filaments (FHA) to interact directly with an integrin-transduction complex of leukocyte signal »to move to or from the vascular network (25). The signature of the molecule that binds integrins is the triplet Arg-ly-Asp. It has been found this sequence in more than a dozen other prokaryotic proteins »often as part of an adhesive domain. Since integrins play a critical role in binding to neighboring cells in most mammalian cell systems »certain pathogens have learned to use this recognition system to pass through endotheliums and epithelia. By means of this mechanism »B. pertussis increases its own binding and its potential for systemic spread» through the cooptation of the adhesion signaling path of the host cell. It has been shown that FHA is a key colonizing factor in respiratory infections in mice. Its role in the infection has been satisfactorily canceled by blocking it with anti-FHA mAbs (2S).

Malaria 10 Erythrocytes infected with Plamodium berghei and P. falciparum are responsible for the often severe clinical complications associated with cerebral malaria. These complications are a direct result of the fact that S 15 infected erythrocytes obstruct the flow of blood in the brain by mechanically adhering to themselves and the endothelium. In a study that examined the role of vascular adhesion molecules and leukocytes in a mouse model of malaria, it was shown that erythrocytes infected with P. were prevented. 2? berghei bound to the endothelium of the brain and occluded the blood flow by intravenous treatment with mAb directed against the adhesion molecule LFA-1 (an integrin) (27). Another study that examined the erythrocytes of human patients infected with P. falciparum demonstrated specific adherence to the selectin E and a VCAM-1, as a means of binding to the endothelium of the human brain (28).

Candias Research on C. albicans has shown that it expresses an osphomanoprotein on its surface, which is responsible for the ability of hematogenous yeast cells to adhere (presumably to an integrin) in the macrophages of the splenic marginal zone of the mouse and in the peripheral lymphatic nodes thereof (29). C. albicans that binds to fibronectin in the extracellular matrix of blood vessels "has been implicated" for its direct role in promoting fungal adhesion in fungal disease disseminated in the blood (30).

The pathogens of the respiratory tract The respiratory tract has three environments for pathogens: the ciliated epithelium of the nasopharyngeal region, the alveoli and the alveolar macrophage. The pathogens that bind to the ciliary epithelium are based on localizations or carbohydrate directions for tissue tropism. The localization of the classic pathogens from 1 to pneumonia to the alveoli is also based on the recognition of carbohydrates, "but the molecular participants are unknown. The most definitive work that reveals the functional similarity of a system of recognition of direction and signaling of the microbe with that of the host, involves the alveolar macrophage system (26). Macrophages enter the lung using the CD18 family of adhesion molecules, LFA-1 »Mac-1 and gp.150.954, which recognize the ligands in the inflamed endothelia. Another less commonly used trajectory involves a trajectory without CD18 »caused by the pneumococcus and involves a platelet activating factor as a key mediator. Pathogens that enter and reside within the macrophage ^^., alveolar use the CD18 family of adhesion molecules as the means to enter the macrophages and bypass the otherwise lethal »oxidant discharges of the leukocyte. Legionella »the icrobacteria» streptococci and histoplasmas bind to a variety of CD11 / CD1S determinants, either in the integrin itself or in natural binding ligands, such as C3 (l). The most definitive studies on the role of microbial adhesion and signaling in the infectious process have been carried out on infections with Bordetella pertussis (35, 32). B. pertussis presents two adhesion ligands to the macrophages: the pertussis toxin (PT) and the filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) described above. PT is a hexamer, whose oligomer B is also a lectin with carbohydrate preferences »similar to type C selectins: the fucosylated polysiloxanes. The lectin-like appearance of PT directs the adherence of B. pertussis to cylia and to macrophages. The cell recognition properties of the PT have been localized to two protein subunits, S2 and S3 »that have 80% homology and are identical to a region of residues (15 to 55) found in type C selectins. This similarity of sequence extends to shared function because the subunits can inhibit the interaction of neutrophils with surfaces coated with selectin. A second property of PT is the ability to up-regulate the function of the integrin family of leukocyte adhesion molecules. The ligation of a carbohydrate by the adhesion of PT upregulates the integrin CR3 (Mac-1), which allows the FHA of second adhesion, a specific ligand for CR3 »to adhere and trigger the absorption and survival of bacteria in the macrophage. So »the adhesion of PT has two functions in the infectious process: it directs the recognition and signaling of the macrophage to increase the receptor sites for the organism. Other diseases in which the pathogen appears to have "learned" to use macrophage adhesion systems 2? alveolar to initiate an infectious process and, in many cases »exploit its ability to use host adhesion molecules to spread to other tissues and organs, including disseminated histoplasmosis» pulmonary blastomycosis »nocardiosis» cryptococcosis, candidiasis bronchi iapulmonar, the aspergí "pulmonary losi s" the evil of the legionary and tuberculosis.

Pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract The gastrointestinal tract presents several environments for the pathogen, beginning with the acidic environment of the columnar epithelium of the stomach bath to the brush-lined epithelium of the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum as well as the cuboidal epithelium of the colon. The lumenal aspect of the gastrointestinal tract is coated with mucin produced to a large extent by highly specialized cup cells, embedded in the epithelial cell layer. Mucin differs in chemical composition from one region to the next, and even from one cell to another within regions of the intestinal tract. The glycoproteins, rich in sialic acid residues, that is, the ucinas »seem to play an important role in protecting the underlying epithelium against the detrimental effects of microbial activity. The normal bacterial flora of the intestine plays an important role in the direction of the course of infections in the gastrointestinal tract. The global mass of organisms in the intestine (around 10a-0 per gram), the variety of species present that promote competitive and antagonistic relationships, and the genetic interactions between them, create an excessively complex relationship with the host. The pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract include a large formation of parasitic species of bacteria and fungi. The intestinal bacterial pathogens to which 3S collectively referred to as "enteric bacilli" are formally classified under various genera that share common antigens and are genetically related to each other. Among the shared properties of enteric bacilli are the factors that contribute to its virulence, which include adhesion molecules, exotoxins and endotoxins. As a consequence of the exchange of new genetic factors between enteric organisms, new strains emerge that are added to the already great variety of pathogens and tests. A special step is the patotype 0157: H7 of Escherichia coli, which belongs to a recently evolved pathogenic clone, which possesses secondary virulence factors, Shiga-like cytotoxins (verotoxins) and plasmid-encoded adhesions (34). The histopathology of many enteric bacterial infections »the union and efaciamiento (A / E, by its designation in English: Attach ent and Effacing), is a product of specific adhesion of the pathogen to the intestinal epithelia and the participation of endotoxins and, in some cases, potent exotoxins (35). Most enteric pathogens demonstrate A / E bacterial binding forms that bind both to tissue culture cells in vitro and to enterocytes and colonocytes in vivo. Mediators of cell adhesion appear to contribute to a complex phenotype, dependent on a clustering of genes (eaeA sites) present on the bacterial chromosome and / or a plasmid-encoded factor, designated EAF (EPEC adhesion factor) (36, 37 ). Many serotypes of E. coli veroci totóxico (VTEC), E. coli enterotox igéico (ETEC) and E. coli enteropatógeno (EPEC) »Hafnia alvei and Citrobacter fruend» are positive to eaeA and have similar adhesion phenotypes. The A / E lesions produced by E. coli negative to eaeA (38) and the gastric pathogen Heliobacter pylori (39) lack detectable recruitment of underlying ethical elements. * Two forms of adherence are derived from the expression of the eaeA genes and / or of sites encoded by plasmid (40, 41, 42). The first adhesion or initial adhesion (localized) is promoted by a fibrial adhesion of EAF of 19 - KDA, called hair forming beam (BFP). BFP adhesion causes adhesion to the surface of microvilli and start of events that lead to efaciamiento. Interestingly, the amino acid sequence of E. coli BFP is similar to the hairs of Vibrio cholerae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, all of which are members of the fimbrial family of type IV. It is proposed that the 19"Da adhesion protein reacts with a carbohydrate ligand on the epithelial cell or, less likely, a specific carbohydrate epitope, associated with mucin. This adhesion and the subsequent microcolonization event is followed by transduction of a signal that results in elevated intracellular calcium levels, the activation of host cell tyrosine-c proteins, fluid secretion, and severe verotoxic E. coli infections, profound changes in ethical cytoskeletal structures. A second adhesion event promoted by the outer membrane protein (OMP) of 94 KDA »encoded by chromosomes» containing an adhesion structure called "inti ina" allows the organism to adhere intimately to the epithelial cell plasma membrane and appears amplify cell signaling leading to remarkable effects on proteins cytoskeletal epithelium and, in some cases, invasion of the subucosa. The amino acid sequence of the intimin of E. coli is very similar to those of the vasers of Yersinia »Pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica (44). The invasins bind with a high affinity to members of the receptors of integrin of the beta-1 family, to mediate the efficient collection of bacteria. There is reason to believe, therefore, that OMP adhesions are used by pathogenic E. coli to pass through the beta-1 integrin purines (in contrast to the beta-2 integrins in respiratory infections) and maneuvering along the epithelial cell surface. Helicobacter pylori has indeed colonized the majority of the world population and is now accepted as the main cause of chronic gastritis and the formation of peptic ulceration (45). The bacteria is tropic for epithelial cells and the mucosal layer in the lining of the stomach. Adherence to gastric epithelial cells is mediated by lectin-like adhesions that interact with the antigens of the blood group fucos sides, associated with the blood group 0 phenotype (46). Superficial epithelial degeneration is a likely result of the activity of bacterial products including cytosines, urease, and proinflammatory products, such as LPS. Some serotypes of Escherichia col i »Shigela dysenteriae (type 1), Salmonella typhimurium and Vibrio cholerae, * produce a subunit cytotoxin muí tipept ídi ca 71 KDA IO (similar to Shiga or verotoxins) consisting of a single subunit "A" of 32 KDa and 5 x 7.7 KDa subunits "B" (22). The B subunits facilitate the binding of holotoxin to superfine cell receptors (d) 1010 M) in host endothelial cells, and their entry into them. The endothelial cell receptor is a glycolipid, galactose-1, 4-galactose-β-glucose-ceramide (Gb3) (47) The "A" subunit inhibits protein synthesis in the endothelial cell at the ribosomal level. Microbial adherence »as a mediator of the infections by E. coli and H. pylori is more than likely descriptive of the infections caused by Shigella species »Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella species, as well as many protozoan parasites (Entamoeba histolytica) and viruses. In the placement of the pathogen on the epithelial surface »the stage is fixed for the action of other virulence factors (toxins, enzymes, etc.) that alter or efacian the epithelial surface.

These adhesive interactions can also serve to isolate the pathogen from the antagonistic behavior of the normal flora and the flooding action of the peristaltic movement of the intestine.

The central nervous system Bacterial meningitis seems to be the consequence of the trafficking of microbes from an initial site of infection to the cells of the meninges. In the case of infection with ÍO Neisseria men gi t idi s, the portal of entry is the nasopharyngeal region »where organisms can persist for long periods without showing signs of infection. Meningitis caused by E. coli "on the other hand, has its origin in the gastrointestinal tract or, less frequently, the lower respiratory tract and urinary tract. Bacterial adherence most likely plays a role in establishing infection in the portal of entry, which involves the recognition of specific carbohydrate receptors in epithelial cells. 20 The Finne (4B) studies support the notion that polysialic acid "as part of a glycoprotein carbohydrate" plays a key role in the recognition of cellular directions in the brain. The chain of polysialic acid is a polymer of residues of N-25-acetyl-neuranic acid »linked by alpha-2.8 bonds. There are up to 12 or more carbohydrate residues per chain. Sialic acid is linked to a glycan nucleus that appears to be of the tri- and tetraantennary N-linked type, which is found in glycoproteins. The brains of young mammals are highly sialylated, in contrast to lesser sialylation and shorter chains in the brains of adults. Several studies suggest that the main role of polysialic acid is to modulate the adhesion activity of the cells in the brain, suggesting that a specific molecular direction for the trafficking of microbes that lead to capsules rich in sialic acid »exists in the adhesion molecule of the meningeal cells. The specific polysaccharides for the capsular type, * of the meningococcus »are polymers of acid sugar residues» rich in sialic acid. Most of the uninogens effective "except meningococcal Group B polysaccharide" and Kl polysaccharide of E. coli "stimulates low titers of low affinity IgM class" antibody. The poor response to polysaccharides B and Kl is most likely the consequence of the lack of response capacity immunological to the capsular material that is chemically identical to the polysialic acid of the brain. In any case, the recognition of an adhesion receptor in the brain cells "by meningococcus or by E. coli that has Kl, provides an explanation for the tropism to the tissue of these organisms.

^? Other systems of microbial adhesion Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an obligate pathogen of man that initiates infection of the genitourinary tract by adherence to epithelial cell surfaces (40). This binding is mediated by the adhesion associated with the hairs, since only the strains are able to adhere to the cells. When they are joined, the gonococci appear to be locked by the epithelial cells according to some form of 0 signaling event by the outer membrane protein (fifty). Many gonococci penetrate between the columnar epithelial cells, to reach subepithelial tissues, . presumably by activating an integrin receptor associated with epithelial cell junctions. 5 Leish aniasis includes a group of diseases caused by one of several species of protozoa belonging to the genus Leishia. All these protozoa are transmitted by the bite of a small sand fly of the genus Phlebotous. The major gl surface protein coprotein 0 of Leishmania, gpS3, a molecule similar to f ronect »plays a class role in parasitic-macrophage interactions (51). The subsequent development and persistence of the parasite in the macrophages contributes to the extensive involvement of some or all of the reticular or endothelial systems during the disease.

The herpes virus Of all the known viral proteins, few have a significant sequence similarity with the proteins of the host cells, but the viral agents rely on the recognition of the molecules of the host cells for their binding and their entry. However »RNA retroviruses and two classes of DNA viruses» smallpox viruses herpes viruses, use imitation or imitation Molecular molecule of the cytokines "to subvert the cellular functions of the host (20). Chemokine receptor counterparts of the herpes virus mimic or mimic host membrane proteins that transmit a signal to the cytoplasm of host leukocytes "which ensures a medium cytosolic for the reproduction of the herpes virus and / or the establishment of latency. The revolutionary conclusion that the inventors have drawn from these studies is that most "if not all" of the pathogens "have" learned "to infltrate the network of the host »using adhesion molecules that mimic or mimic those of the host. The applications made by the inventors of the present functional and molecular character of prokaryotic adhesion molecules "have led to the development of a new generation of diagnostic reagents" therapeutic compounds and vaccines. The inventors develop new reagents for detecting potent immunogens for immunization against unionally similar adhesion molecules, but distinguishable antigens, both of microbial origin and identified through "in vitro evolution". In addition, new adjuvants are developed that recruit a specific population of immune cells! Logically competent in organ and tissue sites (ie mucous membrane in the intestinal tract or in the nasopharyngeal region), where infectious adhesion events are likely to occur. The invention leaves the signaling and the microbio-host adhesion extinct and is a novel approach for the development of diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines. The similarity of the leukocyte and microbial traffic events, most notably the address recognition, the signal transduction and passage through the endothelial and epithelia, implies that many adhesion systems and # Microbial signaling are products of the evolution of functional, as well as molecular, mimics of protein and carbohydrate portions of the host. This convergence of biology and microbial pathogenesis predicts that for every mammalian cell trafficking system there is a pathogen that is intimately familiar with the network. The function and characteristics of host-pathogen adhesion systems have been identified by the inventors using an in vitro shear stress analysis system. These systems of adhesion of amphionion-parasite or include, but without limitation to them »the E. coli veroci totóxico virus. T. fetus »C. albicans and Hanta. Monoclonal antibodies against the microbial adhesion factors have been developed to (1) help detect and characterize the adhesions and their opposite receptors in target cells; and (2) define the dynamics of in vitro adherence events »with the appropriate target cell. The invention defines the nature and function of the adhesion interactions in each in vitro destinopathogen cell system. In one embodiment, the invention allows: 1. the preparation of aggregates or suspensions of pathogens for use in adhesion analysis; 2. the preparation of primary cultures of target cells, for adhesion analysis; 3. the determination of the adhesiveness of pathogens with target cell receptors »under shear stress; 4. the evaluation of the affinity of the adhesive interactions of the pathogen, with target cells »under different levels of shear force. 5. The test of the effect of the anti-adhesion reagents "including anti-seleetin and anti-integrin" on the target-pathogen cell interaction. There are several examples of functional equivalents (host homologs) for integrin molecules. The integrin-like region in 1) the surface of Rhinovirus ^ Bt that binds to endothelial cells ICAM-1; 2) the surface of Candida albicans that binds to ICAM-I »and 3) the surface of Entamoeba histolytica that binds to N-acetyl-galactosamine ligands, in the intestinal epithelium. To prepare and use in vaccine formulations, the integrin-like adhesion molecule (adhesin) is defined and prepared as described herein. The key to success depends on: (1) the amino acid sequence of the adhesive site of adhesion, which is encoded by the 10 microbial genes; therefore, it is foreign (immunogenic) to the mammal; and (2) the presentation to the immunological apparatus is done in aggregate form or a vehicle that stabilizes it and protects it against degradation, in vivo. The integrins VLA, Leucam and the cytoadhesions, in their natural and functional form, they are not used in the preparation of vaccine because they are of host origin. Rather, the microbial peptide homologs of host integrin molecules are used, which react with similar ligands in host cells or in matrix proteins extracellular. Alternatively, or in conjunction therewith, molecules developed by "in vitro evolution", such as through phage-display selection, can be used. In thesis »the parasite or pathogen has acquired, by accident or, more likely due to genetic piracy, a structure of gl coprotein, glycolipid or carbohydrate »which is functionally similar» but antigenically distinct from the receptor receptor molecule (integrin structures »carbohydrate selections» protein or lipid ligand). Identification of signaling receptors and adhesives associated with adhesion and ligands for the pathogen as for e! host »provides for the development of a vaccine comprising an adhesin molecule of a pathogenic organism (or functional analogue) which interacts with the single receptor molecules of a cell selected from the group * consists of leukocytes »endothelial cells and epithelial cells, or an adhesion molecule of one or more host cells (or a functional analog) that interacts with the adhesion molecules of a pathogenic organism.

A new generation of biological elements: blogging 15 adhesion.

The demonstration of the effective blocking of adherence events »implicated in well-defined infectious disease models has provided the basis for developing new vaccines, therapeutic and diagnostic elements for many bacterial, viral »fungal and protozoan infections. This "adhesion blocking technology" (ABT »by its designation in English: Adhesion Blocking Technology), generates a series of new products and applications for use in both humans as in animals. A few examples of pathogens whose trafficking in the host is a function of adherence-mediated events "and for which new and effective diagnostics are developed" therapeutic elements and vaccines "consisting of or containing adhesion-based reagents" include »For example: Salmonella» Shigella »Vibrio» Yersinia »Bordetella; Legionellas; Candida »Helicobacter, Neisseria» Histoplasma »Leishmania species» Influenza »Hantavirus» virus - HIV »Escherichia coli (VTEC), Trichomonas, Eimeria, Trypanosoma, Epstein-Bar virus, pneumococcal, Streptococcus, Rubella, Herpes, Staphy1 ococcus» Chlamydia and Giardia.

Benefits of using "adhesion blockers" The technology of the "adhesion blocker" forms the basis for the new generations of vaccines, therapeutic and diagnostic elements, which offer the following advantages with respect to therapeutic and detection technologies: Vaccines.- The development of a new technology of Subunit vaccine »highly targeted and targeted to tissue» will provide a family of more effective and less expensive vaccines, which can be delivered orally or nasally, eliminating the need for invasive injections. The inventors develop recombinant vaccines before, such as those described by Wu and co-inventors (54) "consisting of live vector delivery systems" that exhibit critical peptide domains of microbial antigens (adhesives) that direct the adhesive antigens to induction sites. of cellular compartments% specific (for example, immunological). It has been shown that the resulting immune response is effective both on mucosal surfaces and in almost all systemic immunological compartments (55). The therapeutic elements. The utility of a new generation of therapeutic compounds has been demonstrated in studies that show that adhesive peptides (56) and carbohydrates (57) can be used to block cell-to-cell adhesive interactions. The therapeutic elements "Antimicrobial agents" that include both peptide mimics of the receptors or adhesive carbohydrates, therefore, are useful in treating and preventing the pathogen from attacking receptor ligands of host cells. The inventors define the amino acid sequence of the peptide domains adhesive using anti-adhesion monoclonal antibodies, to probe a phage peptide display bank (58). Said therapeutic elements are non-toxic and relatively inexpensive to prepare and administer, and possess therapeutic and / or curative activity that is not counteracted by the development of "resistance" by mutations within pathogenic species, as is the case with antibiotic treatment. The diagnosis.- Diagnostics of the new generation can detect and identify the main common factors of virulence (adhesion molecules) shared by most, if not all, of the subtypes of a given # pathogenic group (eg, Salmonella species »streptococci, etc.) and, because the adhesion molecules are very probably irrigated by most pathogens in the blood and other fluids, they can be detected by appropriate antibody-based assays before symptoms begin. Diagnostic assays according to the invention are easy to use and inexpensive, such as "dip dip" technologies, some of which * may be in the market with the opposite products (OTO.

IO EXAMPLE 1 * T cell and antibody responses to a streptococcal antigen (SA I / II) on the surface of the cells, are investigated in naturally sensitized humans as indicated in T-cell, adhesion and 6-ce! 1 epi topes of the cell surface Streptococcus utans protein antigen I / II, Kelly »C. G., Todry, S.» Kendal »H. L.» Munro »G. H.» Lehner »T., Department of Immunology, United Medical School Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom, Infect. Im a. (United States) Sept. 1995, volume 63, No. 9, pages 3659-58). The serum antibody responses are predominantly directed to the N-terminal (residues 39 to 481) and central (residues 816 to 1213) regions of SA I / II, which are involved in bacterial adhesion to salivary receptors. The T cell responses were also predominantly directed to the central region. The relationship with the linear peptide of T and beta cells, immunodominants and minor »as well as adhesion epitopes, is mapped to residues 816 to 1213. Immunodominant T-cell and beta-cell epitopes are identi ed within residues 803-853, which are separated in linear sequence from the adhesion epitopes (residues 1005 to 1044). The adhesion epitopes overlap with minor epitopes of beta cell and T (residues 1005 to 1054 and 1085 to 1134). A promiscuous, immunodominant T cell epitope (43s duos 9B5 to 1004) is adjacent to the adhesion epitope (residues 1005 to 1024). The limited beta cell response, for adhesion epitopes, is consistent with the success of Streptococcus mutans to colonize the oral cavity. The T-cell strategy, adherence and beta-cell epitope mapping, reveals a general approach to identify the components of subunit vaccines that can focus responses for critical functional determinants. The epitopes of SA I / II constitute the components of a subunit vaccine against dental caries.

EXAMPLE 2 Anti sera was generated against each of seven synthetic peptides corresponding to constant and variable hair sequences »from the MSll gonococcal strain» and analyzed for their ability to cross-react with intact hairs from homologous strains and heterologous »as in Antibodies to peptides corresponding to a conserved sequence of gonococcal pilins bacterial blocK 5 adhesion» Rothbard »JB» Fernandez, R »Wang» L. »Teng» NN »Schoolnik, GK» Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA, February 1985, volume 82, No. 3, pages 915-919. Peptides unleash approximately equal antipeptide responses, but vary ^ • substantially in its ability to unleash the antisera that react crosswise with the hairs intact. From the antisera to the peptides corresponding to the regions of conserved sequence, the antisera directed against residues 69-84 are the most efficient in the union of hairs of all the strains tested both in solid phase analysis and in immuno-wide. Anti-69-84 also efficiently precipitate a tryptic fragment of hair that is known to bind to human endocervical cells. The sera against the two peptides (121-134 and 135-151) previously shown that contain specific epitopes for strain, react crossbreed with MSll hairs equally well, but differ in their ability to bind hairs to heterologous strains. Anti- 121-134 is specific for the strain, while anti-135-151 binds to all the hairs tested. Each of the sera is examined for its ability to inhibit adhesion Bacterial to a cell line of human endoetral carcinoma. Sera generated against residues 41-50 and 69-84 ^^ L successfully inhibit the binding of a heterologous gonococcal strain. These peptides are components of an effective vaccine for the prevention of gonorrhea. A diagnostic or assay reagent according to the present invention comprises a monoclonal antibody or peptide construct, specific for an adhesion molecule of a pathogenic organism that interacts with a cell "^ m selected from the group consisting of leukocytes, endothelial cells, epithelial cells and other target host cells.

EXAMPLE 3 A genomic bank of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is constructed by cloning genomic DNA treated with shear stress, # in the lambda gtll expression vector, as in Identi ication of Pl gene domai n containing epitope (s) mediating Mycoplasma pneumoniae cytoadherence. Dallo »S. F.» Su »C. J.» Horton, J.

R. »Baseman, JB» Department of Microbiology, University of Texas, Center for Greeting Sciences, San Antonio, J. Exp. Med. (United States), February 1, 19B8, volume 167, No. 2, pages 718-23. Purifying clones using the reagent mAbs anti-M. pneumoniae, with adhesion Pl epitopes that mediate the adherence cytopathy. Ten clones are isolated with inserts of different sizes. These clones possess Pl sequences located towards the COOH end of the Pl gene. All clones produce fusion proteins that react with acute and convalescent sera from patients infected with M. pneumoniae. It is interesting that a clone »Pl-7, contains an epitope that was confined to a region of 13 amino acids» present in the genome of M. pneumoniae as a single copy. The identification of this epitope related to the cytoadherence allows the production of a synthetic peptide that can be used as a vaccine and an agnostic serotype probe.

EXAMPLE 4 A therapeutic peptide (or mAb or mAb fragment) comprises a molecule that mimics the adhesion molecule of a pathogen and interacts with receptor molecules of a cell selected from the group consisting of leukocytes »endothelial cells» epithelial cells and other target cells of the "host" or a therapeutic peptide (or mAb or mAb fragment) comprising a molecule that mimics the adhesion and signaling or host adhesion molecules, and interacts with the adhesion molecules of a pathogen. The development of mAb probes to detect and define the peptide domains in and flanking the adhesive site of the adhesion molecule is described herein.

The research into immunity to complex intracellular parasites has recently emphasized the identification of sequences of peptides recognized by T cells, often with the double objectives of finding specific protective epitopes for the species and of understanding the selection of patterns of Thl response against Th2. see Ad.uvants »endocrines and conserved epitopes; factors to consider when designing "therapeutic vaccines» Rook »G». A. »Stanford» J. L. »Medical Microbiology» UCL Medical School » London »United Kingdom; Int. J. Immunopharmacal. (England), February 1995, volume 17, No. 2, pages 91-102. However, the present inventors show that the balance of Thl to Th2 lymphocyte activity is not determined by the epitopes, but rather by effects adjuvants of microbial components "and local endocrine effects mediated by conversion of prohormones to active metabolites" by enzymes present in macrophages of the lymph node. Cytokines play a role as mediators within these trajectories. In states of chronic disease »there is a tendency for the T cell to function to move towards Th2. The inventors describe the in-pathological consequences of this trend "including a putative role for the agaloctosyl IgG" suggest the implication of changes in the endocrine system »effected not only by the cytokine-hypothal axis amo-pi tui tari ad-adrenal "but also by direct actions on the peripheral endocrine organs of excessive levels of cytokines, such as TNF alpha, TGF beta of IL-6. The inventors show that epitopes that are targets for cell-mediated responses to complex organisms are usually not species-specific. In tuberculosis, cellular responses to specific components for the species appear to be associated with immunopathology rather than protection. The application of the principles of the invention leads to remarkable results in the immunotherapy of tuberculosis »including the disease resistant to several drugs.

EXAMPLE 5 PRODUCTION OF MQNOCLONAL ANTIBODIES Monoclonal antibodies are produced according to well-established techniques »reported in previous publications (10. 11). Hybridomas were prepared from B cells derived from the spleen of a mouse, with Escherichia col positive to the adhesion or with purified adhesion material, prepared from extracts of Candida albicans. In all cases, Balb / c mice were used, with ages ranging from 8 to 12 weeks, for the production of hybridoma and antibody. Immunization protocol: The primary immunization antigens were adjusted to 10-20 μg of adhesion vaccines, suspended in 0.5 ml of PBS and emulsified in CytRx < R > * TiterMaxMR tt R-1, at a ratio of 50/50. In all cases the subcutaneous route (SC) was used to avoid a toxic reaction in mice. The immunized mice were bled at day 14 to test the antibody responses by ELISA. If a low titer was found, the mice were boosted with similar doses of antigen and bled and tested on day 28. This procedure was repeated at two week intervals, until the desired antibody titers for both antigens were obtained. 0 ELISA depuration protocol: ELISA assays used single-dose plates with covalent universal surface Costar < R > for binding of bacterial antigens. The system employed a two- or three-stage development system, in which the adhesion of verotoxin was covalently bound to the analysis plates of 95 concavities, by UV crosslinking. The supernatant antibodies in the mouse or hybridoma serum, specific for first-stage anti-adhesion, were diluted and incubated in the concavities of the plate after which the adhesions were bound and the plates were blocked with BSA. After washing to remove the unbound specific reagents, a second-stage anti-mouse antibody, coupled to peroxidase, was added to the test concavities, incubated and washed. The substrate was then added to the concavities to develop the analysis, which was subsequently read by an automatic ELISA plate reader. If the desired sensitivity was not obtained, a third stage was used to amplify the signals. Hybridoma fusion protocol; Anti-adhesion and anti-erotoxin hybridomas were subcloned and selected: 1) when the numbers of hybridoma cells allow it, subcloning is used by means of limiting dilution in "HAT" medium; 2) by successfully debugging mAb-positive subclones with ELISA, the hybridomas were adapted to the serum-free medium * for bulk production! of anti-adhesion mAbs.EXAMPLE 6 INTERACTIONS OF PATHOGEN-DESTINATION CELL Analyzes of the interactions that depend on the shear stress of target pathogen-cells were carried out as described below. We used leukocyte / endothelial cell interactions as a model system for these studies. 0 Preparation of target cells.- We developed freshly isolated human umbilical cord endothelial cells and commercially obtained HUVEC, which are positive for factor VIII and the LDL receptor Ccultivated in the development medium of endothelial cells (Cloneae, EGM) 3, or transfectants of 5 E-selectin cDNA to confluence of the inner surface of sterile glass capillary tubes of 1.36 mm in diameter (Dru mond Scientific »Broo al 1» Penn.) at least 24 hours before the shear experiments. Four hours before the analysis the endothelial cells were treated with IL-1 (1 unit / ml) to induce the expression of E-selectin and another adhesion molecule. The intestinal epithelial cells of bovine fetuses were isolated by isolating and dissecting the small intestine and then treated with trypsin-EDTA in Hanks' balanced salt solution. The cells were grown and developed to confluence in a T-25 flask, collected and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The cells were tested for their phenotype "using the anti-bovine monoclonal antibodies that had previously been shown to be specific for the bovine epithelium, and demonstrated that they were greater than 95% of the epithelial cells. The epithelial cells were thawed and spread in borosilicate capillary tubes (1.3 mm internal diameter) in an epithelial cell development medium and allowed to develop until confluency. The capillary tubes containing epithelial cells were activated with 100 M PMA for four hours or were not activated before their incorporation into the shear circuit system with closed recirculation. Conduction of the shear stress analysis.- Tubes were connected to the ends of the glass capillary tube to form a "closed circuit" in which media were recirculated and cells; Then the tube was placed in an inverted microscope. Using a variable speed peristaltic pump, the flow was regulated to simulate the shear stress conditions of the flow in vivo (1-3 dynes / cm2). The circulation circuit allows multiple infusions of the various mAbs during the continuous recirculation of the leukocytes through the interactive surface of HUVEC. The system of video capture in the inverted microscope "that employs a mechanical stage" allowed the exploration of the entire length of the monolayer of target cells and the recording of phase contrast and high resolution of the interactive field for subsequent analysis. Adherence of the granule or plankton binding forms of the microorganisms to monolayers was established and monitored continuously for at least 10 minutes while videotaping on magnetic tape; and during that time the control or experimental conditions were established and maintained. Cell interactions were observed and videotaped for 10 more minutes. The number of cells that roll over the activated BUVECs of the epithelial cells was monitored before and after the injection of the adhesion modifiers, and they were determined by analysis of individual frames of the recording. The data was recorded as the number of cells that roll within the observation box, against time. The parameters, including the bearing speed and bearing behavior, were also analyzed.

EXAMPLE 7 PURIFICATION BY AFFINITY TO FAGO, OF ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDE Affinity purification of phage containing epitopes bound by mAbs was performed in the following manner: 1 x 101Z phages from a nonapeptide phage display bank were combined with 1.0 ml of Sepharose beads »conjugated with 4 mg mAbs of Anti-adhesion blocking. He mixed the granules with the phage at 4 ° C during ½ hour, by moderate inversion. The mixture was then loaded into a cylinder with a 5 ml plastic column (Evergreen) and the unbound phage was removed by washing with 50 ml of phage buffer (50 M Tris-Cl »pH 7.5» 150 mM NaCl »0.5 % Tween 20 (in volume / volume) 1 mg / ml BSA). The bound phage from the column was eluted with 2.0 ml of elution buffer (0.1 M glycine »pH 2.2) and the pH of the eluate was neutralized immediately with four drops of base Triz at 2 M. The phage titer was determined ( of nonapeptide) for each eluate of the column »by analysis plate »according to common and current procedures. The column matrices were preserved for reuse in a second and third rounds of affinity purifications »by washing with 10 ml of PBS, pH 7.0, followed by 3.0 ml of PBS containing 0.02% sodium ai ida. The column was stored ° C until the next affinity purification, and was prepared to be re-used by rinsing with 20 ml of the "^ phage" regulator before mixing with the amplified phage. As a control for the specific selection for the antibody »a column without antibody bound to the granules was prepared; all phage affinity purification steps were performed in this control column "and a sample of the resulting phage was sequenced to give data defining peptide sequences recognized by mAbs that block anti-SE or PA adhesion.

EXAMPLE 8 ADHERENCE OF E. COLI IN CELLULAR INTESTINAL LIONS Currently the detection and identification of VTEC in meat samples is based on culture methods and conventional serology »that are of intense work and technical difficulty. The pre-harvest detection of VTEC organisms in animals for food seems to be the most effective means of decreasing the incidence of the enteric disease approach carried by the food to develop a The highly specific diagnostic tool exploits the anti-biotic properties of two virulence factors that are shared by all VTECs, that is, the Shiga-like toxin (slt), sometimes called verotoxin. and the adhesion proteins (adhesions) that promote specific interactions with the enteroc tos. The inventors isolate and identify VTECs in fecal samples "using a diagnostic analysis that simultaneously" captures "and identifies dead or viable VTECs in clinical samples or stool samples. The detection reagents used in the analysis were monoclonal antibodies against adhesion epitope (s) and shiga-like toxins (slt) of VTEC. The development of rationale for the approach is based on numerous observations (4, 5 »S, 7, 8) that two events promoted by virulence factors of VTEC are characteristics of enteric diseases induced by VTEC. These are unions and efactions (A / E) mediated by adhesion of small bowel microves and hemorrhage and damage to the kidney »induced by verotoxa. As virulence factors »VTEC and verotoxin adhesions are antigenic and represent highly specific markers for antibody-based analysis technology. VTEC possesses two antigenically distinct adhesion proteins "that operate together or individually to effect the binding of VTEC to microvilli. The first adhesion protein is a product of the fimbrial gene of sites encoded by plasmid "which are collectively referred to as set forming hairs (BFP) by their English designation: Bundle Forming Pilus). Fimbrial adhesion seems to promote non-intimate or localized adherence to microvilli. The second membrane protein exterior (OMP, by its English designation: Outer Membrane Protein) »of 94 KDa» known as OMP adhesion »promotes ßp. intimate contact with the enterocytes. Materials and Methods.- The granules and muno agnéticos were obtained commercially, for example, from Dynal and they were coated with adhesion or SLT mAbs, using a protocol recommended by Dynal. In essence, the granules were mixed with an appropriate amount of mAb for 30 minutes at 4 ° C, collected in a magnetic particle concentrator, washed 5 times and finally suspended in a regulator. Various concentrations of VTEC suspended in Saline regulated with phosphate (PBS), with the granules coated, to determine the efficiency of capture of the granules. The cells bound to the granules were stained with DAPI and examined using epif luorescence microscopy to determine the number of cells bound. To detect slt in In the supernatant fluids of the culture broth, magnetic granules coated with anti-slt were used to capture the free slt and f was identified using a sandwich technique involving a tracking of fluorescent-labeled anti-slt. 20 Suspensions of strains of E. coli, both 3A (from R.

A. Wilson, Penn State Um'versity) as 932 (from USE P: A.), were developed and harvested on and from blood agar plates and tryptone medium, and used either live or fixed in formalin for adhesion to magnetized granules. and for driving shear stress analysis. By incorporation of the capillary tube coated with bovine epithelial cells (see above) in the circuit system "a flow induced shear force was established as a pulsating wave flow having 2 dyne peaks, using Hanks balanced salt solution, HEPES (pH 7.0) as a medium. Granules coated with E. coli, suspended in PBS, were infused into the shear flow by means of an injection port. We observed the interactions of the granules coated with E. coli, with epithelial cells, by video microscopy and recorded on videotape as a permanent recording and for off-line computer image analysis. The adhesion of the Coli bound to the granule was analyzed for the types of adhesive interactions (bearing or adhesion), the characteristics (individual granules or aggregates) and numbers of adhesive interactions during an interaction interval of ten minutes »for the analysis of each condition. Hybridomas and monoclonal antibodies had been produced from spleen cells of immunized mice, which recognizes various determinants of the cell surface of E. coli strain 0157. Demonstration of adherence dependent on shear stress, from 0157: H7 to bovine intestinal cells »confirmed the presence and function of microbial binding molecules and ligand structures in bovine cells. Adhesion depended on culture conditions (development on blood agar) for the organism that seemed promote the development of accessions. Sera recognize the anti geni cas differences promoted by GS conditions ^ culture in E. coli 0157 »" developed in broth or developed in blood agar ". These data suggest that blood agar influences the development of Tas specific adhesions to the cell surface »recognized by these antibodies, not found in cells developed in broth. The capture of E. coli 0157: H7 from the suspension depends on the type and amount of magnetic particle used, as well as the incubation procedures. Up to 98% of cells can be captured in 1 x l? ß colony forming units (CFU) / ml under laboratory conditions, using these methods. Only 60% of the cells bound to the magnetic particles are separated by elution agents. Almost 100 percent of 0157 inoculated in ground beef samples »was detected by refining the procedure of Immunomagnetic separation (IMS). The inventors have identified several peptides and their F cDNA sequences that are incorporated into a vaccine delivery system. These peptides include: a) peptide 11, with an amino acid sequence KPHTHKHKV, which mimics a adhesive region of the oligomer B of the verotoxin of E coli 0157.?7; and b) the DG peptide with an amino acid sequence DDTFTVKVDG »that mimics another adhesive region of oligomer B of E coli 0157: H7.

REFERENCES OF EXAMPLE B 1. Karmali »M.A., 1989. infection by verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. Clin »Microbiol. Rev. 2: 15-38. 2. Wells, J. G. >; L. D. Ship an »K. D. Greene» E. G. Sowers »J. H. Green, D. IM. Ca eron »FP Downes, ML Martin, PM Griffin, SM Ostroff» ME Patter, RV Tauxe, and IK Wachsmuth, 1991 »Isolation of Escherichia coli serotype 0157: H7 and other shiga-lik to in-production E. coli from dairy cattle. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29: 985-989. 3. Doyle »M. F. and J. L. Schoeni. 1987. Isolation of Escherichia coli 0157: H7 from retail fresh meat and poultry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53: 2394-2396. 4. Pyle, B. H. »S. C. Broadway, and G. A. McFeters. 1995. A rapid »direct method for enumerating respiring Escherichia coli in water. Appl. Environ »Microbe !. 61: 2614-2619. 5. Junkins, A. D. and M. P. Doyle. 1989. Co-parison of adherence properties of Escherichia coli 0157: H7 and 60-megadlton plas id-cured derivative. Cirr. Microbiol. 19: 21-27. 6. Tzipor, S., R. Gibson »J. Montanareo. 1989. Nature and distribution of mucosal lesions associated with enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli serotypes in piglets and the solé of pl asmid-ediated factors. In ect. I mun. 57: 1142-1150. 7. Tesh, V.L. and A.D. O'Brien. 1992. Adherence and colonization mecham'sms of enteropathogenic and enterohe orrhagic Escherichia coli. Microb. Pathog 12: 245-254. 8. Louie, M. »J. DeAzavedo» R. Clarke »A. Borczy» H. Lior »M. Richter and J. Brunton. 1994. Sequence heterogeneity of the eae gene and detection of verotoxi -producing Escherichia coli using serotype-specific primers. Espide iol. Infect. 112: 449-461.

EXAMPLE 9 MOLECULES OF ADHERENCE OF CANDIDA ALBICANS AND ITS DETECTION IN CLINICAL SAMPLES Candida albicans is the most common cause of opportunistic fungal diseases in humans and has become the fourth leading cause of nosocomial infections in the bloodstream (15). An important step in the pathogenesis of disseminated candidiasis seems to be related to the ability of Candida cells to adhere to specific tissue locations within the host (7). The search for appropriate fungal molecules is not trivial »however, since It has been shown that the surface antigenic constitution of C. albicans is variable both in vitro (3 »4» 5) and in vivo (6). Recently »Cutler and co-authors isolated candida adhesions responsible for the adherence of C. albicans yeast cells to murine splenic marginal zone macrophages and to macrophages in specific areas of peripheral lymph nodes (10). The adhesions are part of the morning portion (12) of the phosphomanoprotein complex (PMC) and represent a major part of the cell surface. One adhesion has been identified as ß-1, 2-enl hoed tetramanose, located in the acid-labile portion of the PMC and another adhesion resides in the acid-stable part of the complex (11). The detection of the maize adhesins in the patients' serum, in such a way, will prove to be a reliable indicator of the disease. The adhesins are produced in abundance during the development of the fungus and are easily released from the surface of the cell. By using "high affinity" monoclonal antibodies specific for the candida adhesion moieties, a rapid and reliable test for disseminated candidiasis according to the invention is developed. The presence of fungal adhesins in the serum of patients would indicate active disease and not colonization. Since candida morn is spontaneously released during the development of the fungus, analyzes are designed to detect this polysaccharide (8). The approach to a diagnostic solution lies in early and rapid detection of antigens for candida in body fluids or in cells of patients with highly specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against candida antigens, released or released by the body when it begins to develop and to traffic in the F body. The invention tests a panel of mAbs specific for a candida cell surface antigen formation, for the detection of candida antigens in mice and infected humans. The development and use of monoclonal anti-adhesion antibodies and monoclonal antibodies directed to undefined cell surface determinants, detached by or extracted from Candida albicans in vitro, can serve for the detection of candida antigens in body fluids and in the cells of infected mice and humans. The inventors develop a Candida peptide with an amino acid sequence that mimics a region of the phosphomanoprotein adhesion of C. albicans.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE ELISA TEST TO DETECT ANTIGENS OF 15 CANDIDA The invention provides a key analysis for detecting the presence of Candida adhesions in serum and in host cells. The analysis uses an ELISA method to capture 2? antibody / sandwich. Capture antibodies specific for Candida albicans were used to coat the surface of poly styrene microtiter plates. After appropriately washing the unbound capture antibody and blocking the unreacted sites in the plastic, serum was added.

A test containing Candida antigens to the concavities coated with antibody was incubated and washed to remove the unbound serum. A secondary antibody specific for the antigen was added to the concavities, allowed to react with the antigen bound to the capture antibodies and washed to remove all unbound materials. A secondary antibody, specific for the antigen, was added to the concavities, allowed to react with the antigen bound to the capture antibodies and washed to remove all unbound materials. A tertiary antibody, which is specific for the secondary antibody »and to which it is coupled Covalently an appropriate enzyme was added to the concavities to allow binding to all of the secondary antibody present in the concavities. After washing off the unbound tertiary antibody, a chromogenic substrate suitable for the enzyme was added to the concavities present in the tertiary antibody. Compared to the appropriate positive and negative controls, a color reaction # in the concavities allows the determination of the presence of the Candida antigen that was in the original test serum. 20 Once the analysis is brought to the optimum point ELISA to detect the minimum amount of Candida antigen in normal mouse serum »chopped with antigen, serum from human and mice with varying degrees of disseminated hematogenous candidiasis was examined.

DETECTION OF SOLUBLE ADHESINS OF CANDIDA IN CELLS "WITH TAMPONED COATING" OF MOUSE AND OF HUMANS AND IN SERUM The binding of superfi- cial cell determinants of candida released to peripheral blood cells of the blood »early in C. albicans infections, serves as the basis for the rapid diagnostic test» using cells with buffered coating of blood fresh from the patient infected. Anti-adhesion mAbs and mAbs were developed to detect and determine the cellular distribution of cell surface determinants of "soluble" adherent cells to: (a) peripheral blood leukocytes »represented in the" buffered coating "layer of blood from mice infected (in vivo union); (b) cells with a buffered coating chopped with human and mouse antigen (in vitro binding) and (c9 human serum samples from patients infected with C. albicans, using existing mAbs and a new one.) Candida antigen distribution over the 2? Buffered-coated leukocytes »was determined by coupling the cell population analysis with flow cytometry and antigen detection with immunofluorescence or ELISA techniques. The antibody reagent panel can be used to detect antigens from the cell surface released in mice infected with C. albicans. The vaccine preparations containing candida cell surface determinants were prepared from chemical extracts of C. albicans or supernatants of Candida cultures and used to immunize mice. Candida cell surface vaccines were prepared from a) detached cell surface determinants in supernatants of C albicans cultures; b) extracts in EDTA of C albicans »and c) extracts in 2-ME (2-mercaptoethanol) of C. albicans. Hybridomas were prepared from spleen cells of animals constituting high titer polyclonal antibody responses to cell surface determinants of C. albicans. The technique for preparing the hybridomas and producing monoclonal antibodies was described further back. The results of studies with antibodies monoclonal antibodies directed against candida adhesins, have shown that osfomanoprotein adhesins (PMP) detached by Candida, can be detected in serum in the scale from 1 to 10 ng. In addition, another study on Candida antigenemia has shown that adhesins from candida can be detected in 70.4% of the infected mice, even in cases in which the cultures of blood for C. albicans were negative. These studies provide the basis for an extremely sensitive diagnostic analysis for Candida infections. The inventors have successfully produced a peptide mimic of the key adhesive domain of the PMP adhesin by probing a phage display library with a monoclonal antibody preparation that had been shown to passively immunize mice for C. candida challenge. The peptide appears to block the binding of C albicans to host target cells. Currently, oligonucleotide sequences are being prepared from the peptide sequence data, and are being incorporated into a plasmid construct for insertion into a living vector ( ^^^ example, an attenuated strain of Salmonella typhi urium or 10 Shigella). The resulting recombinant vaccine is administered orally to adult mice, followed by analysis of the mucosal and systemic immune responses.

REFERENCES OF EXAMPLE 9 15 1. Anttila, V. J., P. Ruutu, S. Bondesta, S. E. Jansson, # S. Nordling, M. F'arkKil'a, A. Sivonen »M. Castren, and T. Ruutu. 1994. Hepatosplenic yeast infection in patients with acute leukemia: a diagnostic problem. Clin, infect, Dis. 18: 979-981. 2. Berenguer, J. »M. Buck, F. Witebsky, F. Stock, P. A. Pizzo» and T. J. Walsh »1993. Lysis-centrifugation blood cultures in the detection of tissue-proven invasive candidiasis» Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 17: 103-109. 3. Brawner »D. L. and J. E. Cutler. 1984. Variab l ty expression of a cell surface determinant on Candida albicans as evidenced by an agglutinating monoclonal antibody. Infect.

I mun. 43: 966-972. 4. Brawner »D. L. and J. E. Cutler. 19BS. Varí ability in expression of cell surface antigens of Candida albicans duríng orphogenesis. Infect. I mun. 51: 337-343. 5. Brawner »D. L. and J. E. Cutler. 1986. Ul transtructural and biochemical studies of two dynamically expressed cell surface determinants on Candida albicans. Infect Immun. 51: 327-336. 6. Brawner, D. L. and J. E. Cutler. 1987. cell surface intracellular expression of two Candida albicans antigens during in vitro and i vivo growth. Microbial Pathogen. 2: 249-257. 7. Cutler »J.E. 1991. Putative virulence factors of C. Albicans. Ann. Rev. Microbio !. 45: 187-218. 8. de Repentigny »L.» R. J. KuyKendall, F. W. Chandler »J.R. Broderson »and E. Reiss. 1984. Comparison of serum man, arabinítol »and mannose in expreri ental disseminated candidiasis. J. Clin. Microbe!. 19: 804-812. 9. Han »Y» and J. E. Cutler.1995. Anti body response that protects against disseminated candidiasis. Infect. Immun. 63: 2714-2719. 10. Han »Y.» N. van Rooijen. and J. E. Cutler, 1993. Binding of Candida albicans yeast cells to mouse popliteal lymph node tissue is mediated o and macrophages. Infect. Im a. 61: 3244-3249. 11. Kanbe, T. and J. E. Cutler. 1994. Evidence for adhesion activity in the acid-stable moiety of the phosphomannoprotein complex of Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 62: 1662-1668 ..

EXAMPLE 10 CHARACTERIZATION OF ADHERENCE OF HANTAVIRUS TO VERO CELLS IS At present, there are no satisfactory diagnostic tests to detect vaccines to prevent Hantavirus infections in man. The Hantavirus attacks the cells during the infectious process by recognition of a cell receptor by an anti-viral receptor. The identities of the cellular receptor for the hantavirus and the anti-receptsr are unknown. The identification of both identities are particularly important for the development of anti viral and potential vaccines. The inventors identify and characterize these structures using a novel in vitro analytical approach for the characterization of adherence events and the pathogenesis of hantavirus infections. Molecular cloning: The small (S) and median (M) genomes of the detected viruses are cloned using common methods (5) and the sensitizers are used (M-30 '(+) »M-5r (-)» S-3r (+) »S-5 '(-)» M-0P (+) »etc. The sensitizers M and S discovered by the inventors are used for the cloning of the small and median" respectively "genomes of the Hantavirus. The cDNAs are subcloned in E. coli or Baculovirus vectors (microbial transfectants) for expression, using the pRSET and pTRCHis equipment supplied by Invitrogen for the expression of E coli and the pBluBacHís team from Invitrogen for expression in Baculovirus. The recombinant proteins are purified beforehand by metal chelate chromatography (Invitrogen) Envelope glycoproteins Gl and G2 from Hantavirus serve as targets for cell adhesion studies IO hostesses. Preparation of the monoclonal antibody: Mice are used for the preparation of monoclonal antibody using recombinant antigens prepared by expression in E. coli or Baculovirus. Live virus is not used to infect or immunize animals in this context. BALB / c mice are immunized subcutaneously with recombinant protein (Gl »G2 or N) suspended in PBS and emulsified in CytRx TiterMax # R-1 at a ratio of 50/50. Antibody Detection: All detection of 2? The antibody was made by the ELISA developed by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for the detection of the virus "Sin nombre" (in Spanish in the original). This procedure is semi-quantitative and detects only the antibody for the nucleocapsid (N) antigen. The analysis can be expanded using recombinant antigens * representative of glycoproteins Gl and G2 in the common ELISA. It is believed that proteins are important for the neutralization of? viral fecti? Adhesion analysis: The analysis of adhesion events that seek to define the nature and function of Hantavirus receptor and anti-receptor molecules involve the use of recombinant antigens expressed in Escherichia coli with Vero E6 target cells. E. coli expressing envelope glycoproteins Gl and G2 or nucleocapsid (N) antigen 10 is reacted with paramagnetic beads coated with mAb, directly against Gl »G2 or N» proteins and examined under shear stress, according to the procedures described herein.

REFERENCES OF EXAMPLE 10 1. Duchin, J. S. »T. Koste, C. J. Peters» G. L. Si pson, B. Tempest, S. R. zaKi, T. G. Ksiazek »P. E. Rollin, S. Nicho !, E. T. Umland, R. Moolenaar, S. Reef, K. Nolte, M.

Gallaher, J. Butler, and R. Brei an »1994. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: a clinic! description of 17 patients with a newly recognized disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 330: 949-955. 2. Foucar »K.» K. B. Nolte, R. M. Feddersen »B. Hjelle» S. Jenison, J. McLaughlin, D. A. Madar »S. A. Young» S. R. ZaKi »and L. Hughes »1994. OutbreaK of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern United States. Response of pathologists and other laboratorieans. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 101: 51-58. 3. Niche! »S. T.» c Spiropoulou »S. Morzunov» P. Rol lin »T. KziazeK» H. Feldmann. A. Sánchez »J. Childs, S. ZaKis» and C. J. Peters. 1993. Genetic identificatí on of a hantavirus associated with an outbreaK of acute respiratory i 1 Inés. Science 262: 914-917. 4. Childs »J. E.» T. G. KziazeK »C. F. Spi opoulou» J. W. Krebs, S. Morzunov, G. O. Maupin, K. L. Gage »P. E. Rol lin, J.

• SarisKy, R.E. Enscore, J. Frey, C.J. Peters,. and S. Nichsl. 1994. Serologic and genetic identification of Peromyscus maniculatus as the primary rodent reservoir for a new hantvirus in the SW United States. J. Infect. Dis. 169: 1271-1280. 5. Ausubel, F., R. Brent, R. Kingston »D. Moore, J. Seidman, J. Smith, and K. Struhl. 1995. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience, New York. # EXAMPLE 11 ADHERENCE OF FOETUS TRITRICHOMONAS TO TARGET CELLS 20 BOVINE Biology and trichomonad disease .- T. fetus is an important protozoan pathogen of cattle throughout the American Union (1) causes considerable prenatal death and transient infertility and, consequently, economic losses. This parasite is restricted to the reproductive tract of cattle and has only a morphological form "the trophozoite, which remains on the mucosal surfaces of the reproductive tract" except in the "loaded animal" where it invades the placenta. T. fetus can also invade fetal tissues »such as the lung» the intestinal epithelium and the subscapular lymph nodes (4). These results "as well as those of the in vitro experiments (2. 3) suggest that T. fetus attacks tissue and cell surfaces" which allows the parasite to subsequently invade these tissues. The inventors have shown that T. fetus can kill mammalian destinations and lysis of red blood cells (2) and that antibodies reactive to the surface against T. fetus »protect against citoxicity and block the adhesion of T. fetus to the target cells (3). Other results show increased totoxity by strongly adherent clones, compared to clones deficiently adherent of T. fetus (3). These results indicate that the ability of T. fetus to adhere to the destinations "gives the parasite efficient cytotoxic capacity. These results also suggest that a mechanism by which the antibody could protect bovine tissue against damage "is interfering with adherence and / or some other aspect of contact-dependent cytotoxicity. The data of the reactions of a surface-reactive inhibitor mAb (32.3B3.4) with Western blots of T. fetus whole "indicate that this mAb recognizes a molecular weight band of about 190,000 in unreduced gels and bands at 140,000 and 60,000 in reduced gels (3), a molecule that the inventors have called T l90. Thus, "high molecular weight surface molecules" that are uninogenic in cattle (5) and mice (3) are involved in adhesion and / or cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. . The inventors assess the effects of the antibodies specific for Tfl90 by the adhesion of T. fetus to mammalian cells. The cattle are immunized with Tfl90 purified by affinity and the anti-adhesion properties of the antibodies of that cattle are evaluated using the MIT Shear analysis described herein. Additional mAbs are identified purified Tfl90 and its effects on the adhesion of T. fetus to mammalian cells are evaluated. Other mAbs against purified Tfl90 are prepared and also purified for their effects on the adhesion of the parasite. The specificity of antibodies and mAbs for Tfl90 is established by immunounion analysis point on purified Tfl90 »and reaction of the antibodies with Western blots of whole extracts of T. fetus and T l90 (3).

REFERENCES OF EXAMPLE 11 1. BonDurant »R. H., and B. M. Honigberg. 1994. Trichomonads of Veterinary and Partance. In. "Parasitic Protozoa", 2nd. edition. J. P. Kreier. ed. , 9: 111-188. 2. Burgess, D. E., K. F. Knoblock »T. Daugherty and N. P. Robertson. 1990. Cytotoxic and hemolytic effects of Tri trichomonas fetus on mammalian cells. Infect Im a. 58.3627-3632. 3. Burgess »D. E. and C. M. McDonald. 1992. Analysis of adhesion and cytotoxicity of Tri trí onas foetus towards mammalian cells with monoclonal antibodies. Infection and Immunity 60: 4253-4259. 4. Rhyan »J. C.» K. L. Wilson and D. E. Burgess. 1994. Immunochemícal detection of T. fetus in formal i n-f i xed paraffi n-embedded sections of bovine placenta and fetal lung. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 25: 350-355. 5. Corbeil »L. B.» J. L. Hodson, D. W. Jones »R. R. Corbeil, P. R. Widders and L. R. Stephens. 1989. Adherence of Tri trichomonas fetus to bovine vagina, epithelial cells. Inf. Immun. 57: 215B-2165. 6. Huang »J-C» D. Hanks »W. Kvasnicka» M. HanKs and M. R. Hall. 1989. Antigenic relativships among field isolates of Tri trichomonas fetus from cattle. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 50: 1064-1068.

EXAMPLE 12 MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR THE PREPARATION OF SUBUNITY COMPONENTS OF MICROBIAL ACCESSION MOLECULES AND THEIR CONTRACEPTIVES (LIGANDS) IN HOST CELLS FOR USE AS DIAGNOSTIC REAGENTS, THERAPEUTIC COMPOUNDS AND VACCINE MATERIALS The following procedures have been developed or have been adopted by the inventors to prepare subunit components of domains or adhesive sites which include the domains of microbial binding molecules for use as a therapeutic compound (blocker) or for insertion in recombinant vaccines. . The use of multiple peptide domains within and around the binding site in a vaccine formulation ensures the incorporation of antigenic peptides that elicit an immune response in the host. The materials and methods described below are applied to the development of adhesive diagnostic reagents, peptides and therapeutic carbohydrates and recombinant subunit vaccines for any of the four classes of pathogenic microorganisms represented in the claims.

^ S9 ^ DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROBIAL ADHESION SYSTEMS AND! isolation of a pathogen adhesion (binding) molecule (MAP mimicking that expressed in the host cells) begins with its detection and characterization in the in vitro shear analysis system of the inventors »which uses target cells expressing the ligand for the adhesion molecule or purified ligands applied on the lumenal surface of a reaction chamber of capillary tube. The technique for establishing various adhesive substrates on the inner surface of small capillary tubes for analysis under high and low physiological shear forces "of any type of cell-to-cell adhesive interaction" has been developed and perfected by the inventors (Bargatze, R. and coauthors, 1994, J. Immunol, 152: 5814-5825, Jutila, M. and coauthors, 1994, J. Immunol, 153: 3917-3928, Bargatze, R., and coauthors, 1994. J. Exp. Med. 180: 785- 792.) The detection and characterization of PAMs and their The ligands involve the use of an analytical in vitro shear flow apparatus (see Figure 2) that provides reproducible real-time monitoring and quantification of microbial adhesive interactions with a panel of ligand assemblies displayed on immobilized substrates or cells immobilized from endothelia and epithelia or other target cells during simulated physiological shear stress. The system consists of a closed capillary circuit in which the fluids are recirculated by means of a peristaltic pump. The infusion of the cells injected into the closed circuit makes an encounter with monolayers of target cells that line the inner surface of the capillary tubes, remiis- sive of! blood flow in the vascular system. The subsequent adhesive interactions of microbial cells and the target cells or the substrates carrying the ligand, * are analyzed with the use of an acquisition system and video data recording, professional quality. The Macintosh computer system (Apple Co puters, Cupertino, CA), the LG3 video frame hoist board (Scion Corporation, FredericK, MD) and the Image application program (NIH, Bethesda, MD), are suitable for video analysis in real time and offline, of the accession events. ^ Z. Analyzes of the interactions that depend on the shear stress of target pathogens are performed as described below. The leukocyte / endothelial cell interactions with which the inventors have long experience, they are used as a model system for these studies. An in vivo shear stress model, which employs intravital microscopy, has also been developed by the inventors to examine the cellular interactions under isiological cutting forces, typical of those found in the venules of the intact animal. The interaction ^ 9 ^ of FITC-labeled organisms transfused, with endothelial venules in exteriorized Peyer patches of mouse or in e! intestinal epithelium, can be observed and recorded. For microbial adhesion to target cells, a static adhesion analysis can also be carried out on tissue sections or tissue culture preparations of established cell lines or cells of any organic system.

EXAMPLE 13 PREPARATION OF IMMOBILIZED DESTINATION CELLS OR MATRICES * Target cells i mobilized. Newly isolated human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVEC) are developed which are positive for factor VIII and LDL receptor (cultured in endothelial cell development media (Cloneos, EGM), cells of specialized HUVEC cells, expressing tissue-specific adresins or transfectants of receptor-cDNA up to confluence on the inner surface of sterile »sterile glass capillary tubes of 1.36 mm in diameter (Dru mond Scientific» Broomal 1, Penn) for at least 24 hours before the shear experiments Four hours before the analysis, endothelial cells are treated with IL-1 (1 unit / ml) to induce selectin E or with interferon and interleukin-1 to induce ICAM and VCAM.

Intestinal epithelial cells »derived from human umbilical cord or from bovine fetuses» are isolated recently by means of small bowel dissection, followed by treatment with trypsin-EDTA in Hanks balanced salt solution. Alternatively, the human epithelial cell lines Caco-2 (of the colon) or Int-407 (of the jejunum / lion) are used. It has been shown that the Caco-2 cell line binds Salmonella typhi (Tartera »C» 1995 »Infect, Immun 61: 3084-3089)» Escherichia coli (Framed P. and co-authors »1993» J. Med. Micro »39: 371-381), Aeromonas (Nishikawa» Y and co-authors, 1994, J. Med. Micro., 40: 55-61 and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Favre-Bonte, S. »and co-authors» 63: 1318-1328) The Caco-2 and Int-407 cells are developed in RPMI 1640 medium (Sarem, F and coauthors »1996» Appl. Micro 22: 439-442) and are used at late confluence after 5 days for Int-07 and the differentiated stage for Caco-2 »after 21 days of incubation at 37 ° C in 5% C03 / 95% air atmospheric. The isolated epithelial cells are spread on plates and developed until confluence in the T25 flask. They are collected and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The cells were tested for their phenotype "using anti-epithelial cell monoclonal antibodies" which had previously been shown to be specific for human or bovine epithelium "and which showed to be more than 95% epithelial cells. The epithelial cells are thawed and applied to boron silicate capillaries (1.3 mm internal diameter) in epithelial cell development medium »and ampoules.; they are allowed to develop until confluence. Capillaries containing confluent monolayers of epithelial cells are activated with 100 mM of PMA or integrin activators (quinoxins) for four hours or are not activated before their incorporation into the closed recirculation shear circuit system. .

EXAMPLE 14 PAM DEPURING MATRICES 10 Matrices are prepared that exhibit physiological ligands for PAM from carbohydrate and glycoprotein counter-receptors that bind cell receptors used by pathogenic microbes. It has designed various structures acromolecular »by the inventors» for use as diagnostic materials for the rapid clearance of pathogens for PAM. To develop carbohydrate-terminated matrices, the inventors use a method (Method I) described by SpevaK and co-authors (SpevaK »W. and coauthors» 1996 »J. Med. Chem.» 39: 1018-120) for the construction of acid multivalent assemblies which exhibit carbohydrate ligands to detect or identify the PAMs in the shear analysis system. These matrices consist of an acidic lipid that forms a supporting framework for the glycolipid ligands that are used to coat the inner walls of capillary tubes. The 1-ended finished matrices ^ become stable. in carbohydrate, by UV polymerization. Another method (method 2) is to dilute the N-glycosides or the glycolipids in methane by extracting approximately 100 μl containing 100 ng of lipid in a capillary tube and allowing it to evaporate. solvent overnight at 37 ° C. Then the lumen of the tubes is coated with 200 μl of 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for two hours »washed twice with the BSA solution and finally flooded until it is free of solution IO coating. To develop matrices terminated with glycoprotein »a method 3 includes the incubation of glycoprotein adhesion molecule constructs in HBSS media (100 μg / ml) containing Ca ++ and Mg ++ plus detergent» for one hour »at 37 ° C in tubes capillaries Then the tube is cooled at 4 ° C for 15 minutes and flooded (lava) with the HBS medium maintained at 4 ° C. The inventors have developed an extensive panel of purified glycoproteins, which include the E, L and P selectins, ICAM »VCAM MAdCAM-1 and the β1 and β2 integrins. Using methods 1, 2 or 3, the inventors have formulated several PAM filter matrices for use as diagnostic reagents in the shear analysis system. These include, but are not limited to, the following: ^^^ PAM purification matrix. Composition of c PAM detected (example) (concentration in the coating).

Finished with carbohydrate Gal_-4-GalBCer (100 ng) Shigella dysenteriae (lectine type C of peptide B) GalcNac Cer (100 ng) Entamoeba histolytica (type C membrane lectin) Gal Ac (1--4) Gal Cer IMei sseri a gonorrhoeae (lectin 15 (100 ng) type C of pi 1 i na, Blood group 0 fuco-Helicobacter pylori (lectin if side (100 ng) type C cell wall) GicNAcß (l-3) Gal Cer Streptococcus pneumoniae (leeti- (lOO ng) na type C cell wall) Ga1 Birth (1-4) Ga1, Ne Ac Escherichia coli (lectin CFA / I Gl cCer (100 ng) fimbrial) Finished with glycoprotein MAdCam-1 (100 μg) receptor similar to _4ß7 * PAM purification matrix. Composition of c PAM detected (example) (concentration in the coating).

ICAM (100 μg) receptor similar to LFA-1 (Candida albicans) Integrin CR3 (100 μg) domi io RGD (Leishmania) 10 Integri a CR3 (100 μg) domain RGD (Bordetella pertussis) VCAM-1 (100 μg) receptor similar to _4ßl. 15 Domains IG of CD4 AIDS virus receptor (100 μg) ICAM IG domains receptor similar to LFA-1 20 (lOO μg) (Rhi noví rus) Cer = ceramide * YTBD = Still to be discovered, 25 EXAMPLE 15 THE ANALYSIS OF CUTTING EFFORT Simple immunomagnetic beads are coated, such as those obtained from Dynal, with mAbs directed against cell surface adhesins or soluble adhesins < S-adhesin). The granules are mixed with an appropriate amount of mAb for 30 minutes at 4 ° C, collected in a magnetic particle concentrator, they are washed five times 35 and finally they are suspended in regulator. Suspensions of icroorganisms are developed in media and they are harvested from * them »that show that they promote the development of the adhesion molecules and are fixed in formalin for the adhesion to magnetized granules and for the conduction of analysis of shear stress. The cells bound to the granules are stained with DAPI and examined using epifluorescence microscopy to determine the number of cells bound. To detect and characterize the adhesion of soluble adhesins (S-adhesins) exotoxins to a large extent, from In the supernatant fluids of the culture broth, magnetic granules coated with anti-S-adhesins are also used to bind to the S-adhesins and are identified using a sandwich technique involving a fluorescent-labeled anti-S-adhesion. When the coated capillary tube is incorporated with human cells or target animals (normally endothelial cells and / or epithelial cells) in the circuit system, a shear force induced by the flow is established, as a pulsating wave flow having a peak at 2 dynes »using solution balanced salt of HanKs. HEPES (pH 7.0) as a medium. The granules coated with microbe, suspended in PBS, are infused into the shear flow through an injection port. The interactions of the granules coated with microbe with epithelial cells are observed, by means of video micrpy and recorded on videotape. as a permanent recording and for computer image analysis, offline. The adhesion of the M w microbes bound to granules is analyzed for the types of adhesive interactions (bearing and adhesion) characteristics (individual granules or aggregates) and the number of adhesive interactions during an interaction interval of 5 ten minutes »for the analysis of each condition. All studies on the blocking of "adhesion interactions with anti-adhesin and peptide mAbs ^ are carried out on the Montana ImmunoTech shear stress analysis system (MIT). described in the present. The circulation circuit allows multiple infusions of various "specific" adhesion-blocking or ligand-binding mAbs during the continuous recirculation of leukocytes through the interactive surface of the HUVEC. The system of capture with inverted micrpic video »that employs a mechanical stage »allows the investigation of the entire length of the target cell monolayer and the contrast of the high resolution phase» registering the interactive field for subsequent analysis. The adherence of the granule-bound or planktonic forms of microorganisms to the monolayers »is set and continuously monitored for at least 10 minutes» while videotaped; During this time, control of experimental conditions was established and maintained. The cell interactions are observed and videotaped for another 10 minutes. HE monitors the number of cells that roll over the activated endothelial or epithelial cells before and after the injection of the adhesion modifiers and is determined by analysis of individual frames of the recording. The data is recorded as the number of cells that roll within the frame »against time. The parameters that include the bearing speed and the behavior of the bearing, are also analyzed. These observations taken together serve to define the microbial adhesion specificities for the ligand structures on tissues and host cells, and allow the inventors to test various reagents and modify the adhesive interactions under physiological conditions.

EXAMPLE 16 PAM DEVELOPER MATRICES AS A DIAGNOSIS TO DETECT AND CHARACTERIZE ELEMENTS OF, OR PARTICIPANTS IN, MICROBIO / DESTINATION CELL INTERACTIONS (LIGANDO) DEVELOPMENT OF DIAGNOSTIC PROBES TO IDENTIFY THE STRUCTURE OF THE PAM: MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY REAGENTS The preparation of vaccines, diagnostic reagents or therapeutic peptides containing the elements of the adhesive domain (site) of the MAPs and / or their ligands, continues with the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against different regions of the binding molecule, detected in the shear system. Monoclonal antibodies are developed according to well-established techniques to detect and characterize adhesion systems involved in 1-eukaryotic / andothelial interactions. reported in previous publications (Berg, E. L: and coinventores »1993» Nature 366: 695-698, and Jutila, M. »1994» Adv. Pharmacol. 25: 236-262). Hybridomas producing anti-adhesion antibodies are typically prepared from B cells derived from mouse spleen 'immunized with intact microbial cells, * positive to adhesin or purified adhesin material, or prepared from cell wall extracts (Brauwner, D.L. and J. E. Cutler, 1986. Infect.Immun.51: 327-336) of adhesin-positive microbes. Monoclonal antibodies are produced against ligand structures in "glycoprotein and glycolipid" host cells to develop reagents to detect and block microbial adhesion events and to serve as probes for use in the described phage display bank. ahead. Many glycoconjugates used by the inventors can be obtained commercially. The properties of 0 specificity and blocking of the mAbs for host microbe / host interactions are analyzed using the in vitro shear analysis system described above.

$ EXAMPLE 17 IMMUNIZATION PROTOCOL Balb / c mice are used with an age that varies from 8 to 12 weeks »for the production of hybridoma and antibody.

The priming immunization antigens are adjusted to 10-20 μg of ? Soluble adhesion molecule or gl i coconjugates suspended in 0.5 ml of PBS or 5 x 10 * or 5 x 10"7 cells treated with formalin are emulsified in CytRx" 7 TíterMax- * τRl a reason of 50/50. In all cases the subcutaneous route (SC) is used to avoid a toxic reaction in the mice. The immunized mice are bled on day 14 to test the antibody responses by ELISA or the agglutination of intact cells. If you find a low title »you boost the mice with similar doses of antigen and bleed and test on day 28. Repeat this procedure at two week intervals until the desired antibody titers for both antigens are obtained.

EXAMPLE 18 ELISA DEPURATION PROTOCOL ELISA analyzes employ Costar covalent "universal" in-one-cell plates and protocols normal for the binding of the bacterial and host antigens. The system employs a two- or three-stage resolution system "in which the adhesion molecule was covalently attached to the 96-well analysis plates" by cross-linking UV. The first-stage anti-adhesin-specific mouse serum, or the hybridoma supernatant antibodies, are diluted and incubated in the concavities of the plate after the adhesion molecules are bound and the plates are blocked with BSA. After washing to remove non-specifically bound first stage reagents, a second stage anti-mouse antibody »coupled with peroxidase» is added to the test concavities and incubated and washed. The substrate is then added to the concavities to develop the analysis, which is subsequently read by an automatic ELISA plate reader. If the desired sensitivity is not obtained, a third stage is used to amplify the signals.

EXAMPLE 19 HYBRIDIZATION FUSION PROTOCOL Anti-adhesion hybridomas are subcloned and selected as soon as the number of hybridoma cells allows. Subcloning is carried out in 96 concavity plates by limiting dilution in AHATQ medium. By successful ELISA clearance of mAb-positive subclones, hybrids are adapted to the serum-free medium for the bulk production of anti-adhesin mAbs.

* EXAMPLE 20 Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against microbial adhesion molecules and ligands of host, as diagnostic reagents and »in some cases, as therapeutic agents. For example, the inventors have 4 demonstrated that specific mAbs detect low concentrations of detached microbial adhesion molecules (adhesins) in serum samples from mice infected with Candida albicans »well before the symptoms of the disease appear. Further »the inventors have demonstrated the effectiveness of mAb directed against the cell surface and verotoxin domains of Tothoxic Escherichia coli veroci» to detect the organism or its toxin in meat samples.

EXAMPLE 21 IDENTIFICATION OF PEPTIDQ DOMAINS OF ADHESIVE EPITQPES Epitope mapping using random phage display banks is used to determine the key molecular structures embedded in the complex topologies of the prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membranes. Monoclonal antibodies prepared against glycoproteins Purified 25 or glycol lipids or adhesin-positive microbes are used to probe a nonapeptide library (J404) exhibited in A a new vector M13KBst (Burritt, J. B. and C.W. Bond, J. Bíochem. »238: 1-13). The affinity purification of phage-containing appendages, bound by mAbs, is carried out in the following manner: 1 x 1111-3 phages of a phage nonapeptide 5-phage display are combined with 1.0 ml of conjugated Sepharose beads. with 4 mg of anti-adhesin blocking mAbs. . mix the granules with the phage at 4 ° C for 16 hours through moderate inversion. The mixture is then loaded into a 5 ml plastic column cylinder (Evergreen) and the phage is removed.

IO bound by washing with 50 ml of phage buffer (50 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaC!, 0.5% Tween 20 (volume / volume), 1 mg / ml BSA). The bound phage is eluted from the column with 2.0 ml of elution buffer (0.1M glycine, pH 2.2) and the pH of the eluate is neutralized immediately with four drops of base Trizma 2 M. The phage titer (nonapeptide bank) is determined for each column eluate by plaque analysis, according to normal procedures. Column matrices are preserved to be reused in second and third rounds of affinity purification »washing with 10 ml of PBS »pH 7.0, and then 3.0 ml of PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide. The columns are stored at 4 ° C until the next affinity purification and prepared for reuse by rinsing with 20 ml of phage buffer, before mixing with the amplified phage. As a control for the In a specific selection to the antibody, a column without antibody bound to the granules is prepared; all phage affinity purification steps are performed in this control column and a sample of the resulting phage is sequenced to provide the data defining the peptide sequences recognized by the adhesion blocking mAbs. 5 High-affinity peptides »can be used to block the adhesion of microorganisms to target cells • in vivo »as therapeutic agents for the treatment or prevention of infectious diseases. These peptides can also be used as diagnostic reagents to detect anti-adhesion antibodies produced by the host against MAP.

EXAMPLE 22 PREPARATION OF VACCINES: PREPARATION OF DNA FOR INSERTION IN 5 SYSTEMS SUPPLIERS OF VIVO VECTOR.

Purified affinity phage DNA is extracted which exhibits adhesive peptides »from K91 cells (E. coli) infected and purified on Csl gradients. The region 0 encoded by adhesive peptide of the phage DNA contains restriction sites to allow the elimination of a fragment of 31 base pairs »from the DNA vector when splitting with BstXI. Synthetic DNA inserts are then produced according to the method described by Cwíla »S. and co-authors (Proc. 5 Nat. Acad. Sci.» 87: 6378-6382). A plasmid stabilized with DNA containing DNA encoding the adhesive domains of the subunit is constructed and inserted into an attenuated strain of Salmonella typhimurium (H683) as described by Wu, S and coauthors (Infect. Immun., 73: 4933-4938 ). Alternatively, a strain of Salmonella 5 typhic or Shigella dysenteriu can be engineered to express adhesive epitopes. The Salmonella vector that exhibits the adhesive peptides is administered orally and unleashes powerful immunological, mucosal and systemic responses of Thl and Th2. An alternative method of antigen delivery for induce sites of immune compartments of the host, exploits the anchor mechanism of surface proteins of gram-positive bacteria (Fischetti, VA, 1996, ASM News 62: 405-410) or the intratracheal delivery of genes with vector of adenovirus (Van GinKel »FW and co-authors» 1995; Hum. Gene.

Ther., 6: 895-903). The final product in the inventors' vertically integrated methodology that detects and characterizes and reproduces the microbial adhesion molecules, is a large variety of recombinant subunit oral vaccines. express or exhibit peptide domains that reflect the topology of the microbial adhesion molecules. A live vector delivery system, for example »described by Wu and co-authors, which expresses the appropriate peptide epitopes can be constructed for each pathogenic microorganism using a adhesion mechanism to enter the host and infect it. It is clear from the present work that pathogenic organisms have acquired and use adhesion and signaling systems as a means to infect the host, subverting or entering the cell-to-cell communications network. The similarities of host cell and invader microbial traffic events, including directional recognition and signal transduction, imply that many adhesion and microbial signaling systems are products of evolution from 1 to functional or molecular imitation or mimicry. of the * host systems. Infectious traffic of microbes pathogens involve at least two types of receptor-ligand interactions with target cells of the host carbohydrate-binding protein receptors, and host protein-binding protein receptors. As with the host cells, a first-order interaction of glycoprotein receptors with carbohydrate ligands serve to control the specificity of address recognition »but not for firm binding of! receptor pair / ligand. A second-order interaction »involving protein receptors and protein / peptide ligands promotes firm binding and the increase of signal transduction events in the host cell membrane and / or in the cytosol. This principle has been demonstrated for the recruitment of neutrophils »where recognition is mediated by protein (selectin) -carbohydrate (sialyl Lex) binding» but firm binding and settlement are the result of 1 protein-protein binding (integrin / 1 igando). Similarly, many bacteria and bacterial toxins, including the Shige-like toxin of E. coli enteroheragica, recognize a molecular direction in the endothelial cells by means of a carbohydrate protein-1 receptor interaction, and begin the signal transduction events through a protein-protein interaction that contributes to the disruption of intracellular functions (St. Hilare and co-authors »1994, Biochem.» 33: 14452-14463). The best-characterized adhesion systems of the pathogenic microbes are those of the carbohydrate-binding protein receptor-interactions between microbe and host cell (Mirelman »D. and I. Ofe» 1996 »in Microbial Lectins and Agglutinins» page 1- 19, John Wíley and Sons »NY). The following list gives many significant examples of host microbe-cell adhesion mediated by each type of receptor-ligand pair.

PROTEIN RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS-PROTEIN LINKAGE ON THE SURFACE OF THE CELL Bacteria Prateípa virglence Host host Ligand B. pertussis Heiaglutinin RGD site on phytrinogen ICAfl-1 Y. entero! Y- Invasin Cell protein Integrine host virus (CD? ) E. csü Iptiain Integrin cell protein 61 host (CD?) Fungi C. albicans adhesion integrin (LFft-1) IDMI-l Leishuania adhesion site RED in fioronec- Integr na species tina (CR3) INTERACTIONS PROTEIN RECEPTOR-LIGANDQ PROTEIN ON THE SURFACE OF THE CELL Bacteria Hoiologo fiacteriano Host Hoiologo Ligando H. pylari toxin Vacfi Proiueve for »aciop GTP-vacuole protein. uni n-RaD E.coli / Sal-Protein similar GDB-prasueve wrinkle-GTP-Pratein from tonella to BGF Breath of letbrana-Ras binding and actinization of the actin.

C. botulinui toxin C3 Controls the G-P-Protex reacoiodo of Actipa-Rho union Listeria protein flctA Induces the polyteriza- GTP-actin protein. of Union-? PATHOGENIC MICROBIOS OF THE MAN THAT EXPRESS THE CLASS OF CBP RECEIVER Microorganism Localization Carbohydrate specificity Bacterial receptor / host ligand pairs Bofetella pertussis * secreted toxin fucosylated polylactosaaine Corynebacteriui secreted toxin Blicoproteípa (GlcNAc) diphtheria * E. coli (verotoxin) * secreted toxin Glycosphingol ipido (gal) E. coli (enterotoxin secreted Ganglioside Gil (gal, xina LTJ # galNAcSl) Clostridiui tetapi * secreted toxin Gangliosides (NeuNAc, Gal) Clostridiut botulipui * secreted toxin Gangliosides (NeuNAc, Gal) Shigella species * secreted toxin Glycoesphingolipid (GlcNAc) Fibiral E. coli (CFfi / I) GalNacß (l-4) Gal. NffeuAc, 3 Glc E. coli Fiíbrial (P) Gal. (L-4) Gal flicroorganisio Localization Specificity to carbohydrate E. coli Flagella llanosa Neisseria gonorrhoeae Filbrial Gal. GalINAcü-4) Gal (GDI) N-leningitidis Fiabrial Sialic acid? Salionella typhi Filbrial Mañosa S. typhiiuriui Fiíbrial llanosa Streptococcus pneu- Cell wall GlcNAcß (l-3) Gal • omae Yersinia entero! Itica Fiíbrial? Helicobacter pylori Cell wall Fucosylated blood grouping IOS Viral Receptor / Host Ligand Pairs Influenza A and B Peak Sialic Acid Japanese Wooly Cipulate Encephalitis Virus Polioaa Capsid Sialic Acid Protozoan Receptor / Host Ligand Entaioefia histolytica hesbrana GlcNAc Soluble BalNac »Gal Giardia laßblia Heibrana ñsialofatuipa THE CARBOHYDRATE UNION PRQTEIN RECEPTORS Many microbial binding molecules such as the adhesion molecules (selectins) of inflammatory cell systems (leukocytes and endothelial cells) are defined as lectin-like structures or carbohydrate-binding proteins (CBP) that mediate the adhesive interactions by carbohydrate recognition. in target cells (see Microbial Lectins and Aglutinins, 199 G. John Wiley and Sons, NY and Jutila, MA and co-authors, 19B9 »in LeuKocyte Accession» published by Springer and others, Springer-Verlag »pages 211-219). These binding molecules are chemically defined as glycoproteins and control a myriad of biological events. Microbial CBP receptors "like selectins in inflammatory cells" serve as recognition molecules in cell-cell interactions. BCP receptors bind reversibly and non-covalently with monosaccharides and oligosugars »both simple and complex» either free in solution or on the surfaces of cells.

PROTEIN RECEPTORS JOINING PROTEIN 5 A variety of protein receptors used by microbes can be found to bind to protein ligands in all kinds of pathogenic microorganisms. Typically »protein receptor interactions and protein / peptide (PBP)) promote firm binding of the pathogen to host target cells. Said binding unleashes and / or increases the activation of the signaling pathways that produce alterations in the actin network of eukaryotic cells. There seem to be two types of cellular sites protein-to-protein interactions: the first, which occurs at the target microbe-cell interface and the second, the signal transduction events promoted by the interaction of the proteins secreted by the pathogen with proteins from the actin network ( the GTP-Rho binding proteins, Rab, Arf, Ran »Ras, Rae» Cd-42 »the MAPK cascade and the t-SNARE model» v-SNARE for vesicle anchoring) of the host cell. In many of these systems, molecular mimicry or piracy of the host's adhesion molecules or their ligands by the pathogen has been documented as indicated. in the specific examples that follow.

IOS MICROBIAL PATHOGENS OF MAN EXPRESSING THE PBP CLASS OF RECEPTORS It has been shown that the host adhesion molecules found in the integrin family and their protein / peptide ligands that operate in cell-to-cell and extracellular cell-to-cell interactions are subverted by the microbial homologs of the integrins or their proteinic ligands. In the host »integrins 01 (family VLA) bind to extracellular matrix components fibronectin, fibrinogen, lamium, and collagen and are expressed in many types of non-hematopoietic cells and leukocytes. The members of the S2 subfamily are often referred to as leukocyte integrins because their expression is limited to the leukocytes. The integrins LFA-1, Mac-1 and gpl50.95 S2 are important in the adhesion of myelosid cells to other cells and to ligands that remain insoluble during the activation of the complement and the coagulation cascades. The structural domains of integrins have been correlated with the ligand binding by entanglement to peptides containing the sequence Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) "a ligand recognition motif for several" but not for all integrins. Molecular and functional mimicry of the adhesion molecules of the host's integrin family and the superfamily of the ín unoglobul inas (Hoepelman, A. I. M and E. I. Tuomanen, 1992, Infect. Immunity, 60: 1729-1733). Other * pathogens that exploit the mimicry of host extracellular matrix proteins »exhibit RGD sequences on their cell surfaces and» consequently »easily bind to integrins.

INTERACTIONS OF INTRACELLULAR PROTEIN-PROTEIN F Pathogenic organisms have acquired a variety of protein molecules that reproduce or mimic functionally involved in the regulation of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. These so-called virulence proteins interfere, for example, with a signaling cascade containing small proteins that bind to guanosine triphosphate (GTP) (-Rho, Ras, Rae »Cdc42, etc.), which direct the function of the actin network of the host cells. The virulence proteins seem to bind in a very specific way to the GTP binding proteins and promote the rearrangement of the actin network. what benefits the microbe. 20 OTHER PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS Undoubtedly there are hundreds of different cytokines and dozens of second messenger systems activated by cytokine that regulate immunity and inflammation. The interactions of cytokines with cells is largely a protein-protein / peptide adhesive event »and many can be subverted or violated by microbial homologs. Quinocins, originally classified as cytokines, are small pro-inflammatory peptides that are best known for their chemoattractant leukocyte activity. The receptors, like their ligands, form a family of structurally and functionally related proteins. There are members of the super ami 1 of the receivers coupled to * G protein, similar to rhodopsin, icoidal heptahel is, that can be defined by homologies of the amino acid sequence. The receptor of types A and B for the leukocyte chemokine IL-8 and the receptor of the inflammatory protein of macrophage 1_ (MIP-1 _) / RANTES, are related by the sequence and the binding of chemokine to two virus products of herpes. The inventors develop subunit vaccines »Recombinant designed to be administered orally or intranasally. The oral vaccine is produced according to the method described by Wu and coauthors »by which a system The living vector (Salmonella typhimurium) that exhibits or expresses peptide epitopes on the surface of the organism "is used to produce a potent mucosal or systolic immune response. Al ernati amente »another vector system, co-developed by one of the inventors, employs a system vector of aderiorovirus to deliver critical epitopes to the mucosal immunological compartments of the upper respiratory tract *. Similarly, other viral, phage, bacterial or polymeric vectors can be used. The mammalian selectins are not used as "neither in vaccines" because they are only of host origin and therefore are not immunogenic. Only peptide domains are used from microbial adhesive sites that bind to carbohydrate ligands in the same manner as the "analogs" or their functional analogues "Jfe" for vaccine preparation. The microbial peptide domains incorporated in 1 to the formulation of vaccine will be sufficiently antigenic to elicit an immune response. Additionally, the vaccine and the peptide compounds of the present invention are useful in pharmaceutical compositions for systemic administration to humans and a drugs in dosage unit forms such as tablets, capsules, pills, powders, granules, suppositories, solutions * or sterile parenteral suspensions »sterile non-parenteral solutions or suspensions, oral solutions or suspensions, oil in water or water emulsions in oil, and the like, which contain adequate amounts of an active ingredient, when appropriate. For oral administration, solid or fluid dosage unit forms can be prepared with the vaccine and the peptides of the invention. The vaccine and the peptides are useful in pharmaceutical compositions (% by weight) of the active ingredient with a carrier or vehicle in 7th composition, in about 1 to 20% and, preferably, about 5 to 15%. Fluid or solid unit dose forms for oral administration can be easily prepared. For example »the vaccine can be mixed with conventional ingredients such as dicalcium phosphate» magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium stearate »calcium sulfate» starch, talc »lactose» acacia »methylcellulose and similarly similar materials» as pharmaceutical excipients or carriers . The sustained release formulation can optionally be used. Capsules can be formulated by mixing the compound with a pharmaceutical diluent which is inert and inserting this mixture into a hard gelatin capsule having the appropriate size. If soft capsules are desired, a suspension of the compound can be encapsulated with an acceptable vegetable oil, a light petroleum oil or another inert oil by a machine in a gelatin capsule. Suspensions, syrups and elixirs may be used for oral administration of the fluid unit dosage forms. A fluid preparation including oil may be used for the oil soluble forms. A vegetable oil, such as corn oil, peanut oil or sunflower oil, for example "together with flavoring agents, sweeteners and any preservatives" produces an acceptable fluid preparation. A surfactant may be added to water to form a syrup for fluid unit doses. Hydroalcoholic pharmaceutical preparations having an "acceptable sweetener" such as sugar "saccharin or a biological sweetener and a flavoring agent" can be used in the form of an elixir. Pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral and suppository administration can also be obtained using common techniques in this field. The above peptides or vaccines and other drugs may be present in the reservoir alone or in combination with carriers or pharmaceutical adjuvants. Pharmaceutical carriers acceptable for the purpose of this The invention is the carriers known in the art that do not adversely affect the drug »the host or the material comprising the drug delivery device. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers include: sterile water »saline» dextrose, dextrose in water or in saline »products condensation of castor oil and ethylene oxide »which combine about 30 to 35 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of castor oil; liquid acid, lower alkanols, oils, such as corn oil, peanut oil, sesame oil and the like; with emulsifiers such as mono- or Diglyceride of a fatty acid »or a phosphatide» for example »lecithin or the like; glycols »polyalkylene glycols» aqueous media in the presence of a suspending agent »for example» carboxymethylcellulose sodium »sodium alginate, poly (vinylpyrrolidone) and the like, alone or with dispensing agents suitable, such as lecithin, polyoxyethylene stearate and the like. The carrier may also contain adjuvants, such as preservatives, stabilizers, humectants, emulsifiers and the like, together with a penetration enhancer of this invention. Delivery systems for the vaccine also include phage (such as M13). a 5 live vector »Salmonella sp. , Shigella sp. »Adenoviruses, liposomes, chickpea mosaic virus, alginate gels» peptide conjugates, appropriate adjuvant systems and gl i coconjugates. These supply systems have all # proteins or active molecules »expressed on its surface. The effective dose for mammals may vary due to factors such as age, weight, activity level or subject condition being treated. Typically an effective vaccination dose of a compound according to the present invention is about 10 to 500 mg when administer Vaccination should be consistent with the protocols outlined in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, * ISa. edition, Wiley Publications, 1990, which is incorporated by this reference, in its entirety.

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The purpose of the description and the foregoing examples is to illustrate some embodiments of the present invention, without this implying any limitation. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations in the composition and method of the present invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. All patents and publications cited herein are incorporated in their entirety by reference.

Claims (2)

1. NOVELTY OF THE INVENTION CLAIMS l.- A prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine »characterized in that it comprises one or more binding molecules or fragments thereof» capable of binding to a molecular direction in a host cell; said junction being capable of firing one or more signal transduction paths and allowing a selected pathogen and / or its toxin »to traffic through the host tissue.
2. 2. The vaccine according to claim 1, further characterized in that the binding molecule is a prokaryotic or eukaryotic adhesion molecule selected from the group consisting of proteins »glycoproteins» gl colipids and carbohydrates; and the host cell is a cell selected from the group consisting of leukocyte »endothelial cells» epithelial cells and cells of the nervous system. 3.- A vaccine in accordance with the claim 1 »further characterized in that the binding molecule is a microbial binding molecule that mimics or mimics the adhesive proteins» the glycoproteins »the lectins or the carbohydrate of the host cell, in amphionic cells selected from the group consisting of leukocytes» cells endothelial cells, epithelial cells and cells of the nervous system »where the * binding molecule binds to ligands in the target cells. 4. A vaccine comprising a microbial binding molecule that mimics or mimics the carbohydrate or oligopeptide ligands in cells or extracellular matrix, tissue and organ cells; wherein the binding molecule binds adhesion molecules of the host cells. 5. The vaccine according to claim 3, further characterized in that the microbial binding molecule is a lectin or an univalent molecule equivalent to a IO selectin »where the binding molecule binds to protein or glycoprotein ligands in target cells» and wherein the microbial binding molecule is a molecule that is fntionally equivalent to an integrin molecule »selected from the group consisting of VLA »Leucam and integrin c asadhesion. 15 G. ~ The vaccine according to claim 5 »further characterized in that the integrin molecule is * selected from the group consisting of VLA-1, 2 »3» 4 »5» and S; Mac-1, LFA-1, gpl50.95, CD41a »CD49 and CD51; the microbial binding molecule is a molecule that is functionally 20 equivalent to a molecule of the superfamily of the immunoglobulins "wherein the molecule of the superfamily of the unoglobulin inas is selected from the group consisting of ICAM-lt 2 or 3, VCAM» NCAM, MAdCAM-1 and PECAM. 7.- The vaccine in accordance with the rei indication 3, 25 further characterized in that the microbial binding molecule binds to a carbohydrate ligand, selected from a group consisting of the residues of acid l-l acet Ineura nico »sialic acid, N-aceti 1 glucosamine» i \ -acet Igalactosamine »glucosamine» galactose ina, galactose, mannose »fucose and lactose. S.- The vaccine in accordance with the rei indication 1 »further characterized because the microbial binding molecule is a molecule functionally equivalent to the family of cytokines» and binds to ligands in cells selected from the group consisting of leukocytes »endothelial cells »Cells 10 epithelial and nervous system cells; or the microbial binding molecule is a functional molecule equivalent to the chemokine family "and binds to ligands in cells selected from the group consisting of leukocytes» endothelial cells »epithelial cells and cells of the system 15 nervous "or the microbial binding molecule binds to a family of proteins that bind to guanosine triphosphate * (6TP) in eukaryotic cells selected from the group consisting of leukocytes »endothelial cells» epithelial cells and cells of the nervous system; and where the The protein molecule that binds to guanosine triphosphate is selected from the group consisting of Rho »Ras, Rae, Cdc42» Rab »Ran and Arf. 9. The vaccine according to claim 8 »further characterized in that the endothelial cell is 25 selected from the group consisting of endothelial cells stimulated by cytokine and endothelial cells expressing ICAM-1 »VCAM-1» MAdCAM-1 and PIMAd. 10. A method for obtaining a vaccine for developing immunity to a pathogen characterized in that it comprises the steps of: (a) isolating a binding molecule from the 5 pathogen (PAM) or fragments thereof »that mimics a region expressed in host cells, and interacts with (blocks) the adhesion molecules of a pathogen; (b) develop one or more monoclonal antibodies »directed against at least one * region of the isolated binding molecule; (c) isolating the O epitopes bound by said mAbs to provide a vaccine comprising molecular domains that substantially reflect the topology of a pathogen-binding molecule. 11. The method according to the rei indication 22, further characterized in that the step of isolating is performed by a shear analysis, using target cells that express the ligand for the adhesion molecule or purified ligands, and where the step of isolating the epitopes includes a phage display bank. 12. The method according to claim 22, further characterized by additionally comprising a step of analyzing the specificity and blocking the properties of the mAbs for the target pathogen / cell factions by an analysis of the host. shear strength. 13. A method for obtaining a vaccine for developing immunity to a pathogen "characterized in that it comprises the steps of: (a) isolating a molecule that mimics or 9 mimics the adhesion molecule of a pathogen and interacts with receptor molecules of a cell selected from the group consisting of leukocytes »endothelial cells» epithelial cells and other target cells of an animal host »and (b) incorporating the molecule into a delivery system. 14.- The vaccine in accordance with the vindication 1, characterized further by selecting the system of ¿Group supply consisting of a live vector that includes Salmonella species »Shigella species, adenovirus, M13 phage» 10 chickpea mosaic virus or adjuvant complexes including alginate gels »liposo as» conjugated peptides and gl i coconut played. . 15.- The vaccine in accordance with the claim 1 »further characterized because the microbe is a microbe of the 15 intestinal tract »selected from the group consisting of Vibrio cholerae» Escherichia col uropathogenic »E. coli enterohemorrhagic» Enteropathogenic E. coli »Salmonella species, Shigella species, Pseudomonas species» Proteus spec es »lebsiella pneumom'ae» Aerobacter aerogenes and Hel obacter 20 pylori; or the microbe is selected from the group of blood cells consisting of Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium falciparum »Bruce! the species »Neisseria mening t is» Staphylococcus species, Pasteurella pestis »Leishmania» Trypanosoma and Pasteurella tularensis; or the 25 microbe from the group consisting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella »Staphylococcus species» Streptococcus species »Pasteurella pestis» Hemophilus influenzae and Corynebacterium d phtheriae; or the microbe is selected from the group of parasites f ngales consisting of Bl astomyces »Aspergillus» rytococcus »Candida» Histoplasma »Coccidioides and Phyco ycetes; or the microbe selected from the group of intestinal parasites consisting of Entamoeba histolytica »Giartia lambia and Cryptosporiumium where the genus of the geni-urinary tract group consisting of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is selected» Chlamydia, Treponema pallidum »Trichomonas vaginalis and Tri tr chomonas fetus; or where the virus group microbe is selected consisting of: Influenza A »Influenza B» Influenza C »measles virus, mumps virus» Adenovirus »pol virus or» hepatitis virus, Hantavirus »herpes virus »Rubella» human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and CoxsacKie virus. The vaccine according to claim 1 characterized in that the host cell is a respiratory cell selected from the group consisting of alveolar macrophages and endothelial and epithelial cells of the nasopharyngeal tract and the alveoli. 17. The vaccine according to claim 5, further characterized in that the vaccine contains peptide domains of the adhesive region in the beta oligomer of an exotoxin selected from the group consisting of Corynebacterium diphtheriae exotoxin »Bordetella pertussis toxin» Shigella toxin dysenteriae (type 1), toxin Salmonella typhimurium »toxin Vibrio cholerae, verotoxin Escherichia cl enterohe orrágica» enterotoxin Escherichia col i enteropatógena »exotoxin Pseudomonas aeruginosa» exotox at Clostridium tetani and exotoxin Clostridium botulinu; or the vaccine comprises peptide domains of the adhesive lectin region in fibrios exhibited in microbes selected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli »IMeisseria gonorrhoeae» Neisseria meningi ti dis »Salmonella typhi» Salmonella * typhimurium »other Salmonella species» Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 0 Yersinia enterocolitica »or said vaccine comprises peptide domains of glycoprotein adhesion molecules on the cell surface of microbes selected from a group consisting of Escherichia coli» Yersinia enterocolica, Yersin? a pseudotuberculosis »Helicobacter pylori» Vibrio 5 cholera, Salmonella typhi »Salmonella typhimurium» Shigella dysenteriae »Leishmania» Tardia la bia »Entamoeba histolytica» Candida albicans and Hafnia alvae »or said vaccine comprises peptide domains of adhesion molecules of gl coprotein that bind to ligands of sialic acid in cells of system 0 nervous; or said vaccine comprises peptide domains of an adhesion molecule of microbial coprotein gl »selected from a group consisting of Neisseria mening ti dis and Escherichia coli Kl. IB.- A therapeutic composition »characterized in that it comprises one or more binding molecules or fragments thereof» capable of blocking the binding of a pathogen J > selected or its toxin to a molecular direction in a host cell "or to prevent further colonization by said selected pathogen and subsequent host signal transduction events" associated with the pathogen. 19. A therapeutic oligopeptide or glycopeptide according to claim 37, further characterized in that the peptide molecule binds to the ligands of the host adhesion molecule selectin family or the peptide molecule binds to ligands of the superfamily of the 10 immunoglobulins of host adhesion molecules; or said peptide molecule binds to the integrin family gandos of host adhesion molecules. 20. A "therapeutic oligopeptide or glycopeptide" characterized in that they comprise a molecule that mimics or structurally mimics the ligands in the host target cells »that binds the microbial binding molecules. 21. A therapeutic carbohydrate in accordance with re-indication 7"further characterized in that it comprises a molecule that is structurally and functionally related to The ligands in host target cells, which bind to microbial binding molecules and are used to treat or prevent infectious diseases, or a therapeutic carbohydrate for the treatment of infectious diseases, comprising one or more molecules of the reagent. in soluble form or 25 immobilized in a lipid layer in a live or attenuated cell carrier "for use in the treatment of infectious diseases" or a therapeutic glycolipid for the treatment or prevention of infectious diseases "comprising molecules of the invention which, in matrices multi alentes »bind to microbial binding molecules. 22. A therapeutic composition, characterized in that it comprises one or more binding molecules or fragments selected from them "capable of blocking the binding of a selected host cell ligand to a molecular direction in a selected pathogen" or of preventing O colonization further by said selected pathogen »and the" subsequent "host signal transduction events associated with the pathogen. 23.- A therapeutic oligopeptide or glycopeptide »characterized in that they comprise a molecule that mimics the * 5 adhesion molecule of a pathogen and interacts with receptor molecules of a cell selected from the group consisting of leukocytes, endothelial cells »epithelial cells and host target cells. 24.- A diagnostic analysis »characterized in that 0 comprises a monoclonal antibody specific for a microbial binding molecule» that mimics a host cell adhesion protein »or a carbohydrate conjugate gl of a cell selected from the group consisting of leukocytes» endothelial cells wings »epithelial cells or an oligopeptide that mimics the adhesive domain of a microbial binding molecule and reacts with antibodies specific for the adhesive domain of the microbial binding molecule. 25.- A test kit for diagnostic analysis »characterized in that it comprises superparamagnetic granules coated with monoclonal antibodies specific for a microbial binding molecule» for the rapid detection of microbial adhesion molecules in clinical samples.