MXPA97004963A - Use of aromatic aldehyds as insecticide - Google Patents

Abstract

Method and compositions based on natural aromatic aldehydes are provided, which find use as pesticides. Pesticides are formulated in a variety of ways, including dry powders, sprays, shampoos and soaps, and can be fixed to a solid support, or they can be provided as bait, or they can be directly impregnated into organic matter infested by, or susceptible to, of infestation by, an objective plague. Controlled pests include mosquitoes, lice, ants, cockroaches, lice and garrapat

Description

USE OF AROMATIC ALDEHYDS AS INSECTICIDES INTRODUCTION Technical Field The present invention relates to the biocontrol of insects and arachnids using aromatic aldehydes. The method is exemplified by the biocontrol of spider mites of two spots, flies, fleas, ticks, cockroaches, western subterranean termites, ants, mosquitoes, lice, mordelonas dwarf flies, and tijerillas, with compositions that include cinnamic aldehyde or alpha-hexyl aldehyde. -ciná ico.

Background Organic matter, including decaying organic matter, is colonized by a variety of organisms, many of which depend on a particular organic material as a source of nutrients. Colonizing organisms include a variety of insects and arachnids, some of which spread diseases and / or damage the material they colonize. Insects and arachnids that colonize particular organic materials include species such as cockroaches, fleas, termites and arachnid mites that are symbiotic with bacteria; the host organism can not survive without the symbionts. Colonizing organisms also include those that are disease vectors for mammals, and include ticks, mites, fleas and mosquitoes, and different sucking insects that are disease vectors for plants, and include aphids and thrips. The Prostig ata include parasites of sucking plants, the most important of which are scoria mites and spider mites that cause damage to agricultural and horticultural plants around the world. Most tick orders include species of medical importance. Only the activity of the blood sucking habit of the ticks causes irritation and discomfort in the host. However, the role of the tick as a carrier and transmitter of human disease organisms is of great medical concern. Organisms, mainly viruses, and the bacteria rhesia and spirochete are transmitted in the saliva of the tick during feeding, and any organism can be carried by a range of tick species. Viruses cause hemorrhagic fevers or encephalitis. Tick habitats include Canada, the United States of America, Malaysia, India and Eastern, Northern and Central Europe. The different types of diseases caused by ticks are usually referred to as the place where they were first identified (eg, Omsk orrágica fever).

Another risk of disease that is spreading geographically is Ly disease (LD). LD is an inflammatory disease of multiple systems that, in its first localized form, affects the skin and joints, the nervous system, and to a lesser degree, other organ systems. Like a virus, riches can only develop inside living cells. The main human infections are spotted fevers, tick bite fevers and tick typhus fevers, one of the most famous examples being Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, which in the western United States of America is carried by the tick of the wood, Spiroqueta. The disease is characterized in humans by recurrent fevers, and is transmitted by the tick species of the genus Ornithodoros. This occurs in Africa and the Americas. In cattle, Ornithodoros coriaceus has been studied in order to gauge its relationship with bovine abortion. The Epizootic Bovine Abortion (EBA) has come to be recognized as a major factor that prevents the maximum production of calf cattle in California. Cows of different ages and breeding are susceptible to the disease, and abortion rates of up to 40 percent are not uncommon. O. coriaceus tested for vector ability was captured from enzootic areas of epizootic bovine abortion in California. After transporting to the laboratory and acclimatization, the steers were exposed to EBA by blood feeding. A cause and effect relationship was established between the blood supply of O. coriaceus and the subsequent disease. This mild tick disease represents a problem of $ 30 to $ 50 million in the State of California, with years of catastrophic losses of approximately $ 100 million. Another vector of disease that affects cattle is the soft tick that is the vector of numerous arboviruses. Larva mites of the family Trojnjbiculidae, commonly called chiggers or red bugs, are mostly ectoparasites that feed on lymph from vertebrates. Approximately 20 species provoke, either, a dermatitis (itching), resulting from an allergic reaction to the saliva of the nigua, or transmit organisms of human diseases. Among the latter are the most important of the mite diseases, the spitting tifo or tsutsugamushi disease, which occurs in many parts of East and Southeast Asia. The best-known mites that infect humans are mange or scab mites. Scabies, also known as a severe irritant to cattle, is highly contagious, and its effects range from skin irritation to death. The favored sites for infection are the hands and wrists; It usually results in severe itching and irritation. House dust mites induce allergic reactions in the form of asthma and rhinitis in humans. Several species of food mites cause a dermatitis in people who handle infested foods, which include scab groceries, associated with the presence of flour mite. The crab, head (Pediculus humans) and pubic (Phthirius pubic), also causes discomfort to humans. Lice act as a vector for typhus exanthematosus, a disease caused by Rickettsia prowazaki, a riches. Millions of deaths from this disease have resulted. In domestic animals, the disease, and more importantly, weight loss due to irritation, are caused by lice. Mosquitoes, due to pathogenic microorganisms that not only carry around, but in some cases actively cultivate, are a major threat to human health. Although they are particularly adept at transmitting diseases caused by viruses, they are also known vectors of nematodes and protozoa that cause disease. The mosquito species, probably the most closely associated with humans, is that of the genus Aedes. There are approximately 150 species of this genus in North America; One, Aedes vexans, the terrestrial flood water mosquito, is known for its painful bite. In terms of problems for human health, the most important Aedes species is A. aegypti, which is the vector for an arbovirus that causes yellow fever disease in humans. Other arboviruses associated with the Aedes species include those that cause dengue fever; the oriental and western encephalitis; equine encephalitis of Venezuela; the encephalitis of San Luis; the chicungunya; Oroponehe and Bunyamidera. Given this spectrum of diseases, there is a justifiable concern about the recent introduction (1985) of A. albopictus in the United States. The A . albopictus is a known vector of dengue fever, and a vector suspected of a number of forms of encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever and yellow fever. The genus Culex contains different species, including the common house mosquito, C. pipiens In North America, it is involved in the transmission of different forms of encephalitis and the filarial worms. Vushereria banufti or Brugia malayi responsible for elephantiasis. Mosquitoes can also be the vector for Ebola, which is caused by a filovirus. In the Anopheles mosquito genus, of which there are approximately 300 species worldwide, 15 species live in North America. Although many mosquito species feed on human blood, most individual mosquitoes in the world do not; for them, the consumption of human blood is unpleasant, and they prefer other vertebrate hosts, in which the disease spreads. Certain anopheline mosquitoes can act as vectors of pathogenic organisms circulating in the bloodstream. Among these are the protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, which causes malaria disease in humans, afflicts between 200 and 300 million people, and kills at least two million each year. Humans are affected by only four species of this genus: P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. Folciparu Other pests that can act as disease vectors include cockroaches. Cockroaches are still one of the most widespread and problematic household and commercial pests, despite the rather extensive use of insecticides. The most pestiferous cockroach species in California is Blattella germanic (L), the German cockroach. These cockroaches are found in grocery stores, restaurants, hospitals, prisons, hotels, apartments, homes, particularly in almost any place where food is stored. More often they are associated with less than adequate sanitary conditions, and are linked with the mechanical transmission of several pathogenic microorganisms. The waste or skins of cockroaches cause hives or irritations, coughing, sneezing and allergic reactions by contact or inhalants in humans. The application of regular insecticide is the usual means to control cockroaches. The common strategy is to spray the areas where the insect has been seen or is suspected of being housed. The ability of cockroaches to expand their populations rapidly, their close association with people and food, and their propensity to hide in inaccessible places, makes it difficult to exterminate them. The formulations used to control insects and arachnid pests include the following: organophosphates, such as malathion and dithrom; non-organophosphates, such as pyrethrum and pyrethroids (synthetic pyrethrum); mineral oil; oil, etroprene; and the crystal protein of bacillus thuriengiensis israelensis. However, the widespread use of pesticides has resulted in the development and evolution of resistant pests, as well as growing concerns for the environment and health care about the use of pesticides. As an example, the pesticide registration for malathion can be canceled when it undergoes the reregistration process in the USEPA; the pesticide registration for DDT was similarly canceled due to concerns for the environment and for health care. A highly visible environmental-environmental activist community and public regulatory agencies have resulted in fewer and fewer pesticide registrations in the United States, and consequently, less research and development related to pesticides. Therefore, it is interesting to identify and / or develop "biorational" formulations that have lower toxicities for animals and for the environment, and yet are effective in controlling insect and arachnid pests.

Relevant Literature A method for protecting crops from attack by pests, including insects, using a composition comprising cinnamic aldehyde, and requiring an antioxidant, is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,978,686. The protection of crops against insect pests by the application of an aqueous composition containing a cinnamic aldehyde is disclosed in French Patent Application Number 2529755. US Pat. No. 2,465,854 describes an insecticidal composition containing an cinnamic aldehyde derivative. U.S. Patent No. 4,402,950 discloses the inactivation of viruses within living organisms of humans and animals, by the application of a terpene obtainable from aromatic plants by application of steam. The terpenes cited are: black pepper oil, cinnamon flour oil, cardamom oil, linalyl acetate, cinnamic aldehyde, safrole, carvon and cis / trans-citrao. In the United States Patent Number 4,477,361 antifungal-antibacterial detergents containing cinnamic compounds are reported.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a method for controlling populations of insect and arachnid pests through nutritional mediation, using aromatic aldehydes. The method includes the step of contacting an objective pest with an amount of a sufficient aromatic aldehyde to control the growth of the objective pest. The aldehyde can be provided in a variety of formulations. It can also be provided for objective pests as a component of a trap. Optionally, the trap contains a chemoattractant for the objective pest. The growth modulator product has a formula shown in (1) below: (1) wherein R represents -CH2OH or -CHO; n is an integer from 0 to 3; and each R 'independently represents OH or an organic substituent containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and from 0 to 5 heteroatoms, wherein the total number of carbon atoms and heteroatoms in all R' substituents of this compound is not greater than 15; and R4 represents hydrogen or an organic constituent containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. These compounds include compounds that occur naturally, such as cinnamic aldehyde, coniferyl aldehyde, and closely related compounds. Also of interest are alpha-substituted aldehydes, such as alpha-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde (HCA). The invention finds use in the control of populations of pests in areas of infestation, or in areas susceptible to infestation, and / or in the annihilation of populations of objective pests.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC PROCEDURES Methods and compositions are provided to obtain and / or maintain an area substantially free of pests, such as insects and arachnids, using aromatic aldehydes to biocontrol the area. "Biocontrol" means the control of pests by means of direct pesticide activity on an objective pest, or through indirect pesticide activity through the antibacterial action on the symbiotic bacteria resident in the objective pest. An objective pest that colonizes an area comes into contact with a natural product. "Colonization" is the association of a pest with an area that provides access to organic matter that serves as a source of nutrients for the pest, typically essential nutrients, such as amino acids, particularly methionine. "Natural product" is an organic compound of natural origin that is unique to an organism, or common to a small number of closely related organisms, and includes secondary metabolites provided by organic matter. Natural products can be isolated from a natural source, can be totally or partially synthetic, or they can be produced by recombinant techniques. The amount of natural product that is provided, whether applied to the organic matter colonized by the objective pest or as bait, will depend on the degree of infestation of the area, and to some degree, on the formulation and the specific composition used and, Consequently, it must be determined empirically for particular applications. The compositions and methods of the present invention offer several advantages over existing compositions and methods, including that they are safe to be used around humans, animals and food sources in the concentrations used. Additionally, the compositions can be used to impregnate organic matter that serves as a nutrient source for an objective pest and / or can be provided attached to a solid support that is not itself toxic to animals, including humans. The residuality of the formulation can also be managed. This is beneficial when short-term waste is desired for pest management programs integrated with beneficial insects. In addition, the formulations are effective against pests that are resistant to other agents, and are also effective on multiple target organisms, including target insects known to be resistant to conventional treatments. This reduces the need for the application of multiple agents for the biocontrol of more than one objective pest. The reentry time is not a concern either. Typically formulations are rapidly lethal to an objective organism. This is a particularly valuable feature when coupled with no reentry time. Another advantage is that the aromatic aldehydes in particular have positive olfactory and organoleptic properties which, in some cases, can improve the odor of the treated area. The odor of alpha-hexyl cinnamon aldehyde, for example, is described as floral or jasmine with some herbaceous character (Technical Information Sheet). When applied to animals, including humans, the subject formulations are non-toxic and non-irritating to the skin at the concentrations used. For example, alpha-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde (HCA) has an oral LD50 of 3.1 grams / kilogram in rats, and a dermal LD50 greater than 3 grams / kilogram (Moreno, OM, Report for RIFM, March 24, 1971) . It was found that the alpha-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde was moderately irritating when the clean compound was applied to intact or abraded rabbit skin for 24 hours under occlusion (Moreno). When tested at 12 percent on petrolatum, HCA produced no irritation after a 48-hour closed patch test on human subjects, and did not produce sensitization on a maximization test performed on 25 human subjects (Kligman (1966), J). Invest. Der atol 47: 393). 20 percent HCA in diethyl phthalate did not produce positive reactions in a repeated aggression patch test conducted in 100 human subjects. In studies that used the maximization test in guinea pigs, Senma and colleagues report a tendency that, as the number of hydrocarbons of alkyl groups that replaced alpha-hydrogen in the cinnamic aldehyde increased, the reaction rate declined of awareness. The present formulation is as shown in Formula (1) above. A preferred formulation is shown in the following Formula (2): R? where R? represents -CHO, R3 represents -H, -OH, or an organic substituent containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and R2 represents -H, a methoxy group, or an organic substituent containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and R4 represents a hydrogen or an organic substituent containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Aromatic aldehydes are of particular interest. Examples of the aromatic aldehydes for use in the present invention are cinnamic aldehyde ((3) below): and coniferyl aldehyde ((4) below) Other compounds of interest include analogs of the compound of Formula (1), such as compounds substituted at the alpha position with an alkyl, such as a hexyl group, or a branched alkyl group, such as an amyl group. In general, the group in the alpha position is from 5 to 10 carbon atoms. These compounds include alpha-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde and alpha-amyl cinnamic aldehyde. The chemical structure of alpha-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde (HCA) is shown in (5) (below).

CH3 I < CH_) 5 CHO (5) The name of the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) of the HCA is 2- (phenylmethylene) octanal, and the CAS Registry Number is [101-86-0). The compound is also described by the chemical name of 2-hexyl-3-phenyl-2-propenal. The formula of the compounds is C15H20O, and the molecular weight is 216.3. The HCA can be obtained from Firmenich; its product is composed mainly of the isomer (E) -cis (93.8 percent maximum), and the isomer (Z) -trans (6 percent maximum). Among the minor components is the aldol self-compensating product of octanal (from 1 to 1.5 percent (Personal Communication, June Burkhardt, Firmenich, Plainsboro, New Jersey) A number of the aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes that can find use in the present invention, such as benzene aldehyde, acetic aldehyde, cinnamic aldehyde, piperonal and vanillin, are synthetic flavoring agents generally considered safe (GRAS) (21 CFR §172.515) .HCA among these compounds is HCA was in public use before the 1950s, and is currently widely used in consumer preparations (soaps, detergents, creams, lotions, perfumes) (Monographs on raw material for fragrances, Food Cosmet, Toxicol 12: Suppl 915, 1974). GRAS status (generally recognized insurance) was granted by FEMA (Flavoring Extract Manufacturers' Association) Study of levels of use of flavoring ingredients No. 256 9. Fd. Technological Champaign, 19: (part 2) 155, 1965) in 1965, and is approved by the United States FDA for use in food (21CFR121.1164). The Council of Europe (1970) (Council of Europe, Natural and Artificial Flavoring Substances, Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health Field, Strasbourg, List A (l), Series 1, No. 129, page 55, 1970) included to the HCA in the list of admissible artificial flavoring substances at a level of 1 ppm. In addition, surfactants that can be used as emulsifiers for aromatics, including Tweens (polysorbates) are already used as food additives, such as saponin (which also has a GRAS state). The aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes of the present invention are prepared by various synthetic methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, see J. March. ed. , Appendix B, Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977. Cinnamic aldehyde can be prepared synthetically, for example, by the oxidation of cinnamyl alcohol (Traynelis et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1964) 86: 298), or by condensation of styrene with formylmethyl aniline (British Patent Number 504, 1225) The present aldehydes can also be obtained by isolation from natural sources. , the cinnamic aldehyde can be isolated from the rot fungus of the wood, Stereum sbupileatum. Birkinshaw et al., Biochem. J. (1957) 66: 188. HCA can be synthesized as described, for example, in U.S. Patent Number 5,055,621. On a laboratory scale, HCA can be synthesized by the reaction of benzene aldehyde with octanal under a nitrogen atmosphere (aldol condensation). The reaction is conducted in a stirred flask charged with methanol, 309 ppm diphenyl amine, potassium hydroxide and benzene aldehyde. Following the slow addition of octanal, the reaction mixture is brought to a pH of 7.5 to 9.5 with acetic acid. Following evaporation of the methanol and washing the reaction mixture with water, the organic phase is transferred to a distillation unit. About 20 to 24 percent of the container charge is removed as benzene aldehyde and the "light" ones, the remaining distillate constituting the "heart cut" of the alpha-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde. The "heart cut" is subjected to an additional fractionation, where 1 to 5 percent (by weight) of the material can be removed in "light" fractions, depending on the evaluation of the odor. The final product is a light yellow oil that has a specific gravity of 0.955 to 0.965 at 20 ° C, a refractive index of 1548 to 1562 at 20 ° C, a boiling point of 305 ° C at one atmosphere, and a point of fusion of 26 ° C. The commercial product is stabilized with the addition of 0.04 percent tertiary 2,6-di-butyl-p-cresol (butylated hydroxytoluene or BHT), which serves as an antioxidant (Technical Information Sheet, hexyl-cinnamic aldehyde 907600, Revision 853, Firmenich Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey). HCA can also be isolated from rice, where it has been reported to occur naturally. (Givaudan-Roure Index, Givaudan-Roure Corporation, Clifton, New Jersey, 1994, page 89). HCA is a compound of low to moderate volatility, having a vapor pressure of 70 x 10"5 mm Hg at 25 ° C. Its parent compound, the cinnamic aldehyde, has a vapor pressure approximately 40 times higher (2970). x 10 ~ 5 mm Hg at 25 ° C.) For comparison purposes, the insect repellent of N, N-diethyl-m-toluamine has a slightly higher vapor pressure (167 x 10 ~ 5 mm Hg at 25 ° C). C) (Reinfenrath, G. (1995) Volatile Substances, Cosmetics and Toiletries, 110: 85-93) An alternative to synthesizing aromatic aldehydes is to prepare them by recombinant means, for example, a microbial host. either to produce the aromatic aldehydes in a fermentation system, or as a system of natural application of the aromatic aldehydes in viable or non-viable microbial preparations.The yeasts, especially Saachoromyces cerevisiae, are the preferred organisms for this purpose, because already they have been designed for a high level expression of PAL (Faulkener, J.D.B. et al., Gene 143: 13020, 1994), and it has been shown that a plant cinnamate 4-hydroxylase functions in yeast (Urban et al., 1994 Eur. J. Biochem 222: 843-850). PAL expression introduces the ability to produce cinnamic acid from phenylalanine. Two additional enzymatic steps are required to produce the cinnamic aldehyde from phenylalanine. In plants, these steps are catalyzed by the enzymes of cinnamate: CoA ligase (CL) and cinnamoyl: CoA reductase (CCoAR), but since the 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL) can also use cinnamic acid as the substance (Knobloch and Hahlbrock 1977, Arch.

Biochem. Biophys. 184: 237-248), the 4CL can be used in place of the CL. More than 20 cloned PAL genes and more than 6 4CL genes have been described in sufficient detail (GenBank) to facilitate their use in the practice of the present invention. A gene for a CCoAR of plants is obtained by applying standard genetic cloning techniques, to isolate a cDNA clone, using as a probe the sequence derived from the amino acid sequence of the N-terminus, or fragments of the peptide, of the protein purified. The CCoAR has been purified and partially characterized from soybean crops (Wengenmayer et al. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem .. 65: 529-536; Luderitz and Grisebach, Jgur. J. Biochem. 119: 115 -124, 1981), cambial sap of spruce (Luderitz and Grisebach, supra), xylem of poplar (Sarni et al., Eur. J. Biochem. R 139: 259-265, 1984), and xylem of differentiation of Eucalyptus gunnii ( Goffner et al., Plant Physiol. 106: 625-632, 1994). The preferred method of purification is that of Goffner et al. (Supra), because it results in a single protein band on SDS-polyacrylic amide gels that can be used for protein sequencing. The cloned genes are introduced into conventional expression vectors, and are used to transform a microbial host, preferably yeast, by conventional transformation techniques, such as electroincorporation (Becker and Guárante, Methods in Enzymol., 194: 182-187 , 1991). Conventional enzyme assays are used to confirm the functional expression of the engineered genes, and assays for aromatic aldehydes are used to select strains with maximum production. Because aromatic aldehydes have antimicrobial properties, it is preferred to use expression vectors that cause the expression of genes introduced only late in the growth cycle, or in response to a chemical inducer. It may also be desirable to grow the designed microbial host in an immobilized whole cell reactor (eg, Evans et al., Biotechnology and Bioenaineerin 30: 1067-1072, 1987), to prevent aldehydes from accumulating in the culture medium. In addition to the specific compounds of the Formulas (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) stipulated above, the derivatives of any of these compounds that produce a compound of the formula identified above on the action of a biological system on a precursor, they are considered equivalent to the compounds of the invention. Accordingly, the application of precursor compounds to pests that can metabolize the precursors to produce a specific compound identified in the above formulas is equivalent to the practice of the present invention. The biological conversion of the precursor compounds into aromatic aldehydes is described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,149,715, and in the references cited therein. See also Casey and Dobb Enzyme Microb. Ceiling 1 (1992) 14: 739-747. Additional components (other than those of Formula (1)) can be added to the formulation, to modulate the effect of at least one other compound present in the formulation, whereby the combined action is greater than without the addition of the components, and preferably being synergistic with the components of Formula (1) in the formulation. Synergistic means that the activity of the formulation with the additional component, compared to a formulation that does not contain the component, is greater than what would be expected by adding the effects to each other. Additional preferred components include saponins. Saponins are a class of compounds, each consisting of a portion of sapogenin and a fraction of sugar. The sapogenin can be a steroid or a triterpene, and the sugar fraction can be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. S. Budavari, ed., The Merck Index, edition, Merck &; Co., Inc., Rah ay, N.J., 1990, page 1328. Saponins for use in the present formulation include sterol glycosides widely distributed in plants, wherein each saponin consists of a sapogenin and at least one sugar fraction. The sapogenin comprises a steroid or a triterpene, and the sugar fraction may comprise glucose, galactose, pentose or methylpentose. Saponins for use in the present invention can be produced and / or isolated from different parts of plants, including fruit, leaves, seeds and / or roots, using means known in the art, from a variety of sources, including the different known plants to produce them, which are from yucca, quillaja, agave, tobacco, liquorice, soybeans, ginseng and asparagus, to aloe woods. Saponins for use in the present invention are preferably not toxic to humans and higher animals. More preferably, the saponin for use in the present invention is of non-toxic food grade, being the source of cassava plants, the most preferred being derived from Yucca schidigera or Y. valida and its equivalents. The saponins of Yucca schidigera contain steroidal saponins, the main sapogenins being sarsapogenin and tigogenin. Sarsaponin produces, on hydrolysis, the sarsasapogeni a (sarsasapogenima 5-beta, 20-betaF, 22-deltaF, 25-betaF, also known as spirostan-3-beta-01 and parigenin), glucose and galactose. Sarsapogenima has a molecular formula of C27H4403. Nobel, Park S., Agaves, Oxford Univ.

Press, New York, 1994. Accordingly, derivatives of these compounds that produce a formulation having the desired pest growth control properties are considered equivalent to the invention. Saponins have various activities that can be attributed to the chemical formation of a particular saponin, and more typically depend on the source from which the saponin is derived. For example, saponins derived from Japanese Camilla control the growth of mosquito larvae. Saponins from different sources of cassava plants can be used as active agents in insecticidal compositions. As appropriate, it is preferable to select a saponin that increases the controlling effect of the pest growth of a formulation, compared to a formulation that excludes saponin. The effect of saponin as an additional component in the formulation is determined by the addition of different amounts of saponin mixed or applied separately in combination with a given formulation of aromatic aldehydes. The effect of the formulation is measured by examining the susceptibility of the particular pests to each formulation with or without a serial diluent of saponin. In general, an effective amount of saponin is in the range of about 0.01 to 3 percent, and more preferably in an aqueous solution of about 0.25 percent by volume / volume of saponin extract of 10 ° brix. 10 ° brix is a technical term in sugar chemistry. The brix degrees are equal to the weight percentage of the sugar in the solution. Hawley, ed. , The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1981, page 149. Additional components may be included in the formulation, such as an aqueous preparation of a salt of a polyprotic acid, such as sodium bicarbonate, sulfate of sodium, sodium phosphate or sodium biphosphate, where the addition increases the pesticide properties of the formulation and / or confers other positive characteristics to the formulation, for example, making it substantive for applications where it is desirable for a residue to remain on the surface that comes in contact with the formulation. In general, the formulations are effective without the use of antioxidants other than the inherent antioxidant properties of the particular aldehydes, for example, coniferyl aldehyde. The stability of the formulation can be evaluated by a variety of methods, including accelerated tests where a formulation of interest is exposed at elevated temperatures for a set time. Samples of the formulations are taken at regular intervals, and analyzed chemically by methods known to those skilled in the art, to determine the rate and nature of the degradation. For example, HCA can be analyzed by Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC), using a 30-meter non-polar polydimethylsiloxane capillary column (for example, HP-1, Hewlett-Packard, or SPB-1, Supelco), and an ionization detector with flame. The use of helium as a carrier gas (8 milliliters / minute), and a column temperature of approximately 240 ° C, causes the (E) -cis isomer (major component) to have a retention time of approximately 6.0 minutes, and that the (Z) -trans isomer (minor component) has a retention time of approximately 6.3 minutes. The addition of auxiliaries to a formulation is of particular interest. "Auxiliar" is a substance added to a formulation to aid in the operation of the main ingredient. A spray assistant performs this function in the application of an agricultural chemical. An effective spray aid can be formulated to contain one or more surfactants, solvents, or co-solvents. Systems containing surfactants, water and oily components, have many other possibilities of forming ordered phases; the surfactant can be organized into aggregates in different ways to create mycelia, with a first order phase as one of the possibilities. The surfactant can also be collected at the interface between the interpenetrating phases of oil and water to create a microemulsion. A preferred surfactant for pesticides is that of saponins. Saponins can be used as an auxiliary and a surfactant, and to reduce phytotoxicity. For both phytotoxicity control and toxicological safety, the preferred saponins are Yucca spp. Preferred saponins that do not bind cholesterol include those of asparagus. The compound can be used alone or in combination with other active or inactive substances, and can be applied by spraying, watering, immersion, in the form of concentrated liquids, solutions, suspensions, powders and the like, containing the concentration of the active compound which be more suitable for a particular purpose at hand. They can be applied, for example, in the form of a diluted solution, in suitable solvents directly to an area of infestation of the pest, or to an area susceptible to infestation. As an example, to be used as a means to clean a surface, such as a carpet, pet bed, pet skin, cloth, skin, and the like, although the aldehyde can be formulated only as an aqueous solution, it can also be prepared as a soap or as a detergent. Detergents that may be used include anionic detergents, such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 4,978,686. For some applications, the compounds are fixed to a solid support to be applied as a powder or in a "trap". As an example, for applications where the formulation is to be used as a trap or as a bait for a particular pest, the formulations of the present invention can be sprayed directly into an infestation area, or they can be fixed to an solid support, or they can be encapsulated in a release material with time. Where a solid carrier is used, materials that lead to the oxidation of the active aldehydes should be avoided. Examples of the application systems include starch-dextran, and the like. See Yuan et al. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology (1993) 20: 83-87) for examples of application systems. The objective pests include insects and arachnids, particularly those that colonize organic matter, more particularly those insects and arachnids that colonize the organic matter that causes the pest. Provocative means that organic matter provides the nutrients required by the pest. They are also of interest as objective pests, and as the organic matter or the habitat that provides its nutrients, the following. Flies (Muscara domestica (L.) and Stomoxys calcitranus (L.)), decaying organic matter, particularly matter that includes putrescine; Aphaniptera fleas (Siphonaptera), blood ticks Argas (Persicargas) arboreus (Ixodoidea Argasidae), hard ticks (family Ixodidae), soft tick (family Argasidae), blood; Dictyoptera: Blattellidae, decaying organic matter; Jsoptera termites: Rhinotermi tidae, organic matter, particularly matter containing cellulose; ants (formicidae), including red ants Solenopsis invicta), carpenter ants (Camponotus pennsylvanicus), army ants (Eciton); mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti), blood. Also of interest is Boophillus annulatus, the hard tick associated with severe cattle problems in Australia and elsewhere, and with mice. In general, lice are divided into two orders, the Anoplura (sucking louse) and the Mallophaga (all others, for example, elephant lice and chewing lice). Also of interest as target pests are mites, such as arachnid mites (arthropoda), dust mites, mites that infect honey bees, and a variety of other mites, including those of the following orders: Cryptostygmata ( beetle); Mesostigmata (red poultry mite); Prostigmata (rubbing mite, water mite, chiggers and red bug (foliage mite, stinging mites), Astigmata (flour mite, furniture mite, skin mite, mange or scab mite, fuschia mite and mite) powder) It is a theory of the invention that many of the insects and arachnids that are susceptible to treatment with the present formulations are those that harbor symbiotic bacteria in their gut.According to the above, other insects and arachnids can also be controlled. other than those mentioned, which house symbiotic organisms, with the present formulations.In use, a formulation containing the pesticide is introduced into an infestation area.For example, the formulation is sprayed on as a wet or dry formulation on the surface of the organic material infested with an objective pest, or the organic material susceptible to infestation with an objective pest. The formulation can be applied wet or dry to an infestation area where it may have contact with the objective pest. In some cases, time release formulations may find use, particularly for animal applications, or for areas that are subject to reinfestation, such as animal pens. When used in a solid or microencapsulated form, the dosage used would typically be in the order of 1% to 35% on a weight / weight basis, and the maximum load should be determined as a function of the selected coating material. Analytical chemical techniques are used to determine and optimize the release rate. For quantitative purposes, GC techniques can be used to determine the amount of aldehyde released. Samples of the encapsulated product (granulate) are sampled at different time periods to measure the release. Alternatively, the volatile gases released from the formulation can also be analyzed. To measure the activity of spray or powder applications, the stability of the formulations can also be evaluated over time using the GC methodology, using techniques known to those skilled in the art. It is also possible to prepare extractions of the formulations with methanol or alcohol, and they can be evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. The aldehyde components can be coupled with a solid support, optionally through a linker, such as a polysaccharide binding domain, wherein the solid support is a polysaccharide such as cellulose, particularly microcrystalline cellulose. The preparation of the cellulose binding domains is described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,340,731; 5,202,247 and 5,166,317 and in the Application of the TCP number WO 94/24158. The aldehydes can be coupled to the binding domains, with or without a dissociable bond, using methods well known to those skilled in the art. These formulations can be used to directly impregnate a surface comprising the appropriate polysaccharide, for example, wherein the surface is a cellulose, such as paper or wood, and a cellulase binding domain is used. As an example, the composition of the aromatic aldehyde-cellulase binding domain can be used to impregnate wood that is subject to, or already infested by, termites. In other applications, the aldehyde-cellulase binding domain composition can be fixed to paper as a trap, or to microcrystalline cellulose, where the granules can be transported back to the colony. Optionally, the bait or trap may additionally include a chemoattractant for the objective pest, such as putrescine for flies, or cadaverine for cockroaches, fixed to the cellulose support by means of a cellulase binding domain. Other examples of chemoattractants are well known to those skilled in the art. In addition to providing baits or traps, Objective pest infestations can also be treated using powdered formulations or detergents, for example, as a carpet shampoo to treat infestations of dust mites and fleas and other susceptible pests. The formulations of the present invention generally do not stain, and additionally often impart a pleasant odor to the treated surface. The formulations can also be used as emulsions or gels for the treatment of infestations of animals or humans, including infestations with fleas and ticks. In general, the formulations are safe for ingestion at the concentrations used, and additionally, they typically have positive olfactory and organoleptic characteristics. In order to determine the susceptibility of the particular pests to the present compositions, in vitro and in vivo tests, such as described in the Examples, may be employed. As appropriate, the formulations also need to be evaluated for their dermatological effects; therefore, it is important, where appropriate, that an evaluation of the toxicity of the formulations to be tested on animal hosts can be made for the objective pest, or on animals that may come in contact with a treated surface, in such a way that the dermatological effects can be tested for the dosage of the pesticide used. These dermatological sensitivity tests can be conducted using methods known to those skilled in the art. In some cases, it may be necessary to adjthe treatment formulation, to reduce any dermatological effects associated with the formulation. The method of the present invention is carried out by introducing in an objective pest, a sufficient amount of a pesticide to impair the growth and / or viability of the objective pest, and thereby decrease the population of that pest in an area . The method of introducing the present pesticide into the objective pest can be by direct ingestion by the objective pest from a trap, or by feeding an objective pest into an organic matter that provides nutrients treated with the pesticide. In some cases, the pesticide may be absorbed by the pest, particularly where the formulation provides recovery by the external tissues of the pest, particularly a larval form or other preadult form of the pest, such as a detergent formulation. In some instances, the exoskeleton of the objective pest is substantially dissolved by contact with the formulation. For some applications, it may be necessary to apply the formulation to the colony site of the pest. The method of use of the formulations will depend at least in part on the pest that is going to be treated, and on their feeding habits, as well as their breeding and nesting habits. The following are examples of how to treat infestations of particular types of pests. For arachnid and relative mites (as exemplified by two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae)), life stages include the egg, an early immature six-legged stage, and an immature eight-legged stage, and the stage adult With warm, ambient temperatures and low humidity, generations are completed in as little as ten days. Adult females typically lay up to five eggs a day during the course of 14 to 21 days. The adult arachnid pierces the cells of the plant and feeds on the sap. Small white lesions may appear around the mites that are feeding, and generalized discoloration occurs, with tanning as the infestations progress. Vigor is reduced, and premature leaf fall may occur. Raspberry, rose, beans, cucumber and marigolds are among the most commonly and severely damaged. Moreover, the two-spotted arachnid is also the most common species that damages greenhouse crops and internal plants. Spider mites are extremely difficult to control with pesticides, and many commonly used pesticides (eg, Sevin) can increase problems by destroying natural predators. Acaricides, such as malathion and orteno, are often not effective, because arachnid mites have developed resistance to them. Ticks are the largest group in the Acari subclass, and are ectoparasites obligate blood suckers of terrestrial vertebrates. Certain species are pests of domestic livestock, while another group transmits human diseases. The ticks are classified into three families, all belonging to one species except the Ixodidae (hard ticks), and the other to the Argasidae (soft ticks). Hard ticks take their name from the thick shield (escuto) they have over the front of the body. They have well-developed prominent mouthparts, necessary to ensure your guests during feeding, which may take several days. A common hard tick is the cosmopolitan brown dog tick. The compounds of the invention can be applied to the host as sprays, dust, dry powders, shampoos and dips, and can also be used to treat the collars or beds of animals. Soft ticks lack a squeeze, and have relatively weak parts of the mouth, placed inconspicuously on the underside. Soft ticks are habitat ticks: they remain in the host's shelter, and they feed when they return. The parts of its mouth are not exceptionally well-armed, since the host is usually at rest while feeding. After feeding, ticks usually fall to the ground to lay eggs or to mow. The compounds of the invention can be used to treat nests and residences, pastures, poultry houses, and the like, by spraying with an effective amount. Several species of ants (Formicidae) can be a nuisance in the garden, and inside the home, especially in the kitchen area. The majority of the species of ants in the United States are social insects that live in colonies or nests, where the queens that lay eggs remain, the young or larvae, the pupae and many worker ants. The workers, all sterile females, take care of the colony, as well as look for the food and take it to the nest. In the spring or summer, ant colonies can produce winged males that fly around, mate, and have the ability to start a new colony. Baits can be formulated for the ant to carry back to the nest. The ants build mounds or small hills of granulated earth that can suffocate the surrounding vegetation. The grass can also be annihilated as the soil dries up around the roots of the grass due to the effects of digging and furrowing. Some species of ants that frequent the meadows, and eventually build mounds of ants, include the small black ant (Monomorium minimum), the pavement ant (Tetra-noriu? I caespitum), and the thief ant (Solenopsis molesta). The compounds of the invention can be used to treat ant nests and mounds, as well as areas where they are likely to be formed, by treatment with an effective amount. Other ants may be in planted areas or in areas near the grass. The black carpenter ant (Camponotus pennsylvanicus) nests in dead trees, trunks, and even structural wood in houses. These large black winged ants frequently exceed 1 millimeter in length. Male and female winged can occasionally swarm. Baits and contact sprays can be used in eradication. The colony of the imported red ant (Solenopsis invicta) builds honeycomb mounds that contain up to 0.5 x 106 worker ants. These mounds are found in the pastures, on the sides of the roads, on the edges of the fields, and in the meadows of the houses. Ants build mounds in many areas, but prefer sunny sites and clay lands over sandy soils. Red ants increase the size of their mound in wet seasons to move above the wet areas. The land used in the construction of the nest and the mound could be treated with a concentration of the formulation to annihilate workers and warriors, and to reduce the size of the mound. Mosquitoes undergo a complete metamorphosis during their life cycle. Eggs that are raised in water need H20 to hatch (some species lay eggs in dry soil, others in the water directly). Larvae grow rapidly, and change skin four times in four to ten days. They feed on unicellular organisms and with each other. Pupae do not eat and become adults in two to four days. The formulations of the compounds of the invention can be used to treat the environments which encourage the accumulation of standing water (e.g., stagnant ponds, discarded tires, containers, cans and the like). In the waterfowl areas (wetland ponds, lakes, and the like), the concentration of the formulations of the compounds of interest can be adjusted to annihilate the larvae in the last stage. Extending larval life can provide food for waterfowl, since some species are reported to eat mosquito larvae (eg, ducks). Adults can be controlled by spraying contact insecticide containing an effective concentration of the present compounds on surfaces or in flight. Cockroaches undergo a gradual metamorphosis during their life cycle. Many oviparous eggs deposited with glandular secretions, harden to form a protective ootheca-capsule, which is embedded in the substrate (usually hidden with debris), or carried on the end of the abdomen of the female. Direct contact spray of nymphs and adults can be used where possible to control insects, or traffic areas can be sprayed (eg, food preparation areas, waste areas, and the like) with an effective amount. Alternatively, an encapsulation of the formulations of the compounds of interest can be placed in a chemoattractant shell, in a trap or in a high traffic surface area. The flies undergo a complete metamorphosis. The eggs are deposited in a humid habitat, since larvae without legs require moisture. Parasitic flies are abundant in many environments, and lay eggs within or on a wide range of animals, other insects, and vertebrates. Larvae are active insect predators for flower visitors. The flies can be killed in the adult stage with an effective amount of the compounds of the present invention, formulated as a contact insecticide (e.g., as a spray, a sticky paper trap, other types of traps, and in a bait). solid). The fleas undergo a complete metamorphosis. The larvae live freely and do not have legs, having a developed head. Fleas are parasites of mammals and favor the guests that build nests, burrows, and dens. The larvae feed on the dried blood of the host, which has passed out of the adult flea as feces, while the host is collected in its lair. Larvae are vulnerable to climate change (dry in dry conditions, and drown in a drop of water). This limits fleas to certain environments (nests, dens, etc.). Eggs, larvae and pupae (silk cocoons) develop freely in the nest or in the host's habitat (for example, fur fleas from cats and canines, mostly in nests). In addition, fleas commonly infest dogs and cats, and many have experienced the painful irritating bites that result when they suck the blood of humans. Fleas bite mostly above the legs, and it is rather characteristic that they are often two or three bites in a row. Fleas are changed from host to host, and are fed indifferently from various kinds of animals. The cat flea (Ctenocepalides felis Bouché order Siphonaptera, family Pulicidae) has as many chances to be found in a dog as in a human being as in a cat. The present compounds can be used to control fleas by contacting a host or their habitat with an effective amount of a formulation containing the present compounds as a spray, dry powder, powder, or encapsulated in an indigestible material suitable for passing through a digestive system of the rumen and monogastric mammals. Termites undergo metamorphosis from eggs to larvae (nymphs) to adults, without chrysalis stage. The nymphs can look like adult termites. Termites live in colonies during most stages of their life cycle. In the small intestine of adults, protozoa pass from adults to young people through fecal contact. Superior termites have intestinal bacteria that are involved in the supply of amino acids. Termites can be treated with the compounds of the present invention by directly spraying an appropriate formulation on nymphs and adults. The wooden surfaces with which the termites come into contact can also be treated with an effective amount of a formulation. Termites can be contacted with microencapsulated formulations of the present invention, and the present compounds can also be fixed to wood surfaces through the cellulose binding domain. Traps baited with attractants and the compounds of the present invention can be used. The cotton or melon aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) flies to the cotton plants almost as soon as the cotton has removed the leaves. These small pale-green, soft-bodied lice fly to the plants and begin to reproduce. In the cool and wet season, when their natural enemies can not work against them so well, they can become abundant enough to wither and deform the plants. With frequencies, when hot weather arrives or summer, they practically disappear. The most important species, which feed above the ground, is the cotton aphid or melon Aphis gossypii Glover. The present compounds can be used to control aphids by contacting an aphid or its habitat with an effective amount of a formulation containing the present compounds as a spray, dry powder, wettable powder, or encapsulated in an indigestible material. Poisonous spiders cause diseases in mammals, from light local inflammation to a severe systemic reaction. The most poisonous spider in North America, the Black Widow Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius) and. geometricus (Fabricius) is responsible for human mortality of the order of 0.2 percent. The other intensely poisonous spider found in North America is the reclusive Recluse Brown Laxosceles spider (Gertsch and Malaik). Both males and females bite. The compounds of the invention can be used to treat nests and burrows and the like, by spraying with an effective amount. The scabies mite (or Psoroptic Scab) (Psoroptee equi (Raispail) and P. ovis (Hering)), such as the cattle scab mite, is a tiny eight-legged white mite that causes lesions on animals. pierce the skin with its sharp mouth styles. The first symptoms are small red spots that take out pus. As the number of mites increases, larger areas with yellow crusts filled with serum are covered. Larger scabs are formed on the skin over the mites, and the hair falls into large patches. Cattle scab is a quarantine disease. The compounds of the invention can be used to control scabies mites by contacting the host or its habitat with an effective amount of a formulation containing the present compounds as a spray, dry powders or wettable powder, and the like. The common chinch (Ci ex lectularis) and its close relatives (poultry bug (Haematosiphon ínodorus (Duges), the European pigeon bug (Cimex columbarius Jerjus), and the swallow bug (Oeciains vicarius Hrovath), are frequently pests in poultry houses At night, nymphs and adults find their way onto chickens that are sleeping, and suck their blood, laying hens can suffer especially from these pests, and can be driven to leave The bedbug also attacks humans, to rabbits, guinea pigs, horses and cattle. In humans, bites become increasingly painful for a week or more. Bedbugs strive under cramped and squalid conditions. The present compounds can be used for bed bugs by contacting a host or their habitat with an effective amount of a formulation containing the present compounds as a spray, a dry powder or a wettable powder, for example. The pale bugs, apart from their strange appearance, are not very different from aphids, psyllids, and phyloxers. They suck the juices from the plants and spread diseases. The sweet dew they excrete invites the growth of a fungus that interferes with the photosynthesis of the host plant. The compounds of the present invention can be used to control pale bugs, by contacting a pale bug or its habitat with an effective amount of a formulation containing the present compounds as a spray, a dry powder, a wettable powder, or encapsulated in a digestible material. The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation EXAMPLES Materials and Methods The chemicals used in the examples given below were obtained from the following sources: cinnamic aldehyde, Spectrum Chemical Company, N.J .; coniferyl aldehyde, APIN Chemical, United Kingdom; Tween 80 and sodium bicarbonate, Spectrum Chemical Company, Gardena, California, alpha-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde, Firmenich Chemical Manufacturing Center, Port Newark, New Jersey. The concentrations are given as the concentration of the indicated solution before dilution.

EXAMPLE 1 Effect of the Formulation on Arachnid Mite The activity of the cinnamic aldehyde and / or coniferyl aldehyde against the two-spotted arachnid, Tetranychus urticae, is determined as follows. In a double-blind experiment, the petri dish intersurfaces (60 millimeters in diameter) were treated with 100 microliters of a test formulation, and allowed to air dry, and used within the hour. Twenty adult arachnid mites were placed in each dish, and the percentage of arachnid mite mortality after 24 hours in contact with the treated dishes was determined.

Table 1 Arachnid Mite Formulation1 Percentage of Mortality CNMA (24 hours) ppm 25,000 99.2 12,500 98.6 5,000 66.4 2,500 78.0 100 56.0 10 51.7 HPLC Control H20 16.2 Vehicle2 49 + Control3 100 Control Neg. (H20) 12.6 -'- Cinnamic aldehyde at the concentration indicated in Tween 80 al 2%, NaHC03 at 6% 2Tween 80 at 2%, NaHC03 at 6%. 'sevin 10 ppm after three hours in contact with a treated dish, it is compared to that of spider mites in petri dishes treated only with water.

Bioensa? O Foliar de Planta Cotton plants are cultivated in 7.5 millimeter pots, in soil for pots in a greenhouse. When the plants reach the 3-leaf stage, they are infested with 60 adult arachnid mites (6 replicas). The mite is allowed to establish and feed. The plant is sprayed to spill (approximately 5 milliliters) with a formulation containing 100 to 2000 ppm (0.1 to 2 grams / liter) of a test formulation. The plant is covered with a tall plastic cage (5 millimeters high by 10 millimeters in diameter). The mortality of arachnid mites in plants sprayed with a test formulation is determined, and compared with that of arachnid mites in plants sprayed only with water.

Example 2 Effect of the Fly Formulation In a box with conditioned air measuring 1.5 meters by 1.5 meters by 1.5 meters, 150 flies (Musca domestica (1.) And Stomoxys calcitranus (1.)) Are released and sprayed with 8 milliliters of the test product. The test product contains from 100 to 2000 ppm cinnamic aldehyde and / or coniferyl aldehyde in an appropriate formulation. After 15 minutes of exposure, the number of flies that can no longer fly is noted. All flies are transferred to a containment box with fresh air, and allowed to recover for 20 hours. The number of dead flies is counted, and the percentage of dead flies compared with each formulation is compared with that without treatment or with treatment with a formulation known to kill flies at a level of approximately 60 percent.

Example 3 Effect of Formulation on Fleas Petri Dish bioenzyme The susceptibility of Aphanptera (Siphonaptera) is tested as follows. Petri dishes (60 millimeters in diameter) are treated with a specific dose of the product (100 to 2000 ppm) dissolved with water, and allowed to dry. Twenty insect samples and twenty insect larvae are placed on each of the separate plates (10-fold replica). The mortality of the insect and the larvae is compared after thirty hours in contact with a treated dish, with that of the insects and larvae treated only with the diluent, and with the treatment with a formulation known to kill fleas in a level of about 70 percent.

Treatment by Contact The treatment of a cat flea (Ctenocepalides felis) with different formulations containing alpha-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde is tested as follows. In a double-blind experiment, variable concentrations of the formulas were tested for their activity against the cat flea (Ctenocepalides felis). Initial experiments tested alpha-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde in concentrations of 5 percent, 10 percent, and 20 percent in Tween 80, 6 percent. As controls, a control formula containing 6 percent Tween 80 and a negative control without formula was tested. Fleas were placed in direct contact with the formulas, and mortality was assessed both visually and probing at 72 hours after contact. Approximately 11.356 milliliters of each formula concentration was sprayed onto a carpet section of 0.279 square meters (DuPont) at 1.4 kg / cm2. After being allowed to air dry (20 minutes), four plugs, each 14 centimeters in diameter, were cut from each section of treated carpet. One plug was used for each replica, for four total replicates. For each treatment and replication, 25 fleas were introduced into each stopper. Then the plugs were rolled and placed in a ventilated, leak proof 2 liter container. After 72 hours, mortality was evaluated. All treatments using the alpha-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde concentrations produced a flea mortality of more than 80 percent. A mortality of 14 percent was observed with the control of the formula at 6 percent. See Table 2.

Table 2 Cat Flea * AHCNMA = Alpha-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde (% by weight / volume) in a 6 percent Tween 80 vehicle.

Example 4 Effect of Tick Formulation In a double-blind experiment, filter papers (90 millimeters) (Whatman) were treated to a uniform saturation with 1 milliliter of the test formula, and placed in 90-millimeter petri dishes. Ten arachnids were placed in each petri dish, and the plate was closed. Observations of mortality were made at 30 minutes, at 1 hour, at 3 hours, at 6 hours, at 12 hours and at 24 hours. Cinnamic aldehyde concentrations ranged from 10 to 50,000 ppm in a 2 percent Tween 80 vehicle, 6 percent NaHCO 3. The effect of the vehicle alone or of H20 (HPLC) was also tested. In separate experiments, the effects of vehicle components compared to water were evaluated. In preliminary experiments with hard ticks (Ixodea pacificus and Dermacentor albipietus), a 100 percent mortality was reached at 24 hours, at a concentration of 2,500 ppm in vehicle. At concentrations lower than 2,500 ppm in vehicle, there was no effect on mortality. No effect was observed with H20 or with the vehicle alone. In preliminary experiments with the soft tick (Ornithodoros coriaceus), 100 percent mortality was achieved at concentrations higher than 12,500 ppm in vehicle (Trial 1). No effect was observed with H20 or with the vehicle alone. See Table 3.

Table 3 Ornithodoros Coriaceus (Soft Ticks) • '• The formulation is the indicated amount (ppm) of cinnamic aldehyde in a 2 percent Tween 80 vehicle and 6 percent NaHCO3. 2Tween 80 2 percent vehicle and 6 percent NaHCO3. 3 Not tested.

Example 5 Effect of the Formulation on German Cockroaches Adult male cockroaches (Dictyoptera, Blattelidae) were used to evaluate the insecticidal activity of cinnamic aldehyde and / or coniferyl aldehyde by a local application method.

Local Application Bioassay Twenty cockroaches were placed in stainless steel trays (20 liters) with lids. After a week with provision of food, water and lodging, they were sprayed with 5 milliliters of a remote test formulation (approximately 1 meter) using a Gilmour spray bottle. The number of dead and dying cockroaches was counted at 5 minutes, at 30 minutes, at 1 hour and at 12 hours after treatment, and compared with those not treated (diluent only). Raid (active ingredients: permethrin, pyrethrins and PBO) was used as a positive control. Within five minutes, all cockroaches treated with 2 percent cinnamic aldehyde (20,000 ppm) in aqueous vehicle (2 percent Tween 80, 6 percent NaHCO 3) were dead, as well as all those treated with Raid. The 10 percent of those treated with vehicles were only dead in 30 minutes, with no increase in mortality until 12 hours.

Example 6 Treatment of Western subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermi tidae) Laboratory Bioassay Charola Bioassay Sand is treated to play sterilized with aqueous emulsions of each formula and component, to provide deposits of 500 ppm (weight / weight of sand). Samples of 500 grams of sand are uniformly spread out to < 1 millimeter thick on a metal tray (50 by 30 centimeters), and sprayed with 65 milliliters of emulsion with an air brush at 1,970 grams / cm2 (28 psi), to obtain uniform treatments. Six examples are prepared for each formula and component. The treated sand is dried in a steam hood for 30 minutes, and the insecticidal activity of each treated sand is determined, continuously confining the termites in treated tanks for 24 hours. Ten termites are exposed to 2.5 milliliters of sand treated in petri dishes (35 by 10 millimeters) in each of five replicas. Termites and petri dishes are kept in a chamber maintained at 93 percent relative humidity, with a saturated solution of sodium sulfate. The number of dead or dying termites after a 24-hour exposure is determined. Termites are considered dead if they can not straighten within 5 minutes. The effectiveness of the test formulation is compared to termites treated with diluent only, or with a formulation known to kill termites at a level of approximately 70 percent.

Example 7 Effect of Formulation on Ants The effect of cinnamic aldehyde on adult carpenter ants (Camponotus pennsylvanicus) was evaluated as follows. Twenty adult ants were placed in a 20 liter stainless steel bucket with lid. The test formulations were prepared and used within one hour, and shaken immediately before spraying the insects. 8 milliliters of test solution were sprayed with a fine spray (Gilmour hand sprayer). The insects were observed at 0.5, 1, 8 and 24 hours. Cinnamic aldehyde (2 percent, 20,000 ppm) in 2 percent Tween 80 and 6 percent NaHCO3 in water gave 100 percent mortality at all points of time. 2Vehicle in 2 percent Tween 80 and 6 percent NaHCO3. Raid (active ingredients: permethrin, pyrethrins and PBO) was used as a positive control, and gave a 90 percent mortality at 0.5 hours, with 100 percent mortality at all other points of time.

Example 8 Effect of Mosquito Formulation Adults The toxicity of the mosquito formulation was determined using adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from the Mosquito Control Research Laboratory of the University of California at the Kearney Agricultural Center. The experiments were carried out as double blind studies. One milliliter of test formulation was pipetted onto a 11 inch Whatman # 2 filter paper cutout to fit the covered bottles (84 millimeters x 23 millimeters), which was air-dried at room temperature for two hours, and placed in a covered jar (84 mm x 23 mm). Twenty adult female mosquitoes without blood of approximately four days of age were sucked using a slight suction to each covered bottle. The open end of the vial was covered with a 1 mm nylon mesh and filter paper cut to fit for a full coverage of a 11 cm Whatman # 2 filter paper circle. The bottles were placed in a polyethylene mosquito bag (46 centimeters x 20 centimeters) with a damp paper towel inside and sealed loosely. The bag was gently inflated by gently blowing air and placing it in an incubator at 22 ° C for 24 hours with a cycle of daylight (14 hours of light, 10 hours of darkness). Untreated paper and paper treated with H20 were used as controls. Mortality was determined by counting the number of dead mosquitoes. The efficacy of different concentrations of cinnamic aldehyde in a 2 percent Tween 80 formulation was tested, NaHC03 at 6 percent, using concentrations of cinnamic aldehyde from 25,000 ppm up to 10 ppm with and without the addition of saponin, dilution of 1:60 of a solution of 10 ° Brix. At concentrations down to 100 ppm added to the filter paper, 100 percent of the mosquitoes were killed. At 10 ppm added to the filter paper, 78 percent of the mosquitoes were killed in the absence of saponin, but only 5 percent with saponin. Fourteen percent of the mosquitoes were killed with the addition of 2 percent Tween 80 and 6 percent NaHCO3 only to filter paper, and 50 percent with the additional addition of a 1:60 dilution of 10 percent saponin. ° Brix. The percentage of mortality is the average of three replications, with corrections to control mortality. See Table 4. Malathion was used as a positive control.

Larvae The larvicidal activity of the test formulations in different concentrations was tested in a double-blind bioassay on Culex quinqué fasciatus mosquito larvae. 25 larvae were placed in the late third stage of Culex quinqué fasciatus in Purex # 3250 glass containers of 100 x 80 millimeters. 250 milliliters of distilled H20 into the containers. One milliliter of the test formulation containing from 10 to 25,000 ppm of cinnamic aldehyde in vehicle (2 percent by volume of Tween 80 and 6 percent of sodium bicarbonate in distilled H20 to each container) was pipetted. control using 1 milliliter of distilled H20 in place of a test formulation Table 4 Mosquito Adults 1 Plain paper. 2H20.

All treated and untreated glass containers were placed in a temperature controlled room at 29 ° C. Each vessel was evaluated for larval mortality at 24-hour intervals. The number of dead larvae was reported. See Table 5 for the results of the bioassay. Concentrations greater than 5,000 ppm of cinnamic aldehyde gave 90 percent mortality at 24 and 48 hours.

Table 5 Larvae (Culex quinqué fasciatus) Example 9 Treatment of Lice Determination of Toxicity 50 milliliters of the test formula containing different concentrations of cinnamic aldehyde in vehicle (2 percent by volume of Tween 80, and 6 percent of sodium bicarbonate in distilled H20) are applied as uniformly as possible, to half a disk of filter paper (5.5 centimeters in diameter). Two test papers are prepared for each solution. The papers are air dried in a moving air flow for 30 minutes. Each paper is placed in the center of a 10-centimeter glass petri dish. Ten young adult female lice (5 to 7 hours after feeding) are placed in the center of the disc, and the Petri dish is covered. The dishes are placed in an incubator at 30 ± 2 ° C, and with a humidity of approximately 50 percent. After 5 minutes, allow time for the lice to become discolored and randomly distributed, the lice are counted on the treated side. The dishes are re-examined after each of another 4 incubation periods of 2 minutes. Any lice found outside the filter paper are excluded from the number of total samples, and are placed back on the filter paper to be counted in the next inspection. Five replicas are undertaken on the same day. The points are added, as well as the total number of lice sampled, and the control is verified by the random distribution. The repellency is calculated using Schneck's formula (1977).

Determination of the effect of cinnamic aldehyde on the choice of site for laying eggs. Circles of filter paper of 9 centimeters in diameter are torn in a square, and are bisected into two triangles with a (pencil) line. Torn paper filter with rough edges is an attractive place to lay eggs. Half of the filter paper is moistened with 200 microliters of H20 or formula, and dried for 30 minutes. A batch of 20 young adult females and 20 young adult males is incubated at 30 ± 20 ° C for a period of 24 hours. The eggs are counted. The tests are repeated for 5 days, and the egg counts are added for each type of area.

Example 10 Production of Aromatic Aldehydes in Microbial Systems A cDNA library is generated using RNA extracted from six week old tobacco stems. 20 micrograms of polyA RNA are prepared and the cDNA is synthesized. Part of this is cloned into the lambda-ZAP II vector (a commercially available cloning vector). At least 500,000 recombinants are screened using an oligonucleotide probe designed from peptide sequences of the purified CCoAr protein from the six week old tobacco stem tissue, or using the protocol of Goffner et al., Plant Physiol. (1994) 106: 625. Clones that hybridize strongly are selected and used to re-screen the cDNA library. The resulting clones are sequenced to enable the identification of the full-length ANDc inserts, and the introduction of appropriate CCoAR gene sequences into the yeast expression vector pMTL8110 (Faulkner, et al. (1994) Gene 143: 13-20) . Similarly, the coding sequences for the phenylalanine ammonia lyase of Rhodosporidium toruloides (PAL) are introduced into equivalent expression vector of yeast.; GenBanck locus RHDPAL), and a 4-coumarate ligase: CoAl from parsley (4CL, GenBank locus PC4CL1AA). The PAL, 4CL and CCoAR constructs are used to transform strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by electroincorporation, using established published procedures (Becker and Guarente, Methods in Enzymology 194: 182-187, 1991; Simón (1993) Methods in Enz? Mol. 217: 478-483). Transformants are selected on minimal medium lacking leucine. The transformant strains carrying the three genetic constructs are identified by polymerase chain reaction, and are selected for further analysis. The extracts of the control strains, both transformed and untransformed, are used for determinations of the enzymatic activities of PAL, 4CL and CCoAR, using well-established published tests. The strains are selected in which the activity of PAL, 4CL and CCoAR is significantly higher than the background activity detected in the control strains, for another analysis. The selected strains are analyzed by the production of aromatic aldehyde or using conventional published procedures, and those that produce significant amounts of cinnamic aldehyde are selected for the optimization of the fermentation conditions.

Example ll Treatment of Corn Rootworm with Cinnamic Aldehyde and with Tween 80 and / or NaHCQ3 Plant Foliar Bioassay Plants grown in 7.5 millimeter pots are grown in soil for pots in a greenhouse. Corn plants are used for the corn rootworm. When the plants reach the 3-leaf stage, they are infested with 60 of the specified arthropods (6 replicas). The corn rootworm is allowed to settle and feed. The plants are sprayed until spilled (approximately 5 milliliters) with a formulation containing 100 to 2,000 ppm, or a concentration of 0.1 to 2 grams / liter of a test formulation. The plant is covered with a plastic cover to prevent the formulation from touching the ground. The mortality of the worms is determined after three, five and seven days in the plants sprayed with a test formulation, and compared with that of the worms in the plants sprayed only with water and / or a control formula.

Example 12 Treatment of Russian Wheat Afid with Cinnamic Aldehyde and with Tween 80 and / or NaHCQ3 Foliar Bioassay of Plant Plants in 7.5 mm pots are grown, in potting soil, in a greenhouse. Wheat plants (Kansas variety) are used for the Russian wheat aphid. When the plants reach the 3-hour stage, they are infested with 60 of the specified arthropod (6 replicates). The insect is allowed to settle and feed. The plant is sprayed until spilled (to approximately 5 milliliters) with a formulation containing 100 to 10,000 ppm, or a concentration of 0.1 to 10 grams / liter of a test formulation. The plant is covered with a plastic cover to prevent the formulation from touching the ground. The mortality of the insects after 36 hours, five days and seven days in the plants sprayed with the test formulation is determined, and compared with that of the insects in the plants sprayed only in water and / or with a control formula Example 13 Treatment of Thysanoptera with Cinnamic Aldehyde and with Tween 80 and / or NaCHQ3 Plant Foliar Bioassay Plants in 7.5 mm pots are grown in soil for pots in a greenhouse. Rose plants of different varieties are used for aphids. When the plants reach the stage of 3 leaves, they are infested with 60 of the specified arthropod (6 replicas). The insect is allowed to settle and feed. The plant is sprayed to spill (about 5 milliliters) with a formulation containing from 100 to 10,000 ppm, or a concentration of 0.1 to 10 grams / liter of a test formulation. The plant is covered with a plastic cover to prevent the formulation from touching the ground. The mortality of the insects after 36 hours, 5 days and 7 days in the plants sprayed with the test formulation is determined, and compared with that of the insects in the plants sprayed only with water and / or with a formula of control.

Example 14 Melon Aphid Treatment Foliar Plant Bioassay The treatment of melon aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) is conducted as follows. Plants are cultivated in 7.5 millimeter pots, on land to be planted in a greenhouse.

Chrysanthemums (S. morifolum) are used for foliar bioassays of melon aphid plants.

A. Treatment of flowering plants with cinnamic aldehyde Infloated plants were infested, and the size of the population was taken before the count for each plant, and the average number of aphid nymphs per leaf was calculated. The plants were sprayed to spill (approximately 5 milliliters) with an aqueous formulation containing a concentration of 1,000 ppm, 3,000 ppm and 10,000 ppm of cinnamic aldehyde, and a negative control containing only H20. After 36 hours, the number of insects on the leaves sprayed with a given test formulation was determined, and compared with that of the insects on the leaves sprayed with a negative control only. The average aphid nymphs per leaf were determined in less than 10 for each concentration of cinnamic aldehyde, compared to the average before the count of approximately 60. See Table 6.

Table 6 Melon afid * CNMA = cinnamic aldehyde (ppm) in H20 B. Treatment of plants with cinnamic aldehyde and saponin Chrysanthemum plants were used in whole pots without flowering to test melon aphids. Two plants were treated for each treatment, and two leaves were sampled, one from the upper part of the plant and one from the lower part of the plant, to determine the number of live and dead melon aphids. Three treatments were applied: CNMA at 1.0 percent plus saponin at 0.5 percent, CNMA at 0.5 percent plus saponin at 0.25 percent, and saponin at 0.5 percent only. The whole plants were sprayed until they "dripped" on both the upper and lower sides of the leaves. The results are presented as the proportion of aphids found dead. The results were as follows: control plant (0.5 percent saponin only), 14.8 percent + 4.5; CNMA 0.5 percent, 48.3 + 16.1; CNMA at 1.0 percent, 72.0 + 11.2. These results indicate that the CNMA alone or with saponin, can annihilate a high degree of aphids with direct applications.

Example 15 Treatment of Spiders Contact Treatment To determine contact activity of the formulas, Latrodectus spp and Laxosceles reclusa test arachnids are sprayed directly. The treated spiders are carefully removed and placed in untreated petri dishes or jars. Five different concentrations of each active ingredient are sprayed directly into a formula on the test spider. A control formula and a negative control are tested. Five replicas are tested for each formula and spider. The average mortality of the spiders is determined by each treatment at 24 and 48 hours.

Example 16 Treatment of Scabies Acaro Treatment by Contact Scabies mites (or Psoroptic Scab) (Psoroptes equi (Raispail) and P. ovis (Hering)) are tested to determine the insecticidal activity by contact of the present formulas. The test mites are sprayed directly with a given test formula. The treated arsals are removed and placed in petri dishes or untreated jars. Five different concentrations of each active ingredient are sprayed directly into a formula on the test mange mite. A control formula and a negative control are tested as well. Five replicates are tested for each formula. The average mortality of mites at 24 and 48 hours for each treatment is determined.

Example 17 Treatment of Chinche Contact Treatment To determine the contact activity of cinnamic aldehyde (CNMA) and the alpha-hexyl-cinnamic aldehyde formula (AHCNMA), test bugs (Cimex lectularis) are sprayed directly with a given test formulation. The treated bugs are removed and placed in petri dishes or untreated jars. Five different concentrations of each active ingredient of a formula are sprayed directly on the test bug. As a control, a control formula and a negative control (H20) are tested. The average mortality of bedbugs at 24 and 48 hours for each treatment is counted.

EXAMPLE 18 Residual Activity of Cinnamic Aldehyde and Alpha-hexyl-cinnamic Aldehyde Two separate experiments indicated that both cinnamic aldehyde (CNMA) and alpha-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde (AHCNMA) have residual activity. In the first experiment, two milliliters of two concentrations of CNMA (0.3 and 1 percent) were sprayed on filter paper (Whatman). As a negative control, two milliliters of water were also sprayed on filter paper. Twenty-four hours later, two milliliters of water were sprayed onto the treatment and control filter paper, which was then dried for 30 minutes. Approximately 30 thrips insects (Frankliniella occidentalis) were introduced on the treated filter papers, and the number of F. occidentalis was observed after one hour. The average mortality was calculated for each treatment. After 72 hours, the treated filter papers were discarded and only the negative control filter paper and the filter paper treated with 1% CNMA were sprayed with 2 milliliters of water, and allowed to dry for 30 minutes. Approximately 30 thrips were introduced onto the two treated filter papers, and after one hour, the F number was observed. occidentalis died, and the average mortality was calculated for each treatment. A similar assay was conducted using AHCNMA. The average mortality was higher for filter papers rehydrated compared to filter papers not rehydrated over time. These experiments show that rehydration plays a role in the continuous lethal effects of the filter paper treated in contact with the thrips.

Continuous Exposure Test To further determine the residual activity of CNMA and AHCNMA, insects are confined in deposits on two representative surfaces. Glass is used to represent non-porous surfaces, and filter paper is used as a porous surface. Two milliliters of five different concentrations of each active ingredient of a formula are applied to filter paper discs (9 centimeters in diameter), or to the bottom of glass petri dishes (9 centimeters in diameter). As a control, two milliliters of formula minus active ingredient are also applied. The tanks are allowed to dry for 24 hours before the test. At test intervals of 7, 14, 28 and 56 days, a set of plates and filter papers are rehydrated with two milliliters of water, while a parallel set is not rehydrated. The insects are then confined in the tanks continuously, and the number of insects annihilated by the deposits is counted regularly. If the deposits fail to annihilate the insects within 48 hours, these treatments are discontinued from other aging studies.

Example 19 Control of Pale Bugs Contact Treatment To determine the contact activity of cinnamic aldehyde (CNMA) and the alpha-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde formula (AHCNMA), pale test bugs are sprayed directly with a given test formula. The treated insects are removed and placed in petri dishes or sterile untreated jars. Five different concentrations of each active ingredient of a formula are sprayed directly on the pale test bug. As a control, a control formula and a negative control (H20) are tested. Five replicates are tested with each formula. The average mortality of pale bugs for each treatment at 24 and 48 hours is determined. The above results demonstrate that formulations containing aromatic aldehydes, as exemplified by cinnamic aldehyde, are effective in killing off pests, including insects carrying diseases, insects and arachnids. All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification indicate the level of experience of the experts in the field to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference to the extent that it would be if each publication or individual patent application were indicated in a specific and individual manner as incorporated by reference. Having now fully described the invention, it may be seen by one of ordinary skill in the art, that many changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims.

Claims (22)

1. A method for controlling a population of insects or arachnids, this method comprising: contacting the population of insects or arachnids with a formulation comprising an effective amount of growth of the pest from 0.01 grams / liter to 25 grams / liter of one or more compounds of Formula (1): wherein R represents -CH2OH or -CHO; n is an integer from 0 to 3; and each R 'independently represents OH or an organic substituent containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and from 0 to 5 heteroatoms, wherein the total number of carbon atoms and heteroatoms in all R' substituents of this compound is not greater than 15; and R4 represents hydrogen or an organic substituent containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms. The method according to claim 1, wherein the formulation comprises from 2.5 grams / liter to 12.5 grams / liter of one or more compounds of the Formula (1). 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the formulation comprises the compound of Formula (2): wherein R represents -CHO; R2 represents -H, a methoxy group, or an organic substituent containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, R3 represents -H, -OH, or an organic substituent containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and R4 represents a hydrogen or an organic substituent containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. 4. The method according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the one or more compounds are cinnamic aldehyde, coniferyl aldehyde, and / or alpha-hexyl cinnamic formula. The method according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the formulation provides an annihilation of about 70 percent or more of said population of insects or arachnids. 6. The method according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the formulation is free of antioxidants other than the inherent antioxidant properties of the compounds of Formula (1) or (2). The method according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the formulation comprises saponin in an amount sufficient to emulsify the one or more compounds of Formula (1) as described in claim 1. 8. A composition aqueous pesticide, which comprises: a growth modulating amount of 0.01 to 25 grams / liter of one or more compounds of Formula (1), as described in claim 1, to provide an annihilation of about 70 percent or more than one population of insects or objective arachnids, and a pesticidally acceptable carrier or vehicle, where this compound is not cinnamic aldehyde. 9. The aqueous pesticidal composition according to claim 8, wherein the one or more compounds are coniferyl aldehyde and / or alpha-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde. The aqueous pesticidal composition according to claim 8 or claim 9, this composition being free of antioxidants other than the inherent antioxidant properties of said compounds. 11. The aqueous pesticidal composition according to any of claims 8 to 10, wherein said composition comprises a saponin as an emulsifier. 1

2. A composition suitable for use as bait for an arachnid, which comprises: one or more compounds of Formula (1) as described in claim 1, associated with a solid support, and optionally enclosed in a housing having a average income and expenditure for said arachnid. 1

3. A composition according to claim 12, wherein a chemoattractant for the arachnid is associated with the solid support. The use of one or more compounds of Formula (1) as described in claim 1, as an agent that impairs growth and / or viability. 15. The method according to claims 1 to 7, wherein the one or more compounds are coniferyl aldehyde and / or alpha-hexyl cinnamic formula. 16. The method according to any of claims 1 to 7 and 15, wherein the formulation further comprises a surfactant. 17. An aqueous pesticidal composition, which comprises: a growth modulating amount of 2.5 to 25 grams / liter of cinnamic aldehyde, to provide an annihilation of about 70 percent or more of an objective insect or arachnid population, and an Carrier or vehicle pesticidally acceptable. 18. The composition according to the claim 17, this composition being free of antioxidants other than the inherent antioxidant properties of cinnamic aldehyde. 19. The composition according to any of claims 17 to 18, wherein this composition comprises a saponin as an emulsifier. 20. An aqueous pesticidal composition according to any of claims 8 to 11 and 17 to 19, wherein the aqueous pesticidal composition further comprises a surfactant. 21. A composition suitable for use as bait for an insect or arachnid, which comprises: one or more compounds of the Formula (2) as described in claim 3, associated with a solid support, wherein the compound is not aldehyde cinnamic 22. A composition suitable for use as bait for an insect or arachnid, which comprises: one or more compounds of the Formula (2) as described in claim 3, coupled to a solid support.