MXPA97004388A - Increase of the concentration of creatine and glycogen in muscu - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to methods and compositions for increasing creatine retention and glycogen concentrations in muscles of the human and / or animal body, comprising increasing the concentration of creatine in the blood plasma of a body and causing a substantially simultaneous increase in the concentration of insulin in the blood plasma. Compositions comprising creatine or an active derivative thereof are introduced into the body by oral intake or infusion, such as injection, together with a carbohydrate, such as glucose to increase the release of insulin in the blood, to its it takes glucose to the muscles for the synthesis of glycogen. The insulin or an active derivative thereof can also be found in the composition either together with the carbohydrate or in place of the carbohydrate

Description

INCREASING THE CONCENTRATION OF CREATIN AND GLYCOGEN IN MUSCLES The present invention relates to the retention of creatine within the body, and refers particularly but not exclusively to a method and composition for increasing the absorption of creatine in humans. The invention also relates to a method and a composition for simultaneously increasing the concentration of glycogen in muscles. It is known that he creates na < t i lg 1 icoc lamin, H2NC = NH.NíCH3) CH2C02H > It is present in the muscles of vertebrates. It is present in a phospho- plated form and in a non-phosphated form and has been shown to participate in muscle contraction and in the development of fatigue. Creatine is produced naturally by the body, but it is also obtained from animal foods. The majority of body creatine is present in the muscles, and it is believed that the increase in the amount of creatine within the muscles significantly affects muscle performance and the amount of work that the muscle can perform. Therefore, it is considered desirable to be able to influence the retention of creatine in the body. Glycogen, < C6H100) x, is a carbohydrate found in animal cells and can be converted from glucose and into glucose. Athletes try to increase the glycogen content of their muscles before competing to increase muscle performance. In this specification, the term "active derivative" refers to any derivative of the relevant substance or to any precursor of the relevant substance that acts in the same way or in a manner similar to the substance in the body, or that is processed in the substance when placed in the body. The terms serum and plasma can be interchanged. In accordance with the present invention, a method is provided for increasing the retention of creatine in the human or animal body by causing an increase in the concentration of creatine in the blood plasma and causing a simultaneous increase in the concentration of insulin in the blood plasma. the blood plasma. The concentration of creatine in the plasma can be increased by the ingestion and / or infusion of creatine or an active derivative thereof. The concentration of insulin in the plasma can be increased by the infusion of insulin or an active derivative thereof and / or by the ingestion of an agent that can cause an increase in the concentration of insulin in the blood plasma. The agent can be a carbohydrate or an active derivative thereof, preferably a simple carbohydrate. Preferably, the carbohydrate is glucose. Preferably, the method comprises the simultaneous intake of crea ina and of an agent that can cause an increase in the concentration of insulin in the blood plasma substantially simultaneously with the arrival of the crea ina in the plasma. The creatine and / or the agent is preferably ingested orally. The invention further provides a method for increasing the storage of glycogen, and particularly the concentration of glycogen in the muscles of the human or animal body causing an increase in carbohydrate concentration in the blood plasma and the concentration of insulin and causing a substantial increase. Simultaneously with the concentration of creatine in the blood plasma. The concentration of creatine in the. Plasma can be increased by the intake and / or infusion of creatine or an active derivative thereof. Plasma carbohydrate, which is preferably glucose and insulin concentrations can be increased by the intake of carbohydrate or an active derivative thereof, but preferably glucose and / or any other simple carbohydrate and / or by infusion of a carbohydrate or an active derivative thereof, such as glucose or any other simple carbohydrate. Preferably the creatine or an active derivative thereof and the glucose and / or another simple carbohydrate are ingested orally. In accordance with the present invention there is further provided a composition for increasing the retention of creatine in the human or animal body., the composition comprises creatine or an active derivative thereof together with a carbohydrate or an active derivative of the same. Preferably, the composition has the nature of a food supplement. Preferably, the carbohydrate is glucose and / or another simple carbohydrate. The composition preferably comprises from 2 to V, by weight of creatine and from 92 to 8% by weight of glucose and / or another simple carbohydrate. In accordance with the invention there is also provided a method for increasing the retention of creatine in the human or animal body by ingesting and / or injecting a composition as described above. Preferably, the composition is ingested in an amount of 100 g to 700 g per day, which can be taken in 4 equal parts throughout the day. Further in accordance with the present invention there is provided a composition for increasing the retention of creatine in the human or animal body, the composition comprising creatine or an active derivative thereof together with insulin or an active derivative thereof. Furthermore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a composition for increasing the glycogen accumulation in the human or animal body and particularly the concentration of glycogen in the muscles, the composition comprising creatine or an active derivative of the a. same along with insulin or an active derivative thereof. The composition can be in a form that can be ingested and / or injected into the body. In accordance with the invention there is also provided a method for increasing the retention of creatine in the human or animal body by ingesting and / or injecting a composition in accordance with the above described. In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for increasing the storage of glycogen in the human or animal body and particularly the concentration of glycogen in the muscles by ingesting and / or injecting a composition in accordance with the above described. Preferably a carbohydrate, or an active derivative thereof, is also ingested and / or desirably injected such that an increase in the blood plasma carbohydrate concentration of insulin concentration in the blood plasma occurs substantially simultaneously with an increase in the concentration of creatine in the blood plasma. According to the invention there is also provided a composition for increasing glycogen storage in the human or animal body, particularly the concentration of glycogen in muscles of the human or animal body, the composition comprising creatine or an active derivative thereof together with a carbohydrate or an active derivative thereof. Preferably, the composition has the nature of a food supplement. Preferably, the carbohydrate is glucose and / or another simple carbohydrate. The composition preferably contains from 2 to B% by weight of creatine and from 92 to 98 *. in glucose weight and / u. another simple bohydrate ca In accordance with the invention there is also provided a method for increasing the storage of glycogen in the human or animal body and particularly the concentration of glycogen in muscle by ingesting and / or injecting a composition in accordance with that described above.

Preferably, the composition is ingested in an amount of 100 g to 700] per day, and can be taken in 4 equal parts during the day. According to the invention there is further provided a composition comprising creatine or an active derivative thereof and a carbohydrate or an acyl derivative thereof for use as an active pharmaceutical composition. The invention also provides a composition comprising creatine either an active derivative thereof and insulin or an active derivative thereof for use as an active pharmaceutical preparation. The composition may also comprise a hydrochloride or an active derivative thereof. The invention further provides creatine either an active derivative thereof and a carbohydrate or active derivative thereof for use in the preparation of a substance to increase the retention of creatine in the human or animal body. The invention also provides a composition comprising creatine or an active derivative thereof, and insulin or an active derivative thereof, for its. use in the preparation of a substance to increase creatine retention and / or storage of glycogen in the human or animal body, such as muscle. The carbohydrate or active derivative thereof may also be provided. The invention further provides a composition comprising creatine or an active derivative thereof and a carbohydrate or active derivative thereof for use in the preparation of a substance to increase the concentration of glycogen in the muscle of the human body or animal. 1. Preferably, the carbohydrate is glucose and / or another simple carbohydrate. The composition preferably comprises from 2 to 8"by weight of creatine and from 92 to 98 * / of glucose and / or other simple carbohydrate The methods and compositions of the invention can be used to increase the retention of creatine in the body. In humans, this is desired, for example, in the case of athletes and athletes to avoid or delay the onset of muscular ease The ability to increase the retention of creatine may also be desired in the case of persons they have relatively low levels of general creatine, for example vegetarians who do not ingest animal protein, and those who suffer from muscle-affecting disease.The present invention allows the increase of creatine retention to a greater extent than what is achieved by creatine at the disposal of the body only.The invention also allows to increase the concentration of glycogen in the muscles.This is desirable on the part of the athletes to Increase your performance Likewise, the increase in the concentration of glycogen in the muscles is interesting in the case in which the sensitivity of the body to insulin is affected, for example in the case of obese, diabetic people, who suffer from heart failure or after of a surgical trauma. The invention will be further described for the purpose of illustration only with reference to the following examples and drawings in which: Figure 1 is a graph showing the increase in total creatine concentration versus the change in glycogen concentration in subjects of the group A of example 2; Figure 2 e? = A similar ratio in the case of the subjects of group B of example 2; Figure 3 is a graph showing serum insulin concentration versus time for all groups in Example 4; and Figure 4 is a graph showing the concentration of glucose in the blood plasma versus time, for all groups of the example 4. EXAMPLE 1 EXPERIMENT 16 men were randomly divided into groups 1 (6! members), 2 (6 members) and 3 (4 members). On day 1 subjects gave a blood sample and then took the following prepared ions: Group 1: 5 grams of creatine in 250 ml of warm orange with low calorie level Group 2: 5 g of creatine in 250 ml of warm orange with low calorie content plus 500 ml of a glucose drink (LUC0ZADE (R) manufactured by S ith line Beecham), which contains 90-100 g of simple sugars. Group 3: 250 ml of hot orange with low calorie level. Samples of venous blood arteries were then obtained at the interval of 20 minutes during the following 4 and a half hours, while the subjects remained in a supine position. During the rest of the day, and during day 2, subjects took the aforementioned preparations at 4-hour intervals, which represents a total daily creatine dose of 20 g. On the morning of day 3, the subjects were reported back to the laboratory and were subjected to the same procedures as on the first day. All subjects weighed and recorded their dietary intake during the study, subjects in group 2 consumed a prescribed high-carbohydrate diet, and 24-hour urine was taken on day 1 and day 3. Creatine was measured in plasma and in the urine using high performance liquid chromatography- and serum insulin was measured using a radisimmunoassay technique. RESULTS The results appear in table 1, where CR = creatine. The concentration of creatine in the plasma < u mol / 1) was plotted versus time for each group, and the area under each curve was determined. Urinary creatine was also determined < g) and peak serum insulin (mUI / 1). Creatine concentrations in the plasma peaked within 90 minutes of creatine intake and decreased to resting values during the remaining 180 minutes of the 4 and a half hour period. The area under the curve of plasma creatine was lower in group 2 than in group 1, as well as in the content of creatine in the urine. After ingested carbah, serum insulin levels reached a level within 30 minutes in group 2 and returned to the pre-intake concentration for the remaining 240 minutes. The concentration of insulin in the plasma did not change in group 1 or group 3 during the course of the experiment. TABLE 1 DAY 1 Group 1 Group 2 Mean Error Mean standard error standing area below 2834.1 298.1 883.9 ++ 109.9 of the plasma creatine curve (umal / 1 / min) Creatine 9.5 1.2 5.0 * 0.8 urinary (g) Peak of 7.8 1.3 2.0+ ??:: i nsu1 i na serum (mUI / 1) DAY 3 Group 1 Group - Me ia Error Medium standard error area below 2637.5 228.6 948.3 * 454.5 of the plasma creatine curve (umol / l / min Creat ina 11.9 1.1 5.7 + 1.2 urinary (g) Peak of 9.5 2.0 8 .2 ++ 11.5 i nsu1 na n serum (mUI / 1) * P <0.05; + P 0.01; ++ P <0.001 - significantly different from the corresponding value The reduced area under the plasma creatine curve and the lower urinary creatine content of the subjects who had ingested creaine and carbohydrate compared to subjects who had ingested only creatine shows that the body absorption of creatine is higher in the second group.It is believed that this increase in creatine absorption it is mediated by insulin, the concentration of insulin in the plasma is increased by the ingested carbohydrate EXAMPLE 2 EXPERIMENT A muscle biopsy sample was taken from the vastus lateralis muscle of each of 21 healthy men and it froze in liquid nitrogen for its subsequent biochemical analysis. Starting from the next day, 12 subjects (group A) each took 5 grams of creatine dissolved in a warm orange juice free of sugar, four times a day for 5 days. The remaining 9 subjects (group B) did the same as the subjects of group A, but also consumed 500 ml of LUCOZADE, 30 minutes after the ingestion of each of the creatine preparations. Subjects returned the day after 5: > day of the addition and additional samples of muscle biopsy were taken. Urine samples were taken 24 hours before the first biopsy sample (control) and on the 5th day of the creatine addition (day 2). The content of creatine in the urine (in grams) was then measured using high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Table 2 shows the muscle concentration (mmol / kg dry mass, mean +/- standard error) of phosphorylated creatine (PCr) non-phosphorylated creatine (Cr) and total cretin (TCr) before and after the addition of creatine. Significant differences between groups are indicated by an asterisk, p <; 0.O5. TABLE 2 PCr Before the After complementing with creatine supplementation with creatine Group A 85.1 +/- 2.5 92.4 +/- 2.1 Group B 84.4 +/- 3.8 99.4 +/- 2.6 * Cr Before the After Complementation creatine supplementation with creatine Group A 36.4 +/- 1.7 49.8 +/- 1.5 Group B 39.0 +/- 2.3 57.1 +/- 3.4 * TCr Before the After complementation complementation with creatine with creatine Group A 121.5 + / - 3.1 142.2 +/- 2.6 Group B 123.4 +/- 4.3 156.4 +/- 5.4 * The increase in the total creatine concentration after complementing group B was approximately 60V "greater than in group A. This increase it comprises increases in both phosphorylated creatine and phosphorylated creatine. The content of creatine in the urine was higher in group A and in group B on day 2 but there was no difference between the groups on control day. These results indicate that the intake of carbohydrate increases the absorption of creatine in the muscles in man, and to a much greater extent than what can be observed when only creatine is ingested. EXAMPLE 3 The muscle samples obtained in the study of Example 2 were further analyzed to determine the concentration of glycogen in the muscles. Muscle samples from an additional group C of 8 subjects were also analyzed. This group had followed a diet similar to groups A and B but had ingested a carbohydrate preparation but without creatine in the form of 500 ml of LUCOZADE, at the same times as the subjects of groups A and B. Table 3 shows the concentration in the muscles (mmol / kg) of glycogen before and after the campleta ion, and also the difference in concentration. TABLE 3 sd = standard deviation; se = standard error GRUPO A before the after the difer comp 1ementac i n mid-level plementation 364.8 366.1 1.2 sd 63.4 35.8 67.9 se 19.1 19.8 20.5 GRUPO B mmeeddiiaa 3 33311..11 488.7 157.6 sd 32.5 125.4 126.8 se 10.8 1.8 42, T GROUP C average 337.5 413.3 75.8 ssdd 3377..33 55.9 33.2 se 13.2 19.8 11.7 Table 3 shows that the mean difference of glycogen after supplementing in group A, which took only creatine, was very small. The subjects of group C, who only took glucose, showed an increase in the concentration of glycogen in the muscles after supplementation. However, a more marked increase in glycogen concentration was observed in the muscles in group B, which took creatine and glucose, together. The results of the individual subjects in group B varied greatly. However, with reference to Figure 2, it is observed that there is a linear relationship between the increase in creatine concentration and the incement of glycogen concentration in subjects of this group, which shows a synergistic effect. No relationship of this type was observed in the subjects in group A, who only took creatine (figure 1). EXAMPLE 4 EXPERIMENT 29 fasting subjects were divided randomly into three groups, group A (12 subjects), group B (subjects) and group C (8 subjects). Each member of group A ingested 5 g of creatine dissolved in warm orange juice free of sugar. Each member of group B ingested 5 g of creatine dissolved in sugar-free warm orange juice along with 500 ml of LUCOZADE, 30 minutes after the intake of the creatine preparation. Group C ingested 500 ml of LUCOZADE alone. Arterial venous blood samples were collected from each member of each group before ingestion and at 20 minute intervals immediately after ingestion for the next 220 minutes, while the subjects remained in a supine position. The co-concentration of insulin in the blood serum was measured in each sample, and the results appear in Table 4 below. The concentration of insulin in the serum iMUI / 1) was plotted against time (minutes) for each time and appears in figure 3. The total blood glucose concentration was also measured before the intake and at 20 minute intervals during the 280 minutes following and the results obtained appear in Table 5 below. The total blood glucose (mmol / L) for each group was plotted versus time (minutes) and the results appear in Figure 4. TABLE 4. PLASMA INSULIN (mUI / 1, mean +/- standard error) GP time (min. ) 0 20 A creatine 5.8 +/- 0.8 7.3 +/- 1.2 B creatine + carbohydrate 8.8 +/- 1.5 87.6 +/- 11.1 C carbohydrate 8.0 +/- 1.5 B7.6 +/- 11.1 GP 40 60 120 220 A 6.5 +/- 1.0 6.3 +/- 1.6 4.7 +/- 0.3 4.7 +/- 0.4 B 90.2 +/- 20.4 60.8 +/- 12.1 15.6 +/- 5.2 5.8 +/- 0.5 C 90.2+ /-20.4 60.8 +/- 12.1 15.6 +/- 5.2 5.8 +/- 0.5 TABLE 5. PLASMATIC GLUCOSE (mmol / 1, mean +/- standard error) GP time (min) 0 20 A creatine 4.6 +/- 0.2 4.5 +/- 0.1 B creatine + carbohydrate 4.8 +/- 0.2 8.5 +/- 0.3 C carbohydrate 4.7 +/- 0.2 8.4 +/- 0.2 GP 0 60 80 100 A 4.5 +/- 0.1 4.5 +/- 0.1 4.4 +/- 0.1 4.2 +/- 0.1 B 7.9 +/- 0.2 6.6 +/- 0.1 5.8 +/- 0.5 5.7 +/-. c 8.2 +/- 0.2 7.7 +/- 0.1 6.9 +/- 0.0 6.7 +/- 0.1 GP 120 140 160 180 A 4.4 +/- 0.2 4. +/- 0.1 4.3 +/- 0.1 4.2 +/- 0.1 B 4.8 +/- 0.2 4.5 +/- 0.1 4.1 +/- 0.1 4.3- + / - .2 C 5.8 +/- 0.1 5.3 +/- 0.3 4.6 +/- 0.2 4.2 +/- 0.1 GP 200 220 240 280 A 4.2 +/- 0.1 4.2 +/- 0.2 4.3 +/- 0.1 4.3 +/- 0.1 B 4.3 +/- 0.2 4.2 +/- 0.2 4.6 +/- 0.2 4.2 +/- 0.1 C 4.0+ /-0.2 4.1 +/- 0.2 4.3 +/- 0.1 4.4 +/- 0.1 The results shown in Table 4 and in Figure 3 clearly indicate that, when creatine is ingested together with carbohydrate (group B), the concentration of insulin in the serum is considerably higher than that found when only creatine is ingested (group A) and carbohydrate (group C). In addition, the results shown in Table 5 and Figure 4 clearly show that when creatine and carbohydrate ßgrups B) are ingested together, there is a considerably faster decrease in blood glucose concentration than when the carbohydrate is ingested. alone. This is due to the direct result of the increased release of insulin in the blood caused by the co-occurrence of creatine and glucose ingested. The rapid decrease in the concentration of glucose in the blood plasma indicates an increased absorption of glucose in the muscles for the synthesis of glycogen (as seen in example 3). In other words, the intake, or infusion, of creatine in combination with carbohydrate increases the storage of glycogen in the muscles. Modifications can be made within the scope of the present invention. Particularly, the carbohydrate can vary, for example by the use of another simple carbahidate such as, for example, appendicum or tsaccharide, when glucose is preferred due to the speed with which it enters the bloodstream after ingestion, causing Substantially simultaneous types in terms of insulin and creatine concentrations in the blood, and to optimize the increase in plasma insulin. Creatine, glucose and / or insulin or active derivatives of any of these can infiltrate the blood in any suitable manner, for example by injection. In addition, the carbohydrate can be substituted either with insulin or with an active derivative thereof. The intake or the injection of compositions comprising creatine <either an active derivative thereof) and insulin or an active derivative thereof can be completed by the intake of carbon idarto, for example glucose, for example in the form of a beverage. The timing of intake or injection (infusion) of the composition and carbohydrate is that the increase in the concentration of carbohydrate in the blood plasma and the concentration of insulin and the concentration of crea ina in the plasma reach a peak of Substantially simulatively. While attempting to underline in the above specification the characteristics of the invention which is considered particularly important, it should be understood that the applicant claims protection in relation to all the characteristics that may be patented or combination of characteristics indicated herein and / or shown in the drawings that Special attention has been given here or to the aforementioned sources.

Claims (48)

1. CLAIMS 1. A method to increase the retention of creatine in the human or animal body causing an increase in the concentration of creatine in the blood plasma and causing an increase in the simultaneous concentration of insulin in the blood plasma.
2. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of creatine in the plasma is increased by the intake of creatine or of an active derivative thereof.
3. 3. A method of conformance with rei indication 1, wherein the creatine concentration in the plasma is increased by the infusion of creatine.
4. 4. A method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of insulin in the plasma is increased by the infusion of insulin or an active derivative thereof.
5. 5. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the concentration of insulin in the plasma is increased by the ingestion of an agent that can cause an increase in the concentration of insulin in the blood plasma.
6. 6. A method of conformance with rei indication 5, wherein the agent is a carbohydrate or an active derivative thereof.
7. 7. A method of conformance with rei indication 6, wherein the agent is a simple carbohydrate.
8. 8. A method according to claim 7, wherein the carbohydrate is glucose.
9. 9. A method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the method comprises the simultaneous intake of creatine and an agent that can cause an increase in the concentration of insulin in the blood plasma substantially simultaneously with the arrival of the creatine in the plasma.
10. 10. A method according to any of the rei indications 5 to 9, wherein the creatine and / or the agent are orally ingested.
11. 11. A method for increasing the storage of glycogen in the human or animal body by causing an increase in the concentration of carbohydrate and insulin in the blood plasma and causing a substantially simultaneous increase in the concentration of creatine in the blood plasma. .
12. 12. A method according to claim 11, wherein the concentration of plasma creatine is increased by the intake and / or infusion of creatine or an active derivative thereof.
13. 13. A method according to claim 11 or claim 12, wherein the plasma carbohydrate and insulin concentrations are increased by the intake and / or infusion of carbohydrate or an active derivative thereof.
14. 14. A method according to claim 11, or claim 12, wherein the glucose and insulin concentrations in the plasma are increased by infusion of glucose or other simple carbohydrate.
15. 15. A method according to any of claims 11 to 14, wherein the creatine or an active derivative thereof and the glucose and / or another simple carbohydrate are ingested orally.
16. 16. A composition for use to increase the retention of creatine in the human or animal body, the composition comprising creatine or an active derivative thereof together with a carbohydrate or an active derivative thereof, the carbohydrate or derivative thereof it comprises a greater percentage, by weight, of the composition than of creatine or derivative thereof.
17. 17. A composition according to claim 16, wherein the composition has the nature of a food supplement.
18. 18. A composition in accordance with rei indications 16 or 17, wherein the carbohydrate is glucose and / or another simple carbohydrate.
19. 19. A composition according to any of claims 16 to 18, wherein the composition comprises from 2 to B% by weight of creatine and from 92 to 98%. by weight of glucose and / or another simple carbohydrate.
20. 20. A method for increasing the retention of creatine in the human or animal body by ingesting a composition as defined in any of claims 16 to 19.
21. 21. A method according to claim 20., where the composition is ingested in an amount of 100 g to 700 g per day.
22. 22. A method according to claim 20 or claim 21, wherein the composition is taken in 4 equal portions during the day.
23. 23. A composition for use to increase the retention of creatine in the human or animal body, the composition comprises creatine or an active derivative thereof together with insulin or a derivative thereof.
24. 24. A composition for use to increase the storage of glycogen in the human or animal body, the composition comprises creatine or a derivative thereof, together with insulin or an active derivative thereof.
25. 25. A composition according to claim 23 or claim 24, wherein the composition has a form to be ingested and / or injected into the body.
26. 26. A method for increasing creatine retention in the human-to-animal body by ingesting and / or injecting a composition as defined in any one of claims 23 to 25.
27. 27. A method for increasing glycogen storage in the human or animal body by ingesting and / or injecting a composition in accordance with that defined in any of claims 23 to 25 above.
28. A method according to claim 26 or claim 27, wherein a carbohydrate is also ingested and / or injected desirably in such a way that an increase in the concentration of carbohydrate in the blood plasma and the concentration of insulin occur substance with an increase in the concentration of creatine in the blood plasma.
29. 29. A composition for increasing the storage of glycogen in the human or animal body, the composition comprising creatine or an active derivative thereof together with a carbohydrate or an active derivative thereof, the carbohydrate or the derivative thereof comprises a greater percentage, by weight, of the composition of the creatine or derived from it.
30. 30. A composition according to claim 29, .8 wherein the composition has the nature of a food supplement.
31. 31. A composition according to claim 29, or claim 30, wherein the carbohydrate is glucose and / or another simple carbohydrate.
32. 32. A composition according to any of claims 29 to 31, wherein the composition comprises from 2 to 8 '/. in weight of creatine and from 92 to 98 '/. by weight of glucose and / or another simple carbohydrate.
33. 33. A method for increasing the storage of glycogen in the human or animal body by ingesting and / or infusing a composition as defined in any of claims 29 to 32.
34. 34. A method according to claim 33, wherein the composition is ingested in an amount of 100 g a 700 g l day.
35. 35. A method according to claim 33, or with the rei indication 34, where the composition is taken in four equal parts throughout the day.
36. 36. A composition comprising creatine or an active derivative thereof, and a carbohydrate or active derivative thereof in a greater percentage, by weight, of the composition than the creatine or derivative thereof, for use as active pharmaceutical composition.
37. 37. A composition comprising creatine or an active derivative thereof and insulin or an active derivative thereof for use as an active pharmaceutical preparation.
38. 38. A composition according to claim 37, wherein the composition also comprises a carbohydrate or an active derivative thereof.
39. 39. A composition comprising creatine or an active derivative thereof and a carbohydrate or active derivative thereof for use in the manufacture of a substance for increasing the retention of creatine in the human or animal body, the carbohydrate or else derived therefrom forms more, by weight, of the composition than the creatine or derivative thereof.
40. 40. A composition comprising creatine and an active derivative thereof, and insulin or an active derivative thereof, for use in the preparation of a composition for increasing creatine retention and / or glycogen storage ep the human or animal body.
41. 41. A composition according to claim 40, wherein the carbohydrate or an active derivative thereof is also provided.
42. 42. A composition comprising creatine or an active derivative thereof and a carbohydrate or active derivative thereof for use in the manufacture of a substance to increase the storage of glycogen in the human or animal body, the carbohydrate or else derived therefrom forms more, by weight, of the composition than the creatine or derivative thereof.
43. 43. A composition according to claim 42, wherein the carbohydrate is glucose and / or another carbohydrate s imp 1e.
44. 44. A composition according to claim 42 or claim 43, wherein the composition comprises from 2 to BV, by weight of creatine and from 92 to 8 * by weight of glucose and / or simple carbohydrate.
45. 45. A method substantially as described above with reference to the accompanying drawings.
46. 46. A composition substantially as described above with reference to the accompanying drawings.
47. 47. Any novel matter or combination that includes novelty material presented, within or otherwise of the scope or in relation to said invention in any of the preceding claims.
48. 48. A composition for use to increase the retention of creatine in the human or animal body, according to claim 1, wherein the composition complies 70 * A of ca rboh idratos.