MXPA97001921A - Lig weight generator set - Google Patents

Abstract

A machine comprising a stator and a rotor, wherein the stator includes at least one winding and the rotor comprises a body of soft magnetic material with a plurality of permanent magnets on a surface positioned close to the stator, with intervening poles of consequence, where the surface area of the permanent magnets near the stator is greater than the area of the poles of consequence close to the stator. Also described is a stator comprising a soft magnetic core with respective 3-phase windings corresponding to different outputs of predetermined voltage with the corresponding phases of the windings of 3 respective phases grouped together as a unit and windings around the core, of such that the corresponding phases of the windings of 3 respective phases are in continuous thermal contact with each other. It also describes the use of a variable frequency inverter sensitive to a DC signal generated in the stator winding and a control signal indicating the current drawn by a load on the device to generate an AC signal, where the frequency of the AC signal is selectively varied according to the current drawn by the load. In another embodiment, the rotor comprises a hollow cylinder with the magnets mounted on the inner surface of the cylinder with the stator positioned concentrically inside the cylinder. A governor is also described to selectively control the motor regulator according to the output signal of the generator.

Description

LIGHTWEIGHT WEIGHT GENERATOR SET DESCRIPTION The present invention relates to portable, lightweight electric generators. In general, portable CD generators are known. Portable generators commonly comprise a conventional diesel or gasoline-powered engine having a crankshaft coupled to a generator. The generator includes a stationary and a broken stator placed for rotation with the machine axis. The rotor generates a magnetic field. As the magnetic field intercepts the windings in the stator, the electric current is induced. The induced current is typically applied to a bridge rectifier, sometimes regulated and provided as an output. Examples of such prior art generators include Generac G1000 (950 watts and 22.24 kg. (49 pounds)), the Honda EX1000 (1000 watts and 25.87 kg) (57 pounds)) and the Yamaha EF1000 (1000 watts and 24.97 kg) (55 pounds)). Although typically not found in portable units, an AC output can be provided to apply the DC signal to an inverter. Although mentioned as portable, the prior art generating units tend to be heavy and uncomfortable, or are unable to provide sufficient sustained power for typical uses. In addition, the prior art units typically provide either a relatively high amperage, high voltage (eg 115 volts) of output, or a relatively low voltage, high amperage outputs (eg 12 or 24 volts, to 25 to 200). amperes) and a weight of approximately 18.16 to 29.51 kg (40 to 65 pounds), in dry weight. In many cases, however, it is advantageous to have both high-voltage, low-current outputs, for example for vacuum gears or power tools and a low-voltage, high-amperage output for example, for charging batteries or firing to start a car of a unit that is easily transported by a person using a shoulder strap. The present invention provides a truly light weight generator capable of providing sufficient sustained power for typical uses. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a light weight generator is implemented employing a rotor that uses permanent magnets of high energy product. In accordance with other aspects of the present invention, the rotor is mounted directly on the motor shaft. The rotor is sufficiently close coupled to the motor in such a way that an air space between the stator and the rotor is kept without bearings apart from those normally employed in the motor.

According to another aspect of the present invention, the rotor is of a multi-pole design with half of the poles consisting of high density magnets and the other half of the poles consisting of consequent poles, thereby obtaining the maximum use of high density magnets. According to another aspect of the present invention, a multi-wind stator is employed to provide both the low voltage, high amperage output, for example for charging batteries and a high voltage output, under amperage, for example to operate lights and power tools. According to another aspect of the present invention, two alternative low voltage, high amperage outputs can be provided, for example, 12 volts and 24 volts. According to another aspect of the present invention, the ratio of the power output of the generator to the rotor weight is in excess of 150 or 200, preferably in excess of 500, more preferably in excess of 700 and more preferably in Excess of 800 watts per 0.454 kg. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will be described in the following together with the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which the similar designations represent similar elements and: FIGURE 1 is a graphic illustration of the portable generator set, of light weight in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; FIGURE 2 is a side view in partial section of the generator set of FIGURE 1; FIGURE 3 is an exploded graphical view of the motor, frame and mounting plate of the generator set of FIGURE 1; FIGURE 4 is an exploded view of the generating unit of the generator set of FIGURE 1; FIGURE 5 is a graphical view with partially cut-away of the housing of the generating unit and control circuit board; FIGURE 5A is an internal view of an alternative version of the housing of the generating unit; FIGURE 6 is a schematic diagram of the stator windings; FIGURE 7A is a block diagram of the stator windings and control circuitry; FIGURE 7B is a block diagram of the control circuitry of the generator set of FIGURE 1; FIGURE 7C is a schematic diagram of the control circuitry; FIGURES 8A, 8B, 8C and 8D are front, side section and exploded front views of a rotor according to one aspect of the present invention; FIGURE 9 is a block diagram of a control circuit including an inverter; FIGURE 9A describes regulators suitable for the current of FIGURE 9. FIGURE 10 is a schematic of the pre-phase regulator, a single-phase bridge in the signal supply of the circuit of FIGURE 9. FIGURE 11 is a scheme of an adequate inverter control section. FIGURE HA - 11F is an outline of the memory map and the flow chart of the inverter operation. FIGURE 12 is a schematic diagram of a basic power converter. The paragraph in FIGURE 13 is a diagram of the output waveform of the inverter of FIGURE 9 using the basic power converter of FIGURE 12. FIGURE 14 is an output waveform that closely simulates a signal wave . FIGURES 15 and 15A are alternative auxiliary coil circuit schemes used in generating a waveform of FIGURE 14.

FIGURE 16 is a schematic diagram of a power conversion circuit suitable for generating the waveform of FIGURE 14. FIGURE 17 is a schematic of an alternative power conversion circuit for generating the waveform of FIGURE 14 FIGURES 18A and 18B are schematic illustrations of a regulatory control in respective states. FIGS. 19A and 19B are an exploded side sectional view of an alternative generator assembly using an external rotor, and a top view of the external rotor, respectively. With reference to FIGURES 1 and 2, a lightweight portable generator according to the present invention comprises a motor 12, a high output miniature generating unit 14 and a mounting frame 16. As best seen in FIGURES 2 and 3, the engine 12 suitably includes a shaft 200 extending outwardly from a projection 42. The engine 12 can be any small, high RPM engine with a ratio of horsepower to high weight. able to rotate an axis. In the preferred embodiment, the engine 12 is a two-cycle internal combustion engine, 2.0 horsepower, which has a displacement of 16.38 cm3 (3 cubic inches) and weighs 3.40 kg such as Tecumseh TC300.

Now with reference to FIGURES 1, 2 and 3, the frame 16 provides a light weight common support for the motor 12 and the generating unit 14. The frame 16 is suitably formed of rigid, lightweight, electrical and thermally conductive material such as, for example, aluminum. In the preferred embodiment, an aluminum sheet is bent to provide the base 162, support 164, and handle portions 166 of the frame 16. The aluminum sheet is bent a predetermined distance from one end to form the base 162 and the cross section. support 164 perpendicular. The handle 166 suitably comprises a first portion 167 that bends from the support 164 to be placed on the base 162; a support section 168; and a forward facing flange 169, preferably inclined, which cooperates to form a channel 170 in which the finger of an operator can be adapted to facilitate transportation of the unit. If desired, the handle 166 may be adapted to accommodate a strap or light. For example, the respective openings 172 are formed through the lip of the handle 166 on either side through which suitable fasteners of a belt 18 are received. The respective openings 172A are formed through the flange of the handle 166 for mounting a high intensity lamp.

As will be described in the following, the motor 12 and the generating unit 14 are mounted on opposite sides of the support frame 164. As can be seen in FIGURES 2 and 3, the motor 12 is mounted to the support 164, placed on the base 162. A mounting plate 204 is interposed between the motor 12 and the vertical frame 164, to provide structural strength to support 164 and provides a means for mounting motor 12 and stator 210 to frame 16. To facilitate mounting of motor 12 and stator 210, plate 204 suitably includes first and second sets of openings 309 and 310. The openings 309 are suitably placed in register with the corresponding openings 311 (suitable countersinking) in the frame support 164 and the threaded holes 313 in the projection 202 of the motor. The motor 12 is suitably fixed to the support 164 by a predetermined number (for example 4) of screws 308 (FIGURE 3), which are pushed through the openings 311 in the bracket 164 and the openings 309 in the mounting plate 204 and are threaded in the holes 313 of the projection 202 of the motor. As shown in FIGURE 3, the mounting plate 204 may, if desired, be extended upwardly to the bending of the frame 16 between the support 164 and the handle 166, to add mechanical strength to the support section 168 for mounting an optional high intensity lamp. If desired, a mounting block 206, a block of soft rubber suitable for absorbing vibration, may be interposed between the base 162 and the motor 12 at the distal end of the base 162. If desired, the rectangular opening 172 ( b) can be provided on the base 162 to accommodate an optional lock equipment. As previously discussed, the openings 310 are appropriately threaded to facilitate mounting of the stator 210 of the generator. Accordingly, the plate 204 is suitably formed of a rigid material thick enough to accommodate the threaded openings 310, such as for example the gauge plate 10. Now with reference to FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, the generating unit 14 preferably it comprises a stator 210, a rotor 220, an extension of the axis of the fan 230, a fan 240 and electronic control circuitry 250, all placed within a housing 260 and the upper plate 282. The stator 210 is positioned concentrically with the axis of the motor 200, displaced by a predetermined distance from the frame support 164. Specifically, the stator 210 is fixedly mounted to the frame support 164 (and therefore to the motor 12) and concentrically to the motor shaft 200 maintained, by respective screws 212. A displacement of the support 164 is maintained by the respective separators 214. The screws 212 extend through the respective holes in the stator 210, the spacers 214, the openings 315 in the frame 164 and are screwed into the holes 310 in the plate 204. As mentioned previously, the plate 204 provides structural integrity for mounting stator 210. As will be more fully described, together with FIGS. 6 and 7A, the stator 210 preferably includes a polarity of three-phase windings for generating first and second low-voltage, high-amperage outputs, for example a high-voltage output, of low current, preferably wound with the respective coils of each phase grouped together and the concurrent winding around a laminated core as a unit to provide particularly advantageous heat dissipation characteristics. Referring briefly to FIGURE 6, the stator 210 suitably comprises two 3-phase windings and a single-phase control coil that is wound together with the first phase of each 3-phase winding. More specifically, the stator 210 includes first and second windings 602 and 604 in star, of 3 phases and the central winding 605 of a single phase (winding together with the windings of the first phase). The first winding 602 suitably provides a low voltage, high voltage output and is formed of a relatively small diameter, for example a 24 gauge wire. The winding 604 suitably provides a low voltage output (for example 12 and 14 volts) of respective high current. Each phase of winding 604 suitably includes a first portion 606, defined by a plug to provide a first low voltage (eg, 12 volt) high current output and a second portion 608, from which a second output is taken low voltage (eg 24 volts), high current. The windings 606 and 608 are formed of multiple 24 gauge wires in parallel, preferably within a common insulating sleeve. The effective diameter of the wire of the winding 606 is approximately 2 times that of the winding 608, for example 15 gauge wire and 18 gauge wire., respectively. The respective coils of each phase of the windings 602 and 604 include a predetermined number of turns corresponding to the voltage output associated with the particular coil. Turns or turns of the cumulative coils 606 and 608 provide a second low voltage, high current output, for example 24 volts. For example, in the preferred embodiment, coil 606 of 12 volts includes 5 turns, coil 608 of 24 volts includes 4 additional turns (for an effective total of 9) and a high voltage coil 602 (for example 115 watts) includes a total of 29 turns in each phase. In physical assembly, the respective coils corresponding to the high voltage and the first and second low voltages of each phase (and the control winding in the first phase) are grouped together as a unit and windings concurrently around a laminated core together, as a unit. In this form, the respective coils are wound in close proximity, in thermal contact in effect, sharing the same space. This arrangement is particularly advantageous in many aspects: a single stator generates a plurality of voltages; A maximum wattage output can be obtained from any of the coils; and the coils that are not in use function as a heat sink for the working winding. The close proximity of the respective coils effectively makes the entire mass of the winding available to dissipate the heat generated by the working winding. The rotor 220 is mounted on the motor shaft 200 in coaxial arrangement with the stator 210, separate from the stator 210 for a relatively small, predetermined air space 242, for example in the range of 0.05 cm to 0.15 cm (0.020 to 0.060 inches) and preferably 0.07 cm (0.030 inches). Specifically, the motor shaft 200 is received in a central axial hole in the rotor 220. A key 402 (FIGURE 4) ensures a positive rotation of the stator 220 with the shaft 200. A spacer 404 is positioned on the shaft 200 to axially align the rotor 220 with the stator 210. The rotor 220 is preferably a permanent magnet rotor of sufficiently light weight in such a way that it can be maintained in axial alignment with and rotate in close proximity to the stator 210, (ie with a space of air 242 of less than about 0.15 cm (0.060 inches)), without the need for any of the bearings in addition to those conventionally included within the engine 12. The broken 220 adequately manifests an output power ratio of the generator to rotor weight in watts per 2.54 kg in excess of 150 or 200 preferably in excess of 500, more preferably in excess of 700 and more preferably in excess of 800. The preferred embodiment manifests a ratio of generator output power to rotor weight in the range of 800 to 900 watts per 2.54 kg. For example, for a unit of 2 kilowatts, the 220 rotor would suitably weigh no more than approximately 1.08 kg (2.40 pounds). Similarly, for a 900-watt unit of the rotor 220 preferably weighs no more than 0.72 kg (1.06 pounds). As will be discussed more fully in conjunction with FIGURE 8, in the preferred embodiment, this is achieved economically by employing high energy product magnets and consequent poles.

The fan extension 230, placed in axial alignment with the shaft 200, is used to connect the fan 240 to the shaft 200. The extension 230 suitably comprises a generally cylindrical body 231, with the respective reduced diameter ends 232 and 234 (observed better in FIGURE 2) and includes an axial hole 236 centrally positioned. The reduced diameter end 232 is received within the central hole of the rotor 220 with the step for the body 231 in abutting contact with the front surface of the rotor 220. The fan 240 is mounted for rotation with the shaft 200, to generate the movement of air to cool the various elements of the generating unit 14 and particularly the stator 210 and the electronically controlled circuitry 250. The fan 240 suitably includes a plurality of blades, for example 5 mounted around a hub 408. The hub 408 suitably includes a central hole 410, which is generally formed in the cross section for the end 236 of the extension 230, for example includes a flat part 412 corresponding to the flat part 406. The fan 240 is mounted on the extension 230 for rotation with the shafts 200; the fan 240 is suitably formed of a relatively lightweight plastic such as, for example, Celcon. The end 234 of the extension 230 is received within the central hole 410 of the fan 240. The flat end 406 of the extension cooperates with the flat portion 412 in the hole 410 to ensure positive rotation of the fan 240 with the shaft 230. The rotor 220, the extension 230 and the fan 240 are secured as a unit to the motor shaft 200 by the screw 414 and a tensioning mechanism such as a washer 416 and a split washer 418. The screw 414 is pushed through the washers 416 and 418 through the center hole of the fan shaft extension 230 and threadably couples an axial hole 420 in the end of the motor shaft 200. The tensioning mechanism tends to prevent the screw 414 from uncoupling from the shaft 200. The housing 260 and a top plate 282 cooperate to enclose the stator 210, the rotor 220, the fan 240 and the control circuit 250. The top plate 282 extends particularly from the support frame 164, properly fixed to the support 164 for example by screws, rivets or welding. The housing 260 is suitably fixed eg screwed to the upper part 282 and to the frame 16. As will be discussed more fully in the following, the housing 260 is formed of thermally and electrically conductive material, of relatively light weight and is suitably employed as an electrical ground for the circuitry 250, as well as a heat sink to facilitate cooling.

Now with reference to FIGURES 3, 4 and 5, the housing 260, the upper portion 282 and the frame support 164 cooperate in effect, to define a closed structure with the predefined openings (eg grids) at predetermined positions to define a air flow path, to facilitate cooling of the generator elements 14. Specifically, a grid 320 (best seen in FIGURES 3 and 4) is formed in the frame support 164. The housing 260 includes a surface 422 and the respective sides 424 and 426 (better seen in FIGS. 4 and 5) and a lower portion 428. A first grid 430 and a second series of smaller openings 432 predetermined positions are formed across the surface 422. Additional sets of openings 434 and 436 are suitably formed through the side wall 424 and, if desired, the openings 436A are formed through the side wall 426. The grid 430 is placed in alignment General with the fan 240. During operation, the fan 240 draws air into the housing through the grid 430, creating a positive pressure inside the housing and forcing air to exit through the grid 320 in the holder 164 and the openings 432, 434, 436 and 436A. The openings 432, 434 and 436 are strategically placed to cause air flow over the specific heat-sensitive components. Additionally, the action of the fan 240 itself causes an air flow in a radial direction of the tips of the fan 240. The components particularly sensitive to heat are preferably placed in the radial air flow generated by the fan 240, example, a heat sink 500 for the heat-sensitive electronic components is positioned radially offset from, but axially aligned. The heat sink 500 can be of various shapes and arrangements (see FIGURE 5A). The use of a fan directly connected to the motor shaft 200 is particularly advantageous in that the air flow varies as a function as needed. At higher engine rpm, more power is generated and concomitantly, more heat is generated by the components. However, as the engine rpm increases, the air flow generated by the fan 240 also increases to accommodate the additional heat generated. The control circuitry 250 rectifies the signals of the stator coils. The control circuitry 250 may consist of any suitable rectification circuitry for converting the stator signals 210 to appropriate CD signals. With reference to FIGURES 5 and 5A, the control circuitry 250 suitably comprises a first full wave bridge rectifier 706 (high voltage, low current) cooperating with a heat sink 500 (500A in FIGURE 5A); a 501 fuse; a suitable switch 704; a second rectifier 700 (high voltage, low current). The control circuitry 250 suitably cooperates with a suitable conventional duplex receptacle 702 (output); a 704 double-row switch, with three poles and terminal posts 703 and 705 positive and negative. The components of the control circuitry 250 and the cooperating elements can be placed in variable form within the housing 250. The alternative arrangements are shown in FIGURES 5 and 5A. With reference to FIGURE 5A, rectifier 706 and fuse 501 can be properly positioned on surface 422. Rectifier 706 suitably comprises a bridge diode with diodes sized to withstand a short circuit output greater than that capable of being produced within of the power limits of the motor 12. The fuse 501 protects the diodes of the rectifier 706 from a reverse polarity connection at terminals 703 and 705, for example, during the charging operation of the battery. The outlet 702 and the terminal posts 703 and 705 extend suitably through and the switch 704 is mounted on the side wall. 424. Lae terminals 703 and 705, they can, however, be placed elsewhere in the housing 260 as desired, to accommodate the particular configuration and arrangement of the components employed in the control circuit 250. For example, although the positive terminal 703 is shown in the part upper wall 424 in FIGURE 5A and negative terminal 705 shown lower in the wall, the relative positions can be reversed (see FIGURES 1 and 5). The rectifier 700 can be mounted on the side wall 424, or if desired it can be formed as a separate assembly mounted on the rear part of the outlet 702. As will be discussed in the following, the positive terminal 703 is electrically isolated from the wall 424 by washers 504 suitable insulators. The negative terminal 705 is electrically (and mechanically) connected to the side wall 424. As will be discussed, the housing 260 serves as the electrical ground and as the heat sink for the various elements of the circuit 250. Now with reference to FIGURE 7A , high voltage, low current winding 602 is suitably connected to bridge 3 phases. The output of the rectifier 700 is connected to the duplex receptacle 702. The respective low-voltage, high-current outputs of the winding 604, i.e. of the windings 606 and 608, are applied to the respective terminal strings of the double-row switch 704. poles The poles of switch 614 are connected to a control circuit 250 (rectifier 706; FIGURE 5A), which provides low voltage, high current output at terminals 703 and 705. During operation, motor 12 rotates shaft 200 and rotor 220 and fan 240 rotate concomitantly. The rotation of the rotor 220 causes the current to be induced in the coils of the stator 210. The respective outputs of the stator 210 are selectively applied to the control circuit 250, which suitably rectifies the signals to provide the low-voltage output signals, high amperage desired in the positive and negative output terminals 703 and 705 for uses such as charging batteries and high voltage, low current in the duplex receptacle 702 for the conventional actuation of power tools, lights and the like. FIGURES 7A and 7B, the control circuitry 250 may also consist, if desired, of various circuits to provide certain protection functions, in addition, or instead of the fuse 501. The protection circuits are advantageously placed on a circuit board printed 250A (FIGURE 5). With specific reference to FIGS. 7B and 7C, such a rectifier of the control circuit 706 is preferably SCR-controlled, that is, it comprises a positive diode block 708 and a negative diode block 710 formed of silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR). ) cooperating with a suitable control circuit 712. The control circuit 712, in turn, cooperates with the respective detection circuits such as, for example, a reverse polarity detector 714 and enables and disables the detectors 716 and 718. The reverse polarity detector 714 disables control circuitry 712 (and therefore rectifier 706), if it detects a reverse polarity voltage in excess of a predetermined level, ie in excess of 0.6 negative volts through the output terminals 703 and 705. In this way, the unit is disabled if, for example, the cables of terminals 703 and 705 are connected to battery terminals of the wrong polarity during an op charge eration. The enable detector 716 and the disable detector 718, detect the voltage across the output terminals 703 and 705, for example from a battery and enable the control circuit 712 only if a voltage in excess of a predetermined threshold, for example of 150 millivolts. In this way, the unit is disabled if the output terminals are disconnected from a battery, to avoid sparking or short circuits through inadvertent connections. If desired, a momentary SI switch may be provided to overlap protection features for the purpose of supplying power to a battery that is completely uncharged or supplying power to a charge without a battery. Now with reference to FIGURE 7C, the negative block of the rectifier 706 suitably comprises 3 SCRs receiving the control signals from the control circuit 712. The control circuit 712 selectively enables the SCRs 704 to allow current to flow to the negative pole of the control circuit. the circuitry. The control circuit 706 suitably comprises the respective transistors Q1 and Q4, the resistors R2 and R3 respectively a momentary SI contact switch. The transistor Q4 is selectively bypassed forward by the detection circuitry, as will be explained. The absence of a reverse polarity detected, when the transistor Q4 is deflected forward, Ql is turned on through the resistors R2 and R3 of the divider chain, enabling the SCR 704. The reverse polarity detector 714 disables the control circuit 712 for the detection of a reverse polarity connection at the output terminals 703 and 705. In the preferred embodiment, the reverse polarity detector 714 comprises the respective resistors R4, R5, R6 and Rll, a diode CR7 and transistors Q2 and Q3 respective. A relatively small reverse polarity voltage across terminals 703 and 705, for example by virtue of the connection of the reverse polarity to a battery that is to be charged, causes the CR7 diode to be deflected forward. When the diode CR7 is deflected forward in excess of a predetermined level, for example 600 millivolts, a base unit is provided through the divider chain R5 and R6, igniting the transmitter Q3. Transistor Q3 is a collector connected to the base of transistor Q2. When the transistor Q3 is turned on, it disables the transistor Q2 and concomitantly, the transistor Ql in the control circuit 712 to disable the rectifier 706. Enabling the detector 716, in effect, enables the control circuit 712 only after the terminals 703 and 705 are connected to a battery, to avoid sparks or unnoticed short circuits. The enabling of the detector 716 suitably comprises a capacitor C2, respective resistors R1, RIO and R16, a diode CR5 and a diode CR4 Zener. When the CR5 diode is deflected forward above the predetermined threshold, for example 600 millivolts, the voltage is applied to the cathode of the CR4 Zener diode. When the voltage exceeds the Zener voltage of the diode, then the voltage applied through a voltage divider comprising the resistor RIO and the resistor R9 in the control circuit 712, to provide a bias voltage for the transistor Q4 in the circuit 712. This, in turn, enables the transistor Ql and therefore, the rectifier 706. The voltage at the terminal 703 must fall below 600 ilivolts, as it would be in the case of a short circuit, the transistor Q4 turns off , turning off the transistor Ql and disabling the SCR, CR1, CR2 and CR3 of the rectifier 706. The resistor R1 and the capacitor C2 comprise a filter for noise immunity. The disable detector (overvoltage detector) 718 detects an increase in voltage when the current flow drops and in response disables the rectifier 706. This effectively disables the high current output when terminals 703 and 705 are disconnected. The disabling detector 718 comprises the respective Zl and Z2 Zener diodes, the capacitor Cl, the resistors R7 and R12 and the transistor Q5. The Z2 Zener diode is selectively switched in and out of the circuit depending on which of the respective high voltage, low voltage windings has been selected, for example 12 or 24 volts. When the voltage is applied through the diode CR5 to the cathode of the Zl or Z2 Zener diode, the Zener voltages for example 22 volts for Z2 Zener and 18 volts for Zl Zener, are applied through the divider comprising the resistors R7 and R12, turning on the transistor Q5. This, in turn, disables transistor Q4 and control circuit 712, disabling block 710 SCR. In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, to provide a lightweight unit, housing 280 serves as an electrical ground and as a heat sink for various circuit components. Now with reference to FIGURES 7D, 7C, 4 and 5, SCR anodes 704 of block 710 are directly connected to housing 260. Specifically, the anodes of SCR 704 are electrically and thermally connected to housing 260, for example to the wall 422. Negative terminal 705 is electrically and mechanically connected to housing 260, ie wall 424 of housing 260 and thus electrically connected through the housing to SCR anodes 704. Terminal 705 suitably includes a post extending through wall 424 (Figures 1 and 4). Housing 260 in this way serves as electrical ground and heat sink. The cathodes of the positive diodes in the block 708 are electrically and thermally connected to the heat sink 500 (500A in FIGURE 5A) and from there to the terminal 703. The terminal post 703 extends through an opening 502 in the wall 424 of the housing 260, electrically insulated by 504 insulating washers. By using the housing 260 as the electrical ground and a heat sink, the need for a separate heat sink for a series of diodes is avoided. As previously mentioned, the rotor 220 is preferably a permanent magnet rotor of sufficiently light weight that it can be maintained in axial alignment with and rotated relative to the stator 210 without the need for any of the bearings in addition to those conventionally included within of the motor 12. In the preferred embodiment, this is achieved by employing high energy product magnets and consequent poles. With reference to FIGURES 8, 8A, 8B and 8C, the rotor 220 preferably consists of a core 800 of generally disk shape carrying a high energy polarity of the product of the magnets 802 to be placed on its circumferential surface. The magnets 802 are preferably placed inside the inserts 803 on the circumferential surface, with the intervention portions of the core 800 comprising the pole 802 of consequence. The magnets 802 include an outer surface 808 and an inner surface 810. (810A in FIGURE 8A). The magnets 802 are disposed within the groove 803 with the inner surface 810 (in 810A) seated on a forming surface 805 (805A) of the core 800, displaced from the adjacent poles 806, adjacent by a predetermined space 812. The magnets 802 preferably comprise high energy product magnets having a flux density of at least the order of five kilogauss, suitably formed of a rare earth alloy such as neodymium and iron-boron, or samarium-cobalt. Such rare earth materials tend to be extremely expensive and therefore, it is advantageous to minimize the amount of material used. However, at the same time, it is advantageous to generate relatively high flow densities. In the preferred embodiment, the magnets 802 are relatively thin, for example in the order of 0.25 cm thick (1/10 of an inch), but have a relatively large area, for example 1.9 cm (3/4 of an inch) by approximately 2.54 cm (one inch), to minimize the amount of high-energy magnet product used. According to one aspect of the present invention, the total size of the device and the amount of magnetic material of high energy product used, is minimized for a given total flow. Specifically, the magnet surface area 808 is larger than the area of the surface 806 of the consequent poles by approximately the ratio of the flux density produced by the permanent magnet to the permitted flux density of the consequent pole. In this way, by maximizing the area of the permanent magnet in relation to the consequent pole, a smaller diameter core is required for a given total flow. A smaller diameter core results in less weight and less magnetic material that is required for a given total flow.

The inner surfaces 810 (FIGURE 8C) and the corresponding insertion surface 805 of the insert 803 are preferably curved along a radius concentric with the outer surfaces of the magnet 808 and the outer surfaces of the consequent poles 806. The spaces respective 812 are held between each magnet 802 and the adjacent pole 806 adjacent. The space 812 is preferably significantly larger than the air space 242 (FIGURE 2) between the rotor and the stator, for example five or six times greater, to ensure that the majority of the magnetic energy is directed in the stator instead of through space 812. Magnets 802 are suitably secured to core 800 with glue. If desired, the rotor 220 can be wound in a non-metallic material, for example fiberglass tape to secure the magnets 802 against the centrifugal forces generated by the rotation. The inner surface of the magnet 810, 810A and the corresponding insert surface 805 and 805A can be of any configuration, as long as they conform to each other. For example, with reference to FIGURE 8D, the inner surface 810A of the magnet 802 and the coupling surface 805A on the core 800 can be flat. In such a case, it has been determined that it is advantageous to include a notch 814, which extends radially on the lower surface 805 (a) in the vicinity of the air spaces of the magnet pole of the magnet 812. The notch 814 has been found to the amount of directed flow within the rotor stator 220 increases. If desired, the generating unit 14 can be modified to generate AC signals. With reference to FIGURE 9, a 115 volt AC signal can be provided: replacing high voltage, low voltage winding 602 with a higher voltage winding 902, for example a 150 volt winding; replace three-phase bridge 700 with an analog circuit 904 for higher voltage; and applying the DC signal to an appropriate inverter 906. The three-phase regulator 904 generates an output voltage on the rail 905A, of DC, 905B at a level, for example 150 volt DC, sufficient to generate the desired AC voltage. The CD track 905A, 905B is adequately floating relative to the ground system (i.e. the housing 260), to facilitate grounding of the inverter 906 in accordance with UL standards. The inverter 906 generates an output signal 915 at the output 702, which simulates a predetermined frequency sine wave. The inverter 906 is preferably a variable frequency inverter and suitably includes a control section 908 and the power conversion section 910. In general, the control section 908 generates the switching control signals for the power conversion section. 910, which applies in response to the DC rail voltage to the respective terminals (Ll, L2) of the output 702. The application of the DC rail signals generates an output signal 915 with a predetermined waveform that simulates (for example, having the same RMS value as) the desired AC signal (for example 120v, 60 Hz in the United States, v 50 Hz in Europe). The stable supply voltages (for example 15v, 5v) for the inverter control section 910 are suitably derived from the control winding 605 by a bridge rectifier 912 and the regulator 914. The use of a variable frequency inverter is particularly advantageous in many aspects. Since the AC signal is synthetically developed by the inverter 906, it is independent of the rpm of the motor 12. Accordingly, the inverter 906 can be adjusted to provide full power at various predetermined frequencies, for example 60 Hertz in the United States and 50 Hertz in most European countries. In addition, varying the frequency of the output as a function of the extracted load current to meet extraordinary passenger load demands, unit 10 becomes capable of operating with much larger devices which could typically be the case. In particular, it has been determined that the current required to ignite a large motor, such as, for example, the refrigeration compressor in an air conditioner, is much greater than the current required to maintain the operation of the motor once it has been turned on. . When the load, for example the motor, draws a current greater than the output of the system speed, the voltage to the DC rail applied to the inverter 906 tends to fall. It has been determined that by reducing the frequency of the AC output signals as a function for example, proportionally with the reduction in voltage, the unit 10 can be used to turn on, and keep in operation the motors that would typically require a much larger generator. . Decreasing the frequency of the applied signal effectively decreases the operating RPM of the motor, for example compressor, which is going to be turned on. This decreases the load on the motor and therefore decreases the current required to start the motor. Then the frequency can be increased, increasing the engine RPM to the designed operating speed. For example, when the voltage falls below a predetermined level, for example about 110 volts, the frequency is decreased, preferably by following the linear voltage track down to approximately 30 hertz and 50 volts. Once the engine is running, the current drawn by the engine reduces, the voltage increases in the CD lane and the normal operating frequency is resumed. For example, the generator of 2 kilowatts according to the present invention is capable of igniting and maintaining an air conditioner of 13,000 btu which previously, to accommodate the starting loads required a generator of 4 or 5 kilowatts. On the contrary, since the speed of the motor 12 can be decreased in reducing the frequency, the speed of the motor 12 can be varied as a function of the extracted output. In this way, if only a fraction of the capacity of the system is being extracted, the motor can be adjusted backwards or become inactive. More specifically, a voltage feedback control can be used to govern the speed of the motor. The engine speed in this way varies as a function of the load, providing decreased noise and increased fuel economy. As mentioned previously, the regulator 904 generates the CD lane signal for the inverter 906. With reference to FIGURE 10, a suitable regulator 904 comprises: a rectifier point 1002; a C21 leveling capacitor; a comparator 1004; and an optoisolator 1006. The rectifier bridge 1002 is suitably formed of respective diodes D28, D29 and D30 and the TH1, TH2 and TH3 of SCR. The comparator 1004 suitably comprises the respective transistors Q13 and Q15 and a voltage divider formed of the resistors R21 and R23. The output wires (J6, J7 and J8) of the 3-phase alternating coil 902 provide the 3-phase input signals for the bridge 1002. Such output signals of the alternator are of variable voltage and frequency according to the RPM of the motor. The comparator 1004 selectively activates the opto-isolator 1006, to turn on the TH1, TH2 and TH3 of SCR to generate a regulated output through the CD rails 905A and 905B. In essence, the comparator 1004 provides active feedback to maintain the rail voltage at the predetermined level, for example 150 volts. The lane voltage markings are derived and compared against a reference voltage (a regulated, stable DC voltage provided by the controller 914). When the lane falls below the designated voltage, for example 150 volts, the comparator 1004 activates the optoisolator 1006 to turn on the SCR TH1-TH3. Stable supply voltages (for example 15v, 5v) are suitably derived from the control winding 605 by the bridge rectifier 912 and the regulator 914. The bridge 912 suitably comprises a bridge of a conventional single-phase diode. The controller 914 suitably comprises the conventional conventional respective Vrl and Vr2 devices, such as the Motorola 78LXX series, pass three cable regulating devices to provide regulated, stable DC outputs at appropriate levels (eg Vrl 15v, Vr2 5v) for control of the inverter 908 (15v), THl, TH2 and TH3 of the SCR (5v) and to derive a stable reference signal for the comparator 1004 (5v). As mentioned previously, the control section 908 generates switching control signals for the power conversion section 910. With reference to FIGURE 11, the control section of the inverter 908 suitably comprises: a suitable microcomputer 1102; a suitable digital-to-analog converter 1104 ("D to A"); a suitable crystal 1106 of predetermined resonant frequency, for example 4 megahertz; suitable feedback signal interface circuits 1108 and 1115; and suitable 1110 combinatorial logic. The microcomputer 1102 is a suitable conventional microcomputer, such as for example, a Ziolog Z86E04, including internal random access memory (RAM), counters and registers (which can be implemented in the RAM according to standard techniques) and additionally, the respective internal comparators capable of generating interruptions and respective gate registers to control the output signals in several output terminals (tip) with the microcomputer. (For convenience of reference, the corresponding gate records will sometimes be mentioned with synonyms). More particularly, the microcomputer 1102 suitably includes two internal comparators, the first comparing the voltage applied at the tip 8 to that applied at the tip 10 and the second comparing the voltage applied to the tip 9 to the voltage applied at the tip 10 ( the voltage at tip 10 is a common reference signal). As will be explained, the common reference signal is suitably a controlled ramp voltage generated by the converter from D to A 1104. The microcomputer 1102 generates an account (A to D, FIGURE HA) which is reflected in the tips 1-4. and 15-18. The converter 1104 from D to A, a ladder resistor R2R connected to the points 1-4 and 15-18 of the microcomputer 1102, generate a ramp reference signal that reflects that count. The voltage across the ladder R2R is filtered and applied as the common comparative reference signal at the tip 10 of the microcomputer. As will be described, comparisons of various parameters, (eg mark of voltage 915 of the output signal (tip 8), marking of the supply voltage or overcurrent condition (tip 9)) against the ramp signal are used to generate digital marks of the specified parameters or functions; the instantaneous value of the count from A to D, when the parameter and the reference voltage are equal is an indicator of the value of the parameter voltage. The comparisons are also used to selectively initiate interrupt functions. The microcomputer 1102 is activated for the interruption suitably; several interrupt signals are generated to perform the predetermined functions. For example, interrupts are generated in response to: a comparison of the ramp reference signal from D to A to the markings of the output signal 915 of the interface 1108 (settings of the switching cycle frequency); a comparison of the ramp reference signal from D to A for the markings of the output current, current detection signal (ISEN) (protection against overcurrent) and voltage supply markings (below the gate threshold of the power transistor for protection); and a comparison of the counts of an internal clock to the respective control parameters (pulse width of the switching pulses generated at points 12 and 13 and the dead time between the pulses). Further, the microcomputer 1102 cooperates appropriately with the combinatorial logic 1110 to generate respective switching signals LHRL (High Left, Low Right) and RHLL (High Right, Low Left) to the power conversion section 910, in response to which the Power conversion section 910 effects the controlled application of the DC rail to the output terminals Ll and L2. More specifically, the microcomputer 1102 generates, at the tips 12 and 13, respective alternate pulses of the controlled pulse width, relative synchronization and repetition rate. These pulses are output through the gates with the direction of the feedback signal current (ISEN), to generate the switching signals LHRL and RHLL. The microcomputer 1102 and the combinatorial logic 1110 can also generate, if desired, other HIV switching signals (REINFORCEMENT) and LOAD (CHARGE) and GOV to the power conversion section 910, to effect the advantageous sending of the output signal 915. The operation of the microcomputer 1102 will be described more fully in conjunction with Figures HA-11F. The voltage markings of the output signal 915, suitable for comparison to the ramp reference signal generated by a converter 1104 from A to D, is provided by the feedback signal interface circuit 1108. The interface circuit 1108 of feedback signal suitably comprises: a single-phase diode bridge 1112 connected to the output terminals Ll and L2; a suitable low pass filter circuit 1114 (for example, resistors R29 and R30 and capacitor C7); a Zl Zener diode; and the second low pass filter circuit 1116 (for example, resistors R8 and R14 and capacitor C18). The output signals 915, as provided in the output terminals Ll and L2, is applied to the bridge 1112 to generate an average CD signal. The CD signal is filtered, uniformed and limited by the filters 1114 and 1116 and the Zl Zener diode and applied to a voltage divider (R8, R14) to generate a signal proportional to the average output voltage 915. The signal is applied to tip 8 of microcomputer 1102, for comparison against the reference ramp. Signals indicating low threshold voltage supply levels and overcurrent conditions are provided by the second feedback interface circuit 1115. More specifically, the 15 volt supply voltage generated by the regulator VRl of the supply of 914 is applied through a voltage divider formed of the Z5 Zener diode and the resistor R26 to generate a signal indicating the supply voltage level. This signal is applied to the tip 9 of the microcomputer 1102 for comparison against the reference ramp. In addition, a signal (ISEN) indicating the current level of the output signal generated by the power converter 910 is applied through an isolating diode DI a 1009 of the microcomputer 1102. In essence, if the voltage level of the supply falls below a predetermined minimum, or the output current exceeds a predetermined maximum, an interruption is generated to disable the power converter 910 and protect its components from damage. The power conversion section 910, in response to the switching control signals LHRL and RHLL, (and in addition the switching signals HIV (REINFORCEMENT) and CHARGE, if used) of the control section 908, selectively applies the voltage from the CD lane to the respective terminals (Ll, L2) of the output 702 to generate an output signal 915 with a predetermined waveform. With reference to Figure 12, a suitable basic power conversion circuit 910A comprises: isolated high side power switching circuits 1202 and 1204; uninsulated power switching circuits of a low side 1206 and 1208 respectively; and a current sensing amplifier 1210. The isolated power switching circuits on the high side 1202 and 1204 and the uninsulated low power switching circuits 1206 and 1208 each include a power transistor (Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4, respectively) and a suitable ignition circuit for rotating the power on and off transistor according to the switching signals LHRL and RHLL. The power switching circuits 1202-1208 are interconnected in an H configuration: power switching circuits, isolated from the high side 1202 and 1204 define the controlled current paths to the output terminals Ll and L2, respectively, electrically connected together at terminal 1203 on the high side (for example, power transistor drains Ql and Q2 are connected at terminal 1203); and uninsulated power switching circuits, from the low side 1206 and 1208 define the controlled current paths to the output terminals Ll and L2, respectively, electrically connected together in a low side terminal 1207 (for example the sources of the power transistors Q3 and Q4 are connected to terminal 1207). In the basic configuration of Figure 12, the terminal 1203 on the high side is connected to the positive rail 905A and the low side terminal 1207 is connected, by means of an isolation diode D7, to the negative rail 905B. The power switching circuits 1202-1208 effectively function as a double controlled pole, a dual pole switch, which selectively connects the DC rail to the terminals Ll and L2 in response to the switching control signals LHRL and RHLL. More specifically, the switching signal LHRL is applied to the isolated trigger of the high side 1202 and the uninsulated low-side trigger 1208 and the switching signal RHLL is applied to the trigger 1204 isolated, of the high side and the trigger 1206 without isolating the " low side When LHRL is from a predetermined state (for example low), the terminal Ll on the high side is connected to the positive CD track 905A by the activator 1202 and the low side terminal L2 is connected to the negative CD track 905B by the trigger 1208. In contrast, when RHLL is from a predetermined state, (for example low), the terminal Ll on the high side is connected to the negative CD rail 905B by the trigger 1204 and the L2 terminal on the low side is connected to the Positive CD lane 905A by activator 1206. By alternatively generating switching signals LHRL and RHLL, a simulated sine wave shown in Figure 13 can be produced having an RMS control value for the period of time ("Dead Time") between turning off a pair of triggers (TI time) and turning on the opposite pair (time T2). The dead time control in the ratio for the voltage levels provides an RMS value approximately equal to that of the desired sine wave. It is advantageous that the ignition circuits of the isolated actuators 1202 and 1204 rapidly associate power transistors Ql, Q2 in a saturated state, when the associated switching signal LHRL, RHLL changes state to minimize the power dissipation during the switching interval. A particularly economical ignition circuit that provides advantageous on and off characteristics comprises: a resistor R13 (R19); an NPN transistor Q9 (Q10); a diode D2 (D3); a capacitor C4 (C2); and the respective resistor R9 (R15) and R6 (RIVER); if desired, the respective capacitors C8 (CIO) and C6 (C9) can be connected between the drain and the source and the gate and the source of the power transistor Q1 (Q2) to avoid any of the high frequency oscillations and a Z4 Zener diode (Z7) connected between the drain and the source of the power transistor Ql (Q2) to limit the voltage to no more than a predetermined value, for example 15v. In the preferred embodiment, the control signals LHRL and RHLL are at a low level, when they are activated and at a high level when they are not activated. When the associated control signal LHRL (RHLL) is not driven, that is high transistor Q9 (Q10) becomes conductive. This, in effect, connects the ground to the gate of the power transistor Ql (Q2) and makes it non-conductive. However, a current path is created from the 15 volt supply through the diode D2 (D3) and the resistor R6 (RIO); about 15v of this falls through the resistor R6 (RIO). With the conductive transistor Q9 (Q10), the capacitor C4 (C2) is effectively in parallel with the resistor R6 (RIO) and is therefore charged at a level (approximately 15v) a bit in excess of the threshold gate voltage (for example 8v) necessary to place the power transistor Ql (Q2) in saturation. When the associated control signal LHRL (RHLL) changes to a powered state, ie low, transistor Q9 (Q10) becomes non-conductive. This, in effect, places the gate of the power transistor Ql (Q2) at 15v and makes them conductive. When the power transistor Ql (Q2) becomes conductive, the device has very little resistance and the source voltage approaches the drain voltage (for example 150 volts) the negative terminal of capacitor C4 (C2) in this way assumes a voltage that approximates the rail voltage (150 volts). Since capacitor C4 (C2) must be charged at approximately 15 volts, the positive side of the capacitor is at a voltage that approximates the rail voltage plus the charging voltage, that is, 165 volts. This, in effect, inverts the polarizations of diode D2 (D3), making it a non-conductive diode and effectively blocking the 15 volt fold. However, since the capacitor C4 (C2) is charged at a level above the set saturation threshold gate voltage of the power transistor Q1, consequently the transistor Q1 continues to conduct. The level of the source voltage (15 volts) and the level at which the capacitor C4 (C2) is initially loaded, it is chosen to initially place the power transistor Ql (Q2) in a complete, difficult condition. However, once diode D2 is blocked, capacitor C2 begins to discharge through resistor R9 (RIO). The time constant of capacitor C4 (C2) and resistor R9 (RIO) is chosen in such a way that the load on capacitor C4 (and hence the gate voltage) is approximated (it is only slightly above) the value of threshold of the power transistor Ql (Q2) at the point in time when the associated control signal LHRL (RHLL) changes state. In these systems, where the frequency varies, the constant time is chosen in such a way that the gate voltage is approaching (slightly greater than) the threshold value at the lowest frequency at which the system is intended to operate. When the associated control signal RHRL (RHLL) initially resumes a non-driven state, ie it is high, transistor Q9 (Q10) and again becomes conductive, grounding the gate of and turning off the power transistor Q1 (Q2) and the cycle repeats itself. By downloading the capacitor C4 (C9) to a point that approaches the threshold voltage (eliminating the excess load), the shutdown speed of the power transistor Ql (Q2) is increased. The feedback signal indicating the output current level (ISEN) provided to the feedback interface circuit 1115, is generated by a current sensing amplifier 1210. Amplifier 1210 simply consists of a resistive part R3 and an amplifier comprising transistor Q3. The resistive part R3 develops a voltage indicating the current through the power transistors Q1-Q4, if the voltage across the resistive part R3 exceeds a predetermined limit, the transistor Q13 becomes conductive, effectively pulling the signal ISEN to Earth. As previously mentioned, the ISEN signal is applied as a gate control for the combinatorial logic 1110 (and the gates U7A, U7B and U7C; FIGURE 11) effectively inhibit those gates. In addition, it effectively pulls the voltage from 1009 to zero, effecting the generation of an interruption, as will be discussed. A closer approximation to a desired sine wave output can be achieved by shaping the waveform of the output signal 915. This can be done by generating an auxiliary signal and applying it controllably through the activated high side potential transistor to the associated output. The resulting waveform is shown in Figure 14. An auxiliary signal (reinforcement) can be generated in many forms. For example, the reinforcement signal can be generated by an auxiliary winding added in stator 210. With reference to Figures 14, 15, 15A and 16, an additional winding 903 can be wound on the stator 210 concurrently with the winding 902, in essentially the same space. The winding 903 cooperates with a conventional three-phase diode bridge 1502 to generate an intermediate positive rail 905C of predetermined voltage (eg, 70v). To generate the simulated sign waveform of Figure 14, the active terminal (Ll, L2) is effectively connected to the positive, intermediate rail 905c and positive rail 905a, in sequence. The intermediate rail voltage may be alternative to the positive rail voltage provided by the winding 902, or may be additive. For example, with reference to Figure 15, the positive rail and intermediate rail voltages can be developed independently, for example winding 903 generates the intermediate rail voltage and winding 902 generates the entire positive rail voltage, substantially independently of winding 903. If desired, however, windings 903 and 902 can be used to cooperatively generate the desired voltage in positive rail 905a. Referring briefly to Figure 15A, in such an arrangement the winding 903 could include a predetermined number of windings corresponding to the desired voltage and the intermediate rail 905c and the diode bridge 1502 would be interposed between the regulator 904 and the negative rail 905B. A winding 902A, which corresponds to the winding 902, but which includes a predetermined number of turns corresponding to the difference between the desired voltage in the intermediate rail 905c and the voltage, for example 150 volts, is provided in the positive rail 905a. With reference to Figure 16, the intermediate voltage rail 905c (70v) is connected to terminal 1903 on the high side of the basic power converter 910A (ie to the power transistor (FET) drains Q1 and Q2. in the isolated power switches 1202 and 1204, on the high side), through a suitable D4 insulation diode. The high voltage positive rail (for example 150v) is selectively connected to the high side terminal 1203 of the basic power conversion circuit 910A through a boost circuit 1600. The booster circuit 1600 is substantially identical to the switching circuits 1202 and 1204 isolated power, on the high side including a FET Q5 and an associated ignition circuit. The booster circuit 1600, however, is responsive to the HIV control signal (REINFORCEMENT) of the control section 908 (of the NAND gate U7C in Figure 11, which corresponds to the signal at the tip 11 of the microcomputer 1102 ). The drain of the FET enhancer circuit Q5 is connected to the positive high voltage rail 905A. The source of the power transistor is connected through an isolation diode D3 to the drains of the power transistors Q1 and Q2 in the high-side power switching circuits 1202 and 1204. A reversing polarity reversing diode D6 can be provided, if desired. The auxiliary voltage (REINFORCEMENT) can also be generated without the addition of an auxiliary winding for example, of the energy generated during the dead time output signal. This is done, in effect by storing the energy generated from the dead time output signal (which in any other form would be wasted) in a capacitor and controllably discharging the capacitor to generate a boost pulse. Specifically, with brief reference to FIGURE 11, a separate control signal (CHARGE) reversed of the control signal HIV (REINFORCEMENT), that is to say active during those periods of the trailing edge of a reinforcing pulse (T3) to the leading edge of the reinforcing pulse in the next successive half cycle. The CHARGE signal is applied to a controlled storage / discharge circuit 1710 which affects the charging and discharging of a capacitor to generate the boost pulse. The circuit 1710 suitably comprises a transistor Q16 NPN, a FET Q6 and a capacitor C19. The control signal CHARGE is applied to the base of transistor Q16. When the load signal is activated (for example low), FET Q6 becomes conductive, effectively connecting capacitor C19 to positive rail 905C. (The use of downtime energy to generate the boost pulse allows a lower lane voltage to be used). When the control signal HIV (REINFORCEMENT) is activated and therefore the control signal CHARGE deactivated, FET Q6 becomes non-conductive and capacitor C19 unloads additively to terminal 1203 on the high side of the basic power converter 910A to provide the reinforcement pulse. As previously mentioned, the microcomputer 1102 generates an account (points 1-4 and 15-18) from which the ramp reference signal is generated by the converter 1104 from D to A and generates the switching pulses (spikes). 11-13) for the combinatorial logic 1110 from which the switching control signals for the power conversion section 910 are derived (for the control application of the CD rail to the output terminals Ll and L2 by the section 910 power conversion). The frequency of the switching cycle is adjusted according to a comparison of the markings of the output signal 915 of the interface 1108 (tip 8) to the reference ramp (tip 10), and the pulse width of the switching pulses and the dead time between the pulses) is adjusted according to a comparison of the counts of an internal clock for the respective control parameters. The power conversion is disabled in response to the overcurrent or inadequate supply voltage conditions reflected in the tip 9. More specifically, with reference to FIGS. 11 and HA, the microcomputer 1102 maintains a number of internal registers and counters: an account from analog to digital (ATOD); respective internal synchronizers, synchronizer 1 and synchronizer 2; an ACCOUNT cycle (COUNT); respective registers (RVALU and GVALU) to store the markings of the output voltage and gate voltage (supply voltage), respectively; an indicator account of a half-cycle of the output frequency (CPS); an indicator count of the trailing edge (TI in FIGURE 14) of the switching pulses (PWM) an account (BASE) indicating the base time of the output frequency; a FET output of enabling indicator (DUMMY); and a register (FETMASK) indicator of the output pattern of the desired switching pulse at points 11-13) the recorder enables the interrupt (INIT) that has a bit corresponding to each switch; and respective gate register PO and P2 corresponding to tips 11-13 and tips 1-4 and 15-18, respectively. In addition, where a staggered output signal is used, the front indicator (TB) of the stage (FIRST) and the trailing edge indicator counts (T4) (SECND) of the stage, the stages are also defined. If desired, the processor may also include an interrupt priority register to designate relative priorities of the respective interrupt. With reference to FIGS. 11 and 11A-11F, the microcomputer 1102 suitably performs these operations by means of a continuous primary circuit program (single track tracking) with a predetermined number, for example, 4 of the subprograms that activate the interruption. The basic circuit program implements the operation of the converter 1104 from D to A. The other various functions are activated by the interruption. Now with reference to FIGURE 11B, when the power is first applied to the microcomputer 1102, the various synchronizers, registers and gates are initialized (step 11). After initialization, the microcomputer 1102 suitably performs a continuous primary circuit that implements the operation of the converter 1904 from D to A and the generation of the reference ramp. The converter 1104 from D to A in effect generates a controlled ramp voltage of 0 to 5 volts. More specifically, an A to D ATOD count is incremented (step 1912) and then tested to determine if a block has occurred; the ATOD account suitably runs from zero to 256, then it is locked to zero (step 1914). Assuming no blockage has occurred, the ATOD count is loaded to gate P2 which corresponds to points 1-4 and 15-18 (connected to an ATOD converter 1904) (step 1916) and ATOD is again incremented (step 1912 repeated ). If a blockage occurs, the contents of the INIT interrupt enable register is modified to allow the respective interrupts (step 1918): the interruption IRQO (the over current / IRQ2 of interruption and interruption of the supply of insufficient voltage (interruption of the output voltage As will be explained, the interruption of the IRQO overcurrent and the output voltage interruption IRQ2 are allowed to occur only once per ramp cycle to avoid spurious readings.The insufficient supply voltage level and the protection function of Overcurrent is initiated by the IRQO switch The IRQO is generated when the voltage at the point 9 (supply voltage / gate voltage FET and ISEN in the current signal) is equal to the reference ramp. current (when ISEN activates point 9 to ground, ie 0 volts), the count is indicative of the supply voltage (for example , nominally 15 volts) applied to the gates of FET Q1-Q4 of the power converter 910. With reference to FIGURE 11C, when the IRQO interrupt is generated, the value of the ATOD account is averaged with the contents of the GVALU register and the average loaded in the GVALU recorder to maintain the average operating marks of the supply voltage level (step 1920). A determination is then made as to whether or not GVALU is within legal limits, for example the supply voltage is at least equal to the minimum high voltage logic observed by the gates of the power transistor (step 1922). Depending on whether or not the GVALU content is within legal limits, the indicator that enables FET (DUMMY) is either cleared, to disable the 910 power converter (step 1924) or set to enable the 910 power converter (stage 1926). The content of the record enables the interrupt (INIT) then it is adjusted to disable the IRQO interrupt (step 1928) and a return of the interruption is performed (step 1930). (As previously mentioned, the register that enables the INIT interrupt is set to rehabilitate the IRQ0 interrupt at the beginning of the next ramp cycle (step 1918) An average rectified output voltage measurement is performed in response to the IRQ2 interrupt, generated each time the reference ramp exceeds the output voltage markings provided at the tip of the microcomputer 1102. With reference to FIGURE 11D, when the IRQ2 switch is generated, the ATOD (ATOD) count is added to the RVALU register and the sum is divided by two, to generate an RVALU record, the indicator count of the average performance of the output voltage (step 1932) The register that enables the input (INIT) is set to disable IRQ2 for the rest of the ramp cycle (step 1934), interrupt IRQ2 is restored at the beginning of the next ramp cycle (step 1918), then a return of the interrupt is performed (step 1936). The switching signals generated at the tips 11-13 of the microcomputer 1102 are controlled by varying the contents of the switch control output register (FETMASK). The FET state is varied on a periodic basis according to the predetermined frequency reflected by the contents of the first interval synchronizer, the synchronizer 1. For example, for an output frequency of 60 hertz, an interruption is generated IRQ4, for example every 8.2 milliseconds. With reference to the FIGURE HE, when the synchronizers 1 generates the IRQ4 interrupt, the indicator that enables the FET output (DUMMY) is tested (step 1938). If the indicator indicates that the FETs have been disabled, for example due to an overcurrent or voltage supply deficiency condition, the control output register of the FETMASK switch is cleared, to turn off (disable) the FETs of the power converter 910 (step 1940) and the interrupt return is performed (step 1942).

Assuming that the FETs are not disabled, the COUNT cycle (COUNT) is incremented (step 1944) then tested against the respective parameters to determine and adjust the appropriate state of the FET power converter. The cycle COUNT is tested initially and again against PWM (step 1946) indicating the trailing edge of the switch pulse (TI in FIGURE 13). If the cycle COUNT has reached the pulse width count PWM, Q1-Q4 of the FETs in the power converter 910 are switched off, for example the gate register (PO corresponding to tips 11 to 13 is cleared) (step 1948). The COUNT cycle then retests the count (CPS) indicating a half cycle of the output signal frequency (step 1950). If the COUNT cycle has reached the COUNT CPS half cycle, the state of the respective pairs of the FETs in the power converter 910, ie, LHRL and RHLL, are inverted (the bits in the output register of the FETMASK switch control are complemented ) (step 1952) and the contents of FETMASK loaded in the gate register PO corresponding to points 11 to 13 (step 1954). The cycle COUNT is then cleared (step 1956) and a return of the interruption performed (step 1958). If the cycle COUNT is less than the parameter of the half cycle CPS, a return of the interruption is made (step 1958).

If the system is using the basic power converter 910, FIGURE 12 and the cycle COUNT is found to be less than the pulse width parameter PWM, a return of the interruption is made. Yes, however the closest simulation of the sine wave is intended, ie plural stages are provided in the output signal as illustrated in FIGURE 14, for example power conversion circuits of Figure 16 or 17 are employed , the cycle COUNT is tested against the edges of the high voltage pulse for the generation of control of the switching signal at the tip 11 from which the control signals HIV (REINFORCEMENT) and CHARGE are generated. Specifically, the COUNT cycle is initially tested against the SECND account that corresponds to the subsequent SECND edge of the high voltage pulse (T4 in FIGURE 14) (step 1960) if the cycle COUNT is greater than or equal to the count of the trailing edge SECND, the corresponding reinforcement circuit is effectively disabled, for example the bit in the gate register PO corresponding to the tip 11 is cleared (step 1962) and a return of the interruption is performed (step 1964). If the cycle COUNT is less than the subsequent count SECND, the cycle COUNT is then tested against the count corresponding to the trailing edge (T3 in FIGURE 14) of the high voltage pulse (step 1956).

If the cycle COUNT (already determined to be smaller than that corresponding to the trailing edge T4) is greater than or equal to the count (FIRST) corresponding to the trailing edge of the high voltage pulse, the booster circuit 1600 is enabled, for example, the bit in the gate register PO corresponding to the point 11 is established (step 1968) and a return of the interruption is performed (step 1970). If the cycle COUNT is smaller than the count corresponding to the leading edge of the reinforcement pulse, a return of the interruption is made (stage 1972). The additional stages are used in the output signal, the tests that take part of the cycle COUNT against the back and front edges of these pulses, would be carried out properly between the test against the posterior edge of the pulse of the first stage (stage 1960) and edge forward pulse of the first stage (stage 1966). The frequency and other parameters of the output signal are adjusted according to the measured values of the output voltage on a periodic basis, suitably every two cycles of the nominal output frequency, for example 32,256 milliseconds, (approximately 32.32 milliseconds for 60 hertz ). In essence, the frequency pulse width and the dead time parameters (the time difference between the trailing edge TI and the half-cycle point T2) are varied to accommodate temporary heavy loads (i.e., motor start-up). In essence, if the output voltage falls below a predetermined minimum, the frequency is decreased and the output waveform parameters adjusted to provide additional power for the load. With the generation of the periodic interruption IRQ5, the FET output allows the indicator (DUMMY) to be tested (stage 1974). If the output is not enabled, the FETs are switched off during (step 1975) and a return of the interruption is made. Assuming the FET output is enabled, the RVALU output voltage is tested against a predetermined minimum value that corresponds to the determined voltage that is unacceptably low, for example 108 volts AC (voltage figure under UL). (Stage 1976) If the output voltage is less than or equal to the minimum voltage, it is assumed that the unit is finding an extraordinary load, for example the compressor motor under ignition conditions. Accordingly, the frequency of the output signal is decreased in increments down to a predetermined minimum value (eg, 30 hertz) and the output waveform parameter varies according to the maximum current for the load. More specifically, an account indicating the base time for the designated output frequency (during initialization to an account (for example 4) corresponding to the desired output frequency, for example 60 hertz), is incremented by one (step 1978) to effectively decrease the output frequency. The frequency is checked against the predetermined minimum value, (for example 30 hertz) and assuming that the frequency is within the acceptable range, the pulse width and the dead time are adjusted to reflect the change in frequency, for example it is adjusted to such a way that relations are maintained (stage 1982). For example, the count (FIRST) that corresponds to the leading edge of the high voltage pulse is set equal to the adjusted BASE account; the count (SECND) corresponding to the trailing edge of the high-voltage pulse is then adjusted to five times the leading edge count (FIRST); the count in (PWM) that corresponds to the trailing edge (TI) of the pedestal pulse is set equal to seven times the BASE account and the account (CPS) that corresponds to the half cycle is set equal to eight times the adjusted BASE account. After the parameters of the output waveform are adjusted (step 1982) a return of the interruption is performed (step 1984). As mentioned in the above, the minimum frequency (for example 30 hertz) is established. Therefore, if implementing the BASE account would cause the frequency to fall below the minimum, the BASE account is reset to the account corresponding to that minimum (stage 1986) before adjusting the parameters of the output waveform (stage 1982). Once the extraordinary load condition is reduced, ie the inertia of the start is exceeded, an increase in the output voltage will be manifested due to the change in the output frequency and waveform. The reduction is assumed once the measured value RVALU reaches a predetermined value (for example, 122 volts). Therefore, assuming that the measured value of the output voltage RVALU is greater than the minimum voltage (for example 108 volts) the measured output voltage (RVALU) is tested against the predetermined maximum voltage considered to indicate the recovery of the load condition * extraordinary (for example 122 volts) (stage 1988). Then the frequency is increased on an increment basis until it is brought up to the desired output frequency (eg, 60 hertz). More specifically, if the measured output value is greater than the predetermined minimum (for example 108 volts) and less than the predetermined maximum voltage (recovery), a return of the interruption is performed (step 1984). (The stage 1982 of adjustment of the parameters is carried out, but since the BASE account does not adjust, the values do not change).

If, however, the average value is greater than the predetermined maximum voltage (recovery) (eg, 122 volts), the BASE frequency count (BASE) is decreased (step 1990), effectively increasing the output frequency. Then the frequency is tested against the desired frequency, that is, the BASE account is tested against an account corresponding to the desired frequency (for example, 60 hertz) (step 1992). Assuming that the frequency is within the range, the parameters of the output waveform are adjusted to be taken into account for the change in frequency (step 1982) and a return made of the interruption (step 1984). If the decrease causes the BASE account to correspond to a frequency higher than the desired frequency, the BASE quanta is set to the one corresponding to the desired frequency (1994) before adjusting the parameters (stage 1982). As previously mentioned, since the speed of the motor 12 can be decreased in reducing the frequency, the motor 12 can be retrofitted, or made inactive under circumstances where if only a fraction of the capacity of the system is being extracted. Referring briefly to FIGURE 11, the microcomputer 1102 suitably generates at the tip 15 a control signal for a charge demand governor. When the signal at the tip 15 is raised, the transistor Q12 becomes conductive, which acts as an electromagnetic governor cooperating with the motor regulator 12. With reference to FIGS. 18A and 18B the GOV control signal regulator is appropriately generated, as a function of the average load output voltage (for example RVALU). In stable state (FIGURE 18A), the motor properly retro-regulated. However, when the output voltage decreases the predetermined value, the governor signal is generated to regulate upwards and increase the RPM of the motor 12. A particularly advantageous governor control of the load demand comprises a cylindrical magnet 1800, magnetized throughout. the length, suitably formed of Alnico, cooperating with a non-magnetic push rod 1802, for example formed of nylon and a winding 1801 wound around a suitable core, for example formed of a drained nylon. The push rod 1802 cooperates with the lever arm of the regulator 1803. A spring 1806 biases the control arm 1803 to an inactive position. When the signal at the tip 15 is generated and the transistor Q12 becomes conductive, a current path is formed through the winding 1801 causing the magnetic interaction with the cylindrical magnet 1800. The magnetic interaction between the coil 1801 and the magnet 1800, causes the magnet 1800 to move forward (FIGURE 18B) against the deflection of the spring 1806, regulating upwards (increasing the RPM) of the motor 12. The control signal generated at the tip 15 of the microcomputer 1102 is modulated in the width of pulse properly. The wider the pulse width, more power for the coil 1801 and concomitantly, the greater the movement of the magnet 18, the push rod 1802 and the regulating arm 1803. If desired, a return diode 1804 can be provided through the coil 1801. In some cases, the advantages of weight and size can be obtained by using an external rotor placed to rotate around the perimeter of an internally placed stator. With reference to FIGS. 19 (a) and 19 (b) an external rotor 1100 suitably comprises a cylindrical housing 1102 formed of soft magnetic material, having an internal cavity 1104. The alternating permanent magnets 802 and the consequent poles 1106 are placed in the inner side wall of the housing 1102. If desired, respective fins (fan blades) 1108 can be formed in the outer side walls of the cup 1102, to facilitate cooling. Also, the upper part of the cup 1102 is substantially open, including respective transverse arms 1110 and a central hub 1112 to provide the connection of a motor shaft 200. If desired, the transverse arms 1110 can also be configured as fan blades, to facilitate cooling of the inner chamber 1104. A stator 1114 suitably comprises a laminated core 1116 and respective windings 1118. Windings 1118 are suitably of the type previously described. The core 1116 includes an axial, central through hole. The stator 1114 is secured to the engine 202 by a bracket 1122. The bracket 1122 includes a central axial rod, 1124 with an internal hole 1126. During mounting, the bracket 1122 is screwed to the engine 202 with the motor shaft 200 pushed through of the hole 1126. The hole 1126 is slightly larger in diameter than its motor shaft 200, such that the motor shaft 200 can rotate freely therein. The stator 1114 is placed on the support 1122, with the rod 1124 received in the central hole 1322 of the stator 1114. The rod 1124 suitably performs an interference fit with the hole 1322 although adhesive may also be used if desired. The rotor 1100 is placed on the stator 1114 and fastened to the motor shaft 200. The stator 1114 is received within the interior of the cavity 1104. The hub 1112 includes a central hole 1128 placed in register with a threaded axial hole 1130 on the shaft of motor 200. A screw 1302 is received through hole 1128 and engaged in threaded hole 1130 to hold rotation 1100 to shaft 200 for rotation therewith. The external rotor 1100 and the internal stator 1114 provide a particularly compact generating unit. In some cases, the complete assembly can be placed on the flywheel and the magnet area of a small motor, such that the generator is provided without original external components. In addition, the assembly can be incorporated into traction cable starter. As shown in FIGURE 19 (a), the tension cable assembly and suitably including a ratchet and a clutch of the predominant spring type and the pulley 1328, is secured to and in axial alignment with the rotor 1100, on the hub 1112 When the rope is pulled the pulley is rotated, the concomitant rotation of the rotor 1100 is effected. It will be understood that although several of the conductors and connections are shown in the drawings as individual lines, they are not shown in a limiting sense and may consist of plural connections or connectors as understood in the art. Similarly, several power connections and several control lines and several similar elements have been omitted from the drawings for the purpose of clarity. In addition, the above description is of the preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention, and the invention is not limited to the specific forms shown. Modifications may be made in the design and arrangement of the elements within the scope of the invention, as expressed in the claims.

Claims (107)

1. CLAIMS 1. A machine comprising a stator and a rotor, the stator includes at least one winding and the rotor comprises a body of soft magnetic material with a plurality of permanent magnets on a surface placed close to the stator, separated from the stator by a predetermined space distance, such that the relative motion of the rotor and stator causes the magnetic flux of the magnets to interact with and induce current in the stator winding, in which the permanent magnets are high energy product magnets with a predetermined surface area and the magnets are mounted on inserts formed on the surface of the rotor proximate the stator, the surface of the rotor next to the stator includes portions between the inserts to form respective consequence poles, each pole of consequence has a predetermined surface area and the magnets are placed inside the inserts, separated from the poles of consecu adjacent to a predetermined distance, wherein the improvement is characterized in that: the surface area of the permanent magnets near the stator is greater than the surface area of the poles of consequence close to the stator.
2. 2. The machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the surface area of the permanent magnets close to the stator is greater than the surface area of the poles of consequence close to the stator by the ratio of the flow density produced by the stator. the permanent magnet to the permitted flow density of the pole of consequence.
3. 3. The machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the magnets have a flow density of at least on the order of 5 kilogauss.
4. The machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: the inserts are placed symmetrically on the surface of the rotor close to the stator; the poles of consequence are placed symmetrically on the surface of the rotor near the stator; the magnets are placed centrally inside the inserts.
5. 5. The machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the distance separating the magnets from the poles of consequence is greater than the distance separating the rotor surface from the stator.
6. The machine according to claim 5, characterized in that the distance separating the magnets from the poles of consequence is at least 5 times greater than the distance separating the rotor surface from the stator.
7. 7. The machine according to claim 1, further characterized in that it comprises a motor for rotating the rotor.
8. The machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the stator is generally annular with a central opening and the rotor is arranged concentrically for rotation within the opening.
9. 9. The machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotor comprises a hollow cylinder with the magnets mounted on an internal surface of the cylinder and the stator is concentrically placed inside the cylinder.
10. The machine according to claim 9, characterized in that the stator includes a central opening and the rotor is adapted for mounting on a shaft pushed through the central opening of the stator.
11. The machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the stator includes a plurality of windings.
12. 12. The machine in accordance with the claim 1, characterized in that the stator includes a first winding to generate a relatively high voltage, low amperage signal and a second winding to generate a relatively low voltage, high amperage signal.
13. 13. The machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the stator includes: a soft magnetic core; a first 3-phase star winding, each phase of the first winding includes a predetermined number of turns corresponding to a first predetermined voltage output; and a second 3 phase star winding, each phase of the second winding includes a predetermined number of turns corresponding to a second predetermined voltage output; the corresponding phases of the respective three-phase windings grouped together as a unit and wound around the core, in such a way that the corresponding phases of the respective 3-phase winding coils are wound in continuous thermal contact with each other.
14. The machine according to claim 13, characterized in that the first predetermined output voltage is in the order of 110 volts and the second predetermined output voltage is in the order of 12 volts.
15. The machine according to claim 13, characterized in that each phase of at least one winding includes a first portion defined by a plug to provide a third predetermined voltage output.
16. The machine according to claim 15, further characterized in that it comprises: a switch for selectively effecting a connection to one of the second or third predetermined voltage outputs; and a rectification circuit, responsive to signals from the switch to generate CD signals.
17. 17. The machine in accordance with the claim 15, characterized in that the first predetermined output voltage is in the order of 110 volts, the second predetermined output voltage is in the order of 24 volts and the third predetermined output voltage is in the order of 12 volts.
18. 18. The machine according to claim 1, further characterized in that it comprises a rectification circuit, sensitive to the signals of the stator winding to generate CD signals.
19. 19. The machine in accordance with the claim 18, characterized in that the machine includes respective output terminals; and means for disabling the rectification circuit in response to a reverse polarity voltage in excess of a predetermined level, through the output terminals.
20. The machine according to claim 19, characterized in that the machine further includes: means for enabling the rectification circuit in response to voltage in excess of a predetermined level, through the output terminals.
21. The machine according to claim 12, further characterized in that it comprises: a first rectification circuit, responsive to the signals of the first stator winding, for generating a relatively high voltage, low amperage DC signal; and a second rectification circuit, responsive to the signals of the second stator winding, to generate a relatively low voltage, high amperage DC signal.
22. 22. The machine according to claim 21, characterized in that: the second winding includes a first portion defined by a plug to provide a third predetermined voltage output; and the machine further comprises: a switch for selectively making a connection between the second rectification circuit and one of the second or third predetermined voltage outputs.
23. 23. The machine according to claim 18, characterized in that: the rotor, the stator and the rectification circuit are placed inside a housing; the housing is formed at least in part from electrical and thermally conductive material; the rectification circuit includes components that generate heat connected to a potential earth; at least one of the components of the rectification circuit that is electrically and thermally connected to the housing, such that the housing serves as a heat sink for the components and the electrical ground for the rectification circuit.
24. 24. The machine according to claim 18, characterized in that: the machine further includes a fan mounted for rotation with the rotor; the rotor, the stator, the rectification circuit and the fan are placed inside a housing, the rotation of the fan creates a positive pressure inside the housing; the rectification circuit includes components that generate heat; and the housing includes respective openings placed in predetermined relative position to the components that generate heat, creating an air flow over the components through the openings to cool the components.
25. 25. The machine according to claim 18, further characterized in that it comprises an inverter, responsive to the DC signal to generate an AC signal.
26. 26. The machine according to claim 25, characterized in that the inverter comprises a variable frequency inverter, sensitive to the marks of the current drawn from the inverter to generate an AC signal having a frequency according to the extracted current.
27. 27. The machine according to claim 25, characterized in that the inverter comprises a variable frequency inverter, sensitive to the DC voltage level markings, to generate an AC signal having a frequency in accordance with the DC voltage. .
28. 28. The machine according to claim 1, configured as a generator to generate a predetermined power output., characterized in that the ratio of the power output to the weight of the rotor is greater than 150 watts per 2.54 kg.
29. 29. The machine according to claim 1, configured as a generator to generate a predetermined power output, characterized in that the ratio of the power output to the weight of the rotor is greater than 200 watts per 2.54 kg.
30. 30. The machine according to claim 1, configured as a generator to generate a predetermined power output, characterized in that the ratio of the power output to the weight of the rotor is greater than 500 watts per 2.54 kg.
31. 31. The machine according to claim 1, configured as a generator to generate a predetermined power output, characterized in that the ratio of the power output to the weight of the rotor is greater than 700 watts per 2.54 kg.
32. 32. The machine according to claim 1, configured as a generator to generate a predetermined power output, characterized in that the ratio of the power output to the weight of the rotor is greater than 800 watts per 2.54 kg.
33. 33. A generator for generating a predetermined power output, comprising a rotor and a stator including a stator winding, characterized in that: the rotor comprises a body of soft magnetic material with a plurality of permanent magnets on a surface placed close to the stator, separated from the stator by a predetermined space diet, in such a way that the relative motion of the rotor and the stator causes the magnetic flux of the magnets to interact with and induce current in the stator winding; the output power ratio to the rotor weight is greater than 150 watts per 2.54 kg; and the stator includes: a soft magnetic core; a first 3 phase star winding, each phase of the first winding includes a predetermined number of turns corresponding to a first predetermined voltage output; and a second 3-phase star winding, each phase of the first winding includes a predetermined number of turns corresponding to a second predetermined voltage output; the corresponding phases of the windings of 3 respective phases grouped together as a unit and windings around the core, in such a way that the corresponding phases of the windings of 3 respective phases are in continuous thermal contact with each other.
34. The generator according to claim 33, characterized in that the first predetermined output voltage is in the order of 110 volts and the second predetermined output voltage is in the order of 12 volts.
35. 35. The generator according to claim 33, characterized in that each phase of at least one winding includes a first portion defined by a plug to provide a third predetermined voltage output.
36. 36. The generator according to claim 35, further characterized in that it comprises: a switch, for selectively effecting a connection to one of the second or third predetermined voltage outputs; and a rectification circuit, signal receiver of the switch to generate CD signals.
37. 37. The generator according to claim 35, characterized in that the first predetermined voltage output is in the order of 110 volts, the second predetermined voltage output is in the order of 24 volts, the third predetermined voltage output is in the order of 12 volts.
38. 38. The generator according to claim 33, further characterized in that it comprises a rectifier, responsive to the first predetermined voltage output signal and an inverter cooperating with the rectifier to generate an AC signal.
39. 39. The generator according to claim 38, characterized in that the inverter comprises a variable frequency inverter, sensitive to the inverter extraction current marks d, to generate an AC signal having a frequency according to 'the current extracted.
40. 40. The generator according to claim 38, characterized in that the inverter comprises a variable frequency inverter, sensitive to the markings of the output signal of the rectifier, to generate an AC signal having a frequency according to the voltage of the rectifier. the output signal of the rectifier.
41. 41. A generator for generating an AC signal for a load, the generator is characterized in that it comprises: a stator including at least one winding, a rotor placed in relation to the stator, in such a way that the relative movement of the rotor and the stator causes the magnetic flux of the rotor to interact with and induce current in the stator winding, a rectifier circuit, sensitive to current in the stator winding to generate a DC signal; and a variable frequency inverter, sensitive to the DC signal and a control signal indicating the current drawn by the load, to generate the AC signal, the frequency of the AC signal that is selectively varied according to the current extracted by the load.
42. 42. The generator according to claim 41, characterized in that the control signal indicating the current drawn by the load, comprises markings of the voltage level of the CD signal.
43. 43. A generator comprising a stator that includes at least one winding and a rotor positioned in relation to the stator, such that the relative motion of the rotor and the stator causes the magnetic flux of the rotor to interact with and induce current in the rotor. the stator winding, where the improvement is characterized in that the stator comprises: a soft magnetic core; a first winding, including a predetermined number of turns corresponding to a first predetermined voltage output; and a second winding, including a predetermined number of turns corresponding to a second predetermined voltage output; the respective windings which are grouped together as a unit and wound around the core, in such a way that the respective winding coils are wound in continuous close thermal contact with each other.
44. 44. The generator according to claim 43, characterized in that: the rotor comprises a body of soft magnetic material with a plurality of permanent magnets on a surface placed close to the stator.
45. 45. The generator according to claim 44, characterized in that the magnets are high energy product magnets.
46. 46. The generator according to claim 44, characterized in that: the magnets have a predetermined surface area; the magnets are mounted on inserts formed on the surface of the rotor close to the stator; the rotor surface near the stator includes portions between the inserts, to form respective consequence poles, each pole of consequence has a predetermined surface area; the magnets are placed inside the inserts, separated from adjacent poles of consequence by a predetermined distance; and the surface area of the magnets is close to the stator greater than the surface area of the poles of consequence close to the stator.
47. 47. The generator according to claim 44, characterized in that the surface area of the permanent magnets close to the stator is greater than the surface area of the poles of consequence close to the stator by the ratio of the flow density produced by the permanent magnet for the permitted flow density of the pole of consequence.
48. 48. The generator according to claim 47, characterized in that the magnets have a flow density of at least on the order of 5 kilogauss.
49. 49. The generator according to claim 46, characterized in that: the inserts are placed symmetrically on the surface of the rotor close to the stator; the poles of consequence are placed symmetrically on the surface of the rotor near the stator; the magnets are placed centrally inside the inserts.
50. 50. The generator according to claim 46, characterized in that the distance separating the magnets from the poles of consequence is greater than the distance separating the rotor surface from the stator.
51. 51. The generator according to claim 50, characterized in that the distance separating the image from the pole of consequence is at least 5 times greater than the distance separating the surface of the rotor from the stator.
52. 52. The generator according to claim 43, characterized in that: the first winding is a 3-phase star winding, each phase of the first winding includes a predetermined number of turns corresponding to the first predetermined voltage output; and the second winding is a 3-phase star winding, each phase of the second winding includes a predetermined number of turns corresponding to the second predetermined voltage output; the corresponding phases of the respective 3-phase windings are grouped together as a unit and wound around the core, in such a way that the corresponding phases of the respective 3-phase windings are in thermal contact with each other.
53. 53. The generator according to claim 52, characterized in that the first predetermined output voltage is in the order of 110 volts and the second predetermined output voltage is in the order of 12 volts.
54. 54. The generator according to claim 52, characterized in that each phase of at least one winding includes a first portion defined by a plug to provide a third predetermined voltage output.
55. 55. The generator according to claim 54, further characterized in that it comprises: a switch, for selectively effecting a connection to one of the second or third predetermined voltage outputs; and a rectification circuit, signal receiver of the switch to generate CD signals.
56. 56. The generator according to claim 54, characterized in that the first predetermined output voltage is in the order of 110 volts, the second predetermined output voltage is in the order of 24 volts, the third predetermined output voltage is in the order of 12 volts.
57. 57. A generator comprising a stator and a rotor, the stator includes at least one winding and the rotor comprises a body of soft magnetic material with a plurality of permanent magnets placed on a surface near the stator, spaced from the stator by a predetermined distance of space, such that the relative movement of the rotor and the stator causes the magnetic flux of the magnets to interact with and induce current in the stator winding, wherein the improvement is characterized in that: the rotor comprises a hollow cylinder with the magnets mounted on the inner surface of the cylinder; The stator is placed concentrically inside the cylinder; and the rotor is mounted for rotation around the stator.
58. 58. The generator according to claim 57, characterized in that: the magnets are high energy product magnets with a predetermined surface area; the magnets are mounted on inserts formed on the inner surface of the cylinder; the inner surface of the cylinder includes portions between the inserts to form respective consequence poles, each consequence pole having a predetermined surface area; The magnets are placed inside the inserts, separated from adjacent poles of consequence by a predetermined distance; and the surface area of the permanent magnets is greater than the surface area of the poles of consequence.
59. 59. The generator according to claim 57, characterized in that the stator includes a central opening and the rotor is adapted for mounting on a shaft pushed through the central opening of the stator.
60. 60. The generator according to claim 57, characterized in that the stator includes a plurality of windings.
61. 61. The generator according to claim 57, characterized in that the stator includes a first winding to generate a signal of relatively high voltage, low amperage and a second winding to generate a signal of relatively low voltage, high amperage.
62. 62. The generator according to claim 57, characterized in that the stator includes: a soft magnetic core; a first 3 phase star winding, each phase of the first winding includes a predetermined number of turns corresponding to a first predetermined voltage output; a second 3-phase star winding, each phase of the first winding includes a predetermined number of turns corresponding to a second predetermined voltage output; The corresponding phases of the respective 3-phase windings are grouped together as a unit and wound around the core, in such a way that the corresponding phases of the respective 3-phase windings are in thermal contact with each other.
63. 63. The generator according to claim 62, characterized in that each phase of at least one winding includes a first portion defined by a plug to provide a third predetermined voltage output.
64. 64. The generator according to claim 57, further characterized in that it comprises a rectification circuit, sensitive to the signals of the stator winding to generate CD signals.
65. 65. The generator according to claim 64, characterized in that: the generator further includes a fan mounted for rotation with the rotor; the rotor, the stator, the rectification circuit and the fan are creating a positive pressure inside the housing; the rectification circuit includes components that generate heat; and the housing includes retractable openings positioned in predetermined positions relative to the components that generate heat, creating an air flow over the component through the openings to cool the components.
66. 66. The generator according to claim 65, characterized in that the fan comprises fan blades placed on the outside of the cylinder.
67. 67. The generator according to claim 57, characterized in that the rotor further includes fan blades placed on the outside of the cylinder.
68. 68. A method for extending the operating capacity of an AC generator, characterized in that it comprises the steps of generating a CD signal; apply the DC signal to a variable frequency inverter to generate an AC signal; generate a control signal for the inverter to vary the frequency of the AC signal according to the current drawn from the generator so that extraordinary passenger load demands are accommodated.
69. 69. A portable generator set, lightweight characterized in that it comprises: a motor with a rotating output shaft; a generator comprising a rotor and a stator; the stator includes at least one winding and a central opening, the stator is fixedly fixed concentrically with the motor shaft; the rotor comprises a body of soft magnetic material with a plurality of permanent magnets, each having a predetermined surface area, mounted on inserts formed on a rotor surface positioned close to the stator, separated from the stator by a predetermined distance of space, in such a way that the relative movement of the rotor and the stator causes the magnetic flux of the magnets to interact with an induced current in the stator winding, the surface rotor near the stator induces portions between the inserts to form respective pole of consequence , each pole of consequence has a predetermined surface area: the surface area of the magnets is larger than the surface area of the pole of consequence; the rotor is mounted on the motor shaft close enough to the motor, that the predetermined space allowance between rotor and stator is maintained during rotor rotation without external bearings for the motor.
70. 70. The generator according to claim 69, characterized in that the stator includes a plurality of windings.
71. 71. The generator of claim 69, characterized in that the stator includes a first winding for generating a relatively high voltage, low amperage signal and a second winding for generating a relatively low voltage, high amperage signal.
72. 72. The generator according to claim 69, characterized in that the stator includes: a soft magnetic core; a first 3 phase star winding, each phase of the first winding includes a predetermined number of turns corresponding to a first predetermined voltage output; and a second 3-phase star winding, each phase of the first winding includes a predetermined number of turns corresponding to a second predetermined output voltage; The corresponding phases of the windings of 3 respective phases grouped together as a unit and windings around the core, in such a way that the corresponding phase of the windings of 3 respective phases are in thermal contact with each other.
73. 73. The generator according to claim 72, characterized in that the first predetermined output voltage is in the order of 110 volts and the second predetermined output voltage is in the order d of 12 volt.
74. 74. The generator according to claim 72, characterized in that each fae of at least one winding includes a first portion defined by a plug to provide a third predetermined voltage output.
75. 75. The generator according to claim 74, further characterized in that it comprises: a switch for selectively effecting a connection to one of the second or third predetermined voltage outputs; and a rectification circuit, signal receiver of the switch to generate CD signals.
76. 76. The generator according to claim 74, characterized in that the first predetermined output voltage is in the order of 110 volts, the second predetermined output voltage is in the order of 24 volts, the third predetermined output voltage is in the order 12 volts.
77. 77. The generator according to claim 69, further characterized in that it comprises a rectification circuit, sensitive to the signals of the stator winding to generate CD signals.
78. 78. The generator according to claim 77, characterized in that: the rotor, stator and rectification circuits are placed inside a housing; the housing is formed at least in part from electrical and thermally conductive material; the rectification circuit includes components that generate heat connected to the ground potential; At least one of the components of the rectification circuit is electrically and thermally connected to the housing, in such a way that the housing serves as a heat sink for the components and the electrical ground for the rectification circuit, the rectification circuit includes components that generate heat connected to a ground potential; at least one of the components of the rectification circuit is electrically and thermally connected to the housing, in such a way that the housing serves as a heat sink for the components and electrical ground for the rectification circuit.
79. 79. The generator according to claim 77, characterized in that: the generator also includes a fan mounted for rotation with the rotor; the rotor, stator, rectification circuit and fan are placed inside a housing, the rotation d of the fan creates a positive pressure inside the housing; the rectification circuit induces components that generate heat; and the housing includes respective openings placed in the predetermined position relative to the components that generate heat, creating an air flow over the components through the openings to cool the components.
80. 80. The generator according to claim 77, characterized in that it comprises an inverter, sensitive to the CD signal, to generate an AC signal.
81. 81. The generator according to claim 80, characterized in that the inverter comprises an inverter of: variable frequency, sensitive to the current marks extracted from the inverter, to generate an AC signal having a frequency according to the extracted current.
82. 82. The generator according to claim 80, characterized in that the inverter comprises a variable frequency inverter, sensitive to the DC voltage level markings, to generate an AC signal having a frequency in accordance with the DC voltage.
83. 83. The lightweight portable generator set according to claim 69, further characterized in that it includes a connection mechanism for a trane-holder belt.
84. 84. The light pee portable generator set according to claim 69, characterized in that the permanent magnets are high energy product magnets.
85. 85. The portable light-weight generator set according to claim 69, characterized in that the magnets are located separated from poles of adjacent consequence by a predetermined distance greater than the distance separating the rotor surface from the stator.
86. 86. The portable, lightweight generator set according to claim 85, further characterized in that it includes: a mounting frame having a base portion and a transverse portion with first and second opposite sides: an aperture formed in the transvereal portion of the frame; and wherein: the motor is mounted on one side of the transverse portion of the frame placed on the base, with the motor shaft extending through the opening; and the stator is mounted on the opposite side of the transverse portion concentric with the motor shaft; and the rotor is mounted on the shaft aligned laterally with the stator.
87. 87. The lightweight portable generator set according to claim 86, characterized in that the mounting frame is formed of a single sheet of material.
88. 88. The lightweight portable generator set according to claim 86, characterized in that the mounting frame includes a manual portion.
89. 89. The lightweight portable generator set according to claim 89, characterized in that the handle portion is adapted for connection to a shoulder strap.
90. 90. The lightweight portable generator set according to claim 86, characterized in that the mounting frame is adapted for connection to a conveyor belt.
91. 91. The lightweight portable generator set according to claim 86, characterized in that: the stator is generally annular with a central cavity; and the rotor is positioned coaxially within the cavity.
92. 92. The lightweight portable generator set according to claim 86, characterized in that: the stator is generally cylindrical with a central axial hole; the motor shaft extends through the hole; the rotor includes a generally cylindrical central axial cavity and a hub; and the rotor is mounted to the hub of the hub, with the stator coaxially positioned within the rotor cavity.
93. 93. The lightweight portable generator set according to claim 69, further characterized in that it includes: a mounting frame having a base portion and a transverse portion with first and second opposite sides; an opening formed in the transverse portion of the frame; and wherein: the motor is mounted on one side of the transverse portion d of the frame that is placed on the base, with the motor shaft extending through the opening; and the stator is mounted on the opposite side of the transverse portion, concentric with the motor shaft; and the rotor is mounted on the shaft laterally aligned with the stator.
94. 94. The lightweight portable generator set according to claim 93, characterized in that the permanent magnets are high energy product magnets.
95. The lightweight, portable generator set according to claim 93, characterized in that the mounting frame is formed of a single sheet of material.
96. 96. The lightweight, portable generator set according to claim 93, characterized in that the mounting frame includes a handle portion.
97. 97. The lightweight portable generator set according to claim 96, characterized in that the handle portion is adapted for connection to a shoulder strap.
98. 98. The lightweight portable generator set according to claim 93, characterized in that the mounting frame is adapted for connection to a conveyor belt.
99. 99. The portable lightweight generator assembly according to claim 93, characterized in that: the stator is generally annular with a central cavity; and the rotor is positioned coaxially within the cavity.
100. 100. The lightweight, portable generator set according to claim 93, characterized in that: the stator is generally cylindrical with a central axial hole; the motor shaft extends through the hole; the rotor includes a central axial cavity, generally cylindrical and a hub; and the rotor is mounted to the motor shaft in the hub, with the stator disposed coaxially within the rotor cavity.
101. 101. A compact generator, characterized in that it comprises: an internal stator comprising: a core with respective windings; and an axial through hole, central within the core; an external rotor positioned to rotate around the perimeter of the stator, the rotor comprises: a cylindrical housing formed of soft magnetic material, the housing having an internal cavity and an internal side wall; and a plurality of alternating permanent magnets and consequence poles, placed on the interior side wall of the housing; a motor support having a central axial rod with an internal hole, in which the stator is placed on the support with the central rod received in the central axial through hole, in such a way that the central axial rod performs an interface m with the central axial through hole; an engine shaft pushed into the internal hole, in which the internal hole is a little larger in diameter than the motor shaft, such that the motor shaft is rotationally in it and in which the rotor is attached to the shaft the motor.
102. 102. The compact generator according to claim 101, further characterized in that it comprises fins formed on the outer side walls of the rotor housing to facilitate cooling.
103. 103. A generator set for generating an output signal for a load, the generator is characterized in that it comprises: a motor with a rotating output shaft, the motor that rotates the shaft at a rotational speed according to a regulating control; the generator comprises a rotor and a stator, with the rotor positioned relative to the stator in such a way that the relative movement of the rotor and the stator causes the magnetic flux of the rotor to interact with and induce the current in the stator winding, a rectifier circuit, sensitive to the stator winding signals, to generate a CD signal; an inverter, sensitive to the DC signal to generate an output signal of the predetermined frequency; and a governor for selectively controlling the motor regulator according to the output signal of the generator set;
104. 104. The generator set according to claim 103, characterized in that the governor comprises: a detector for generating charge demand marks; means for selectively generating a control signal; and an electromagnetic actuator mechanically connected to the motor regulator and responsive to the control signal of the regulator, to selectively vary the adjustment d of the regulator.
105. 105. The generator set of claim 104, wherein the electromagnetic actuator comprises: a cylindrical magnet, magnetized along its entire length; a non-magnetic push rod that cooperates with the cylindrical magnet and the motor regulator; an actuator winding wound around the push rod; wherein the control signal is selectively applied to the actuator winding to generate a magnetic interaction between the winding and the magnet and cause the movement of the magnet and the push rod to vary the adjustment d of the regulator.
106. 106. The generator set according to claim 105, characterized in that the regulating control signal is pulse width modulated and the pulse width determines the power of the electrical signal supplied to the winding.
107. 107. The generator set according to claim 105, further characterized in that it comprises a return diode provided through the winding. SUMMARY A machine comprising a stator and a rotor, wherein the stator includes at least one winding and the rotor comprises a body of soft magnetic material with a plurality of permanent magnets on a surface placed close to the stator, with poles of consequence involved , where the surface area of the permanent magnets near the stator is greater than the surface area of the poles of consequence close to the stator. Also disclosed is a stator comprising a soft magnetic core with 3-phase star windings, respectively corresponding to different predetermined voltage outputs with the corresponding phases of the respective 3-phase windings grouped together as a unit and wound around the core , in such a way that the corresponding phases of the windings of 3 respective phases are in continuous thermal contact with each other. It also describes the use of a variable frequency inverter sensitive to a DC signal generated in the stator winding and a control signal indicating the current drawn by a load on the device to generate an AC signal, where the frequency of the AC signal is selectively varied according to the current drawn by the load. In another embodiment, the rotor comprises a hollow cylinder with the magnets mounted on the inner surface of the cylinder with the stator positioned concentrically inside the cylinder. A governor is also described to selectively control the motor regulator according to the output signal of the generator.