MXPA06003390A - Piping elbow liners - Google Patents

Abstract

Liners useful as piping elbow liners comprising a body liner (808), a tangential inlet liner (806), and a tangential outlet liner (806). The tangential inlet liner (806) and the tangential outlet liner (806) can be removably inserted into a cavity (812) in the body liner (808). The body liner (808) can comprise two substantially-identical body section liners.

Description

PIPE COVERS FOR PIPELINES Field of the Invention The present invention relates in general to apparatus for changing the direction of a fluid flow, especially high temperature and / or highly abrasive fluid flows. More specifically, the present invention relates to such an apparatus that employs a protective coating to protect an outer pipe or container wall from direct exposure to such high temperature and / or highly abrasive fluid flows, for example, a refractory lining. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In any included system containing a flowing fluid, such as a pipe system, there is often a need to make directional changes in the fluid flow. Typically, pipes for standard pipes, also referred to as curved pipes, are used.

However, there are frequently circumstances that impose restrictions and prevent the use of standard pipe elbows. These circumstances include the transport of high temperature fluids, corrosive fluid streams or abrasive fluid streams such as those that are streams of particulate laden fluids. When these conditions exist, a typical solution for changing the flow direction of the fluid often involves using larger pipe elements (ie, larger diameter) coated with an appropriate refractory lining, corrosion resistant or abrasion resistant. An increase in the diameter of the pipe requires an accompanying increase in the radius of gyration of any necessary curved tube. The increase in the radius of turn in turn increases the space requirements for installing a bend or bend needed to make a change in the direction of fluid flow. Using an elbow or curved tube with too small a turning radius typically causes an unwanted pressure loss. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The inventors have addressed one or more of the above-mentioned deficiencies in the prior art by providing a pipe elbow capable of facilitating a change in direction of fluid flow in a smaller space than conventional pipe elbows, without cause the greatest pressure losses encountered when using conventional elbows in the equivalent space. These pipe elbows comprise a substantially cylindrical body having a first end, a second end and a substantially constant internal diameter; a tangential inlet attached to the body near the first end of the body and having an inner diameter smaller than the inner diameter of the body; and a tangential outlet attached to the body near the second end of the body and having an inner diameter smaller than the inner diameter of the body. Typically, fluid flows pass linearly through the tangential inlet and enter the body. Inside the body, the linear movement of the fluid becomes a rotational or spiral movement. The fluid in the body continues its spiral movement as it also moves axially through the body to the tangential outlet. The fluid leaves the body through the tangential outlet. At the exit through the tangential exit, the rotational or spiral movement of fluid in the body is converted back to linear motion. " In a preferred embodiment, the pipe elbow comprises two substantially identical components joined together. In another preferred embodiment, the two substantially identical components are removably joined together, so that the tangential entry / exit in the first component can be oriented at any desired angle with respect to the tangential entry / exit in the second component. The present application relates to a coating which is specially adapted for use with the pipe elbows described above, for example in redirecting high temperature flows and / or highly abrasive flows, as well as to the methods for manufacturing the coating. In one embodiment, the liner according to the present invention comprises a body liner, a tangential inlet liner and a tangential liner. In a preferred embodiment, the tangential inlet liner and the tangential outlet liner are each removably inserted into a cavity in the body liner. In another embodiment, the lining of the body section comprises two liners of the body section substantially identical. One method for manufacturing the liner in its preferred embodiment comprises providing a first substantially cylindrical structure having an inner surface and an inner diameter, providing second and third substantially cylindrical structures each having a first end, an inner diameter smaller than the diameter interior of the first structure and an outer diameter, creating two cavities in the first structure having a diameter equal to or greater than the outer diameter of the corresponding second and third structures, the first ends of the second and third structures being conformed to be substantially identical to the shape of the cavities created in the first structure and the first shaped ends of the second and third structures being inserted into the coupling cavities in the first structure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention is illustrated by way of example in the accompanying drawings, in which similar references indicate similar elements. The following drawings describe various embodiments of the present invention for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Figure 1 shows a pipe elbow having a tangential inlet and a tangential outlet that are axially oriented in substantially opposite directions. Figure 2 shows a top-to-bottom view of the pipe elbow of Figure 1. Figure 3 shows a top view below a pipe elbow with a tangential inlet and a tangential outlet that are oriented axially at approximately 90 degrees one of other . Figure 4 shows a top-to-bottom view of a pipe elbow with a tangential inlet and a tangential outlet that are axially oriented in substantially the same direction. Figure 5 shows a pipe elbow of the type shown in Figure 1 but which is comprised of two substantially identical component sections, which provide a tangential inlet and a tangential outlet that are axially oriented in substantially opposite directions. Figure 6 shows the pipe elbow of Figure 5, wherein the two component sections have been joined together to provide a tangential inlet and the tangential outlet that are axially oriented at approximately 90 degrees relative to each other. Figure 7 shows the pipe elbow of Figure 5, wherein the two component sections have been joined together to provide a tangential inlet and the tangential outlet that are axially oriented substantially in substantially the same direction. Figure 8 shows an exploded view of one of two substantially identical pipe constructions reflected in Figures 5 to 7. Figure 9 shows an exploded view of two pipe constructions of Figure 8 removably attached to each other. Figure 10 shows another view of a liner of the body section and the tangential inlet liner according to the present invention as shown in Figures 8 and 9. Figure 11 shows the tangential inlet liner of Figures 8, and 9 inserted into the cavity of the body section of Figures 8, and 9. Figure 12 shows a schematic of the lining of the body section of Figure 10. Figure 13 shows a schematic of the tangential inlet lining of Figure 11. Figure 14 shows a cylindrically shaped section of a liner having an electrically conductive wire placed near the outer surface of the coating in a zigzag pattern according to one embodiment of a method and apparatus for detecting wear in the coating of the present invention. Figure 15 shows a cross-sectional view of the liner of the body section shown in Figure 14. Figure 16 shows a cylindrically shaped section of a pipe liner having an electrically conductive wire placed near the outer surface of the lining in a spiral pattern according to another embodiment of the method and apparatus for detecting wear in the coatings of the present invention. Figure 17 shows a cross-sectional view of the coating section shown in Figure 16. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The pipe elbows in which the present inventive coatings are most preferably employed comprise a substantially cylindrical body having a first end. and a second end and having a substantially constant diameter, a tangential inlet attached to the body section near the first end of the body section and having a diameter smaller than the diameter of the body section, and a tangential outlet attached to the body section near the second end of the body section. the body section and having a diameter smaller than the diameter of the body section. Unless otherwise specified herein, the word "diameter" will refer to the inside diameter of an article. For purposes of the present specification the first end of the body section may occasionally also be referred to as the "upper" part of the body, and thus the "upper part" of the pipe elbow, while the second end may be referred to as the "lower part". "of the body and the" lower part "of the elbow for pipes. Although the words "upper" and "lower" can be used as a matter of convenience in the course of the present description to indicate specific ends of the body and elbow for pipe, the use of the words "upper" and "lower" should not taken to indicate or imply that the pipe elbows in which the inventive coating finds application, are necessarily oriented vertically or have an "upper" or "lower" end - the ends may be at the same elevation. In a pipe elbow of the type shown in the drawings, the flows flow linearly through the tangential inlet and enter the body. Within the body, essentially the linear movement of the fluid becomes a rotational or spiral movement. The fluid in the body continues its spiral movement as it also moves axially through the body section, towards the tangential outlet. The fluid leaves the body through the tangential outlet. At the outlet through the tangential outlet, the rotational or spiral movement of fluid in the body is converted back to linear motion. Figure 1 shows an example of such elbow for pipe 100. The elbow for pipe 100 comprises a tangential inlet 102, a body 104 and a tangential outlet 106. In a typical operation of the elbow for pipe 100, the fluid flows essentially linearly through the tangential inlet 102, as indicated by the arrow 108, and enters the body 104. Upon entering the body 104, the linear movement of the fluid flow is converted to a spiral movement as the fluid moves axially from the tangential inlet 102 toward the tangential outlet 106. Upon reaching the tangential outlet 106, the spiral movement is translated back into linear motion as the fluid exits the body 104 as indicated by arrow 110. In order to facilitate movement spiral of the fluid in the body, the entrances and exits according to the present invention both are smaller in diameter than the body. By tangential it means that the axis of the entrance (or exit) does not pass through the axis of the body. The tangential entrance and the tangential exit can also be considered decentered in relation to the body. The tangential nature of the inlet and the outlet are illustrated more clearly in Figure 2. Figure 2 shows a top view below a pipe elbow 200 similar to the elbow for pipe 100 illustrated in Figure 1. Elbow for pipe 200 it comprises a tangential inlet 202, a body 204 and a tangential outlet 206. As shown in Figure 2, the axis 208 of the tangential inlet 202 does not intersect the axis 210 of the body 204. If a tangential inlet was centered with respect to to the body, then the axis of the tangential entrance would intersect the axis of the body. Similarly, the axis 212 of the tangential outlet 206 does not intersect the axis 210 of the body 204. The fluid enters the body 204 through the tangential inlet 202 as indicated by the arrows 214. Inside the body 204, the fluid travels towards the tangential exit in a spiral movement as indicated by the arrows 216. When reaching the tangential exit 206, the fluid leaves the body as indicated by the arrows 218. The tangential inlet and the tangential outlet are both smaller in diameter than the body. For many applications, the diameter of the tangential inlet will be approximately the same size as the diameter of the tangential outlet. Preferably, the diameter of the body is at least about 1.5 times larger than the diameter of the tangential inlet and the diameter of the tangential outlet. More preferably the diameter of the body is at least 2 times larger than the diameter of the tangential inlet and the diameter of the tangential outlet. Preferably, the diameter of the body section is not more than about no greater than about 3 times larger than the diameter of the tangential inlet and the diameter of the tangential outlet. The tangential inlet and the tangential outlet can be oriented axially in any direction in relation to each other. For example, in Figure 2 the direction of the fluid flow in the tangential inlet 202 is in the opposite direction of the fluid flow in the tangential outlet 206. That is, the direction of the fluid flow in the tangential inlet 202 is about 180 degrees in relation to the flow of fluid in the tangential outlet 206. Thus, the tangential inlet 202 is axially oriented in the opposite direction of the tangential outlet 206. A pipe elbow having a tangential inlet and an axially oriented tangential outlet in substantially the opposite direction can be advantageously used when the elbow is part of the pipe system that serves as a return, such as when a product of a production system is returned or recycled back to the production system. The tangential entry may be at the same elevation or different elevation as the tangential exit depending on the needs in any application. To facilitate the flow of fluid through the tangential outlet, the tangential outlet must be located on the opposite side of the body axis section of the tangential inlet when the inlet and outlet are axially oriented in the opposite direction. For example, in the top-to-bottom view of the pipe elbow 200 shown in Figure 2 the axis 208 of the tangential inlet 202 appears to the left of the body axis 210 and the axis 212 of the tangential outlet 206 appears to the right of the body axis 210. The placement of the tangential inlet 202 to the left of the body axis 210 causes fluid flow in the pipe elbow 200 spirally in a clockwise motion as indicated by the arrows 216 As the continuous spiral fluid flow moves axially through the body 204 from the tangential inlet 202 to the tangential outlet 206. As the fluid flow reaches the tangential outlet 206, the fluid flow moves in the direction necessary to exit through the tangential outlet 206 as indicated by the arrows 220 and 218. The tangential inlet 202 and the tangential outlet 206 may in this circumstance be described as "rotationally aligned s ". If on the other hand, the tangential outlet 206 has been placed directly below the tangential inlet 202 so that both axes 208 and 212 were placed to the left of the body axis 210, then as the fluid flow reaches the outlet tangential 206 may not move in the same direction necessary to exit tangential outlet 206. Figure 3 and Figure 4 illustrate other examples of pipe elbows where the tangential inlet and the tangential outlet are rotationally aligned. In Figure 3, the pipe elbow 300 comprises a tangential inlet 302, a body 304 and a tangential outlet 306, wherein the tangential inlet 302 and the tangential outlet 306 are rotationally aligned and axially oriented at approximately 90 degrees relative to each other. In Figure 4, the pipe elbow 400 comprises a tangential inlet 402, a body 404 and a tangential outlet 406, wherein the tangential inlet 402 and the tangential outlet 406 are rotationally aligned and axially oriented in substantially the same direction.

The pipe elbows as illustrated in Figures 1-4 can be manufactured as a solid piece as shown in Figure 1 or, more preferably, they can be fabricated into parts that can be assembled to form the pipe elbow. In Figure 5, the pipe elbow 500 comprises a tangential inlet 502, an assembled body of two body sections 504 and 505, and a tangential outlet 506, wherein the tangential inlet 502 and the tangential outlet 506 are rotationally aligned and axially orientate in substantially the opposite direction. Preferably, the tangential inlet 502 and the first body section 504 comprise a single continuous piece and the tangential outlet 506 and the second body section 505 comprise a single second continuous piece. The body of the pipe elbow 500 is assembled by joining the flange 518 of the first body section 504 to the flange 520 of the second body section 505 in a conventional manner, for example by bolted flanges 518 and 520 together. The upper part 514 of the first body section 504 is joined to the first body section 504 and the lower part 516 of the second body section 505 is joined to the second body section 505. The first body section 504 and the Second body section 505 can be separated after use so that the interior of the body can be inspected and cleaned, if necessary. Similarly, the upper part 514 and the lower part 516 are removable so that the interior of the body can be inspected and cleaned as needed. Additionally, the elbow for pipe 500 can be removed from the rest of the pipe system to facilitate inspection, cleaning, repair, replacement, etc. by separating the flange 522 from the flange 524 and separating the flange 526 from the flange 528. Alternative configurations are also possible. For example the upper part 514 and / or lower 516 of the body sections 504 and 505 respectively can be permanently attached instead of removably attached as described above. Top 514 and / or bottom 516 may be permanently joined in any suitable manner for the particular application. For example, the upper portion 514 and / or lower 516 can be manufactured as a continuous component together with the body section 504 and / or the body section 505. More preferably, to simplify and facilitate fabrication, the body sections 504 and 505 are substantially identical to each other, and removably attached through the tabs 518 and 520 in an inverse mirror image relationship. Thus, in Figure 5, the pipe elbow 500 can be separated into two substantially identical components by separating the flange 518 from the flange 520. The first substantially identical component comprises the body section 504, the tangential inlet 502 and the upper part 514 The second substantially identical component comprises the body section 505, the tangential outlet 506 and the lower part 516. Figures 5-7 illustrate another advantage of the pipe elbows comprising two substantially identical components. That is, the lower component can be oriented to a selected degree relative to the upper component to provide the desired redirection of the fluid flow in motion from the tangential inlet through the body and out through the tangential outlet. For example, Figure 6 shows the elbow for pipe 500 of Figure 5 with the lower component at an angle of approximately 90 degrees relative to the upper component. That is to say, the pipe elbow 600 of Figure 6 comprises exactly the same components of the pipe elbow 500 except that the lower component is rotated approximately 90 degrees. Similarly, Figure 7 shows the elbow for pipe 700 which comprises exactly the same components of the elbow for pipe 500 except that the lower component is rotated approximately 180 degrees. Elbows for tubing as illustrated and described above may include cooling liners. Cooling jackets are known in the art for cooling materials within containers or piping systems. For example, the pipe elbow 500 comprises a cooling jacket. As best shown in Figure 5, both the first body section 504 and the second body section 505 of the pipe elbow 500 comprise a cooling jacket that includes a water inlet and a water outlet, which in the case of the body section 504 are the inlet 504 and the outlet 510. The water inlet for the body section 505, is not shown, which is symmetrical to the water inlet 508 and in the same relation to the outlet 512 as the inlet 508 is the outlet 510. The pipe elbows as described and shown are particularly well suited for handling high temperature and / or highly abrasive fluids through the use of coatings in accordance with the present invention. For example, ceramic coatings can be advantageously used with pipe elbows such as pipe elbow 500 of Figure 5 in the context of a Ti02 production process. After the combustion section or the oxidation section in a Ti02 production process, the Ti02 is transported by the process gases through the relieving section. The refrigerant section is both a highly abrasive environment and a high temperature environment. This is not unusual for the temperature of the fluid stream comprising Ti02 and the process gases vary between 400 ° F (204.44 ° C) and 1400 ° F (760 ° C). Elbows for pipes with ceramic coatings can be used advantageously in this cooling section of a Ti02 production process. In one embodiment, the coatings according to the present invention comprise a body coating, a tangential inlet coating and a tangential outlet coating. In a preferred embodiment, the tangential inlet coating and the tangential outlet coating have substantially the same shape. That is, the tangential inlet liner and the tangential outlet liner are substantially identical. The body coating may comprise a single continuous component or may comprise multiple coatings in section. In a preferred embodiment, the body liner comprises two substantially identical body section lining. Each of the two substantially identical leather section lining has a cylindrical shape which is open at one end and closed at the other end. The closed end can be closed by removably attaching one end of the body section liner or by manufacturing the liner of the body section as a continuous part having a closed end. In one embodiment of the present invention, at least one lining of the body section has a removably attached end that functions either as the top or bottom of the liner, which can be removed to inspect or clean the interior of the lining of the body. body section. Figure 8 shows an exploded view of a component 800, which is one of two substantially identical components that can be removably joined together to form a pipe elbow as described above. The component 800 is similar to the upper component shown in Figure 5 and comprises a body section 804, a tangential inlet 802, and an upper part 814. It should be noted that if the 800 component was used as a lower component instead of a component higher, then the tangential entry 802 would work as a tangential exit. The component 800 further comprises a tangential inlet liner 806, a liner of the body section 808 and an upper liner 810. During the process of placing the component 800 together, the lining of the body section 808 is inserted into the liner section. body 804 and then the tangential inlet liner 806 is inserted into the tangential outlet 802 so that the tangential inlet liner 806 fits the cavity 812 in the liner of the body section 808. The tangential inlet liner 806 and the cavity 812 are shaped so that the edges of the tangential inlet lining 806 overlie the edges of the cavity 812. Thus, the shape of the cavity 812 in the lining of the body section 808 is substantially identical to the shape of the inserted end of the cavity. tangential inlet lining 806. The construction of the component 800 is completed by placing the upper liner 810 in the lining. of the body section 808, by placing the insulation 816 on the upper skin 810, by placing a gasket 818 on the upper part of the body section 804, applying a joint sealant 820 on the upper part of the gasket 818 and then attaching the upper part 814 to the body section 804. In Figure 8, the upper part 814 removably attaches to the body section 804 when screwing the upper part 814 to the body section 804. Figure 9 shows a view exploded of two components 800 removably joined together to form a pipe elbow. Figures 10-11 illustrate how tangential inlet liners and tangential outlet liners are adapted to a cavity either of a body liner or a liner of the body section to form a liner joint. Figure 10 shows the tangential inlet lining 806, the body section liner 808 and the cavity 812 of Figures 8 and 9. As shown in Figure 10, the shape of the inserted end of the tangential inlet 806 is substantially identical to the shape of the cavity 812 in the lining of the body section 808. Figure 11 shows the tangential inlet lining 806 inserted in the cavity 812 of the liner of the body section 808 which forms a liner component 1100 suitable for use in a first component of the pipe elbow. The point at which an inlet or outlet is inserted into the cavity of a body liner or body section liner can be referred to herein as a liner joint. The cavity in a body liner or body section liner of the present invention can be created by removing a one piece cylindrical plug from the liner material. The ceramic parts of the coating material can be purchased, for example, from Ceramic Protection Corporation. To remove the obturator, the intersection of the input (or output) axis with the body is located. When projecting along this axis, a shutter is removed that is approximately equal in diameter to the outside diameter of the inlet (or outlet) to be inserted plus any required tolerance. The plug is made to a depth such that the lining of the inlet (or outlet) edge aligns with the inner surface of the body liner. Figure 12 shows a schematic illustrating a body section liner 1200 according to the present invention. The body section liner 1200 has an outer diameter 1202 of 13 1/2 inches (34.29 cm), an internal diameter 1204 of 12 inches (30.48), and a height 1206 of 17 1/2 inches (44.45 cm). The radius 1208 of the cavity 1210 is 4 13/16 inches (12.22 cm) with the distance 1212 of the end 1214 of the body section liner 1200 being the axis 1216 of the cavity 1210 of 5 3/4 inches (14.61 cm). The distance 1218 of the shaft 1216 of the cavity 1210 to the outer edge of the skin of the body section 1200 is 4 3/4 inches (12.07 cm). Tangential inlet liners and tangential outlet liners can also be created by removing a seal from a cylindrical part of the liner material. The inlet and outlet liners may be created by removing a cylindrical plug having a diameter of approximately the same diameter as the inside diameter of the body liner in which the inlet or outlet liner is to be inserted. Figure 13 shows a schematic illustrating a tangential inlet (or outlet) liner 1300 having an outer diameter 1302 of 9 1/2 inches (24.13 cm), an inner diameter 1304 of 8 inches (20.32 cm) and a height or (length) 1306 of 12 inches (30.48 cm). As illustrated in Figure 13, the tangential inlet liner 1300 has a cylindrical shape having a height 1306 of 12 inches (30.48 cm) and an outside diameter 1302 of 9 1/2 inches (24.13 cm). The cylindrical shape of the tangential inlet liner 1300 has a cylindrical shutter removed with a radius 1308 of 6 inches (15.24 cm) removed from the end of the 1300 tangential inlet liner. The cylindrical shutter shaft 1310 is a distance of 2 inches 1312 (5.08). ) from the 1314 axis of the tangential inlet liner 1300 at its closest point. It should be noted that the radius 1308 of the cylindrical plug removed (i.e., 6 inches (15.24 cm)) is coupled to the internal diameter 1204 (i.e., 12 inches (30.48 cm) of the body liner 1200. The coatings of the present invention have several advantages. over the coatings used in the prior art When refractory partition or siding is used in coating processes or equipment as is known in the art, the coating materials are typically bonded in place by gumming or cementing. Once installed, it is necessary to demolish the lining system if necessary whenever the lining system needs to be removed.The brickwork and the demolition of the lining system are slow and require fresh material to be installed on each occasion. present invention, on the other hand, allow the coating system in certain applications for inst Blow and fold repeatedly without damaging the coating materials. Straight pipe liners of the prior art offer the opportunity to insert pre-cast facing sections. However, these liner sections are usually still attached in place to hold the liner without moving from its position or falling out of the body. Casing a joint such as a T-tube or a container inlet with a container body typically requires some types of positioning, alignment or securing method or device. In many cases, this is done by cementing or joining the parts in place. Once it is done, removal is difficult or impossible without breaking the coating system. The coatings of the present invention provide a joint design that aligns and maintains the parts of the coating in place relative to each other, requiring little or no cementation or bonding to maintain the integrity of the joint. That is, once a body liner is inserted into the body of a pipe elbow in accordance with Figs. 8-13, for example, the insertion of a tangential inlet liner and a tangential liner into the tube cavity. Body lining keeps the body liner in place with little or no binding. Similarly, if the tangential inlet liner and the tangential outlet liner are removed, the body liner can be removed for inspection or replacement. In this way, the tangential inlet liner and the tangential outlet liner are removably inserted in the body liner cavity and the body liner is removably inserted in the body of the pipe elbow. The pipe coatings of the present invention are preferably used with various methods to detect wear on the coating. Such method developed by the inventors uses an electrically conductive wire placed on the outer surface of the coating in relation to the flowing fluid. The electrical resistance of the wire is measured periodically to determine if the wire has worn out. If the wire is intact it will have a relatively low electrical resistance. Nevertheless, if the coating wears, the abrasive environment that causes the coating to wear out, in all likelihood, will also cause the wire to wear out and be discontinued. If the wire wears out, then the electrical resistance in the wire will be extremely high (essentially infinite). Thus, by measuring the electrical resistance in the electrically conductive wire, it can be determined whether the wire, and hence the coating, has worn out. The electrically conductive wire can also be placed near the outer surface of the coating to determine when a significant amount of wear has occurred, short of the complete wear of the coating. In a similar manner, a plurality of independent electrically conductive wires can be placed in the coating at varying distances from the fluid and the resistances of these individually measured value the wear rate of the coating. An electrically conductive wire can be placed near the outer surface of a coating, for example, when building the wire in the coating. An example is given in Figures 14 and 15. Figure 14 shows an electrically conductive wire 1402 placed in a zigzag pattern near the outer surface 1404 of a cylindrically shaped section of a pipe liner 1400. Figure 15 shows a view in cross section of the liner 1400 illustrating the wire 1402 positioned within the liner 1400, and therefore near the outer surface 1404 of the liner 1400. Preferably, the wire 1402 is positioned closer to the outer surface 1404 of the liner 1400 than to the interior surface 1406 of the liner 1400.

Figures 16 and 17 illustrate another example of how an electrically conductive wire can be placed near the outer surface of a coating. Figure 16 shows a cylindrically shaped section of a pipe liner 1600 having an electrically conductive wire 1602 positioned near the outer surface 1604 of the liner 1600 in a spiral pattern. The wire 1602 is placed in a slot 1606 that has been created in the outer surface 1604 of the sheath. The slot 1606 can be created in any suitable manner. Preferably, the depth of the groove 1606 is selected in such a way that the electrically conductive wire 1602 is closer to the outer surface 1604 of the skin 1600 than to the inner surface 1608 of the skin 1600 when it is placed in the groove 1606. The groove 1606 in the liner 1600 is spirally formed, but may be in any form suitable for the application, such as a zigzag shape similar to the zigzag pattern shown in Figure 14. The liner for pipe 1600 may be a section of a lining of the prior art or a section of a liner according to the present invention such as a lining of the body section. An alternative for the use of electrically conductive wires could be to use devices for temperature measurement, for example, a thermocouple, in order to estimate the amount of wear in the coating. For example, if a coated pipe construction is used in an application where high temperature fluids are involved, a high temperature measuring device placed on or near the outer surface of the coating may be advantageous. If the coating has thermal insulation properties (as exhibited by the coating made of ceramic material) then the device over time will detect a gradual increase in temperature as the coating wears away and less insulating coating material separates the device of the fluid at high temperature. Monitoring the temperature detected over time allows the amount of wear on the coating to be estimated. The detected temperature at which a coating wears out sufficiently to be replaced will depend on the temperature of the fluid in contact with the coating, the insulating properties of the coating, and the thickness of the coating material between the temperature measuring device and the fluid. However, a temperature suitable for a given application can be determined without undue experimentation by periodically removing the coating and visually inspecting the amount of wear and recording the detected temperature at the time the coating is removed. Once the wear is sufficient to guarantee the replacement of the coating, the corresponding temperature can be noted. From that point, new coatings of the same insulating material and thickness can be inserted and not removed until that temperature is detected or closely approximated. In one embodiment, a wire thermocouple is advantageously used as the temperature measuring device. As is known in the art, a thermocouple may consist of two different metals joined together so that the potential difference generated between the contact points is a measure of the temperature difference between the points. In a preferred embodiment, the wire thermocouple is a type J or K thermocouple. The wire thermocouple can be placed on or near the outer surface of the coating in the same manner as the electrically conductive wire described above is placed in FIGS. 17 In another preferred embodiment, the wire thermocouple is also electrically conductive, so that an interruption in the wire thermocouple can be detected by measuring the electrical resistance of the electrically conductive wire thermocouple in the same way that the electrical resistance in the wire is measured. electrically conductive wire as described above. Although the present invention has been described in detail with respect to specific embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that those of experience in the technique, upon reaching an understanding of the above, can easily conceive modifications or variations and equivalences of these modalities. According to the foregoing, the scope of the present invention should be assessed as that of the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims (5)

1. CLAIMS 1. A method for manufacturing a cladding of a refractory lining resistant to corrosion and / or abrasion resistance, comprising the steps of: providing a first substantially cylindrical structure of the lining material having an interior surface and a inside diameter; providing a second substantially cylindrical structure of the coating material having a first end, having an inner diameter smaller than the inner diameter of the first structure and having an outer diameter; creating a cavity in the first structure having a diameter equal to or greater than the outside diameter of the second structure; forming the first end of the second structure to be substantially identical to the shape of the created cavity; and inserting the first shaped end of the second structure into the created cavity of the first structure.
2. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the created cavity is offset so that the insertion step forms a tangential entry or a tangential exit with respect to a fluid flow in the first structure.
3. 3. A method for manufacturing a lining union of a refractory lining resistant to corrosion and / or abrasion, comprising the steps of: providing a first substantially cylindrical structure of the lining material having an inner surface and a diameter inside; providing second and third substantially cylindrical structures of the coating material, each structure having a first end, an inner diameter smaller than the inner diameter of the first structure and an outer diameter; creating two cavities in the first structure, each created cavity having a diameter equal to or greater than the outer diameter of the second structure; forming the first ends of the second and third structures to be substantially identical to the shapes of the cavities created; and inserting each first shaped end into a created cavity. A method according to claim 3, wherein the created cavities are offset such that the insertion step forms a tangential inlet and a tangential outlet with respect to a fluid flow in the first structure. A coated pipe or container, which includes: a) a coating junction of a refractory material resistant to corrosion and / or abrasion resistance, the union of which comprises: a substantially cylindrical body section having an inner diameter, and a tangential inlet, a tangential outlet or both a tangential inlet and outlet inserted in a cavity in the body section having an inner diameter smaller than the inner diameter of the body section; and b) a pipe or container in which the cladding is placed, characterized in that neither the body section nor the tangential inlet or outlet are attached to the pipe.