MXPA01004308A

MXPA01004308A - Improvements in marine anchors

Info

Publication number: MXPA01004308A
Application number: MXPA/A/2001/004308A
Authority: MX
Inventors: Peter Bruce
Original assignee: Peter Bruce; Brupat Limited
Priority date: 1998-10-30
Filing date: 2001-04-30
Publication date: 2002-05-09

Abstract

A marine anchoring arrangement is described wherein a marine anchor (1, 23) is drivingly embedded vertically into a mooring bed (10) by an elongate follower (13), especially by its own weight and that of the follower. The follower (13) has a bottom clevis part (103) adapted to hold detachably the anchor (1) via the anchor shank (2) by means of a fulcrum pin (17) whereby the anchor (1) may swing relative to the bottom part (103). For initial penetration, the anchor (1) is held in a position of minimum forward resistance, specifically with the forward direction F of the fluke (3) parallel to the follower axis (20) and this is achieved by a shear pin (109) between the anchor (1) and the bottom part (103). When the anchor (1) is embedded to a preferred depth (d) specifically at least twice the square root of the maximum projected fluke area (as viewed normal to direction F), the anchor (23) is moved to a position for anchor setting by pulling on an attached anchor cable (4/4A) so causing the shear pin (109) to fracture and the anchor (23) to rotate about the fulcrum axis until arrested by a stop (21) on the follower (13). The follower (13) can then be pulled clear and recovered. The above anchoring arrangement provides a considerably improved anchoring performance in comparison with existing direct embedment arrangements.

Description

IMPROVEMENTS IN MARINE ANCHORS The present invention relates to marine anchors and, in particular, to anchors embedded by grab and direct embedded and their means of embedding. ! A marine anchor for the one embedded in an anchor bed is generally attached to an anchor rod to be connected to an object that will be restrained by the anchor in a body of water above the anchor bed. The anchor includes an i load application point for attaching the anchor stach to it, by means of a stiffening element (eg, a shackle) and a nail member and includes a plane of symmetry containing I a first direction in which the surface of the nail member is visible from the point of load application, when the anchor is in operation it has a projected maximum area and a second direction (forward) (F) in which the surface has a minimum projected area. In accordance with this, in these directions the maximum resistance and the minimum resistance to the movement of the anchor in the ground of the anchoring bed will occur. The anchor nail tends to advance on the ground along the forward direction (F) of minimum resistance. An anchored anchor is a marine anchor as described above, in! where the point of application of load of the element j of the union of the anchor line is located in the anchor, in such a way that when pulling or pulling horizontally on the line, when the anchor • 5 lies on the surface of the anchoring bed, causes the anchor to lean towards a penetration coupling with it and then be introduced into the floor of the anchor bed, I being presented an important displacement component in the forward direction of the minimum projecting area of the surface of the nail member. This causes the anchor to follow a curved buried path as it is embedded in the floor of the anchoring bed i. The location of the application point, The load thus allows the means of attachment of the anchor rod to function as the anchor means. A direct inlay anchor, for example, EP-A-0161190 is a conformal marine anchor • 20 is described above, which has a loading application point of the j-joint connecting element located in such a way that the pull on the pole attached to the anchor causes the anchor to move in the direction of the maximum area projected from the nail member when it is buried in the floor of the anchoring bed. This causes the embedded anchor to follow a path that ascends and makes its way to the surface of the ________________? l____t_______ mm ^? m? anchoring bed and thus prevents the anchor I stitch and the anchor stake attachment means from functioning as the anchor incrustation means. Therefore, an alternative inlay medium is used • 5 comprising a pusher means, known as a follower, for engaging with the anchor and pushing it towards the ground depth of the anchoring bed substantially in the forward direction of the minimum projected area of the nail member. Each anchor previo mentioned will be referred to hereinafter, respectively, as a marine anchor, an anchor of anchor by grasping or a direct anchor of the type described in the foregoing. These anchors have disadvantages: the anchorage of anchor by screwing sometimes requires an unacceptable horizontal component of displacement to reach the depth of incrustation descending below the surface of the anchor bed and the anchor of direct inlay has a depth of incrustation that is progressively reduced when overloaded, which ultimately results in a catastrophic failure due to the breaking of the anchoring bed. In addition, the direct embedded anchor requires Jque is embedded in the seabed by a long follower that tends to be damaged and that is difficult to handle when on the deck of the anchor handling vessel.

The objectives of the present invention include, among other things, mitigating these disadvantages. The present invention provides, | in general, an anchoring apparatus comprising a • 5 marine anchor that follows a trajectory | of burial when gripping, thanks to the anchor rod by means of the anchoring element of the anchor bolt, after being embedded in an initial buried position below the surface of the marine bed 10, and an inlay means for establishing the position Initial buried In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, a marine anchor as described above and in a configuration operative for the operation below the surface of an anchoring bed, is a grab anchor characterized by a straight stalk containing the point of load application and because the centroid of the visible nail surface from the load application point forms an angle i that opens forward (ß) with the direction ha, ahead (F) in the range of 68 ° to 85 ° for operation in a soft and cohesive floor and in I the range of 50 ° to 65 ° for operation in a non-cohesive floor, whereby a tensile force applied to the anchor by the bar at the point of load application of the connecting element of the bar, when the centroid of the anchor nail is __ ^ t_tt ^ ______________ ^^^^^ buried, at least twice the square root of the maximum area projected below the surface of the anchor bed, causes the anchor to move on the floor of the anchor bed with a • 5 important component of displacement in the second direction forward. Preferably, the important component | displacement in the second forward direction exceeds 35% of the actual displacement. In addition, preferably the important displacement component in the second forward direction exceeds 50% of the actual displacement. Preferably, the centroid I angle does not exceed 80 ° for operation on soft cohesive soil and does not exceed 60 ° for operation on non-cohesive soil. Preferably, the garreo anchor is further characterized by a plane orthogonal to the plane of symmetry of the anchor and contains a forward limb of the nail member; The load application blade forms a forward opening angle (F) that is not less than 95 ° for operation in a soft and cohesive soil and is not less than 85 ° for operation in a non-cohesive soil. 25 Preferably, the angle at the noi tip is less than 100 ° for operation in a soft and cohesive soil and is not less than 90 ° for operation in a non-cohesive soil.

Preferably, the garros anchor, in accordance with the first aspect of the present invention, comprises a nail with a plate-type shank member rigidly attached thereto, and which is parallel to the plane of symmetry. Preferably, the plate-type shank member includes an elongated slot for the sliding movement i therein of a connecting means of | the stalk, wherein a front end of the groove serves as a loading application point of the connecting element of the stalk allowing the deepest burial of the anchor by the sea and where the rear end located towards the rear edge of the nail serves as a point of application of substitute load of the element of union of the state, which easily allows the recovery of the anchor backwards in a direction practically opposite to the forward direction. Preferably, a slip stop means is provided just behind the front end of the slot to restrain the middle! of union at the point of load application. Preferably, the stop means of the slide includes a releasing means which cooperates with the connecting means of the bar, by means of which the rotational displacement of the connecting element releases the sliding stop means to allow the means of union ^^ ¿_á_ÍÉ__Í ___ l _____ m _____ Í__m? Slide in the groove toward the back of the nail. Preferably, the connecting means of the bar comprises an elongated shackle. Additionally and preferably, the means of attachment of the stalk comprises an elongated member with a junction point at one end, which serves for connection with an anchor rod and with a fork at the other end, which carries a bolt member what serves for sliding and rotating coupling • in the groove of the shank member Preferably, the shank member includes an arcuate surface centered at the load application point and the elongated member includes a slidable engageable stop on the arcuate surface, by means of which the bolt means is held at the point of load application of the slot until the rotation of the elongate member about the load application point carrying • 20 the direction of movement of the stop parallel to the slot, whereby the bolt member is free to slide in the slot. Preferably, the anchor includes a releasable rotation stop means, which stops the rotation of the elongate member at a predetermined position with respect to the cane member, when the bolt member is at the load application point. Preferably, the length of the elongate member is such that, when the rotation of the member is stopped by the releasable rotation stopping means, a plane that is orthogonal to the plane of symmetry and that contains the forward end of the nail member and the point of Union in the elongated member forms an angle that opens forward with the second direction, which does not exceed 95 ° and additionally and preferably does not exceed I of 75 °. In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, a marine anchor and an incrustation means comprises a garment embedded anchor, as described above, and the garreo anchor and an elongate follower member removably attached to the anchor. same and adapted to push the anchor, practically in the second direction forward of the projected minimum area of the surface of the nail member visible from the point of application of load of the joint element of the bar, until the centroid of the nail of the nail Anchor is at least twice the square root of the projected maximum area, below the surface of the anchor bed, whereby the subsequent traction on the pole after the follower member of the embedded anchor is separated, causes the anchor to tend to move on the floor of the anchor bed with, an important component of displacement in the second direction.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, a marine anchor and an incrustation means comprises one of an anchor of anchor by grasping and a direct anchor of anchor and a grab anchor, as described above, and a follower member. elongate attached detachably thereto and adapted to push the anchor substantially in the second direction towards the anchor bed, characterized in that at least the anchor or the elongated tracker is adapted to provide • a reaction fulcrum around which the anchor can pivot. Preferably, the marine anchor is adapted to pivot around the fulcrum when a The anchor is applied a pulling force by means of a rod attached to the anchor. Preferably, the incrustation means for directly embedding a marine anchor comprises an elongate follower member, adapted to • Provide the detachable connection or connection to the marine anchor and a reaction fulcrum around which the anchor can pivot when it is engaged in the anchoring bed by the follower member. In accordance with a fourth aspect of the In this invention, a marine anchor and an embedding means comprise a marine anchor, as described above, and an elongate follower member attached thereto in a detachable manner! Y ^^^^^^ ^ IIM_ÍÉIt_l_á_i adapted to push the anchor substantially in the second direction and further adapted to bend recoverably without suffering damage when subjected to transverse forces due, for example, the junction • or passing through a curved surface, such as the stern roller of an anchor handling boat. In accordance with a fifth aspect of the present invention, an embedding medium for directly embedding a marine anchor, comprises an elongated follower member adapted for connection or • removably attaches to the marine anchor and is also adapted to bend in a recoverable manner without suffering damage when subjected to transverse forces due, for example, to crossing or passing through a curved surface, such as an aft roller I of an anchor handling vessel. Preferably, the follower member includes a lower terminal segment, attached to a stalk • 20 for lowering and recovery and includes a multitude of body segments supported by the lower terminal segment. Preferably, the body segments wrap practically to the lowering stem] and recovery. Preferably, the segments are adjusted by means of a convex protuberance in a segment, which is in register with a corresponding concave cavity in an adjacent segment. Preferably, the lowering recovery shaft forms an axis that passes through the segments of the body. • Preferably, at least a portion of the stalk within the body segments comprises at least one hawser and a chain. Preferably, at least a portion of the stalk within the body segments is formed of material that can be stretched resiliently, such as, for example, a polyester hawser. Preferably, when the rope within the body segments extending tension when 15 the follower is hanging vertically, prevents the hawser relax by detent means hawser, acting between a segment of the upper body and the hawser , whereby the body segments are maintained in a state of axial compression, • 20 which provides the elongate follower member with a certain degree of transverse stiffness to resist buckling when the follower is supported, at least partially, by contact with a seabed surface. 25 Preferably, the stop means ila hawser in the segment upper body is releasable, which, when the follower is pulled up and bent over a curved surface, the rope is released within the follower to allow movement relative axial between the bar and the upper body segment to avoid excessive stretching of the bar due to bending • 5 of the follower. Preferably, the stop means of the cut can be released by the movement of an actuator that makes contact with the curved surface. Preferably, the means of detention of The stalk includes a tooth member located in the stalk or in the upper body segment, which engages in the cavity of one cavity member located in the other, either in the stalk or in the upper body segment. 15 According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, an embedding medium for embedding the anchor drag anchor comprises a hawser anchor attached thereto by a connecting means hawser the elongated rigid member, the member rigid elongate has a first connection point at one end, which serves for the connection or union with | the stalk and a second connection point in the end eye for the connection or union with the point of load application of the anchor of the joining element hawser anchor and a stop means for releasable rotation to hold the elongated member with respect to the anchor member so that a ortogdnal the plane of symmetry plane containing a limb forward the pawl member and the first point Union, form an angle that opens forward, wherein the second direction does not exceed 75 ° to promote penetration into an anchor bed surface when the anchor is clawed on it, but which is released due to the load of the anchor. floor on the nail as the nail is buried in the floor of the anchor bed Preferably, the rigid elongate member has a fork at the second connection point, • which carries a bolt member that serves to engage slidably and rotatably in the groove of the cane member of the garreo anchor. The embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 shows a side elevation! of an anchor of embedded by known garreo; Figure 2 shows a frontal elevation • 20 of the anchor of figure 1; Figure 3 shows an anchor plan view of Figure 1; Figure 4 shows the installation of the anpla of figure 1 in an anchor bed; Figure 5 shows a side elevation 'of a known direct inlay anchor; Figure 7 shows a plan view of the anchor of Figure 5; Figure 8 shows the installation of the anchor of figure 5 in an anchor bed; Figure 5 shows a side elevational view of the garment embedded anchor of Figure 1 and of a follower member, in accordance with the present invention, installed in an anchor bed; Figure 10 shows an enlarged detail of the anchor and the follower of Figure 9; Figure 11 shows a lateral elevation of the grasping anchor, in accordance with the present invention. 15 Figure 12 shows a frontal elevation Figure 17 shows the section A-A through the stop of the shackle of Figure 15; Figure 18 shows the anchor of Figure 11 and a follower member, in accordance with the present invention, which is crossing the stern roll of an anchor handling vessel; Figure 19 shows a sectional side elevation of a segment of the follower member of Figure 18; Figure 20 shows a partial section of an adjustment between adjacent segments of Figure 18; Figure 21 shows a plan view of the segment of Figure 18; Figure 22 shows the anchor of Figure 11 and a follower member, in accordance with the present invention, installed in an anchor bed; Figure 23 shows the rotation of the arrow of Figure 11 when reacting against the follower member of Figure 22; Fig. 24 shows the stiffening pin to the rotated anchor and the recovery of the follower member of Fig. 23; Figure 25 shows a plan view of the upper (control) terminal segment of the follower member of Figure 23, wherein the chain locking mechanism I is unhooked; Figure 26 shows the control segment of Figure 25 with the locking mechanism of the chain engaged; Figure 27 shows a sectional side elevation of the control segment as shown in Figure 25; Figure 28 shows a lateral elevation in section of the control segment as shown • in figure 26; Fig. 29 shows an oblique view of an orientation link shown in Fig. 18, in an oriented position imposed on the levar, that is, on hoisting, on an aft roller of the anchor handling vessel 10; ^ fc Figure 30 shows on a larger scale the lower terminal segment of the follower member and the anchor of Figure 22; Figure 31 shows a partial section B-B 15 through a pivot connection between the bottom or bottom terminal segment of the follower member and the anchor of Figure 25; Figure 32 shows a partial section C-C ^^ of a passage for lubricant in the anchor of figure 20 25; Fig. 33 shows a partial section D-D of a passage for lubricant and of the discharge holes present in the leading edges of the shank and the anchor nail of Fig. 25; 25 Figure 34 shows the anchor of the figure 11, modified to act initially in the manner of the anchor of Figure 1 and, subsequently, in the manner of the anchor of Figure 11.

* A -: - - * - An anchor of embedded by garreo 1 known (Figures 1, 2 and 3) for the inlay on the floor of an anchoring bed comprises a rod 2 connected at one end to a triangular nail 3 of the plate or blade type and at the other end connected to a blade 4 for anchor, by means of a bolted shackle 5 pivotable in the hole 6 of the shank 2. The nail 3 is flat and the anchor 1 is symmetrical around the plane of symmetry XX which contains the center of the hole 6 of the shank 2 and the central line 7 of the nail 3. The central line 7 is parallel to the forward direction F of the nail 3, which points along the nail 3 away from the connection between the cane 2 and the nail 3. A line straight in the plane of symmetry XX, which contains the center of hole 6 of the shackle and the forwardmost point of the nail 3 form an angle in the tip that opens forward, which has the forward direction F. A straight line in the plane of symmetry XX containing the center of the hole 6 of the shaft and the centroid C of the upper surface of the nail 3 form a centroid angle ß that opens forward and has the forward direction F of the nail 3 This anchor of embedded by garreo is shown particularly e in the United Kingdom patent 2,674,969, from R.S. Danforth where the limits of a and ß are determined, respectively, between 50 ° and 80 between 25 ° and 55 °. In the United Kingdom patent 553,235 Danforth shows the importance of the angles a and ß and states that the values of a exceeding 75 ° give rise to the lack of a coupling • A reliable anchor with the surface of the anchor bed and that high values of ß up to 65 ° can be used, when an anchor j is intended to be used only in soft muddy bottoms. These limits of Danforth show that the geometry of embedded anchor by garreo have been restricted to date by the primary requirement • to penetrate the surface of the seabed. The anchor embedded by grasping 1 lies on the surface 8 of the anchoring bed (Figure 4) and is pulled horizontally by the anchor line 4. For a tip angle less than 75 °, the nail 3 first penetrates the surface 8 and, subsequently, the centroid C of the nail of the anchor follows a curved path 9 in the floor 10 of the • 20 anchoring bed, which eventually becomes horizontal to a boundary depth d below the surface 8. The considerable horizontal displacement dd (distance of garreo by its initials in English) involved in achieving the depth 'of The desired penetration is often unacceptable when the available space in the anchor bed is restricted. A known direct anchor anchor 11 (Figures 5, 6 and 7) for directly embedded in a bed of anchorage, comprises a rod 2 of triangular plate connected at one end to a nail 3 of almost rectangular plate and at the other end • connected to a rod 4 for anchoring by means of a shackle 5 pivotally bolted in the hole 6 of the rod 2. The nail is flat and the anchor 11 is symmetrical with respect to the plane of symmetry XX containing the hole 6 of the shackle of the shank of plate 2 and the center line 7 of the nail A 3. The forward direction F is parallel to the center line 7 of the nail 3. The straight line of the plane of symmetry XX containing the center of the hole 6 of the shackle and the centroid C of the The upper surface of the nail 3 forms an angle of 90 ° with the center line 7. The direct anchor anchor 11 is fitted or nailed vertically (Figure 8) in an anchoring bed 10 by means of an elongate follower member. and rigid 13 that is connected or detachably attached thereto. The follower member i 13 comprises a pile 14 driven by a pile driving hammer 15 i connected thereto and suspended I from a stake 16. The nailing is completed when the center of area C of nail 3 is brought to! the desired depth d below the surface 8 of the anchoring bed. The pile 14 is then disengaged from the anchor 11 by hoisting it by the bar 16, and an inclined pulling force applied by means of the anchor bar 4 causes the anchor | 11 turn and move simultaneously ascending a distance k, until the line of • action of the force on the anchor rod 4 passes through the centroid C of the finger 3. The anchor J of direct inlay 11 is now oriented in such a way that it provides the maximum resistance to movement induced by the tension in the rod 4 of the anchor to the depth of burial d minus k actually achieved. However, if the streak 4 • the anchor receives a load greater than this maximum resistance, the direct anchor will fail catastrophically moving in the direction of the anchor stake 4 until it ascends by breaking through and breaking the surface 8 of the seabed. For this reason, an installation safety factor of 2. • 20 is generally required for these anchors. In a first embodiment of the present invention, an anchor for anchor 1, as described above, with an angle ß (Figure 1) at a preferred elevated value, it is detachably and pivotally attached to the pivot i 17 (Figure 9) of the shank 2 with a cooperative fork 18 at the lower end 19 of a heavy elongated tracker 13, suspended by a lowering and retrieving stem 16. The center line 7 of ^^^^ ^^^ the nail 3 is initially arranged parallel to the longitudinal axis 20 of the follower 13, in such a way that the nail 3 has the minimum air projected in the direction of the axis 20 and the center of the • 5 area Cl (Figure 2) of the sum of the projected minimum areas of anchor 1 and shackle 5 is in line with axis 20. The pull on the anchor line 4 parallel to the axis 20 rotates the anchor 1 around the pivot 17 until it is stopped by the rod 2 that contacts a stop 21 in the fork 18, thereby establishing the orientation • desired of the anchor 1. A small safety bolt 22 (Figure 10) passing through the fork 18 and the rod 2, serves to support the anchor 1 in the yoke 18 with center line 7 of the nail 3 parallel to axis 20 before rotation. The incrustation of the anchor 1 (Figure 9) 'is achieved simply by lowering the anchor 1 attached to the follower 13 on the surface 8 of the bed | from • anchor 10 and letting out the stay 16 where the anchor stake 4 remains loose. The anchor 1 is pushed into the anchor bed 10 by the weight of the heavy follower 13, until the centroid C of the nail 3 is at a desired depth d below the surface 8 of the anchoring bed that exceeds twice the square root of the maximum projection of the nail 3. This is achieved by appropriately selecting the mass of the follower 13.

Then, the bar 16 is left loose and the bar 4 of the anchor is raised. With the follower 13 still in place to provide a reaction element, the lifting tension on the rod 4 causes the safety pin 22 (Figure 10) to break, and the anchor 1 turns on the ground 10 of the anchor bed around the pivot 7 until the rod 2 is stopped by the stop 21 of the fork 18. The centroid C of the finger 3 thus moves slightly more deep that the depth d below the • surface 8 and the disadvantageous loss of burial depth K shown in Figure | 4 is eliminated. The follower 13 is then disengaged from the anchor, by hoisting the rod 16 and the rod 4 of the anchor applies an inclined force, causing it to penetrate the ground to move the anchor 1 substantially in the forward direction F along a downward sloping path 9, where the additional incrustation of the anchor 1 allows it to be • 20 maintain progressively higher loads on anchor stake 4. Although embedded directly without the undesirable horizontal movement, the anchor 1 will not fail catastrophically, when overloaded, < moving in the direction of the 4th step of the an ^ la to be extracted on surface 8, but rather, it moves horizontally at a constant load or is driven deeper with the increase in load in a secure manner. In this way, an installation safety factor of 1.5 can be adopted, which is accepted for anchors embedded by garreo, instead of a safety factor of 2 which is normally required for the anchors of direct embedded that are known to fail catastrophically. This allows smaller anchors to be used in a given anchoring system at a lower cost. However, the grab anchor 1 (Figure 9) has values of the angles o. and ß (Figure 1) which are within the aforementioned Danforth boundaries and, thus, retain the ability to penetrate the surface of the seabed when it is clawed horizontally on it. Consequently, the cane is longer than I is necessary for the progressive burial once the anchor is below the surface of the seabed. This excess length produces an undesirably high penetration resistance when it is embedded vertically in the seabed and, thus, requires an excessively heavy follower (Figure 9). By contrast, a garros anchor, in accordance with the present invention, has values of the angles a and ß that exceed the limits of Danforth and, in this way, do not have the capacity to penetrate the surface of the seabed when they are horizontally wounded on it, although it retains the .... .. < _._..._-_- _ __? Á __? ________? Á__yíí _____ mÜÜÜMIMI_iÜfa_ÍÍ ability to progressively bury itself when it is clawed horizontally from a position that is already below the surface of the seabed. Therefore, the garreo anchor currently described • requires only a short and compact rod member and thus provides the minimum resistance to be pushed vertically into the seabed by a follower. In addition, the high values of the angles a and ß allow the garreo anchor advantageously follows a path 9 which is much steeper than is possible for the anchor embedded by grasping restricted to the Danforth limits i. In this way, the two anchors, the anchor of embedded by garreo and the anchor of garreo, they will be buried when they are garreen in an anchor bed from an initial position to certain depth below the surface of the anchorage bed. The anchored anchor is restricted to I the • 20 inclusion of structural adaptation to enable self-penetration through the surface of an anchor bed. The grab anchor is not subject to this restriction and, of course, the grab anchor may be incapable of autopenetration through the surface of the anchor bed. In the present invention, a marine anchor comprising a garros anchor that is free of restriction is exposed and so far allows unattainable capabilities to be achieved. In accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention, a garreo anchor 23 (Figs. 11, 12 and 13) in a configuration that allows • operation when installed below the surface 8 of an anchoring bed 10 by means of a follower 13 (Figure 22), comprises a quadrilateral rod 2 of steel plate that is lying in a plane of X-X symmetry of the anchor 23 and welded at right angle to the upper flat surface 24 of a square nail 3 j k of steel plate of length L. The average thickness of the shank 2 and of the nail 3 does not exceed 0.04 times (and, preferably, does not exceed 0.03 times) the square root of the maximum projected area of the nail 3 central line 7 of the surface 24 remains in the plane of symmetry XX at right angle with the edge 25 of the nail 3, which is sharpened by chamfering to reduce the resistance to penetration into the ground • A point of application of load and of Union 26 of a shackle 5 that connects a rod 4 for anchor with the rod 2, is located at a tip 27 of the rod 2, remote from the nail 3. The direction of the centroid C of surface 24 along the center line 7 towards the sharp edge 25 defines A forward direction F. A plane containing I to the point of attachment of the shackle 26 and the sharp edge 25 form a line that intersects with the plane of symmetry XX defining an angle a it opens forward in the plane XX with respect to the forward direction F. A straight line containing the centroid C and the connection point of the shackle 26 forms an angle ß that opens forward with respect to the forward direction F The angle a is not less than 95 ° for the operation of anchor 23 in a soft and cohesive (clayey) soil and not less than 85 ° for operation in non-cohesive soil (sand) in preference to not less than 100 ° and 90 ° for soft clay and sand, respectively. The angle ß can be as close to 90 ° as possible without preventing the anchor 23 from moving on the floor of the anchor bed 10 with an important component 9B (FIG. 24) of displacement of the centroid C occurring in the direction F. Preferably, it can be considered that the important component is not less than 35% of the displacement 9A in the present direction of movement, where 50% is additionally preferred. Nevertheless, in practice, the angle ß (Figure 11) does not exceed 85 ° for the operation of anchor 23 in soft clay and does not exceed 70 ° for operation in sand. In addition, the angle ß is in the range of 68 ° to 85 ° for operation in soft clay and 50 ° to 65 ° for operation in sand. It is preferred that the angle ß does not exceed 80 ° for the operation in soft clay and does not exceed 60 °. It will give the operation in sand. The point of attachment of the shackle 26 (Figure 11) is formed by a front end 28 of a straight and elongated slot 29 in the shank 2. A rearward end 30 of the slot 29 is located adjacent the rear edge 31 of | the 5 finger 3 and the slot 29 form an angle? that opens forward up to 30 ° with the center line | 7, 10 being preferred. The leading edge 32 of the shank 2 is sharpened by chamfering to reduce the resistance to penetration into the soil as well as for the edge 25 of the nail 3. It is preferred that the separation of the attachment point of the shackle 26 from the • centroid C is in the range of 0.15L to 0.6L. A cylindrical steel pin 17 (Figures 11 to 13) is mounted transversely through the cane plate 2 to act as a pivot and a support pin for coupling with an installation follower I 13 (Figures 22, 23 and 24). The axis 33 of the bolt 17 is separated from the surface 24, such that the line of the shaft 20 of the follower 13 passes through the • 20 area center 34 (Figure 12) of anchor 23 and shackle 5 (when anchor line 4 pulls back to be parallel to direction | F) combined, as observed in opposition to direction F ( Figures 11, 12 and 22). This ensures that the resulting force R of resistance to | the penetration in the ground (Figure 22) on the anchor, 23 is col eal with the axis 20 of the follower during the 23. A releasable retainer 35 (Figures 11, 14, 15, 16 and 17) in the shank 2 holds the bolt 36 of the shackle 5 at the end 28 of the slot 29. The retainer 35 includes two rectangular plates 37 located in slidable form in recesses. undercut 38 one on each side of the shank 2 behind the end 28 of the slot. 29 and on one side of the slot 29 remote from the nail 3. The plates 37 initially occupy a position | partially in the recesses 38 and partially in the slot 29, thereby preventing the bolt 36 of the shackle 5 from sliding out of the end 28 • from slot 29 A drilled hole 39 (Figure 17) in the reed 2 between the recesses 38 contains steel balines 40 with a slightly smaller diameter that the diameter of the hole 39. The steel balls are kept separated by means of a compression spring 41. The plate 37 has a central hole 42 and a hole outside the center | 43 drilled in it, which are coupled with a pellet • 20 40 to determine the sliding position of the plate 37 in the recess 38. The plate 37 also has a vertical block 44, attached at a remote end of the out-of-center hole 43, which projects more than the lateral surface 45 of cane 2 (Figure 17).

A cam 46 (Figure 14) projecting into each eye 47 of the shackle 5, is located such that a sliding contact occurs between the cam 46 and the block 44 in the course of the shackle 5 turning to be parallel to be perpendicular to the surface 24 of the nail 3. The cams 46 thus push on the blocks 44, to cause the plates 37 to press the balines 40, pulling them out of the coupling with the holes 43 and then sliding the balines 40. until they engage with the holes 42, thereby keeping the plates 37 of the slot 29 completely clear (Figure 15). A sleeve with non-rotating shoulder 36A slidable in the slot 29, can be adjusted in the bolt 36 (Figure 15) to prevent the plates 37 from being displaced prematurely by friction between the bolt 36 and the plates 37, as the shackle 5 rotates to contacting the cams 46 with the blocks 44. Subsequent rearward traction of I the anchor rod 4 rotates the shackle 5 backwards until the cams 46 clear the • blocks 44, thus allowing the sleeve 36A and the bolt 36 slide along the slot 29 to relocate at the end 30 (Figure 11), whereby the low load recovery of the anchor 23 is possible by means of the stalk 4 of the anchor. The restoration of the retainer 35 is subsequently achieved by simply using a hammer and displacing each of the plates 37 to re-engage in turn the balines 40 in the out-of-center holes 43 and thereby cause the plates 37 to ___ u ___ = ____ lá ___ ik__? project once more into the slot 29 to prevent the shackle 5 from sliding away from the extremity 28 of the slot 29. In accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention, a follower member (FIGS. 18-25) to directly embed a marine anchor below the surface 8 of an anchor bed , comprises an elongated member 13 that includes a multitude of body segments 48. The segments] 48 (Figures 19 to 21) have a width and a square cross section to provide stability on deck. The segments 48 are axially symmetrical with respect to an axis 20 with an axial passage 49 provided therethrough to admit a chain 50 attached to a lower terminal segment 51 of the follower 13. The passage 49 is cross-shaped in cross section to rotationally constrain the chain 50 with respect to the segments 48. The segments 48 (Figure 19) are each provided with a truncated conical projection 52 projecting from the peripheral surface 53 at I the end 54 of the segment 48 and a corresponding truncated conical recess 55 indented on the peripheral surface 56 at the opposite end 57, such that the projection 52 of a segment 48 fits closely in the recess 55 of an adjacent segment 48. The engagement of the cylindrical surfaces 58 and 59 allows, respectively, that the adjacent segments 48. turn while maintaining peripheral contact with each other (Figures 19 to 21). The axial passage 49 of each segment 48 is flaring at each end to minimize the axial bending of the chain 50, due to rotation between adjacent segments 48, as the follower 13 passes over a cylindrical stern roller 60 on the cover 61 of a handling craft 60 anchor floating on the sea surface 63. The chain 50 is secured to the lower terminal segment 51 • (Figure 30) by means of a bolt 64 that passes through the end link 65 of the chain 50, which is threaded, ie, is passed through each of the segments 48 (Figures 18 and 22 to 24) and through an upper body segment 66 that functions as a control segment to maintain and release the tension in the chain 50. The control segment 66 (Figures 25 to 28) • 20 has an axial bore 67 that contains an elongated cylindrical float 68 having an axial bore 69 for admission of the chain 50 that passes therethrough. The divided cylindrical collar 70 is rigidly fixed in three links (Figures 27 a 28) of the chain 50 to fit closely within the length of the hole 69 and is rotationally and axially constrained therein by the safety pin 71 passing through. aká_MWIÍI_i .MMUM ^ H ^ MHUMHi of the collar 70 and the wall 72 of the float 68. The pin 71 is machined to break by shearing at a load that is less than the breaking voltage of the chain 50 to provide the • 5 chain 50 a protection against overload. The control segment 66 has grooves 73 in the opposite side faces 74, which penetrate through the bore 67. The float 68 has wedge blocks 75 opposite and bolted thereto, which dock in slots 73 and they are slidable i in ^ B these same grooves and serve to rotationally restrict the float 68 with respect to the control segment 66. The internally threaded sleeve 76 is engaged in the external thread 77 of the wall 72 of the float 68 to be axially adjustable and securable thereto by the threaded lock ring 78, which has a chamfered surface 79 remote from the sleeve 76. The sleeve 76 has a groove 80 (Figures 27 and 28) which • 20 receives a pair of opposite fasteners-and slidably mounted on the upper surface 82 of the control segment 66 and is propelled to project into the hole 67 by means of | the compression of springs 83 that react i in against the pins rising vertically from the surface 82. Each fastener 81 has a lower inclined face 85 (Figures 27 and 28) to make contact with the chamfered surface 79 in the locking ring 78 and move the fastener | 81 against the spring 83 to allow the passage of the securing ring 78 and the subsequent engagement or engagement of the latch 81 in the groove 80 of the sleeve 76. The positions of the latches 81 are controlled by two arms 86 of a yoke 87 with U-shape (Figures 25 and 26), which is slidably restrained on the surface 82 by stop pins 88 that are raised vertically from it. The compression spring 89 which reacts against the pin 90 which • rises vertically from the surface 82, urges the yoke 87 away from the pin 90 until the stops 91 on the arms 86 engage with stop fingers 88, whereby the outer edge 92 of the yoke 87 projects beyond the edge 93 of the surface 82 (Figure 26), unless it is held in alignment with the edge 93 by contacting the stern roller 60 or cover 61 • 20 of vessel 62 for anchor handling (Figures 18 and 26). Each arm 86 of the yoke 87 has an inclined face 94 (Figures 25 and 26), which pushes on an inclined face 95 of coupling in each sear 81, when the edge 92 of the yoke 87 is pushed towards alignment with the edge 93 of the control segment 66 by contact with the roller 60 or the cover 61 (Figure 18). This forces the latch 81 to compress the spring 83 and to exit the coupling with the groove 80 of the sleeve 76 (Figure 28). The float 68 is thus released so that a distance / 4 can be slid along the bore 5 67, to avoid the undesirable additional stress that is included in the chain 50 due to the bending of the follower 13 (Figure 18) 90 ° when traversing or go through the stern roller 60. The axial position of the sleeve 76 in | he float 68 is adjustable and insurable by means of the ^ fc ring 78, such that when the follower 13 is hanging completely below the roller 60, the buoyant or floating weight of the follower 13 stretches the chain 50 barely enough to put the latches 81 in engagement with the groove 80 of the float 68. This automatically prevents the stretch in the chain 50 from relaxing as the weight of the follower 13 is progressively more supported during penetration into the soil of the seabed. Therefore, a progressively greater clamping force is present between the segments of the follower 13 to provide a stiffness that prevents the follower 13 from buckling before finishing the penetration. In this way, the follower 13 functions practically in the manner of the aforementioned rigid follower, when it is vertically suspended by means of the stalk 13, although it allows it to bend in a recoverable manner without damage occurring while crossing the roller. stern 60. A guiding link 96 (Figures 18 and .29) having a cardioid cam 97 carrying a straight edge 98, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 2,199,005 of the applicant and in i U.S. Patent Number 4,864,955, is separated from the float 68 in the control segment 66. The chain 50 is connected by means of the bolt 99 to a rear fork 100 in the link 96, this fork is inclined at 45 ° with the edge 98. The link 96 is connected, in turn, by means of the shackle 101 to the lowering and recovery landing 16, which is lifted and hoisted by the first winch 102 on the deck 61 of the anchor handling vessel 62 (Figur. to 18). The link 96 can be mounted on the roller 60 in a stable orientation only when the straight edge 98 is in full contact with the roller 60 and always continuously tilts around the cardioid cam, until a stable orientation is established. Therefore, the link 96 is used to force the I links of the chain 50 to be placed at 45 ° against the roller 60 in the rotational orientation, which, when communicating to the control segment 66 mediated by the collar 70 and the blocks 75 therein, put the yoke 87 in contact with the roller 60 according to] The lower end segment 51 of the follower 13 is adapted to be releasably connected with a garment anchor 23, as previously described, and includes an elongated fork • 5 (Figures 22 and 23) to accommodate both sides of the shank 2 of the anchor 23 to allow a lowered receptacle 104 on each leg of the fork to receive and engage with a pivot pin 17 on the shank 2. A pin 106 on each leg 105 10 of the fork has a hole 107 drilled through it. the same, which is in register with the • hole 108 of the shank 2 and receives a retaining safety pin 109, which temporarily holds the anchor 23 in the fork 103 of the lower end segment 51 with the forward direction F parallel to the axle 20 and the bolt 17 engaged in the receptacles 104. A stop 21 on the leg 105 of the fork 103 limits the rotation of the anchor 23 around the bolt 17 in a desired number of degrees • 20 upon contact with the nail 3. A precursor rod 4A of the anchor with a length of about 5% longer than the length of the pile 13, is attached at one end to the shackle of the anchor 23 and at the other end to a link 25 of link 110 to connect with the rod 4 of the anchor. The link link 110 is adjusted with a pivot pin 110A projecting. Two parallel hooks 111 are separated and mounted __tí ______________ ___ _____ M .______________ áaitt ___ »« a_a_ on the face 74 of the control segment 66 remotely to the yoke 87. Each hook 111 serves as a support for the coupling of the protruding end of the hinge pin 110A, • 5 i so that the articulation link 110 can be detachably attached to the control segment 66, so that the upward traction on the stalk 4 of the anchor at an angle of less than 60 ° with respect to the vertical, decouples or disengages articulation link 110 of the hooks 111. This detachable connection allows the azimuth orientation of the anchor 23 to be controlled during installation by the anchor rod 4 which pulls on the hooks 111 without prematurely releasing the stop 35. of the shackle, and thus preserve the ability to disengage the link 110 from the hooks 111 subsequently by hoisting the anchor line 4. For assembly at the port, all components of the follower 13 and the grab anchor, 23 are laid on the deck 61 of the anchor handling vessel j 62 (Figure 18) with the yoke 87 (Figures 25 and 26) of the control segment 66 in contact with the cover 61. The garreo anchor 23 is adapted or adjusted to the lower end segment I 51 with the bolt 17 engaged in the receptacles 104 and 'the retaining safety pin 109 is fitted through the aligned holes 107 and 108. The collar 70 (Figure 27) is fixed to the three links of the chain 50 at the required distance from the lower end of the chain 50. The float 68 slides in the collar 70 and is fixed thereto • by pin 71. Chain 50 is then pulled through control segment 66 and segments 48 until float 68 makes contact with the far end of bore 67 (Figure 27). The chain 50 now protrudes from a segment 48 remote from the control segment 66 sufficiently to allow the link 65 at the end of the chain to be • Secure in lower end segment 51 by means of pin 64 (Figure 30). A hydraulic jack for the chain is mounted on the control segment 66 for pull and pull on the chain 50 and, consequently, compress together the segments of the follower 13. The tension force in the chain 50, provided by the chain jack, is set equal to the buoyant submerged weight of the follower 13 and the • 20 garreo chain 23 combined. This stretches the chain 50 until the groove 80 (Figure 27) in the sleeve 76 of the float 68 pulls the opposite latches 81 onto the control segment 66. The sleeve 76 is then rotated on the rope or threaded 77 and secured thereto by the ring 78, so that the latches 81 are engaged in the groove 80 just before the load in the chain 50 equals the submerged buoyant weight of the follower 13 and the garreo chain 23 combined . The chain jack is then removed and the orientation link 96 attached between the bar 16 and the chain 50 at a float spacing 68 sufficient to allow • 5 that the follower 13 rotatably separates from the roller 60 when it hangs from it with | the orientation link 96 in contact with the roller 60 (Figure 29). A precursor rod 4A for anchor is connected to shackle 5 of the anchor 23 and to the articulation link 110, which is then hooked on hooks 111 of control segment 62. This completes assembly in anchor handling vessel 62. Stake 4 of the anchor is wound on the winch of a dinghy that carries the stalk, before installation at sea. At sea, the anchor handling vessel 62 and the vessel carrying the anchor come to the installation site. One end of the anchor line 4 is passed over the boat 62 for the connection with the articulation link 110, which is hooked on the hooks 11 of the control segment i 66 of the pile 13. Then, the anchor rod 4 is allowed to hang loosely forming a sine between the vessels, so as to provide the directional control of the pile li and to the aft roller 60 and operated to pull the control segment 66 rearwardly on the cover 61, and thus to push the garreo anchor 23 and the follower 13 to the exterior of the boat by means of the stern roller 60. The weight of the anchor garreo 23 together with the lower end segment 51 projecting out of the boat causes the follower 13 to bend 90 ° on the roller 60. The resulting induction of excess tension in the chain 50 is prevented by the float 68 moving axially a distance W / 4 along the hole 67 inside the control segment 66. The follower 13 thus bends 90 'while crossing or traversing the roller 60, where the tension in the chain 50 amounts only to one maximum value equal to the submerged buoyant weight of the garreo anchor 23 and the follower 13 combined When a sufficient weight of the segments 48 is out of the ship, the follower becomes a self-launching follower, where the braking restriction is provided by the winch 102, as the latter stretches the line 16 to finally lower the follower 13 and the anchor 23 towards the surface 8 of the anchor bed 10 below. The vessel carrying the long barb anchor line 4 at the same time as the bar 16 which runs from the anchor handling vessel 62 and maintains sufficient tension on the bar 4 to control the azimuthal direction of the follower 13 and the anchor 23 until the anchor 23 is buried in the ground 10 of the seabed. The tension induced in the chain 50 due to the submerged weight of the garreo anchor 23 and the • follower 13 stretches chain 50 and allows groove 80 in float 68 to engage spring detents 81, which have been released by the spring-driven movement of yoke 87 as control segment 66 is separated from roller 60 The detents 81 prevent the chain 50 from containing in this way, they act to maintain the tension induced by the weight in the chain 50 The garment anchor 23 is pushed through the surface 8 of the anchor bed within the floor 10 (Figure 27) by the combined buoyant weight of the anchor 23 and the follower 13 as the stays 16 and 4 are released. The line 16 may conveniently include a hoist compensator comprising, for example, a portion of nylon elastic f 20 to act as a stretchable shock absorber of the lifting movement of the vessel 62, to facilitate smooth penetration of the surface 8 part of the gripper anchor 23. The segments of the follower 13 are held together by the tension maintained in the chain 50 by the latches 81, so that the follower 13 acts as if it were a rigid, rigid beam. The termination of anchor penetration _________________ 23 is indicated by a load cell in the winch 102 of the anchor handling vessel 62 and indicated by the tension in the bar 16 which is reduced to the submerged weight of the bar 16 when the anchor 23 and the follower 13 are completely supported by the floor of the seabed. The line 16 is then extended, leaving it loose to allow the vessel 62 to move away from the position of the follower 13. The vessel carrying the stalk now moves to a position directly above the follower 13 and hoists the stalk • 4 of the anchor, so that the articulation link 110 disengages from the hooks 111 of the follower 13 and the bar 4 is tensioned. A mark is formed in the taut line 4, which is then hoisted again until the mark has moved a distance approximately equal to the length of two segments 48 of the follower 13. This raises the anchor 23 and the follower 13 together on the floor 10 of the seabed and f 20 simultaneously pivots to the anchor 23 around the bolt 17 in the receptacle 104 (Figures 22 and 23 to cause the safety pin 109 to split and force the nail 3 to lean away from the vertical. right away to allow the submerged weight of the follower 13 to push the anchor 23 downward in the now inclined direction F of the finger 3 (Figure 23). As the stalk rises upwards, between the submerged weight of the follower 13 and the tension in the stake 4 of the anchor a powerful pair of forces is formed. As the stall 4 is subsequently extended, between the submerged weight of the follower 13 and the now compensated force of resistance R of the soil acting on the anchor 23, a powerful pair of forces is formed. Both pairs act to increase the desired rotation of the anchor 23. This sequence is repeated several times. Each repetition rotates the nail 3 of the anchor 23 further away from the vertical until the stop 21 makes contact with the nail 3 (Figure 23). This rotation process, also known as manipulation, occurs without causing the centroid C of the nail 3 to decrease its depth of penetration below the surface 8 of the seabed by a distance k as previously described for a direct inlay anchor 11 ( Figure 8) loaded after the removal of the installation follower 13. The anchor line 4 now slides out to be loose and allows the boat carrying the line to move away to allow the anchor handling vessel 62 to be place directly on top of the follower 13, so that the winch 102 can hoist the line 16 to pull the follower 13 away from the anchor 23, outwardly from the anchor bed 10 upwards towards the stern roller 60. According to the segment of control _ __ m__á? táit m ^ ¿_m______m makes contact with the roller 60, the yoke 87 is pushed against the spring 89 and pushes the latches 81 against the springs 33 and out of the coupling with the groove 80 in the float 68.

• The float 68 is thus released to move a distance approximately equal to / 4 along the hole 67, to allow the follower 13 to bend 90 ° when moving up and over the roller 60 without inducing the undesirable tension additional in chain 50.? L dragging or pulling by means of capstan 102 stops when all the • follower 13 is on deck 61 Boat 62 then navigates forward to push anchor stake 4 inside of the floor 10 (Figure 24), with an angle appropriate to the horizontal for the anchor; e mooring of an object that will be restricted on the surface of the sea. The resulting movement of the shackle 5 causes the • shank 46 (Figures 14 to 16) in the eye 47 of the shackle 20 push the plates 37 of the rim 35 towards the released position on the shank 2 of the anchor 23, ready for easy retrieval of the anchor 23. The traction on the anchor line 4 moving away from the restricted object direction then causes the shackle 5 to slide in the slot 29 towards the end 30 (Figure 11), whereby a low resistance can be achieved to recover the anchor 23 during the Recovery.

As for the directly embedded, previously described, garro-embedded anchor 1, the directly embedded garreo anchor 23 will follow a curved path 9 • 5 inclined downward, if it is loaded beyond the capacity that can provide the depth of embedded target. The anchor 23 will thus increase the capacity to equalize or compensate for the overload. Finally, as for the anchors of traditional incrusted by garreo, the anchor of garreo 23 will reach a depth limit • below the surface 8 of the anchoring bed 10, in which the maximum capacity can be reached, although the catastrophic failure will not occur, since the The movement of the anchor is now horizontal, and, consequently, a normal safety factor of 1.5 can be used for the anchors embedded by grasping. The anchor 23 and the follower 13 can be advantageously adapted to incorporate the teaching of copending International Patent Application number PCT / GB98 / 01089 (publication number 098/49) 48) of the present applicant, which shows an apparatus for providing a film of lubricant on the outer surfaces of a marine anchor and a direct inlay follower. Gon as previously described. The upper portion 51A of the segment 51 includes an axial cylindrical cavity 112 and an annular piston 113 attached to a piston rod 114. The annular piston 113 and the rod • 5 piston 114 contains an elongated cylindrical cavity 115 which admits an elongated fixed piston 116. The upper end of the piston 16 is rigidly attached to the upper portion 51A of the segment 51 inside i of the cavity 112. The annular piston 113 is rotationally secured to the upper portion 51A by the wedge 117, slidable in a groove • internal 118 within the wall 119 of the cavity of the upper portion 51A. A piston ring seal 120 is fitted at the lower end of the fixed piston 116. A detachable retaining hood 121 forms part of the segment 51 and serves, inter alia, to retain the piston 113 within the cavity 112 and houses the ring seal 122 to seal the piston rod 114. From this way, the Segment 51 contains an upper annular cavity ^ L23 surrounding the piston 116 and a lower cylindrical cavity 115 within the piston rod 114. i In the segment 51, the check valve 124 and i the passage 125 allow the cavity 123 to be fill I of a suitable lubricant and the check valve 126 and the passage 127 through the fixed piston 116 allow the cavity 115 to be filled with the lubricant, whereby the piston rod 114 extends in shape Maximum length from the retaining hood 121. The piston 113 has peripheral passages 128 parallel to the axis 20, which serve to guide the lubricant past the piston 113 towards the passageway. • circumferential circumference 129 on the retaining hood 121. A multitude of holes 130 communicating with the passageway 129 are equidistantly spaced along the circumference of the retaining hood 121 to act as external exit ports. to uniformly supply lubricant to the outer surface of the retaining hood 121. The piston rod 114 includes the fork 103, which has fork legs 105 (Figure 30). A passage 131 leads from the cavity 115 into the piston rod 114 and along each leg 105 towards the receptacles 104 of the fork 103, so that they are in register and join with the passage 132 located axially in the pin 17 of the anchor 23, when the pin 17 is docked in os • 20 receptacles 104 of the fork 103 (Figure 30). The ring seals 133 (Figure 31) provide the rotary seal that is releasably detachable between the bolt 17 and the fork 103 within the receptacles 104. The passage 134 (Figures 30 and 32) run inside the shank 2 of the anchor 23 of the passage 132 in the bolt 17 to the passages 135 (Figures 30 and 33) running parallel to and entering the sharp edge 32 of the shank 2 and the edge sharpening 25 of the nail 3. The holes 36 are equidistantly spaced along the edges 25 and 32 to provide external exit holes for the passages 135 (Figures 30 and 33) for • 5 uniformly supply lubricant to the outer surfaces of the shank 2 and the nail 3 of the anchor 23. During use, the cavities 115 and 123 I are filled with biodegradable vegetable fat lubricant 137, by means of check valves 126 and 124, respectively. When the anchor 23 penetrates the • surface 8 of the anchoring bed 10, as previously described, the resistance force R of the floor (Figure 22) forces the pistons 113 116 (Figure 30) to pressurize the lubricant 137 in the cavities 115 and 123 and to push the lubricant through the passages 128, 131, 132, 134 and 135 and out of the holes 130 and 136, according to the anchor 23 and the follower 13 are pushed into the ground 10 of the bed of anchoring by its combined submerged weight. The insulation of the cavity 115 of the cavity 123 ensures that the desired distribution of the lubricant volume discharged from the follower can be achieved | 13 with respect to the unloading of anchor 23 by unitary movement of the piston rod 114. i The unloaded lubricant 137 is dragged along with the floor 10 which passes over the outer surfaces of the anchor 23 and the follower 13 and, thereby, greatly reduces the capacity of the floor to adhere to these surfaces. The friction forces of the film are effective on the external surfaces of the anchor 23 and the follower 13, • 5 due to the adhesion of the soil, and therefore are greatly reduced with the desirable concomitant promotion of penetration into the anchor bed 10 and, very significantly, the subsequent promotion of low recovery loads when the follower 13 of the anchor bed 10 is recovered. When the follower 13 is decoupled from the • anchor 23, the lubricant supply is cut off. The subsequent movement of the anchor 23 along the path 9 cleans any residual lubricant, thus restoring the friction restrictions on the anchor 23, which allow operation as a garros anchor as previously described. In addition, the anchor 23 can be adapted to have an elongated plate member 138 (Figure 34), instead of a shackle attached to the shank 2, with a connecting hole 139 for the stub at one end 140 and a fork 141 at the other end 142 that is placed on both sides of the shank 2 and which carries the bolt 36 for sliding coupling and rotates in the straight slot 29. The shank 2 has an arcuate surface 143 centered on the spike point 26 at a front end 28 of the slot 29. A stop 144 within the fork 141 performs the B - ^ _ M_MÍ_M_ri_tf_MÍ_Íg_MÍ_HIHÉ_aÉ_ÍlÍ_M_MI_HÍ sliding contact with the surface 143, so that the pin 36 is maintained at the point 26 until the rotation of the member 138 around the point 26 11eva the direction of movement of the stop 144 parallel to 5 the slot 29, with so that the bolt 36 is free to slide in the slot 29. A safety pin 145 which stops the rotation is mounted in the holes 146 of the fork 141 and in register with the hole 147 of the shank 2 and serves to hold] to the elongated plate member 138 in a desired position mk, wherein the angle a 'is less than 95 ° i and preferably less than 75 °. The security bolt 145 is of a size such that it breaks when a particular load value is exceeded in the orifice 139 from the anchor rod 4. This allows the anchor 23 to act initially as an anchor of anchor by grasping, before the cutting or breaking of the safety bolt 145 and which then acts as a garro anchor with a large increase in the capacity of the anchor. • 20 retention or grip when garree additionally. The garreo anchor 23 (Figures 22 to 24), weighing 9 kg. , and a follower 13, weighing 126 kg. , were subjected to tests on a seabed 10 of slightly overconsolidated soft clay.

All previously described mechanisms and procedures worked as planned. With the centroid C (Figure 24) of the anchor 23 installed by the follower 13 to a depth below the surface 8 of the seabed of three times the square root of the area of the nail 3, it gave the anchor 23 a grip capacity 53 times the weight of the anchor (immediately after the recovery of the follower 13 of the seabed 10) when the anchor stake 4 was pulled at an inclination of 18 ° with respect to the horizontal on the surface 8 of the seabed. The additional pull or pull caused the anchor 23 to graze while was buried deeper to provide a progressively greater grip capacity than • it finally became constant at 189 times the weight of the anchor with the centroid moving horizontally and with the anchor line 4 inclined at 26 ° with respect to the horizontal. The tests with and without lubricant 137 (Figure 30) showed that the lubricant increased the penetration of the centroid C of the nail 3 in 3.2 times and indicated that the follower 13 required to be almost three times more • 20 heavy without lubricant to reach the same penetration achieved with lubrication. In a non-lubricated test, where the centroid C of the nail 3 of the anchor 23 was installed with the follower 13 to a depth below the surface 8 of the seabed of 1.1 times the square root of the area of the nail 3, the anchor 23 provided a garreada from its initial position. These tests demonstrated the effectiveness of the lubricated installation by the follower of the garreo anchor 23 and the abstention of the aforementioned Danforth limits for the angles a and ß (Figure 1) of the anchor 23. The expositions of the present provide particular modalities of the present invention and the tests described above show that the objectives of the invention have been met. It will be apparent that variations to these embodiments are within the scope of the invention. For example, within the follower 13 a very stretchable synthetic hawser may be used, instead of the chain 50, with the result that the tension-releasing mechanism of the control segment 66 may not be required. ______ i _ ^ _ ^ ________ ^ ____________ ^ ______ ^ __ ^ ti__tm

Claims

CLAIMS: 1. Anchoring apparatus comprising an anchor-inlay means (13), characterized in that the anchor-encrusting means (13) serves • to be used with a marine anchor, which can be an anchorage anchor by grapple (1) or a garreo anchor (23); the anchor-encrusting means (13) is adapted to releasably engage the anchor, such that the encrusting means (13) 10 can push the anchor to a depth | (d) ^ fc within an anchor bed (10), which defines a buried position and to interact with the anchor in the buried position to allow the anchor to adopt a position by means of which the anchor 15 follows a burial path (9) when pulled by a stalk (4) of the anchor.
2. The anchoring apparatus comprises a marine anchor including a nail member (3) and a load application point (26) and an inlay means • Anchor (13) the anchor can be an anchor for anchor by grasping (1), an anchor for direct inlay (11) or an anchor for grasping (23), while the means for encrusting comprises an elongate follower ( 13) attached or connected in a releasable manner to 25 anchor and adapted to push the anchor into an anchor bed (10), practically in a forward direction F in which the surface of the nail member (3) visible from the point of application of _áMiá¿_t__m_? __________________ ^ __ ^ _ m load (26); when the anchor is in operation, it has a minimum projected area; characterized in that at least the anchor or the elongate follower member (13) is adapted to provide a fulcrum of • reaction (17) around which the anchor can pivot.
3. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the anchoring means (13) pushes the anchor (1) inside the anchoring bed (10), under its own mass due to the effect of the gravity.
4. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that a material layer of a low friction substance is supplied in the anchor inlay means (13).
5. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in claim 2 or 4, characterized in that an anchor is supplied 20 layer of friction substance to the flow.
The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the marine anchor is adapted to pivot about the fulcrum (17) when applied to the anchor 25 a pulling force by means of a bar (4) attached to the anchor.
7. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in any of the claims i __ -__- _. __. "- ** - - * * precedent, characterized in that the embedding means (13), for directly embedding the marine anchor, comprises an elongate follower member (13) adapted to provide a detachable connection with the marine anchor and a reaction fulcrum (1 3), around which the anchor can pivot when it is fitted into an anchor bed by means of the follower member (13).
8. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the marine anchor (1) is in the operating configuration, a garreo anchor (23) for the operation below the surface of a bed of anchor (10), the garreo anchor (23) comprises a nail member (3) with a rod (2) attached thereto, the rod (2) has a loading application point (26) for a means of connection with the stalk (5), characterized in that a straight line containing the load application point (26) and the centroid ¡(C) of the surface of the nail member, which is visible from the point of load application when the anchor is in operation, forms a centroid angle ß that opens forward, with a forward direction F, in this direction, the nail member surface has a minimum projected area, i the angle ß is in the range of 68 ° to 85 ° for the operation of the anchor in a cohesive and smooth soil and is in the range of 50 65 ° for operation in a non-cohesive soil, whereby a tensile force applied to the anchor by the bar at the load application point (26) of the connecting element of the bar with the anchor when the centroid • (c) of the anchor nail is buried at least twice the square root of the maximum area projected below the surface of the anchor bed, causing the anchor (1, 23) to move on the floor of the bed of the anchor. anchor (10) with an important 10 component (9B) of displacement in the forward direction F. •
9. The anchorage apparatus in the form of a marine anchor, which includes a nail member (3) and a load application point (26) at the anchor Marine 15 for the connection of a connecting means of the anchor with the anchor (5), the marine anchor in the operative configuration is an anchor for the operation below the surface of an anchor bed (10), characterized in that a line straight that contains the • 20 load application point (26) and the centroid (C) of the surface of the nail member visible from the point of load application, when the anchor is in operation, forms a centroid angle ß that opens towards front with a forward direction F, len In this direction, the surface of the nail member has a minimum projected area, the angle ß is in I the range of 68 ° to 85 ° for the operation of the anchor in cohesive and soft soil, and is in the range of _ _. _l__t-- «50 ° to 65 ° for the operation in a non-cohesive soil, by means of which a tensforce applied to the anchor by the stab at the load application point (26) of the connecting element of the stalk with the anchor, when the centroid (c) of the anchor nail is buried at least twice the square root of the maximum area projected below the surface of the anchor bed, causes the anchor (1, 23) to tend to move in the floor of the anchoring bed (10) with an important component (9B) | of displacement in the forward direction F.
10. The anchoring apparatus, according to claim 9, characterized in that the displacement component (9B) in the forward direction F exceeds 50% of the actual displacement (9A).
The anchoring apparatus according to claim 9, characterized in that the displacement component (9B) in the forward direction F exceeds 35% of the actual displacement (9A).
12. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in claim 8 or 9, characterized in that the centroid angle (ß) does not excede 80 ° for operation in cohesive and soft soil and l does not exceed 60 ° for operation in a floor] not cohesive.
13. The anchorage device, according to I _a__a _ * __ a__B__Ma _ * ___ ¿_____-_ claimed in any of claims 8 to 12, characterized in that the garreo anchor (23) is characterized additionally because a plane orthogonal to the plane of symmetry (X-X) of the anchor and that • 5 contains a front end of the nail member (3) and the load application point (26) form a tip angle (a) that opens forward, with forward direction F, which is not less than 95 ° for operation in cohesive and soft soil and it is not 10 less than 85 ° for operation on non-cohesive soil.
14. The anchoring device, as • claimed in claim 13, characterized in that the tip angle (a) is not less than 100 ° for operation in cohesive and soft soil and is not 15 less than 90 ° for operation on non-cohesive soil.
15. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in claim 8 or 9, characterized in that the grasping anchor (23) comprises a nail member (3) with a shank member (2) of the plate type. • 20 rigidly attached to it and that is parallel to the plane of symmetry (x-x).
16. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in claim 15, characterized in that the plate member (2) includes 25 an elongated slot (29) for slidable movement therein of the tie-in element with the anchor (5), wherein the leading end (28) of the slot (29) serves as the loading application point. of the connecting element of the anchor with the anchor, which allows the deeper burial of the anchor (23) by means of the garreo and where a rear end (3C) located towards the edge • 5 rear of the nail member .3) serves as a second load application point of the joint element of the anchor with the anchor, which facilitates the rearward recovery of the anchor 23) in a direction substantially opposite to the forward direction 10 (F).
17. The anchoring device, as • claimed in claim 16, characterized in that in the cane member (2) a means of sliding stop (35) is provided just behind the 15 front end (28) of the slot (29) to restrict the joining means (5) to the first load application point (26).
18. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in claim 17, characterized • 20 because the means of sliding stop (35) includes a release means (44, 46) that cooperates with the means of joining the stalk to the anchor (5), by means of which the rotational displacement of the united (5) releases the middle gliding stop 25 (35) to allow the connecting means (5) to slide in the groove towards the trailing edge (31) \ of the nail member (3).
19. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in any of claims 16 to 18, characterized in that the means of joining the anchor with the anchor comprises an elongated means (138, Figure 34), wherein the point of attachment ( 139) in • one end (140) serves to connect with an anchor (4) for anchoring and wherein a fork (141) at the other end, carries a bolt member (36) which serves to engage in a sliding and rotatable manner in the slot (29) of the cane member (2).
The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in claim 19, characterized in that the shank member (2) includes an arcuate surface (143) centered on the first load application point (26) and the elongated member (138). ) 15 includes a stop (144) that slidably engages the arcuate surface (143), by which the bolt member (36) is held at the first load application point (26) of the groove (29) until the rotation of the elongated member (138) 20 around the load application point (28) carries the direction of movement of the stop (144) parallel to the slot (29), whereby the bolt member (36) is free to slide in the slot (29) | of the cane member (2).
21. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in claim 20, characterized in that the anchor (23) includes a releasable anti-rotation stop means (145), which stops the rotational movement of the elongated member (138) in one position. predetermined with respect to the shank member (2), when the bolt member (36) is at the first load application point (26).
22. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in claim 21, characterized in that the length of the elongate member (138) is such that, when the rotation of the elongate member (138) is prevented or stopped by the stop means 10 against rotation (145) releasable, a plane that • is orthogonal to the plane of symmetry (x-x) and contains a front end of the nail member (3) and the point of attachment in the elongate member (138) forms an angle (a1) that opens forward, with 15 the forward direction F, which is less than 95 °.
23. The anchoring device, according to | it is claimed in claim 22, characterized in that the angle (1) that opens forward is less than 75 °. •
24. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the anchor embedded means (13) comprises an elongated follower adapted to be bent in a recoverable manner. 25 when subjected to a transverse force, for example, because the follower (13) is crossing or passing through a curved surface, such as | an aft roller (60) of a vessel (62) and anchor handling (Figure 18).
25. Anchoring apparatus in the form of an inlay means (13) for directly embedding a marine anchor, the encrusting means (13) comprises 5 an elongate follower member, adapted for releasably attaching to the marine anchor, characterized in that the follower means (13) is adapted to bend in a recoverable manner when subjected to transverse forces, for example, due to the passage 10 over a curved surface as a stern roller (60) • of an anchor handling vessel (62) (Figure 18).
26. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in claim 24 or 25, Characterized in that the follower member (13) includes a lower end segment (51), attached to a lowering and retrieving stem (50) and includes a multitude of body segments (48), supported by the lower end segment (51) . • 20
27. The anchoring apparatus according to I is claimed in claim 26, characterized in that the body segments (48) practically surround the lowering and recovery stage. (fifty).
28. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in claim 26 or 27, characterized in that the segments (48) are adjusted to each other by a convex protrusion (52) i in m? á? ____ ________ _________ a segment (48), which is in register with a corresponding concave cavity (55) in the adjacent segment (48).
29. The anchoring apparatus, as • claimed in any of claims 26 to 28, characterized in that the lowering and retrieving stems (50) form an axis that passes through the body segments (48).
30 The anchoring device, as 10 claimed in any of claims 26 to 29, characterized in that at least a portion of the bar (50) within the body segments (48) comprises at least one hawser or chain.
31 The anchoring device, as 15 claimed in any of claims 26 to 29, characterized in that at least a portion of the bar (50) within the body segments (48) is formed by a material that can extend in a resilient manner, such as, for example, 20 a polyester hawser.
32. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in any of claims 26 to 31, characterized in that when the stalk (50) within the body segments (48) extends i When the tension member (13) is hanging vertically, the stem (50) is prevented from relaxing by means of a stop means (81) acting between an upper body segment (66) and the _? _ Í_H_B_rf_Éh estecha (50), by which the body segments (48) are maintained in a state of axial compression that provides the elongate follower member (13) with a certain degree of transverse stiffness for • Resist buckling when the follower member (13) is at least partially supported by contact with the surface of a seabed
33. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in claim 32, characterized 10 because the stop means (81) is releasable, by means of which, when the follower member (13) • is hoisted and bent over a curved surface, the bar (50) is released into the follower member (13) to allow relative axial movement between 15 the stub (50) and the upper body segment (66) to prevent excessive stretching of the stub (50) due to bending of the follower member (13).
34. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in claim 33, characterized 20 because the stop means of the bar (81) is releasable by means of the movement of an actuator (87) that makes contact with the curved surface).
35. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in any of claims 32 to 25 la 34, characterized in that the stop means of the bar (81) includes a tooth member located in the bar (50) or in the upper barrel segment (66), which engages in a recess (80) of a recess member (76) located in the other, either in I the stalk or in the upper body segment (66).
36 An inlay means for embedding a garreo anchor (23) that includes a nail member • 5 (3) and comprising a stalk (4) for anchor, attached thereto, by means of a means for attaching the stalk to the anchor (138) of the elongate rigid member, the rigid elongated member has a first point of union at one end, which serves to join the 10 stitch (4) of the anchor and a second means of attachment point at the other end, to join a loading application point (26) with the stitch I in the anchor (23), characterized in that a stop means against rotation (145) releasable for 15 supporting the elongated means with respect to the anchor (23), so that a plane orthogonal to a plane of symmetry (xx) containing a front end of the nail (3) of the anchor and the first point of attachment of the elongate member, form an angle (a ') that 20 opens forward, with a forward direction F, in this direction a surface of the nail member (3), visible from the load application point (26) when the anchor is in operation, has a minimum projected area, the angle (a ') is better 25 of 75 ° to promote penetration into a seabed surface when the anchor (23) is clawed on it, but is released due to the load on the floor on the nail (3) after the nail was buried in the nail. floor of the anchoring bed.
37. An embedding medium, as claimed in claim 36, characterized in that the elongated rigid member has a fork • 5 (141) at the second point of attachment, which carries a bolt member (36) which serves to engage slidably and rotatably in a groove (29) in the cane member (2) of the garreo anchor ( 2. 3) .
38 The anchoring apparatus that includes I a 10 half anchor embedded in the form of a follower • elongate (13), which has a lower end adapted for releasably attaching thereto a marine anchor (1, 11, 23), the follower (13) serves to fit the anchor (1, 11, 23) to through a bed] of 15 anchoring (10) to a buried position within the bed, characterized in that the follower (13) includes a means for supplying lubricating fluid to provide a layer of low friction substance on the anchoring apparatus, the delivery means • 20 lubricant comprises a cylinder and piston means (112, 113 and 114) that provides a reservoir means (115, 123) for the lubricant and supply ducts (122, 131, 132, 134 and 135 to supply the lubricant from the reservoir medium (115, 123) For the supply of the low friction layer, the supply of lubricant will be achieved by i the relative movement between the piston and the cylinder.
39. The anchorage device, according to l , »Á-a-t - ^ -_- - < - ^ - claimed in claim 38, characterized in that the relative movement between the piston and the cylinder for the supply of the lubricant, the pressure reaction of the material of the anchoring bed on the apparatus is used, due to the follower (13) that an anchor that moves through the anchor bed (10) is attached. ,
40. The anchoring apparatus, as claimed in claims 38 or 39, characterized in that the reservoir means comprises separate reservoir portions (115, 123) for the individual supply of the lubricant for the follower (13) and for the attached anchor (23), respectively.
41. A method for deploying an anchor of anchor by grasping (1) or a direct anchor of anchor (11) or a grab anchor (23), which comprises joining the anchor (1, 11, 23) in a detachable manner! and pivoting, an elongated follower member (13), by means of a pivot (17) and fitting the anchor within an anchoring bed (10) by means of the follower member (13) in substantially a direction I of minimum projected area of the surface of a nail member (3) of the anchor, as seen from a load application point (26) of a means of attachment of the anchor with the anchor (5) attached to a anchor (4) for anchor , until the centroid (C) of the nail member (3) of the anchor is at least twice the square root of the projected maximum area of the nail member i (3) below the surface of the anchoring bed i ( 10) and pull on the anchor (4) of the anchor before the separation of the follower member (13) from the embedded anchor (1, 11, 23) to cause I • nail member (3) rotate toward an operative orientation within the floor of the anchor bed (10) by pivoting reaction with the follower (13).
42. The method as claimed in claim 41, characterized in that the anchor (1, 10 23) comprises an anchor as claimed < in any of claims 9 to 23. •
43. The method as claimed in claims 41 or 42, characterized in that the follower member (13) comprises the follower member. 15 as claimed in any of claims 25 to 35. • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION. An arrangement for marine anchoring is described, where a marine anchor (1, 23) is embedded vertically by nailing inside a bed | of anchoring (10) by means of an elongated follower (13), especially thanks to its own weight and that of the follower. The follower (13) has a lower fork part (103) adapted to detachably hold the anchor (1) by means of the anchor rod (2) by means of a fulcrum bolt (2), with which the Anchor (1) can swing with respect to the bottom part (103). For the initial penetration, I the anchor (1), is held in a position of minimum resistance forward, specifically with the forward direction F of the nail (3) parallel to the axis (20) of the follower, and this is achieved by a safety pin (109) between the anchor (1) and the bottom part (103). When the anchor (1) is embedded to a preferred depth (d), specifically at least twice the square root of the maximum projected area of the nail (as observed in a normal manner at direction F), the anchor (23) moves to a position to read the anchor set by traction on the cable (4 / 4a) connected to the anchor, so as to cause the safety bolt (109) to fracture and the anchor (23) to rotate around the shaft of the fulcrum until it stops by means of a stop (21) in the afa_É_l_Mril_ii follower (13). The follower (13) can then be hoisted to release and retrieve it. The previous fixation arrangement provides significantly improved anchoring performance compared to • the existing direct embedded fixes.