MXPA01002440A - Canine milk substitute - Google Patents

Abstract

An artificially produced canine milk substitute composition is provided which contains, on a dry matter basis, from about 35 to 45%by weight protein, from about 25 to 35%by weight fat, and from about 10 to 25%by weight carbohydrates. The amounts of fat and protein included in the composition provide an essential amino acid profile and fatty acid profile which is close to that of natural bitch milk. The composition may be administered to suckling puppies to provide optimum growth performance.

Description

SUBSTITUTE FOR CANINE MILK DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a canine milk substitute, a bitch milk replacement element, which substantially provides the nutritional requirements of nursing puppies and critically-treated dogs. In recent years, the nutritional requirements of growing puppies as well as adult dogs have been studied; however, little information has been acquired regarding the composition of canine milk and how it satisfies the nutritional requirements of growing puppies. It is generally understood that the milk of the nursing mother provides the optimal nutrition of the nursing puppies. Accordingly, the milk substituents currently in use have been formulated with the intention of matching the nutrient composition of the bitch's milk. However, most of the commercially known formulations are based on studies conducted with respect to only raw protein, fat and mineral concentrations in the milk of lactating mothers. See Lonnerdal et al., "Developmental Changes in the Composition of Beagle Dog Milk," Am. J. Vet. Res. , Vol. 42: 662-666 (1981) and Oftedal, "Lactation in the Dog: Milk Composition and Intake by Puppies", J. Nu tr. , 114: 803-812 (1984). Few studies have been done for important information such as fatty acid and amino acid profiles in bitch's milk and other factors which are considered to have effects on the nutrient profiles of bitch's milk including breeding and lactation stage . Some milk substitutes have been developed. For example, EP 0259713 describes a substitute for synthetic canine milk containing, in a dry matter base, from 31 to 40% protein, from 25 to 40% fat and from 1 to 25% carbohydrates. The milk substitute is based on milk without sugar or whey protein powder which is generally in an amount of up to 60% of the composition. EP 0832565 describes a process for the preparation of a milk replacer designed for human use. The composition contains whey and skimmed milk solids dissolved in an aqueous liquid phase. US 5792501 describes a synthetic milk substitute for felines. The composition includes casein and whey in a weight ratio of 1: 1. Accordingly, since commercially available bitch milk substitutes today have been formulated based on limited research data, they do not necessarily provide adequate nutrition to nursing puppies to ensure proper growth and development. Therefore, there is still a need in the art for a canine milk substitute which is based more closely on the actual concentrations of essential nutrients in bitch's milk and which substantially provide the nutritional needs of the milkweed puppies. The present invention satisfies that need by providing a canine milk substitute, or a milk replacement, which contains amounts of protein, fat and carbohydrates which closely coincide with the concentrations of these components in the milk of the bitch. In addition, the milk replacer of the present invention provides improved fatty acid and amino acid profiles with respect to commercially available bitch milk replacers, and has been found to improve growth in suckling pups as compared to commercial products currently available. The milk substitute also provides a source of high quality and highly digestible nutrients for dogs in critical care. According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an artificially produced canine milk substitution composition which comprises, on a dry matter basis (DMB), 35 to 45% by weight of protein, 25 to 35% by weight of fat and 10 to 25% by weight of carbohydrates. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises 38% protein, 28% fat and 19% carbohydrates. The protein source preferably comprises casein and whey in a weight ratio of 70:30. The source of fat is preferably selected from the group consisting of corn oil, naba oil, butter oil, arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and combinations thereof. The composition of the present invention also preferably contains fatty acids comprising, as a percentage of the total fatty acids on a dry matter basis, 15 to 19% palmitic acid, 5 to 9% stearic acid, 34 to 38% oleic acid, 17 to 21% linoleic acid, 1 to 4% a-linolenic acid, 0.5 to 2% arachidonic acid, 0.2 to 1.0% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 2 to 5% fatty acids, Omega 3 , 18 to 22% of omega 6 fatty acids, and 1 to 4% of trans fatty acids. The composition preferably contains 27 to 37% by weight of fatty acids, on a dry matter basis. The composition also contains essential amino acids comprising, as a percentage of the total essential amino acids in a dry matter base, from 6 to 10% arginine, 4 to 8% histidine, 8 to 12% isoleucine, 16 to 20% leucine, 13 to 17% lysine, 2 to 7% methionine, 6 to 10% phenylalanine, 8 to 12% threonine, 1 to 4% tryptophan, 9 to 13% valine , 2 to 5% of cystine and 2 to 6% of tyrosine. The composition preferably contains from 15 to 25% by weight of essential amino acids in a dry matter base. The composition also preferably contains, on a dry matter basis, from 4 to 8% by weight of lactose and 0.50% by weight of fructooligosaccharides. The composition may also include mixtures of vitamins and minerals.

When the composition of the present invention is fed is fed to puppies in an amount and frequency appropriate for their nutritional needs, it has been found that the puppies show an exceptional growth performance which is superior to other currently available canine milk substitutes. and which is very similar in pattern to that of puppies raised maternally. Accordingly, a feature of the present invention is to provide a canine milk substitute that duplicates canine milk more narrowly compared to the products currently available and which substantially provides the nutrient requirements of the milkweed puppies and the dogs in care. critical. Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description, the accompanying drawings and the appended claims. In order that the invention is more easily understood, reference will now be made, for example, to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a bar graph showing the percentages of protein, fat and carbohydrates in the composition of the present invention in comparison with the contents in commercially available bitch milk substitutes and bitch's milk; Figure 2 is a bar graph showing the fatty acid profile of the composition of the present invention compared to commercially available bitch milk substitute profiles and bitch's milk; and Figure 3 is a bar graph showing the amino acid profile of the composition of the present invention compared to commercially available bitch milk substitute profiles as well as bitch's milk. The milk replacer composition of the present invention provides an improvement over milk replacers currently available insofar as it more closely matches the nutrient profile of bitch's milk. The composition of the present invention is higher in protein and lower in fat content compared to milk replacers commercially available today. For example, the composition of the present invention preferably comprises at least 38% by weight of protein compared to currently available milk substitutes, which comprise only 29 to 34% of proteins. In addition, the composition of the present invention comprises only 28% by weight of fat, in comparison with currently available milk substitutes, which comprise from 33 to 42% fat. The present invention also provides amino acid profiles and fatty acid profiles which are closer to those of bitch's milk compared to commercially available products. When the milk replacer composition of the present invention is supplied as a feed to puppies on a daily basis, it has been found to provide greater daily weight gain and improved growth performance compared to commercially available milk substitute products. . The composition is preferably provided in powder form, but may be provided in any suitable form (eg, a liquid) to the extent that it contains the preferred concentrations of protein, fat and carbohydrates, on a dry matter basis. Although the milk replacer of the present invention has been described primarily for administration to puppies, it can also be considered that the milk substitute can be administered to dogs in critical care. By the term "critical care dogs" is meant those animals which are under extreme stress due, for example, to extensive trauma, systemic disease, cancer, chemotherapy, malnutrition, toxin ingestion or postoperative trauma. Such conditions cause the animal in critical care to have higher energy requirements compared to the saino animals. The canine milk substitute is suitable for use as a critical care diet because it provides highly digestible and high quality nutrient sources. further, the canine milk substitute can be provided in liquid form for tube feed and is highly palatable in a way that encourages voluntary ingestion. A study of bitch's milk was conducted to determine the concentration of true protein, total fat, total carbohydrates, the ratio of casein to milk, the amino acid profile and the fatty acid profile. The test procedures and results are described below. Milk samples (approximately 10 ml) were collected from a total of 10 mongrel dogs on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 of lactation and It was stored frozen until it was subjected to laboratory analysis. All the bitches were kept on the same diet. The bitches and body weights of their puppies were individually recorded on the days of milk collection. The analysis of nitrogen-total nitrogen, NPN and true protein nitrogen were analyzed by the micro-Kjeldahl assay. Casein: serum ratio - The ratio of casein to serum was determined by gel electrophoresis after determination of the optimal separation conditions for these two classes of protein. Amino Acids-The amino acid profiles were determined for milk and for whey and casein proteins. Fatty acids-The fatty acid profiles were analyzed by gas chromatography.

Lactose-Lactose was determined by the assay of the rate and total lipids via the Folch procedure. Minerals-The mineral composition was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Milk Proteins-The milk protein composition was determined by gel electrophoresis and by FPLC using gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The isolated proteins were identified by N-terminal sequencing.

Results The protein concentration was very high in the samples of day 1 (144 + 60 g / 1) and then decreased until day 21 (68 + 13 g / 1); then a slight increase is observed. There was no change in NPN concentration (approximately 6-10% of total N). The casein / serum ratio is approximately 70/30 and remains constant during lactation. Lactose concentration increases during early lactation; the samples of day 1 contain 17 + 4 g / 1, while the samples from days 7 to day 42 contain 34-40 g / 1. The concentration of lipids is high in early lactation (approximately 13%) and then decreases slightly (approximately 11%). The citrate concentration increases from day 1 to day 7 (4.8 + 1.2 to 6.6 + 1.0 mM), and then gradually decreases until day 42 (3.9 + 1.2 mM).

Although data were developed through the duration of lactation, only the data for day 7 of lactation are described below. Because the composition of the milk changes during the development of lactation and the nutritional needs of the puppies are more critical during the first two weeks of life, it was determined that this composition of early milk are the most appropriate data in which Base a unique milk substitute formulation. All the following data are presented on a dry matter basis. 0 Percentages of essential amino acids and fatty acid profiles are expressed as a percentage of the total essential amino acids and total fatty acids, respectively.

Composition 5 Protein 40.40% Fat 31.8% 1 Carbohydrate 18.5% Casein / Serum ratio 70:30 0 Profile of essential amino acids (%) 1This value is obtained from Lonnerdal et al., "Developmental Changes in the Composition of Beagle Dog Milk", Am.

J. Vet. Res., Vol. 42: 662-666 (1981) and Oftedal, "Lactation in the Bog: Milk Composition and Intake by Puppies", J. Nutr. , 114: 803-812 (1984) Arginine 9.70 Histidine 6.37 Isoleucine 8.94 Leucine 22.14 Lysine 8.92 Methionine 5.40 Cystine 3.84 Phenylalanine 7.83 Tyrosine 5.61 Threonine 8.25 Tryptophan 1.06 Valine 11.9 Fatty Acid Profile (%) Palmitic 24.30 Stearic 2.90 Oleic 36.5 Linoleic 14.5 Arachidonic 1.22 Docosahexaenoic 0.70 Trans Fatty Acids 3.40 Based on these data, the bitch milk substitute of the present invention is formulated which preferably contains 38% protein, 28% fat and 19% carbohydrates. Casein and whey in the composition have a weight ratio of 70:30. The source of fat in the milk replacement composition preferably comprises a composition of corn oil, naba oil, butter oil, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. It is considered that this combination of fats provides a fatty acid profile which is close to that of bitch milk and comprises 15 to 19% palmitic acid, 5 to 9% stearic acid, 34 to 48% acid oleic, from 17 to 21% of linoleic acid, from 1 to 4% of a-linolenic acid, from 0.5 to 2% of arachidonic acid, from 0.2 to 1.0% of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), from 2 to 5% of acids omega 3 fatty acids, from 18 to 22% of omega 6 fatty acids and from 1 to 4% of trans fatty acids (expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids, on a dry matter basis). Fatty acids preferably comprise 25% to 35%, and most preferably 28% of the total composition, on a dry matter basis. The composition also contains amounts of essential amino acids which show a profile similar to real bitch's milk. Expressed as a percentage of total essential amino acids, on a dry matter basis, the amino acids preferably comprise from 6 to 10% arginine, 4 to 8% histidine, 8 to 12% isoleucine, 16 to 20% leucine, 13 to 17% lysine, from about 2 to 7% methionine, 6 to 10% phenylalanine, 8 to 12% threonine, 1 to 4% tryptophan, 9 to 13% valine, 2 to 5% cystine and 2 to 6% tyrosine. The essential amino acids preferably comprise 15% to 25%, and more preferably 20% of the total composition, on a dry matter basis. The composition also preferably contains, on a dry matter basis, 4-8% by weight of lactose and from 0.50% by weight of fructooligosaccharide. Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) is preferably included in the formulation because studies have shown that FOS is beneficial for the intestinal application of many animals. FOS can be metabolized by beneficial intestinal bacterial species, such as Bifidobacterium. Similarly, harmful intestinal bacteria such as Salmonella, E. coli and Clostridia are unable to process FOS. Therefore, FOS seems to promote a healthy intestinal environment in animals. The composition may also contain vitamins and minerals including, but not limited to vitamin A acetate, cholecalciferol, d-acetate, 1-alpha tocopheryl, cyanocobalamin, riboflavin, niacinamide, d-calcium pantothenate, folic acid, mononitrate thiamin, pyridoxine hydrochloride, biotin, inositol, ascorbic acid, dextrose, tricalcium phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium citrate, magnesium sulfate, onosodium phosphate, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, manganese sulfate, sodium selenite, iodide of potassium, cobalt sulfate and iron methionine. For the invention to be understood more correctly, reference is made to the following examples which are intended to illustrate the invention.

Example 1 A milk substitute according to the present invention is prepared by combining the following ingredients: Formula A Ingredient Percentage Water 80.0 5 Caseinate Na / Ca 5.233 Whey protein concentrate 3,491 Maltodextrin 2,646 Butter oil 2,412 Naba oil 1,764 0 Premix2 mineral 1,147 Lactose 1,134 2"Mineral Premix" contains one or more of the following: tricalcium phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium citrate, magnesium sulfate, monosodium phosphate, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, magnesium sulfate, sodium selenite, sodium iodide, potassium, cobalt sulfate and iron methionine.

Corn oil 0.869 Dry hollow bud 0.506 Emulsifier 0.200 Vitamin Premix3 0.128 5 Arachidonic acid supplement 0.100 Fructooligosaccharide 0.100 L-histidine hydrochloride 0.090 L-arginine 0.060 Choline chloride 0.055 0 DHA supplement 0.040 Ascorbic acid 0.025 In order to compare the formulation of the present invention with the currently available products, an analysis of several commercially available bitch substitute formulas is carried out. The test formulas were JustBorn ™ (JDB), available from Farnam Pet Products, Esbilac ™ Milk Replacer for Puppies (ESB), available from Pet-Ag, Inc., and Nurturall Puppy Balanced Milk Replacer (Nurtal), available from 0 Veterinary Products Laboratory . Table 1 shows the protein, fat and carbohydrate content of the commercial formulas in 3"Vitamin Premix" contains one or more of the following: vitamin A acetate, cholecalciferol, d-acetate, 1-alpha-tocopheryl, cyanocobalamin, riboflavin, niacinamide, pantothenol Se d-calcium, folic acid, thiamine mononitrate, hydrochloride pyridoxine, biotin, inositol and ascorbic acid. comparison with those of the composition of the present invention (formula A). The bitch's natural milk was used as a baseline with a value of (100) 4.

TABLE 1 0 * Milk fat values are obtained from Lonnerdal et al. , "Development Changes in the Composition of Beagle Dog Milk", Am. 5 J. Vet. Res. , Vol. 42: 662-666 (1981) and Oftedal, "Lactation in the Dog: Milk Composition and Intake by Puppies", J. Nu tr. , 114: 803-812 (1984).

As you can see from table 1 and as shown in figure 1, which is a bar graph of the data that is 4The milk fat values are obtained from Lonnerdal et al., "Development Changes in the Composition of Beagle Dog Milk", Am. J. Vet. Res., Vol. 42: 662-666 (1981) and Oftedal, "Lactation in the Dog: Milk Composition and Intake by Puppies," J. Nutr., 114-B03-812 (1984). show before, the composition of formula A is much closer to the natural bitch's milk compared to the other products. The fatty acid and amino acid profiles of the commercially available products were also analyzed and compared with the bitch's milk and the composition of the present invention is shown below in Tables 2 and 3. The comparisons are expressed as a percent of the control (bitch = 100%). Values for amino acids and fatty acids are expressed as one percent of the total protein and total lipids, respectively.

TABLE 2 - FATTY ACID PROFILE TABLE 3 - AMINO ACID PROFILE Figures 2 and 3 are bar graphs illustrating the data in tables 2 and 3 which clearly show that the fatty acid and amino acid profiles of the composition of the present invention are much more similar to those of the milk profile of bitch compared to the other products.

Example 2 To study the effect of diet on the serum fatty acid profile and the amino acid profile, forty mongrel breeding pups of 7 litter colony were assigned for three treatments: one with bitch's milk (CTL), (n = 15 ) the milk substitute I (MR-I) (n = 14) comprises 40% protein and 30% fat (an example of the present invention), and a milk substitute II (MR-II) (n = ll) ) comprising 33% protein and 40% fat (milk substitute Esbilac ™ for Pet-Ag puppies), Inc.). All puppies were allowed to feed on the dam for 24 hours with subsequent milk replacer feeding every three hours for days 1-2 and gradually increased to every 6 hours for the duration of the study. It was found that MR-I contains the highest levels of essential amino acids (EAA) and non-essential amino acids (NAA) compared to MR-II. The puppies fed MR-1 were more similar to CTL in the serum ratio of EAA and EAA: NAA. These data indicate that the serum fatty acid profile and the amino acid profile of growing puppies can be altered and are a reflection of the milk substitute formulation.

Example 3 To determine the effect of the composition of milk on the growth and body composition of the puppies, forty mestizo breeding puppies were assigned in a colony of 7 litters to three treatments: bitch's milk (CTL), (n = 15) the substitute of milk I (MR-I of example 2) (n = 14) and milk substitute II (MR-II of example 2) (n = 11). All puppies were allowed to feed on the dam for 24 hours. The milk substitute treatments were subsequently delivered to the puppies every 3 hours and decreased to 4 concentrations / day for the rest of the study (30 days). No differences were detected in the infection among the MR puppies; however, puppies fed MR-I had an increased average daily weight gain and gain efficiency compared to puppies fed MR-II, ie, when the amount of product consumed is measured against the gained weight, Puppies fed MR-1 have a greater increase in body weight, which indicates that the MR-I formulation is better to meet the growth needs of puppies. The body composition of the puppies fed MR-1 does not differ from the CTL puppies in body fat percentage, but is higher in the lean tissue than in comparison with CTL and MR-II. Puppies fed MR-II were found to have the highest body fat and the least lean tissue. These data indicate that the MR-I formulation, which is similar to bitch's milk in the fatty acid profile and amino acid profile, results in an improved growth in the structural tissue which indicates an improved nutritional status in the neonatal puppies.

Claims (12)

1. An artificially produced canine milk substitution composition comprising, on a dry matter basis, 35 to 45% protein, 25 to 35% fat, and 10 to 25% carbohydrate, and wherein the source of protein comprises casein and whey in a weight ratio of 70:30.

2. The composition as described in claim 1, comprising 38% protein.

3. The composition as described in claim 1, comprising 28% fat.

4. The composition as described in claim 1, comprising 19% carbohydrates.

5. The composition as described in claim 1, wherein the fat source is selected from the group consisting of corn oil, naba oil, butter oil, arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and combinations thereof.

6. The composition as described in claim 1, which contains fatty acids expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids on a dry matter basis, or 15 to 19% palmitic acid, 5 to 9% stearic acid, 34 a 38% oleic acid, 17 to 21% linoleic acid, 1 to 4% a-linolenic acid, 0.5 to 2% arachidonic acid, 0.2 to 1.0% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 2 to 5% fatty acids , Omega 3, 18 to 22% of omega 6 fatty acids, and 1 to 4% of trans fatty acids.

7. The composition as described in claim 1, which contains amino acids expressed as a percentage of the total essential amino acids on a dry matter basis of 6 to 10% arginine, 4 to 8% histidine, 8 to 12% isoleucine, 16 E 20% leucine, 13 to 17% lysine, 2 to 7% methionine, 6 to 10% phenylalanine, 8 to 12% threonine, 1 to 4% tryptophan, 9 to 13% valine, 2 to 5% cystine and 2 to 6% tyrosine.

8. The composition as described in claim 1, which contains about 4 to 8% by weight of lactose.

9. The composition as described in claim 1, which contains about 0.50% by weight of fructooligosaccharide.

10. The composition as described in claim 1, which contains about 27 to 37% by poo of fatty acids.

11. The composition as described in claim 1, which contains about 15 to 25% by weight of essential amino acids.

12. The composition as described in claim 1, further comprising 4 to 8% by weight of lactose and 0.50% of fructooligcsaccharide.