MXPA01002049A - Prefabricated self-supporting plate made of polystyrene and concrete - Google Patents

Abstract

Prefabricated self-supporting plate comprised, throughout its length, of two double T-shaped concrete ribs and three polystyrene arches of the same edge as the ribs and which, by application inside of a compression layer, form a reinforced concrete. By giving a double T shape to the ribs and by concreting said ribs against the arches, the assembly is embedded and it is possible to step on the arches in the work side with total security. As an alternative, extensions with inferior recess can be arranged at the extremeties of the ribs in order to absorb the thickness of the wing of the semi-prefabricated beams of the type"iron cage with concrete sole"on which they will bear. Thereby, a planor prefabricated structure is obtained onto which the plaster can be applied directly without having to install false ceilings.

Description

PREFABRICATED PLATE SELF-SUPPORTING MADE OF POLYSTYRENE AND CONCRETE.

DESCRIPTION OBJECT OF THE INVENTION.

The present invention relates to a prefabricated plate based on vaults and nerves in the form of a double "T" made of reinforced or prestressed concrete. Due to the concreting of said machined ribs against the vaults, the latter remain embedded in the ribs, thus constituting a prefabricated solidary plate. These plates together with a superior mesh, steels for the negative moments and a compression layer constitute a floor for the construction. As a variant, the ribs may have extensions at the ends of the plate with lower recesses, of the same thickness as that of the prefabricated beams of the plate type or lower concrete plank, on which it rests, leaving the floor uniform as well as the beams in such a way that the gypsum plaster can be applied directly under the lower face of the whole structure and in this way it is impossible to differentiate the beam from the floor. The resolution of the main problem consisting of adapting the floors in the form of prefabricated plates to the "smooth" structures characteristic of the floors, which are currently being built in Spain and in countries with a warm climate, also constitutes an object of the invention. Nowadays, classic joists and vault structures are the most economical floor structures in countries with a Mediterranean or Tropical climate.

BACKGROUND OF THEINVENTION The floors of joists and "uniform" vaults are the most used since they are economical from the point of view of the materials and the workmanship of prefabrication and assembly in the work. In the Nordic and central European countries, where temperatures are low for almost the whole year and rainfall is abundant, the duration of work on the work should be reduced as much as possible in order to avoid the increase in labor costs and decrease the risk of freezing of concrete poured into the work. Therefore, in Nordic countries prefabricated floors of the semi-planked type, both pre-tensioned and reinforced or of the pre-stressed alveolar plank type, are lavished, the classic floors of the joist type being almost never used. vault Currently, in Spain, the new safety regulations are forcing "place safety plates" on all floors. The use of prefabricated prefabricated or alveolar plates in the floor constructions implies that the beams must have a "thickness" greater than that of the plates and that false ceilings must be placed with the consequent increase in the floor with respect to the "plaster" "Classic direct plaster. In the market and in the state of the art we can find a wide variety of polystyrene vault floors with concrete joists and prefabricated plates called "self-bearing" erroneously, since they only have a high rigidity. Normally, we tend to qualify these self-supporting systems, while in reality they are self-supporting in 2 or 3 meters, which constitutes the distance type of the measurements or of the intermediate supports during the construction phase of a floor. To be self-supporting over its entire length (from 4 to 7 m is the typical range of residential buildings), with thicknesses, inter-axes and conventional floor loads, it is not enough to write this word, it is necessary to define the technical characteristics to achieve it, with the limitations of deformation according to the norms of 1/250 for the total arrow for an infinite time. The author of this patent requested a relation on the state of the art and in 9 of the 200 patents consulted during the search, prefabricated plates based on polystyrene, concrete and steel are claimed. From its reading it is deduced that any engineer expert in the calculation of structures can verify that these can not be self-supporting for lengths between 4 and 7 meters typical of the floors. In some of them, it is said that the plates are raised manually, in others that 6.8 m of plate weigh 60 kg, in others it is said that it is the reinforcements that provide the self-supporting characteristic to the prefabricated, in others they are described without compression layer in the work, and finally others do not have compression head to support so much length. Logically, if the thickness and size of the plates consulted increase considerably, the self-supporting length increases equally, but the resulting thickness and its price make them uncompetitive with respect to the joist and the vault for the same reach. In none of the patents consulted have we found either the description on the possibility of walking on polystyrene vaults. This is because the expanded polystyrene is very weak and none of the authors has imagined that can support the weight of a person even in cantilever with a safety factor 2 (minimum required). It is known from a plate as described in the FR patent. 2138.547 which is not self-supporting over its entire length without any special means in the middle part of the plate. The projection is not self-supporting. On the other hand, FR 2575205 discloses an insulating board in which it is necessary to use a beam (1) with a central rib (2) in the shape of "I" and in which the beam (1) is associated with a vault. The plate described does not work in bending and can not be used in projection, therefore, it is desired to design a self-supporting plate that allows direct bonding of the rib and the vault and that can be used in projection. Given the nature of the invention, since it is a very technical improvement compared to the existing one, the author considers it necessary to include drawings on the current state of the art, making reference in this section of the description to delimit the differences to the purposes of this patent. Figure 13 shows the typical floors of joists reinforced with lattices and polystyrene vaults, with or without a tongue of the lower covering of the joist. These floors are "self-supporting" about 1, 5 m thanks to the latticework and require a support or shoring up to the taking of mixed concrete on site at these distances. The risk of falling of the workers due to the sliding of the vaults of their support on the beam or due to the breakage of the vaults is very high, therefore in most of the European countries including Spain its use is prohibited without placing plates of security or without placing a fillet underneath. Figure 14 shows two other typical floors with a lower concrete plate that carries a stiffness mesh, stiffness or "self-supporting" lattices over 1.5 m (therefore require) and relieved vaults or blocks of polystyrene. Even in the lower drawing, the ribs are concreted in the workshop, increasing the "self-supporting" capacity up to 3 m, with normal plate thicknesses of 22 to 28 cm. The lattice must protrude superiorly in order to guarantee the grazing or joining stress between the two concretes. In this case, there is no risk for the worker since the lower reinforced concrete board prevents its fall. These are widely used in Germany, Belgium among others. They also have the disadvantage of being more expensive than the traditional beam and vault and its cutting in the work is very laborious since the entire plank has to be cut.

In figure 15 another type used for the coatings is represented, where the polystyrene covers the entire lower part isolating the floor perfectly. On the contrary, this model is completely "self-supporting" over its entire length and is generally used without compression layer in the work. When it is manufactured with distances between axes of nerves of 50 to 80 cm, it is mandatory to use a top mesh and 4 cm of thickness of plank since otherwise it would be not very resistant and cracks would always be produced or they would break. In this model, the safety is good since the weight of the worker is supported by the concrete, but the cut in the work is expensive and the weight is high. Figure 16 shows a variant of alveolar plate whose alveoli have been manufactured with expanded polystyrene. It is self-supporting over its entire length, but cuts poorly in the work, is expensive, heavy and has thermal bridges in the nerves. The model of figure 17 known as PLASBU, stiffens the polystyrene vault by adding a small rib of lower concrete with a lattice allowing it to be self-supporting in 2 m and therefore more expensive than traditional. It has a good isolation, it is cut well, although it requires a labor force and a mounting on site. If you do not go near the concrete ridge, the return of the vault and the fall of the worker may occur. Figure 18 shows a model of joist reinforced with latticework that has been concreted inside a box of polystyrene vault. The same has the disadvantage of not being self-supporting in more than 1, 5 m in need of a support, it is impossible to walk on top, but it has good insulation and is easily cut.

The right figure of Figure 19 shows a beam model (as it has been described by its author) consisting of a beam bathed or covered by polystyrene, trying to weigh little, since it is a beam that can be manually raised, even if it is not self-supporting from 4 to 7 m, as any expert engineer could calculate in the calculation of structures. There is no mention in the patent of how to walk on polystyrene since it is only a coating to be insulated and not a prefabricated plate included as such, with a large format. The union with mixed concrete on site is obtained by "sewing" this joint with steel, resulting in the same face. The system is equally expensive since it is necessary to place many beams side by side by lifting them manually one by one. In figure 19, on the right, the same type of joist covered with polystyrene with another type of lattice that is mounted on the work in the same way, one next to another. In another patent (figure 20) the same piece is drawn, now larger, with the size of a conventional 50 or 60 cm vault, but with a single rib per prefabricated element. It incorporates a resistant jjlaca to be able to fix and make rigid the vaults and is used without a compression layer. As we can see, the same author does not provide a resistant capacity for people to the vaults, but it does not reach beyond a low resistance that, at the same time, is also resistant to fire. It also does not define the shape of the nerve and draws only something similar to a simple "T". Figure 21 shows another form of prefabricated plate consisting of several ribs or joists very close together and integrated into a continuous polystyrene vault. In its own patent, it is said verbatim that it is a lost formwork and it has not been claimed or described that they are self-supporting on all or part of their length nor the form that the nerve of said plates must have to be so. As I mentioned before, everything is self-supporting if we increase the scale, but they will not be valid with conventional thicknesses of residential buildings. Figure 22 shows another type of prefabricated "self-supporting" plate at a maximum of 2 or 3 meters for the same thicknesses as the traditional floor that is replaced. As mentioned by the author, his plate weighs 6.8 m in length 60 kg, which makes it impossible to be self-supporting in 4 to 7 m. The author himself says that he grants the responsibility of the self-supporting character to the latticework armor of the commercial type DAVUM, KAISER, FILIGRANE, DATEU, BAUSTA-OMNIA among others, that is classic latticework of armed beam. Although the diameters of the lattices are increased, they do not become self-supporting from 4 to 7 m, if not increasing the thickness much more than the traditional floor they replace.

The stability is guaranteed since it has two ribs per plate, although inter-axes of nerves of 30 to 45 cm have been used. The cost of this plate is greater than the floor of joists and slabs it replaces. It does not mention in this patent anything to do of the guarantee with which one can walk on the polystyrene. In fact, we see in figure 23 that if we walk on the edge, we run the risk of falling if the concrete of the nerve is little or not completely vibrated. In figure 24 the need of the concrete ribs to have double wings is explained with the help of a drawing since even if the concrete is not vibrated, if we exert a force on the vault, the break or the crack will prosper until we find the lower part of the upper wing, the joint begins to work in shear, which makes it impossible to support up to 100 kg on the cantilever before breaking, with polystyrene densities of 20 kg / m3 and a safety factor of 2. Before continuing, I must indicate that the vibration of the concrete and the age of the setting influence a lot in the "sticking" of polystyrene and concrete, therefore, we can not guarantee to walk on the plate in these conditions. Therefore it is necessary to create a system, that regardless of whether it is vibrated or not, always guarantee the insertion of the vault in the nerve. This point will be ensured by the "pinching" of the rib with the shape of a double "T" on the vault. In this way, the moment of the cantilever will be absorbed by the shearing between both contact surfaces. The concrete sets with the same shape as the polystyrene surface, which is not regular and even has some pores, which means that when working at shear, the polystyrene does not slip properly as when the stress is normal on the joint surface or when the concrete is little or not completely vibrated.

Figure 25 defines the cantilever and the thickness useful for an effective insertion with low density polystyrene (10 kg / m3) that is less expensive, being the relation between both not to break of the type: Weight . 2 V < 0.5 kg / cm2 1/6 H2 (20 + 2 H) where the weight is expressed in kilograms and the cantilever "V" and the thickness "H" in centimeter. As can be seen, the cantilever "V" is determined by the edge of the lower wing and the thickness "H" is measured from the lower part of the upper wing to the lower part of the vault. This theoretical-experimental formula already includes a safety factor 2. In a first approximation, this relationship leads to the fact that the cantilever must be smaller than the thickness. In figure 26 it can be seen that due to the arrangement of the double "T", the solidary union between the two nerves is guaranteed, both for negative and positive moments, the efforts that will occur during stacking, lifting and transport in the work. In figure 27 it is shown that to work the section with negative moments near the supports of the floor or the plate, a compression head is necessary, making the lower "T" that for the same thickness and negative moment the necessary steel is less important than for the case without lower "T", given that the center of gravity of the area of tensioned concrete is greater in one case and is more low in the other case. In general, none of the patents translated by this author have the vaults independent of each other, they are always joined by the lower part of the joists, either by the polystyrene itself or through a plate of a resistant material. They use lattices to join the concretes, not claiming any type of superior finishing of the nerve. In most patents, trusses are also relied upon as they are "self-supporting" over a certain length (from 1, 5 to 3 m). None of the known processes claims or even mentions the fact that one can walk with Total safety on polystyrene, since it is necessary to meet certain conditions that have not been determined, since it is difficult to believe that a low density polystyrene (10 kg / cm3 at 20 kg / cm3), the same used for The insulation, with flexural strengths of 0.5 to 0.8 kg / cm2, can make a person walk over a cantilever without breaking it. Logically, as the density increases, the resistance increases, but the price increases much more, making it unfeasible. All the patents consulted focus on claiming that they are thermal or acoustic insulating plates but never speak of the safety of workers. They all agree that in order to anchor the polystyrene or the insulator to the concrete rib so that it does not fall, they generally provide the lower part of the nerves with "swallow tail" forms or they embed the plate or the lower part of the nerves. in an insulator or in a vault. I insist again on the fact that to be self-supporting, the L / 250 norm of total arrow must be met at infinite time, for the same ranges, the same loads, the same inter-axes and the same thickness as the traditional floor that it is intended to replace, if we have a top head in the shape of "T" and the same thickness of rib as that of the slabs, that is without lower polystyrene coating or minimum. The object of the invention proper is described below.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The invention object of the present memory refers to a type of plate semi-fabricated that gathers all the advantages of prefabrication with the consequent reduction of the time of execution of the work and the reduction of expenses, also provides a solution in the support on the prefabricated beams, which allows to leave the lower part of the structure completely smooth and ready to receive the direct plaster at a good price. This plate can be used: supported on classic unidirectional smooth beams formworks (used to support beams and floor joists), on brick walls or combined with TUL type beams consisting of a scrap box with a concrete plate. These beams allow the support of the floor on said plate thus avoiding the formwork in the work., Of a high cost due to the investments that implies. Later in the work, by means of a displacement of a steel mesh in the upper part and the pouring of 4 or 5 cm maximum of concrete on all the plates, the floor itself is constituted. In this way, the operation of all the plates will be equally continuous transversally. Due to the fact that the plates are prefabricated, the slow installation of the heavy ceramic or concrete vaults is not required on site. The reinforcement of the negative moments can be distributed in steel bars of a smaller diameter and distributed over the entire upper face of the plates, being necessary that they are concentrated above the nerves. The prefabricated plate has a width between 0.6 m and 2.4 m, with a typical width of 1.2 m due to the use of transport and the weight that are capable of lifting the tower cranes currently used in the works. The inter-axis of the nerves will be similar to the traditional ones of 60, 70 or 80 cm. The length of the plate is variable according to the range between the beams of the structure. The thickness can be variable depending on the range between the beams and depending on the loads of the construction, we will have, 'among the most typical of the 22 cm, if we add 4 cm more in the work, we will get 26 cm of the floors traditional calculated for ranges between 3 and 6 meters and typical loads of 660 kg / m2 floors of total load.

Each prefabricated plate incorporates one or more ribs of solid concrete with the same thickness as that of the plate, making it rigid and avoiding the "support" or shoring in the work, being therefore "self-supporting" as in the case of alveolar plates . They also avoid: the return so that the plate rests on 4 points, poor stacking and provide stability in transport. These nerves will have diverse forms, being the most characteristic those that present the form of double "T" for each nerve.

The advantage of being self-supporting results in a reduction of the assembly work on the site. We must insist on the fact that to be COMPLETELY SELF-SUPPORTING and not semi-self-supporting, it is necessary the same thickness as the traditional floor that it replaces for the same ranges and for the same loads. For the self-supporting capacity to be profitable only concrete compression heads can be used, this profitability can not be obtained with an upper reinforcement as compression head, since the section of the rib would have a much lower inertia and would produce deformations greater than the established limits by the regulations. Logically if we increase the thickness, we increase the inertia even with superior steel, but it is not more competitive with the traditional floor thickness. The reason for the higher "T" therefore responds to the fact that in order to be self-supporting a compression head of the upper concrete with a width much greater than that of the simple rib is needed; At the same time, this greater width allows, by means of the upper scratched surface of contact with the concrete poured on the site, the transmission of the efforts through the so-called "grade" between the two concretes, including the tractions of the steels of negative moments; it also allows the assembly or the shearing of the relieved vaults between the ribs; finally, due to the greater width, it guarantees the workers a greater security, given that at the time of walking they will "walk" advantageously over the concrete areas and not only over the slabs. The reason for the lower "T" responds in turn to the fact that in areas where the floor works with negative moments, we will have a wider tensioned concrete head, saving the steel "negative" compared to traditional floors with narrow lower nerve; these lower wings of the nerves serve in turn to support and assemble polystyrene or ceramic vaults, preventing their fall, sliding or breaking when the worker walks on them. These have as mission to diminish the vaulting of the vaults, since this is measured from the edge of the lower wing to the free lateral edge of the plate, and thus it is as only how to get a safety factor 2 when a person walks above and that is how we can only get between the axes of nerves equal to the conventional ones of 60, 70 or 80 cm. Since these are concreted in the factory, the adhesion between these pieces and the concrete of the nerves is guaranteed, contrary to the classic structures of joists and vaults, in which the vaults are "detached" and slide with ease of the joists until the concrete is poured into the work. The lower "T" also greatly increases the moment of inertia, with a minimum weight, which is very important to obtain the limitation of L / 250 for the total arrow at infinite time. The plates may have 1, 2, 3 or 4 ribs according to the taste of the designer and according to the widths of manufacture and may have protuberances on the wings of the "T" both in the upper part and in the lower part for a better assembly of the vaults. In the case of a single rib, the section does not require support as it already has lower wings of the double "T" to provide stability. The wings of double "T" can have any shape and dimension: triangular, trapezoidal, oval, rectangular, among others, and the upper wings of the lower wings may even be different. It will also be possible to have longitudinal grooves in the vaults in order to help assemble them to the nerves by lowering their wings or in order to take the plaster through the lower part of the plate. A consequence also of these double "T" is that the cavity that remains between the wings of the two adjacent ribs has dimensions less than 40 cm, which prevents a person from falling through such separation, even in the event of rupture due to defect of the polystyrene vaults, which increases the advantage of safety. Logically, the steel to support the positive moments of the floor is incorporated in the lower part of the ribs from the manufacturing, which because they have a larger width in the lower part have a greater coating and a larger space for filling with concrete. The steel to withstand the negative moments will be placed on the plate, remaining hidden in the concrete of the compression layer poured into the work. In the case of not incorporating compression layer in the work, the negative steels may be incorporated in the upper part of the nerves during their manufacture. The steel to be placed in the prefabricated steel can be of the prestressed type, with the consequent saving of steel for the construction, given that the higher elastic limit of these allows to reduce its section considerably. The construction of the plate with vaults in the factory entails a new advantage, since it is not necessary to use a mold to confine to provide its shape to the nerves, since this form of double "T" is obtained with the figure drawn on the own polystyrene vaults (or other material), not requiring the subsequent demoulding of the mold. At the most, if polystyrene vaults are used, it will be necessary to avoid the buoyancy of these by pouring the concrete into the ribs with a lower tongue of the vault itself in order to counteract the concreting pressures or with a metallic profile to "walk" on top. The investment for the manufacture of these plates is greatly reduced by comparing it with other installations for the manufacture of pre-planks or honeycomb plates. Among other advantages of the new plate, it is possible to reinforce with the cutting or seaming steel with the compression layer only the zones of the supports if the calculation required it or advantageously increase the compression heads both upper and lower, if the calculation also required it. The increase of the width of the rib and its reinforcement due to the loads subsequently concentrated in the building, do not suppose a problem either because it involves using narrower slabs in order to increase the width of the rib. The change of the thickness of the floor is immediate using vaults with a more or less important thickness, thus being able to adapt to ranges or to more or less large loads, but always equal to those of the traditional floors that are to be replaced. The ends of the ribs may have a protruding reinforcement to anchor the shear stress in the support, according to current regulations. Contrary to the alveolar plates, the cutting of a plate is very fast longitudinally and the possibility of cutting the polystyrene vault laterally allows, on the construction site or in the workshop, to adapt easily to the widths of the floor faces, if These are not multiples of either 120 cm or 60 cm. In the cross section it is only necessary to cut the concrete rib and not the two upper and lower planks of the alveolar plates, as well as the numerous ribs of these. The main advantage obtained from this new system will therefore be of an economic nature, given that if we evaluate all the costs involved in its manufacture and assembly, we will obtain a lower cost than that of a traditional floor of joists and slabs, until now considered the cheapest in the market. In spite of using mainly the polystyrene vault, more expensive than ceramic or concrete, on the contrary it is compensated since this new plate no longer incorporates concrete like a traditional floor; it does not need lattices, it diminishes substantially the armor of negative moments since it has a head of inferior compression; for a typical thickness of 26 cm it weighs 75 kg / m2 less than a floor of traditionally reinforced beams and therefore allows to save kilos of steel throughout the structure; as it is not necessary to place safety plates or in the work, saves labor; Since it does not require special molds, the investment in a Manufacturing is cheap etc. A new possibility would be to use extruded or molded polystyrene vaults (with ribs) in order to use less polystyrene material and therefore lower the cost of the plates. Regarding the weight of the finished floor, it is less important than the floor of beams and vaults if we use polystyrene vaults, which saves a few kilos of steel in the calculation. A floor of beams and ceramic vaults for a thickness of 26 cm weighs 260 kg / m2, while the new floor weighs 185 kg / m2.

The weight of the prefabricated plates is of the order (for a plate with a thickness of 22 cm, a width of 1.2 m and a length of 5 m, typical of residential buildings) of 5043 kg, which allows the current cranes 750 kg tip lift these plates with ease. The transport is also much less important than the alveolar plates of the same type of use and equal to that of the joists and vaults. For each plate, two joints between the two ribs can be arranged, which consists in removing the slabs between 5 and 15 cm (typical 8 cm) at a certain distance from the ends of the plate. In this way, the union of the two ribs confers the necessary rigidity to the prefabricated plate, in the case where the vaults do not have a double "T" shape, or when we use widths greater than 1.2 m with more than 2 ribs, for transport, stacking or lifting. Eventually, panels may be left in the lateral thickness of the plates, practiced in the vaults until reaching the concrete of the ribs and reinforcements anchored in the nerve may protrude from these and through the confrontation in the work of these coffered ceilings with the coffered ceilings. the adjacent plate and the incorporation of an overlapping reinforcement in the work between the two panels, will allow, at the time of pouring the concrete mixed on site, an even more important operation to transverse forces to the nerves. With these caissons it will also be possible to avoid the use of a compression layer with a mesh in the work, since in this way, we change the function of the compression layer and the mesh in order to resist transverse loads to these connections between plates , saving concrete, mesh and weight in the structure. Logically, it will be necessary to increase the compression head or "T" top. These connections can also be made with tensioners housed in the panels between the plates, providing a posterior tension between the plates, very favorable at the time of preventing the lower plaster from cracking between the joints of the plates. One of the most important variants of this new floor system is located on the ends of the plates, in the support on the beams of the "TUL" type with concrete plate and scrap box. To do this, the concrete rib protrudes in the projection of the plate between 10 and 20 cm with a rectangular section, since in this case the double "T" would not be necessary. This vertical rib comprises a lower recess of the same thickness as that of the beam plate on which it rests in order to obtain that its lower part is "equalized" with the lower face of the beam. The cavity that will remain between the vaults and the edge of the beam plate, of the order of 2 to 12 cm, will be formwork with a small continuous formwork plate making "" with struts at every certain distance, avoiding that when the concrete of Fill the beams and the compression layer is poured into the work fall between the plates and the beam. In this way also, we force this area to become solid, which is very important for the operation of the floor with negative moments. If we have placed a lower polystyrene covering on the ribs, it will not be necessary to place a small formwork plate for the filling, since we will hardly have lost thickness in the support and it will be sufficient to place a polystyrene "cover" to fill the residual cavity and fill inferiorly when it is enlightened with plaster, with paper or with a polystyrene band. These extensions of the nerves can also be used to support a traditional formwork or brick walls so that concrete mixed on site "pince" these punches and provide a better setting. The manufacture of plates with an angle in the support is carried out immediately cutting the polystyrene vaults with the desired angle and adding in the factory recoverable shuttering metal covers or in the case of protruding ribs, angular corners to form said punches in outgoing. These panels may also be made of polystyrene, which is easily worked and will be removed once the concrete of the rib has set. The protruding ribs for the support of the plates may have, optionally, a higher recess, which will allow the placement of the steels of negative moments of the master beams more comfortably. Logically, this support system can be applied to all prefabricated polystyrene-concrete plates that exist in the current state of the art. In summary, we fit the vaults to be able to walk on top and to join the assembly with respect to the flexions in both directions during its stacking, transport and elevation. It is also guaranteed that if a rib is broken by cutting during handling, the central polystyrene fixes this rib against the other during the manipulation. assembly and concreting, without causing accidents. The double "T" diminishes the overhang of the polystyrene to be able to walk on the joist in the work.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In order to complete the description we are making, and to facilitate a better understanding of the characteristics of the invention, the present descriptive report is included, as an integral part thereof, with a set of plans in which, for illustrative purposes and never limiting, it has proceeded to represent the following: Figure 1 shows a sectional view of the prefabricated plate for unidirectional floors of building structures in the same way in which it is manufactured. Figure 2 shows a sectional view of a finished floor using the mentioned plates in transverse continuity, in which a concrete compression layer is incorporated to provide continuity to the floor. Fig. 3 shows a side view of the prefabricated plate with a variable length according to the needs of the construction, in which the support system on the limbs can be seen on "Tul" beams with a concrete plate. Figure 4 shows a perspective view of the plate with one of its extremities, in which the ribs projecting to rest on the "Tulle" beam are observed and, on the right, a plate without an outgoing punch and with the upper scratched area evidenced. Figure 5 shows a side view of the floor formed by two prefabricated plates supported by a "Tulle" beam with a scrap box and a concrete plate. Figure 6 shows a top view of two types of prefabricated plates, in which the upper side of the ribs can be seen with the width of the wings and the possible connection between the two longitudinal ribs of the plate with two other perpendicular ribs, which provide rigidity to the plate regardless of the double or simple "T" shape of the ribs and without the need for a continuous bottom plate or board of concrete. Figure 7 shows a sectional view of a plate with unequal trapezoidal wings. Figure 8 shows a sectional view of a plate with longitudinal grooves on both sides of the ribs and a polystyrene coating on the bottom of the nerves. Figure 9 shows a sectional view of a plate with 3 nerves similar to the previous ones although narrower. Figure 10 shows a plan view of the end of a plate finished at an angle and how to manufacture the projection ribs by means of "U" formwork which, as in the previous case, can be made of polystyrene. Figure 11 shows a top plan view of a plate with side panels for the transverse connection between plates by means of tensioned steel or by means of hook for tensioner. Figure 12 shows a sectional view of a finished floor in which a rib with a greater width can be seen and also a beam or a parallel band towards the floor, with the slabs of the necessary width to adopt the exact position of the hoop to the needs of construction. The remaining figures, from 13 to 27, have been described in the section "Antecedents of the invention", so we consider that it is not necessary to describe them again.

PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION.

In view of the figures, we describe below a preferred embodiment of the invention referring to a plate (1) composed of two concrete ribs (2) and a polystyrene or other material (3) slab with the same thickness or thickness that of the nerves, without inferior coating. Inside the said ribs is lodged the armature (4) necessary to resist the negative moments of the floor. Industrially, to make the polystyrene vaults (3) part of a block of low density polystyrene, with the typical dimensions of 1.25 m wide by 0.50 m high by 4 m long and, by means of a pantograph is drawn with a hot wire the vault with the desired shape and the rib (2) of the double "T" drawn on it The vaults (3) are placed on a mold or floor at the distance required by the widths of the ribs (2) by means of concrete spacers housed in the bottom that will serve to provide a correct support and a coating to the reinforcement of positives (4). Once the vaults are located in the mold and the scrap or the Í7 lower steel (4) is inserted, the ends are closed with recoverable formwork made of sheet metal or wood with slots for the passage of connection reinforcements (32) and with protuberances to leave a stamp of the channels on the ends (33) of the plate in order to guarantee the cut in the support on the smooth beams. Next, the concrete of the rib (2) will be poured into the cavity and distributed and vibrated until filled. Subsequently and before the concrete hardens completely, the upper face (11) of the ribs (2) will be scratched in order to guarantee the subsequent bond with the concrete poured into the work of the compression layer (8). In order to avoid the return of the vaults during concreting and vibration, two fixed lateral edges will be available on the mold or floor and separated by the same width as the plate, normally 1, 2 m. In order to avoid buoyancy, the workers themselves will "walk" on the vaults when they concretize and vibrate or they will be helped by means of an auxiliary metallic profile or else the vaults themselves will have a lower tongue (as in 25) that will counteract the pressures of concreting and vibration. Even in the case of not properly vibrating a zone of the nerves, since the polystyrene walls have an irregular surface with small pores between the polystyrene balls, the concrete acquires this shape and concrete needles penetrate even into said pores as they work the surface in shear and make the concrete break little by little the polystyrene distributing the stresses over the entire shear surface in the same way, which allows that with resistances of 0.5 to 0.8 kg / cm2 to flexotraction, traction or compression of polystyrene we can add a lot of surface and therefore a great force that can support a person with a safety of 2. The problems of fit will always be due to breakage of the slabs and not to the detachment of the polystyrene joining surface - concrete which will not take place if the double "T" form is not available. For a vault to break with the mentioned load, the cantilever must also be greater than the insert thickness for conventional floor thicknesses between 24 and 33 cm. To carry out the floor (5) in the work place the plates joined in parallel to each other, resting on the plate of the prefabricated loadbeams of the structure or on its formwork if they are "in situ" or on the walls of load-bearing bricks and that plate will be completed by placing the reinforcement (6) to resist the negative moments and also adding a steel mesh (7) and a concrete compression layer (8) of a small thickness.

The ribs (2) of the plates will have a double "T" shape with lower wings (9) needed to support and assemble the vaults (3) below, reduce their cantilever, act as a compressed head when the floor works with negative moments and increase the inertia with a minimum weight to reduce the arrow. In the upper part of the ribs (2) in the form of a double "T", the wings (10) will allow to assemble the vaults (3) superiorly, also forming a compression head in order to resist the negative moments of the plate by placing the the construction so that they are self-supporting over their entire length, guarantee the transmission of the forces between the rib (2) and the compression layer (8) of the construction through the rough surface (11) of contact between the two concrete and reduce the cavity between the nerves to avoid falling between them, even in the case of having a defective vault. This rough surface (11) is manufactured by scratching the surface since it is the cheapest medium or by any existing method such as a seam reinforcement, an engraved hole, etc. In the case where the plates are to be supported on beams of the "Tulle" type, the ends (12) of the plates will have an extension (13) of the concrete ribs (2) made with a recoverable formwork, which with a recess (14) in its lower part allow the support on the plate of the prefabricated beams (15) of the scrap box type (16) with concrete plate (17), the lower part (18) of the plates being equalized with the lower part of the beams (19), thus obtaining a uniform floor. In order to avoid that the concrete does not fall between the slabs (3) and the plate of the beams (17), the sheets can be placed continuously (20) supported on struts (21) in the construction itself. In case of using vaults that are not capable of stiffening the plate joining the two ribs since they do not have a double "T" shape or are made of a weaker material than polystyrene, each pair of ribs (2) of the plate can be joined by means of solid fillings with the reinforcement (22) in two or more points, thus guaranteeing the rigidity of the prefabricated plate during its handling, lifting, stacking and transport. In order to guarantee a better union or assembly between the vaults (3), if it is a very uniform material without pores, and the nerves (2), the vaults with protuberances (23) can be manufactured at the ends of the wings, which force the vaults to remain tightly bound with the nerves. Another possibility is to make grooves (24) in the sides of the vaults (3) inside the nerves or even on the wings in order to guarantee again a greater union between the concrete and the vault of any type or material and also reduce the width of the wings if desired. Likewise in the lower part of the ribs, coatings (25) made of polystyrene or another material that provide the same texture or material to the lower part of the plates may be provided. This coating can be placed glued or pressed after having concreted the plates to be able to indicate the possible cavities before closing them. Likewise, at will, it can be manufactured jointly with the vault in one piece. Instead of having two ribs per plate, it is also possible to arrange more ribs (2) per plate, as can be seen in figure 9. To resolve the plates resting on the beams with an angle, the polystyrene of the slabs ( 3) can be cut with said angle and, to obtain the protruding part (13) of the ribs in the support, a formwork formed also by polystyrene (26) machined with the same technique, cut with the same angle and attached can be used to the nerve in the factory until definitive hardening of the concrete. If you want to get a great structural monolithism between the nerves of two different plates, apart from the compression layer and its mesh, interruptions may be made in the side vaults (27 and 28) with metallic or wooden or even polystyrene recoverable formworks, in such a way that they are confronted with holes in the adjacent plate . It will suffice to include in these panels an armature anchored to the ribs (2) so that providing joint and concrete fill rods of the cavities, in the work, you can get a greater rigidity between the plates crosswise. In one form, it will be possible to have a straight anchored armature (28) and in another form of hooks (27) anchored to the ribs on which will be placed on the work of tensioners that will compress the union between the floor plates. In figure 12 we can see a double joist (29) integrated in a plate and a hoop or beam parallel to the floor (30), which will serve to support point loads in the structure. To get to place these beams in their exact position in the work, the vaults (31) will be cut correctly on site or in the workshop with a hot wire or an electrical resistance or by means of a saw. It is not considered necessary to extend further in this description so that any expert in the field understands the scope of the invention and the advantages that derive from it. The materials of the vaults or the shape, size and arrangement of the elements will be subject to variation provided they do not alter the essence of the invention. The terms in which this patent has been described should always be understood in a broad and non-limiting sense.

Claims (10)

1. - Prefabricated self-supporting plate of polystyrene and concrete of the type of plates that have polystyrene vaults and ribs or reinforced or prestressed concrete beams, concreted before being placed in the construction, characterized in that the plate is formed by one or more ribs (2 ) self-supporting over its entire length, with a double "T" shape, thicknesses and a separation between nerves equal to those of the traditional floors that they replace and because on the sides of each rib (2) are placed two vaults (3) of low density polystyrene of 10 to 20 kg / m3, which can have the same thickness or height as the nerve or joist and because they have this double "T" shape and the fact that the ribs are concreted against the polystyrene vaults, the set remains embedded or stuck in order to constitute the prefabricated plate (1) so that the worker on the work can walk on the vaults with a safety factor high. 2.- Prefabricated self-supporting polystyrene and concrete plate according to claim 1, characterized in that the shape of the wings of the double "T" may be rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular, oval and / or have longitudinal protuberances (23). The upper and lower part may even have different dimensions and shapes. 3.- Prefabricated self-supporting polystyrene and concrete plate according to claim 1, characterized in that the thickness or height of the ribs (2) and of the slabs (3) will be equal or very similar to the thickness of the vaults of a traditional floor for the same ranges, loads, inter-axes and thicknesses, obtaining only in this way that is self-supporting completely over its entire length, without any relief in the middle part of the plate. 4. Self-supporting polystyrene and concrete prefabricated plate according to claim 1, characterized in that on the upper face of the rib (2) there is a rough scratch on the roughness (11) in the concrete in order to transmit the "flush" stresses from a concrete (2) to the compression layer (8) without the need for lattices or seam reinforcement at the junction of the contact surfaces between the two concretes. 5. Self-supporting polystyrene and concrete prefabricated plate according to claim 1, characterized in that in order to be able to walk on the low-density polystyrene slabs (3) on the construction site without the need for additional security measures, the width of the wings of the polystyrene nerves will be such that the flight or cantilever (V) of the vaults, measured from the edge of the lower wing (9) of the double "T" on the free side edge of the vault (3), must be smaller than the height of the socket (H), measured from the bottom of the wing top (10) to the underside of the plate. To be able to walk safely, we want the vault to be always embedded in the rib, hence the double "T" shape. Also, the free distance between the edge of the wing and the edge of the most protruding wing will be less than 40 cm in order to prevent the fall of a person even in the case where a vault was defective without it being detected. 6. Self-supporting polystyrene and concrete prefabricated plate according to claim 1, characterized in that the wings of the double "T" (9 and 10) can be reduced and the saw teeth (24) or longitudinal grooves added over the entire internal contour of contact between the vault and the concrete rib, provided that the cantilever (V) is smaller than the insert thickness (H). 7.- Prefabricated self-supporting polystyrene and concrete plate according to claim 1, characterized in that to reduce the cost of the plate, its transport and its assembly, the distance between axes of beams or ribs (2) will be equal to the inter-axes normally used in the construction of unidirectional floors, that is to say: 60, 70 or 80 cm; and the distance of the nerve axis to the edge of the plate will be half of these distances. This distance between nerves can only be obtained thanks to the double "T", since it reduces the flight or cantilever of the vaults in order to be able to walk over it in complete safety. 8.- Self-supporting polystyrene and concrete prefabricated plate according to claim 1, characterized in that the plate may have 2, 3 or 4 ribs, according to the manufacturing width, which will oscillate from 80 to 250 cm, the most usual being 120 cm and 240 cm. 9.- Prefabricated self-supporting polystyrene and concrete plate according to claim 1, characterized in that the plate may have 1 single rib, according to the manufacturing width, which will oscillate from 50 to 80 cm, being the most usual 60 cm and possessing any it has a constant section, guaranteeing its stability in support with the wings of the lower double "T" (9), without the need for supports, solid fillings or special extremities. 10.- Prefabricated self-supporting polystyrene and concrete plate according to claim 1, characterized in that the ribs can be covered with polystyrene with a small thickness, thus avoiding the buoyancy of the vaults and ensuring that the lower part of the floor is uniform with the same material. 1 1.- Prefabricated self-supporting plate made of polystyrene and concrete according to the claim 1, characterized in that the lower wings (9) of the double "T" of the ribs are arranged to be used as compression heads with negative moments near the supports and in the supports even on the plate of the smooth beams or on the brick walls with the consequent saving of steel of negative moments. 1

2. Self-supporting polystyrene and concrete prefabricated plate according to claim 1, characterized in that, if necessary, and only at the ends of the ribs, a reinforcing reinforcement of shear force and / or the grazing force may be provided, which it will guarantee even more the transmission of stresses between the concrete of the rib (2) and that of the compression layer (8) of the work. 13.- Prefabricated self-supporting polystyrene and concrete plate according to claim 1, characterized in that 1, 2 or more perpendicular ribs (22) can be arranged in the masters (2) and that, joining said ribs of the plate independently of the form of these with or without double "T", provide the rigidity to the set as a prefabricated plate, without breaking during its handling, transport or lifting and without a continuous bottom plate or board of concrete over the entire plate. 14.- Prefabricated self-supporting polystyrene and concrete plate according to claims 1 and 13, characterized in that it will be possible to arrange side panels (28) facing each other between adjacent plates, with an armature anchored to the ribs of each plate, which will serve, by means of an armor and a pouring of mixed concrete on site, more solidary union between the plates transversely. This armature to be placed in the work inside the panels may be replaced by conventional tensioners that compress the joint. 15.- Prefabricated self-supporting polystyrene and concrete plate according to claims 1 and 13, characterized in that due to the arrangement of the lateral joints (27 or 28) between plates, neither a compression layer nor a work mesh will be necessary, with the consequent reduction of costs. To this end, the upper wings will be larger than usual, since they will endure all positive moment. The steels of negative moments can be integrated in the upper part of the nerves since their manufacture, if necessary. 16.- Self-supporting polystyrene and concrete prefabricated plate according to claim 1, characterized in that, at the ends of the ribs (12) in the support area on the beams or walls and regardless of the shape of simple "T" or double "T" of the nerves, a concrete punch (13) is allowed to project with respect to the vaults, in order to allow a clamping of the concrete of the support and to better consolidate the union with the beams or the walls. 17. Self-supporting polystyrene and concrete prefabricated plate according to claim 16, characterized in that these punch plates on the ends can be supported on semi-prefabricated beams (15) of the scrap-box type (16) and concrete plate ( 17) and said projections (13) of the plates incorporate a lower recess (14) that absorbs the thickness of the plate (17) of the semi-prefabricated beam (15), thus being equaled inferiorly (18 and 19) both the plate (1) as the plate (17) of the beams. 18.- Prefabricated self-supporting polystyrene and concrete plate according to claims 16 and 17, characterized in that the cavity that remains between the vault (3) and the concrete plate (17) of the beam can be replaced with mixed concrete on site , thus allowing a complete continuity of the unidirectional floor with negative moments. 19.- Self-supporting polystyrene and concrete prefabricated plate according to claims 16 and 17, characterized in that the upper part of the protruding ribs (2) (13) for the support, may have an upper recess of a few centimeters, which facilitates the placement of the steels of negative moments of the beams over the entire width of said beams.