MXPA00011258A - Carboxamide compounds, compositions, and methods for inhibiting parp activity - Google Patents

Abstract

A compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof;wherein:Y represents the atoms necessary to form a fused 5-to 6-membered, aromatic or non-aromatic, carbocyclic or N-containing heterocyclic ring, wherein Y and any heteroatom(s) therein are unsubstituted or independently substituted by at least one non-interfering alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or halo substituent;X is at the 1-position of ring Y and is -COOR5 or a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from the group consisting of (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) and (g) wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group;R1 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group;R2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, or aryl, and are either unsubtsituted or substituted with a moiety selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrilo, isonitrilo, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl and aryl.

Description

COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, AND METHODS OF CARBOXAMIDE TO INHIBIT THE ACTIVITY OF PPAR or BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to inhibitors of poly (adenosi-5'-diphospho-ribose) polymerase ["poly (ADP-ribose)" or "PPAR" polymerase inhibitors, to which sometimes also it is called "PARS" by poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase]. More particularly, the invention relates to the use of PPAR inhibitors to prevent and / or treat tissue damage that is the result of cell damage or death due to necrosis or apoptosis; damage to the neural tissue that is the result of ischemia and reperfusion injury; neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases; to prevent or treat a vascular attack; to treat or prevent cardiovascular disorders; to treat other conditions and / or disorders such as age-related macular degeneration, AIDS and other immune diseases by senescence, arthritis, arteriosclerosis, cachexia, cancer, skeletal muscle degenerative diseases involving replication senescence, diabetes, head trauma, immune senescence, inflammatory bowel disorders (such as colitis, and Crohn's disease), muscular dystrophy, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, chronic and acute pain (such as neuropathic pain), renal failure, retinal ischemia, septic shock (such as endotoxic shock) ), and aging of the skin; to extend the life span and proliferation capacity of cells; to alter the genetic expression of senescent cells; or to radiosensitize hypoxic tumor cells. 2. Description of the Prior Art Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase ("PPAR") is an enzyme located in the nuclei of cells of different organs, including muscle, heart and brain cells. PPAR plays a physiological role in the repair of DNA breaks in the chain. Once activated by damaged DNA fragments, PPAR catalyzes the binding of up to 100 units of ADP-ribose to a variety of nuclear proteins, including histones and the same PPAR. Although the exact range of functions of PPAR has not been fully established, it is believed that this enzyme plays a role in improving DNA repair. During increased cell stress, however, the extensive activation of PPAR can rapidly lead to cell death or damage by decreasing energy stores. Four molecules of ATP are consumed for each molecule of regenerated NAD (the source of ADP-ribose). In this way, the NAD, the substrate of the PPAR, decreases due to the massive activation of the PPAR and, in the efforts to synthesize the NAD again, the ATP can also be reduced. It has been reported that the activation of PPAR plays a • 5 key role in the neurotoxicity induced by NMDA and NO, as shown by the use of PPAR inhibitors to avoid that toxicity in cortical cultures, in proportion to their potency as inhibitors of this enzyme (Zhang, et al., "Nitric Oxide Activation of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Synthetase in Neurotoxicity "," Science, 263: 681-89 (1994)); Y 4p sliced hippocampus (allis and collaborators, "Neuroprotection Against Nitric Oxide Injury with Inhibitors of ADP-Ribosylation", NeuroReport, 5: 3, 245-48 (1993)). In this way we have come to know the potential role of PPAR inhibitors to treat neurodegenerative diseases and head trauma. However, research continues to determine precisely the exact mechanisms of its healthy effect on ischemia. ^ fc cerebral, (Endres et al., "Ischemic Brain Injury is Mediated by the Activation of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase ", J. Cereb. Blood. Flow Metabol., 17: 1143-51 (1997)), and in traumatic brain injury (Wallis et al.," Traumatic Neuroprotection with Inhibitors of Nitric Oxide and ADP-Ribosylation ", Brain Res., 710: 169-11 (1996).) 25 It has been shown that individual injections of ^ s ^ ak PPAR inhibitors have reduced the infarct size caused by ischemia and reperfusion of the heart or skeletal muscle in rabbits. In these studies, a single injection of the PPAR inhibitor, 3-amino-benzamide (10 milligrams / kilogram), either one minute before occlusion or one minute before reperfusion, caused similar reductions in infarct size in the heart (32-42 percent). Another inhibitor of PPAR, 1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline (1 milligram / kilogram), reduced the infarct size to a comparable degree (38-48 percent). Thiemermann et al., "Inhibition of the Activity of Poly (ADP Ribose) Synthetase Reduces Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Heart and Skeletal Muscle", Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA, 94: 619-83 (1997). This finding has suggested that PPAR inhibitors should be able to salvage heart or skeletal muscle tissue previously ischemic.

Activation of PPAR has also been shown to provide an index of damage after neurotoxic attacks by glutamate (by means of NMDA receptor stimulation), reactive oxygen intermediates, β-amyloid protein, n-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MFTP), and its active metabolite N-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MFP), which participate in pathological conditions such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Zhang et al., "Poly (ADP-Ribose) Synthetase Activation: An Early Indicator of Neurotoxic DNA Damage", J. Neurochem. , 65: 3, 1411-14 (1995). Other studies have continued to explore the role of PPAR activation in cerebellar granule cells in vitro, and in the neurotoxicity of MPTP. Cosi et al., "Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PPAR) Revisited A New Role for an Old Enzyme: PPAR Involvement in Neurodegeneration and PPAR Inhibitors as Possible Neuroprotective Agents", Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. , 825: 366-79 (1997); and Cosi et al., "Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors Protect Against MPTP-induced Depletions of Striatal Dopamine and Cortical Noradrenaline in C57B1 / 6 Mice", Brain Res. , 729: 264-69 (1996). It is believed that neural damage after stroke and other neurodegenerative processes is the result of a massive release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, which acts on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and other subtype receptors. Glutamate serves as the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Neurons release glutamate in large amounts when these are stripped of oxygen, as might occur during an ischemic stroke such as a stroke or heart attack. This release in excess of glutamate causes, in turn, the overstimulation (excitotoxicity) of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), AMPA, Cainate, and MGR receptors. When glutamate binds to these receptors, ion channels open in the receptors, allowing ion fluxes through their cell membranes, for example, Ca2 + and Na + inside the cells and K + outside the cells. These ion fluxes, especially the influx of Ca2 +, cause the overstimulation of the neurons. Overstimulated neurons secrete more glutamate, creating a feedback loop or domino effect that ultimately results in damage or death of cells, through the production of proteases, lipases and free radicals. Excessive activation of glutamate receptors has been implicated in different neurological diseases and conditions including epilepsy, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, schizophrenia, chronic pain, ischemia and neuronal loss after hypoxia, hypoglycemia, ischemia, trauma, and nervous attack. Recent studies have also advanced a glutamatergic base for compulsive disorders, particularly drug dependence. The evidence includes findings in many animal species, as well as in brain cortical cultures treated with glutamate or NMDA, that glutamate receptor antagonists block brain damage after vascular apoplexy. Dawson et al., "Protection of the Brain from Ischemia," Cerebrovascular Disease, 319-25 (H. Hunt Batjer ed., 1997). Attempts to avoid excitotoxicity by blocking the NMDA, AMPA, Cainate, and MGR receptors have been difficult because each receptor has multiple sites to which glutamate can bind. Many of the compositions that are effective in blocking the receptors are also toxic to animals. As such, there is no effective treatment for glutamate abnormalities. The stimulation of the NMDA receptors, in turn, activates the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (SONN) of the enzyme, which causes the formation of nitric oxide (NO), which mediates neurotoxicity more directly. Protection against NMDA neurotoxicity has occurred after treatment with SON inhibitors. See Dawson et al., "Nitric Oxide Mediates Glutamate Neurotoxicity in Primary Cortical Cultures," Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA, 88: 6368-71 (1991); and Dawson et al., "Mechanisms of Nitric Oxide-mediated Neurotoxicity in Primary Brain Cultures," J. Neurosci. , 13: 6, 2651-61 (1993). The protection against NMDA neurotoxicity can also occur in cortical cultures of mice with the targeted breakdown of SONN. See Dawson et al., "Resistance to Neurotoxicity in Cortical Cultures from Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase-Deficient Mice." Neurosci. , 16: 8, 2479-87 (1996). It is known that neural damage after vascular apoplexy is markedly reduced in animals treated with SON inhibitors, or in mice with SONN gene disruption. Iadecola, "Bright and Dark Sides of Nitric Oxide in Ischemic Brain Injury", Trends Neurosci. , 20: 3, 132-39 (1997); and Huang et al., "Effects of Cerebral Ischemia in Mice Deficient in Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase", Science, 265: 1883-85 (1994). See also Beckman et al., "Pathological Implications of Nitric Oxide, Superoxide and Peroxynitrite Formation", Biochem. Soc. Trans. , 21: 330-34 (1993). Either ON or peroxynitrite can cause DNA damage, which activates PPAR. Additional support is provided for this in Szabó et al., "DNA Strand Breakage, Activation of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Synthetase, and Cellular Energy Depletion are Involved in the Cytotoxicity in Macrophages and Smooth Muscle Cells Exposed to Peroxynitrite", Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA, 93: 1153-58 (1996). Zhang et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,587,384 issued December 24, 1996, discloses the use of certain PPAR inhibitors, such as benzamide and 1,5-dihydroxy-isoquinoline, to prevent NMDA-mediated neurotoxicity and , in this way, treat stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. However, it has now been discovered that Zhang and colleagues may be wrong to classify neurotoxicity as NMDA-mediated neurotoxicity. Rather, it might be more appropriate to classify the neurotoxicity in vivo present as glutamate neurotoxicity. See Zhang et al. "Nitric Oxide Activation of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Synthetase in Neurotoxicity", Science, 263: 681-89 (1994). See also, Cosi et al., "Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors Protect Against MPTP-induced Depletions of Stiatal Dopamine and Cortical Noradrenaline in C57B1 / 6 Mice", Brain Res. , 729: 264-69 (1996). It is also known that PPAR inhibitors generally affect DNA repair. Cristovao et al., "Effect of a Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor on DNA Breakage and Cytotoxicity Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide and? -Radiation", Terato. , Carcino. , and Muta. , 16: 219-27 (1996), describe the effect of hydrogen peroxide and radiation? on DNA strand breaks in the presence of, and in the absence of 3-aminobenzamide, a potent inhibitor of PPAR. Cristovao and colleagues observed a PPAR-dependent recovery of DNA strand breaks in leukocytes treated with hydrogen peroxide. PPAR inhibitors have been reported to be effective in radiosensitizing hypoxic tumor cells, and are effective in preventing tumor cells from recovering from potentially lethal DNA damage after radiation therapy, presumably because of their ability to prevent DNA repair. See Patents of the United States of North America Nos. 5,032,617; 5,215,738; and 5,041,653. There is also evidence that PPAR inhibitors are useful for treating inflammatory bowel disorders. Salzman et al., "Role of Peroxynitrite and Poly (ADP-Ribose) Synthase Activation Experimental Colitis", Japanese J. Pharm. , 75, Sup. 1:15 (1997), describe the ability of PPAR inhibitors to prevent or treat colitis. Colitis was induced in rats by the intraluminal administration of hapten-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid in 50 percent ethanol. The treated rats received 3-aminobenzamide, a specific inhibitor of PPAR activity. The inhibition of PPAR activity reduced the inflammatory response and restored the morphology and energy status of the distal colon. See also Southan et al., "Spontaneous Rearrangement of Aminoalkylithioureas into Mercaptoalkylguanidines, a Novel Class of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors with Selectivity Towards the Inducible Isoform," Br. J. Pharm. , 117: 619-32 (1996); and Szabó et al., "Mercaptoethylguanidine and Guanidine Inhibitors of Nitric Oxide Synthase React with Peroxynitrite and Protect Against Peroxynitrite-induced Oxidative Damage", J. Biol. Chem., 272: 9030-36 (1997). There is also evidence that PPAR inhibitors are useful for treating arthritis. Szabó et al, "Protective Effects of an Inhibitor of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Synthetase in Collagen-Induced Arthritis", Japanese J. Pharm. , 15, Sup. 1: 102 (1997), describe the ability of PPAR inhibitors to prevent or treat collagen-induced arthritis. See also Szabó et al., "DNA Strand Breakage, Activation of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Synthetase, and Cellular Energy Depletion are Involved in the Cytotoxicity in Macrophages and Smooth Muscle Cells Exposed to Peroxynitrite", Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA, 93: 1753-58 (March 1996); Bauer et al., "Modification of Growth Related Enzymatic Pathways and Apparent Loss of Tumorigenicity of a Trans-transformed Bovine Endothelial Cell Line by Treatment with 5-Iodo-6-amino-l, 2-benzopyrone (INH2BP)", Intl. J. Oncol. , 8: 239-52 (1996); and Hughes et al., "Induction of T Helper Cell Hyporesponsiveness in an Experimental Model of Autoimmunity by Using Nonmitogenic Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibody", J. Immuno. , 153: 3319-25 (1994). In addition, it seems that PPAR inhibitors are useful for treating diabetes. Heller et al., "Inactivation of the Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Gene Affects Oxygen Radical and Nitric Oxide Toxicity in Islet Cells", J. Biol. Chem., 270: 19, 11176-80 (May 1995), describe the tendency of PPAR to deplete cellular NAD +, and induce • 5 the death of islet cells that produce insulin. Heller and colleagues used mice cells with inactivated PPAR genes, and found that these mutant cells did not show NAD + depletion after exposure to the DNA damaging radicals. It was also found that mutant cells are more resistant to NO toxicity. In addition, it has further been shown that PPAR inhibitors are useful for treating endotoxic shock or septic shock. Zingarelli et al., "Protective Effects of Nicotinamide Against Nitric Oxide - 15 Mediated Delayed Vascular Failure in Endotoxic Shock: Potential Involvement of Polyadp Ribosyl Synthetase", Shock, 5: 258-64 (1996), suggest that inhibition of the repair cycle of the DNA, activated by the fl-poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase, has protective effects against failure vascular in endotoxic shock. Zingarelli and colleagues found that nicotinamide protects against delayed vascular failure, NOT mediated endotoxic shock. Zingarelli and colleagues also found that the actions of nicotinamide may be related to the inhibition of NO-mediated activation of the energy-consuming DNA repair cycle, activated by poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase. See also, Cuzzocrea, "Role of Peroxynitrite and Activation of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Synthetase in the Vascular Failure Induced by Zymosan-activated Plasma", Brit. J. Pharm. , 122: 493-503 (1997). Yet another known use for PPAR inhibitors is to treat cancer. Suto et al., "Dihydro-isoquinolinones: The Design and Synthesis of a New Series of Potent Inhibitors of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase", Anticancer Drug-Des. , 7: 107-17 (1991), describe processes for synthesizing a number of different PPAR inhibitors. In addition, Suto et al., United States Patent of North American Number 5,177,075, describe many isoquinolines that are used to improve the lethal effects of ionization radiation or chemotherapeutic agents on tumor cells. Weltin et al., "Effect of 6 (5H) - Phenanthridinone, an Inhibitor of Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase, on Cultured Tumor Cells ", Oncol. Res., 6: 9, 399-403 (1994), describe the inhibition of PPAR activity, the reduced proliferation of tumor cells, and a marked synergistic effect, when cotratan tumor cells with an alkylation drug Still another use for PPAR inhibitors is the treatment of peripheral nerve lesions, and the resulting pathological pain syndrome known as neuropathic pain, such as that induced by chronic constriction injury (LCC) of the common sciatic nerve, and in which the transináptica alteration of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord occurs, characterized by cytoplasm and nucleoplasm hyperchromatosis (the so-called "dark" neurons.) See Mao et al., Pain, 72: 355-366 (1997). PPAR inhibitors have also been used to extend the life span and proliferation capacity of cells, including the treatment of diseases such as skin aging, Alzheimer's disease, arteriosclerosis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, muscular dystrophy, degenerative diseases of the skeletal muscle that surround the aging of replication, age-related macular degeneration, immune senescence, AIDS, and other immune diseases of old age; and to alter the gene expression of senile cells. See WO 98/27975. Banasik et al., "Specific Inhibitors of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Synthetase and Mono (ADP-Ribosyl) -Transferase", J. Biol. Chem., 267: 3, 1569-75 (1992), and in Banasik et al., "Inhibitors and Activators of ADP-Ribosylation Reactions", Molec. Cell. Biochem. , 138: 185-91 (1994), large numbers of known PPAR inhibitors have been described. However, the approach to using these PPAR inhibitors in the manners described above has been limited in effect. For example, side effects have been observed with some of the best-known PPAR inhibitors, as described in Milam et al. • 5"Inhibitors of Poly (Adenosine Diphosphate-Ribose) Synthesis: Effect on Other Metabolic Processes", Science, 223: 589-91 (1984). Specifically, inhibitors of PPAR 3-aminobenzamide and benzamide not only inhibited the action of PPAR, but also showed that they affect viability cell, the metabolism of glucose, and the synthesis of DNA.

^ In this way, it was concluded that the utility of these PPAR inhibitors can be severely restricted by the difficulty of finding a dose that inhibits the enzyme, without producing additional metabolic effects. Huff et al. Describe a process for the stereocontrolled synthesis of cis-decahydro-isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acids. Huff et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,338,851, issued Aug. 16, 1994. It is believed that the compounds of Huff and collaborators are useful in the synthesis of excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists of NMDA, which may have a neuroprotective effect. Ornstein describes decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acids as antagonists of amino acid receptors of NMDA. Ornstein, "Excitatory Amino Acid Receptor Antagonists", United States Patent Number 4,902,695, issued February 20, 1990. Examples include decahydro-6- [1 (2) H-tetrazol-5-ylmethyl] - 3-isoquinolinecarboxylic acid, 3-carboxidecahydro-6-isoquinolineacetic acid, and decahydro-6- (phosphonomethyl) -3-isoquinolinecarboxylic acid. These compounds are said to be useful for treating a variety of disorders including neurological disorders, stroke, cerebral ischemia and others. In addition, many carboxamide compounds of multiple cycles are known apart from the compounds of the invention: I. N -. { [methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) -1-naphthalenyl] -carbonyl} -N- [(ethoxy) carbonyl] glycine, which is shown in Sestanj et al., United States Patent Number 4,925,968, issued May 15, 1990. It is said that the N-acyl-N-naphthoylglycine of Sestanj They are useful for treating diabetes mellitus and complications thereof, such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and cataracts. II. 4-bromo-N-. { 2- [4- (2,3-dichlorophenyl) -1-piperazinyl] ethyl} -l-methoxy-2-naphthalenecarboxamide, which is shown in Glase et al., United States Patent Number 5,395,835, issued March 7, 1995. Glasé et al. describe compounds having the formula: These compounds are described as useful dopaminergic agents for treating, for example, psychotic depression, substance abuse, and compulsive disorders. III. 7-methoxy-1- (1-methylethoxy) -2-naphthalene-carboxamide, which is shown in Boschelli et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,434,188, issued July 18, 1995. Boschelli et al. Describe Naphthalenecarboxamides that have the structure: where X is O or S (0) n. IV. N, N-dimethyl-3-methyl-2-a-naphthylpentanamide, which is shown in Eberle et al., U.S. Patent No. 3,573,304, issued March 10, 1971. Eberle et al. Describe compounds having the Formula: • R Ar-CH-X-N A R " wherein X is a carbonyl or methylene radical. These compounds are used to prevent the adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells. It is said that indications include the treatment of AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, asthma, psoriasis, respiratory distress syndrome, reperfusion injury, ischemia, ulcerative colitis, vasculaditis, arteriosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease and tumor metastasis. V. l-benzoyl-3-methyl-7-nitronaphthalene and 1-benzoyl- • 20-methyl-6-nitronaphthalene, which are shown in Witzel, US Pat. No. 3,899,529, issued on August 12, 1975. Witzel describes naphthalene acetic acid compounds substituted with aroyl, which have the formula: ^^ kg wherein X, Y, and M can each be an amino group. It is said that these compounds are useful for treating fever, pain and inflammation. SAW. (1, 1 '-biphenyl-4-yl) -4-quinazolinecarbo-xylic acid, which is shown in Hesson, Patent of the States United States Issue No. 4,639,454, issued January 27, 1987. Hesson describes quinazoline-4-carboxylic acid having the formula: It is said that Hesson's compounds have a tumor inhibitory effect.

It is not believed that the compounds described above have been proven to inhibit PPAR activity per se.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to compounds having the following formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof; wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatom therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo substituent; X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -C00R5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of -M-kl - ^ - I llÉ ^ - ^ MB ^ Atü-i 'and, where R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or | cycloalkenyl, and itself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R2, R3, R and R5 are independently hydrogen, f0 alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, Aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a moiety selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, Cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl; with the proviso that, when Y is a carbocyclic, fused 6-membered aromatic ring, and R 2 R2, R 3 and R 4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. A particularly preferred embodiment of the invention has the formula II: II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof; wherein: A and B are independently carbon or nitrogen and are optionally or independently unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl or aryl group; X, Ri, R2, R3 and R are as defined above; and R6 and any substituent (s) in A and B are themselves optionally and independently substituted by, without limitation, alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, and / or 1 -imidazoline; with the proviso that at least one of A and B is nitrogen. In another embodiment, a process for making the compound of formula I comprises the step of contacting an intermediate of formula III: III A with a radical -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted compound selected from the group consisting of: wherein Ri, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are as defined above; and "halo" is a chlorine, bromine, or iodine fraction. In still another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of the formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof; wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatom therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo substituent; X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -C00R5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R2, R3, and R4 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1- They are either unsubstituted or substituted with a fraction selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, • carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl; with the proviso that, when Y is an aromatic ring carbocyclic, fused of 6 members, and Rx, R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. In still another embodiment of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of the invention. formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, in Wherein the compound of the formula I is present in an amount that is sufficient to inhibit the activity of PPAR, to treat or prevent tissue damage that is the result of cell damage or death due to necrosis or apoptosis, to effect an activity neuronal non-mediated toxicity • 5 NMDA, to perform a neuronal activity mediated by NMDA toxicity, to treat damage to neural tissue that is the result of ischemia and reperfusion injury; neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases; to prevent or treat a vascular attack; to treat or prevent disorders cardiovascular; to treat other conditions and / or disorders such as age-related macular degeneration, AIDS and other immune diseases by senescence, arthritis, arteriosclerosis, cachexia, cancer, skeletal muscle degenerative diseases involving senescence of replication, diabetes, head trauma, immune senescence, inflammatory bowel disorders (such as colitis, and Crohn's disease), muscular dystrophy, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, chronic and / or acute pain (such as neuropathic pain), failure renal, retinal ischemia, septic shock • 20 (such as endotoxic shock), and aging of the skin; to extend the life span and proliferation capacity of cells; to alter the gene expression of senile cells; or to radiosensitize hypoxic tumor cells, and wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a a ^ M ^^ H -, ^ - ^ -, --------, -., ^ -------, ^^ carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatoms therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least one alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo substituent; X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -C00R5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a moiety selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the composition, the compound is of formula II, as described above. In a further embodiment, a method for inhibiting PPAR activity comprises administering a compound of formula I, as described above, to the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. In still other embodiments, the amount of the compound administered in the methods of the invention is sufficient to treat tissue damage that is the result of cell damage or death due to necrosis or apoptosis, damage to the neural tissue that is the result of ischemia and reperfusion injury, or neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases; to prevent or treat a vascular attack; to treat or prevent cardiovascular disorders; to treat other conditions and / or disorders such as age-related macular degeneration, AIDS and other immune diseases by senescence, 5 arthritis, arteriosclerosis, cachexia, cancer, degenerative diseases of skeletal muscle involving replication senescence, diabetes, head trauma , immune senescence, inflammatory bowel disorders (such as colitis, and Crohn's disease), muscular dystrophy, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, chronic and / or acute pain (such as neuropathic pain), renal failure, retinal ischemia, septic shock (such as endotoxic shock), and aging of the skin; to extend the life span and proliferation capacity of cells; to alter the expression senile cell genetics; or to radiosensitize hypoxic tumor cells.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS fl Figure 1 shows the distribution of the area of transverse infarction at representative levels along the rostrocaudal axis, as measured from the interaural line in untreated animals, and in animals treated with 10 milligrams / kilogram of 3,4-dihydro-5- [4- (1-piperidinyl ) - butoxil] -1 (2H) -isoquinolinone. Figure 2 shows the effect of the intraperitoneal administration of 3, -dihydro-5- [4- (1-piperidinyl) -butoxyl] -1 (2H) -isoquinolinone on the infarct volume.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The carboxamide compounds of the present invention inhibit the activity of PPAR. As such, they can treat or prevent damage to neural tissue that is the result of cell damage or death due to necrosis or apoptosis, cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury or neurodegenerative diseases in an animal; these can extend the life span and proliferation capacity of the cells and, consequently, can be used to treat or prevent diseases associated with them; these can alter the genetic expression of senile cells; and can radiosensitize hypoxic tumor cells. Preferably, the compounds of the invention treat or prevent tissue damage that is the result of cell damage or death due to necrosis or apoptosis, and / or effect neuronal activity, whether mediated or non-mediated by NMDA toxicity: It is believed that these compounds interfere with more than the neurotoxicity of glutamate and the non-mediated biological trajectories. In addition, the compounds of the invention can treat or prevent other tissue damage related to the activation of PPAR. For example, the compounds of the invention can treat or prevent damage to cardiovascular tissue that is the result of cardiac ischemia or reperfusion injury. Reperfusion injury, for example, occurs in the termination of cardiac bypass procedures, or during cardiac arrest when the heart, once it has been prevented from receiving blood, begins to reperfuse. The compounds of the present invention can also be used to extend or increase the life span or proliferation of cells, and thus to treat or avoid diseases associated with them, and induced or exacerbated by cellular senescence, including skin aging, arteriosclerosis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, muscular dystrophy, degenerative diseases of skeletal muscle involving replication senescence, macular degeneration related to age, immune senescence, AIDS, and other senile immune diseases, and other diseases associated with senescence and cell aging, as well as to alter the genetic expression of senile B cells. These compounds can also be used to treat cancer, and to radiosensitize hypoxic tumor cells to make tumor cells more susceptible to radiation therapy, and to prevent tumor cells from recovering from potentially lethal DNA damage after radiation therapy, presumably by their ability to avoid DNA repair. The compounds of the present invention can be used to prevent or treat vascular apoplexy; to treat or prevent cardiovascular disorders; to treat other conditions and / or disorders such as macular degeneration related to • 5 age, AIDS and other immune diseases due to old age, arthritis, arteriosclerosis, cachexia, cancer, skeletal muscle degenerative diseases involving replication senescence, diabetes, head trauma, immune senescence, inflammatory bowel disorders (such as colitis, and Crohn's disease), muscular dystrophy, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, chronic and / or acute pain (such as neuropathic pain), renal failure, retinal ischemia, septic shock (such as endotoxic shock), and skin aging. Preferably, the compounds of the invention act as inhibitors of PPAR to treat or prevent tissue damage that is the result of cell death or damage due to necrosis or apoptosis; to treat or prevent damage to the neural tissue that is the result of cerebral ischemia and injury ^ fc reperfusion or neurodegenerative diseases in an animal; to extend and increase the life span and proliferation capacity of the cells; to alter the gene expression of senile cells; and to radiosensitize the tumor cells. It is believed that these compounds interfere with more than NMDA neurotoxicity and trajectories biological NOT mediated. Preferably, the compounds of the invention exhibit an IC50 to inhibit in vitro PPAR of about 100 μM or less, more preferably about 25 μM or less. As used herein, the term "disorders" • "Cardiovascular" refers to those disorders that can either cause ischemia, or are caused by reperfusion of the heart Examples include, but are not limited to, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular tissue damage caused by unemployment cardiac damage to cardiovascular tissue caused by ^^ cardiac bypass, cardiogenic shock, and related conditions that will be known to those of ordinary skill in the art, or who involve dysfunction of, or damage to, heart tissue or vasculature, especially, but not limited to, tissue damage related to the activation of PPAR. The term "ischemia" refers to localized tissue anemia due to obstruction of the arterial blood flow. Global ischemia occurs when the flow of blood to the entire brain over a period of time. Global ischemia can be the result of cardiac arrest. Focal ischemia occurs when a portion of the brain is deprived of its normal blood supply. Focal ischemia may be the result of thromboembolic occlusion of a cerebral vessel, traumatic head injury, edema or brain tumor. Even if it is transient, both global and focal ischemia can cause widespread neuronal damage. Although nerve tissue damage occurs for hours or even days after the onset of ischemia, some • 5 permanent damage to nervous tissue in the initial minutes after cessation of blood flow to the brain. Much of this damage has been attributed to the toxicity of glutamate and the secondary consequences of tissue reperfusion, such as the release of vasoactive products by the damaged endothelium, and the release of cytotoxic products, f-? such as free radicals and leucotrins, for damaged tissue. Ischemia can also occur in the heart in myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular disorders in which the coronary arteries have been obstructed as a result of arteriosclerosis, thrombi, or spasm. The term "damage to neural tissue that is the result of ischemia and reperfusion injury and neurodegenerative diseases" includes neurotoxicity, as seen in vascular stroke and focal and global ischemia. 20 The term "neurodegenerative diseases" includes Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. The term "nervous attack" refers to any damage to the nervous tissue and any disability or death that is the result of it. The origin of the nervous attack can be metabolic, toxic, neurotoxic, iatrogenic, thermal or chemical, and includes without limitation, ischemia, hypoxia, stroke, trauma, surgery, pressure, massive effect, hemorrhage, radiation, vasospasm, neurodegenerative disease, infection, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myelination / demyelination process, epilepsy, cognitive disorder, glutamate abnormality and side effects thereof. 10 The term "nervous tissue" refers to the different components that make up the nervous system, • including, without limitation, neurons, neural support cells, glia, Schwann cells, vasculature contained within, and supplying these structures, the system The central nervous system, the brain, the brainstem, the spinal cord, the junction of the central nervous system with the peripheral nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and related structures. The term "neuroprotective" refers to the effect of • 20 reduce, interrupt or improve the nervous attack, and protect, resuscitate, or revive nervous tissue that has suffered from nervous attack. The term "avoid neurodegeneration" includes the ability to prevent neurodegeneration in patients diagnosed as having a neurodegenerative disease, or those at risk of developing a neurodegenerative disease. The term also covers preventing further neurodegeneration in patients who already suffer from, or who have symptoms of, a neurodegenerative disease. • 5 The term "treat" refers to: (i) preventing the occurrence of a disease, disorder, or condition in an animal that may be predisposed to the disease, disorder, and / or condition, but has not yet been diagnosed as having I have it; 10 (ii) inhibit the disease, disorder, or condition, 4- \ that is, interrupt its development; and (iii) alleviating the disease, disorder or condition, i.e., causing the regression of the disease, disorder and / or condition. 15 The term "cancer" is widely interpreted. The compounds of the present invention can be "anticancer agents", which term also encompasses "anti-tumor cell growth agents" and "anti-neoplastic agents". ^ fc The term "isomers" refers to compounds that have the same number and class of atoms, and consequently, the same molecular weight, but they differ with respect to the arrangement or configuration of the atoms. "Stereoisomers" are isomers that differ only in the configuration of the atoms in space. The "enantiomers" are a pair of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, that can not be superimposed. The "diastereoisomers" are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another. "Racemic mixture" means a mixture that contains equal parts, or almost • 5 equal of individual enantiomers. A "non-racemic mixture" is a mixture containing unequal, or substantially unequal, portions of individual enantiomers or stereoisomers. The term "radiosensitizer", as used in the The present invention is defined as a molecule, preferably a molecule of low molecular weight, which is administered to animals in therapeutically effective amounts, to increase the sensitivity of the cells to be radiosensitized, to electromagnetic radiation and / or to promote he treatment of diseases that can be treated with electromagnetic radiation. Diseases that can be treated with electromagnetic radiation include neoplastic diseases, benign and malignant tumors, and cancerous cells. The present invention also contemplates the treatment with electromagnetic radiation of other diseases not listed herein. The terms "electromagnetic radiation" and "radiation", as used herein, include, but are not limited to, radiation having the wavelength of 10 ~ 20 to 10 ~ 9 meters. The preferred embodiments of the present invention employ electromagnetic radiation of: gamma radiation (10 ~ 20 to 10 ~ 13 meters), radiation with X-rays (10-11 to 10"9 meters), ultraviolet light (10 nm to 400) nm), visible light (400 nm to 700 nm), infrared radiation (700 nm to 1.0 mm), and microwave radiation (1 mm to 30 cm) It is known that radiosensitizers increase the sensitivity of cancer cells To the toxic effects of electromagnetic radiation In the literature, many mechanisms have been suggested for the mode of action of radiosensitizers, including: hypoxic cell radiosensitizers (eg, 2-nitroimidazole compounds, and benzotriazine dioxide compounds) promote the reoxygenation of hypoxic tissue and / or catalyze the generation of harmful oxygen radicals, the radiosensitizers of non-hypoxic cells (eg, halogenated pyrimidines) may be DNA base analogs, and preferably are incorporated into the DNA of cancer cells and, thereby, promote radiation-induced disruption of DNA molecules and / or prevent normal DNA repair mechanisms; and hypotheses have been made of other different potential mechanisms of action for radiosensitizers in the treatment of diseases. Currently, many cancer treatment protocols employ radiosensitizers activated by electromagnetic X-ray radiation. Examples of X-ray-activated radiosensitizers include, but are not limited to, the following: metronidazole, misonidazole, desmethylmisonidazole, pimonidazole, etanidazole, nimorazole , mitomycin C, RSU 1069, SR 4233, E09, RB 6145, nicotinamide, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), 5-iododeoxyuridine (IUdR), bromodeoxycytidine, fluorodeoxyuridine (FudR), hydroxyurea, cisplatin, and therapeutically effective analogues and derivatives thereof. same. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancers uses visible light as the radiation activator of the sensitizing agent. Examples of photodynamic radiosensitizers include the following, but are not limited to: hematoporphyrin derivatives, photofrina, benzoporphyrin derivatives, NPe6, tin etioporphyrin SnET2, phenobron-a, bacteriochlorophyll, naphthalocyanines, phthalocyanines, zinc phthalocyanine, and analogs and derivatives therapeutically effective thereof. The radiosensitizers may be administered in conjunction with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more other compounds, including, but not limited to: compounds that promote the incorporation of radiosensitizers to the target cells; compounds that control the flow of therapeutic products, nutrients, and / or oxygen to the target cells; chemotherapeutic agents that act on the tumor, with or without additional radiation; or other therapeutically effective compounds for treating cancer or another disease. Examples of additional therapeutic agents that can be used in conjunction with • 5 radiosensitizers include, but are not limited to: 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, 5'-amino-5 'deoxythymidine, oxygen, carbogen, red blood cell transfusions, perfluorocarbons (eg, Fluosol-DA), 2,3- DPG, BW12C, calcium channel blockers, pentoxifylline, compounds antiangiogenesis, hydralazine, and L-BSO. The examples of Chemotherapeutic agents that can be used in conjunction with radiosensitizers include, but are not limited to: adriamycin, camptothecin, carboplatin, cisplatin, daunorubicin, docetaxel, doxorubicin, Interferon (alpha, beta, gamma), interleukin 2, irinotecan, paclitaxel, topotecan, and therapeutically effective analogs and derivatives thereof. The inventors have now discovered that select carboxamide compounds can inhibit the activity of PPAR, and can improve tissue damage that is the result of cell damage or death due to necrosis or apoptosis and / or damage to neural tissue, including that after focal ischemia and reperfusion injury; they can increase or extend the period of life or the proliferation of the cells; may alter gene expression in senile cells; and can radiosensitize tumor cells. Generally, inhibition of PPAR activity prevents the cell from losing energy, preventing the irreversible depolarization of neurons and, consequently, provides • 5 neuroprotection. Although it is not desired to be limited by the same, it is believed that the activation of PPAR can play a common role in still other excitotoxic mechanisms, perhaps as yet undiscovered, in addition to the production of free radicals and ON. Since the PPAR is necessary for DNA repair, you can also use the 4 inhibition of PPAR to prevent radiation-damaged tumor cells from recovering from potentially lethal DNA damage, by preventing DNA repair. PPAR inhibitors can also be used to extend or increase the life span and proliferation of the cells, and thus avoid or treat diseases and conditions associated with cellular senescence, and can be used to alter the gene expression of senile cells. ^ - The compounds of the invention act as inhibitors of PPAR to treat or prevent tissue damage that is the result of cell damage or death due to necrosis or apoptosis; to treat or prevent damage to neural tissue that is the result of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury or neurodegenerative diseases in a mammal; for extend and increase the period of life and the proliferation capacity of the cells; to alter the gene expression of senile cells; and to radiosensitize the tumor cells. It is believed that these compounds interfere with more than NMDA neurotoxicity and trajectories • biological NOT mediated. Preferably, the compounds of the invention exhibit an IC50 to inhibit in vitro PPAR of about 100 μM or less, more preferably about 25 μM or less. The compound of the invention has the formula I: Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof; where Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatoms therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least one alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or halo substituent not interferent.

When Y forms a 5-membered carbocyclic ring fused, examples thereof include rings such as cyclopentane, cyclopentene, fused cyclopentadiene, and the like. When Y forms a 5-membered N-containing heterocyclic ring, examples thereof include 5 rings such as pyrrole, isopyrrole, imidazole, isoimidazole, pyrazole, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, imidazolidine, imidazoline, pyrazolidin, fused pyrazoline, and similar rings. When Y forms a 6-membered carbocyclic ring fused, examples thereof include rings such as Cyclohexane, cyclohexene, benzene fused, and the like.

• When Y forms a heterocyclic N-containing 6-membered ring, examples thereof include rings such as pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, and similar rings. And it can be aromatic, such as pyrrole, benzene, or pyridine, or non-aromatic such as cyclopentene, piperidyl, or piperazinyl. Below are specific examples of • particularly useful Y structures: 20 In a preferred embodiment, however, Y has | at least one site of unsaturation. Even more preferred, Y forms a fused benzene ring. And it can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more non-interfering substituents. For example, Y can Substituted with an alkyl group, such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-methylhexyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, and the like; with an alkenyl group, such as vinyl, ethenyl, isopropenyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propenyl, (B decenyl, hexadecenyl, and the like, with a group cycloalkyl, such as adamantyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, 3-methyl-1-cyclodecyl, and the like; with a cycloalkenyl group, such as cyclopropenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclooctenyl, and the like; with an aralkyl group, such as benzyl, 3- (1) -naphthyl-1-propyl, methylbenzyl, ethylbenzyl, propylbenzyl, n- -i-M-M-É-i-H-rt-ri-Vitt-a-iMM-a-M-i 6 propylbenzyl, butylbenzyl, n-butylbenzyl, isobutylbenzyl, sec-butylbenzyl, tert-butylbenzyl and the like; or with an aryl group such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, pyridinyl, thienyl, and the like. The group X attached to the ring Y in the formula I is attached at position 1. The "position 1" is defined as the position of the ring not shared on the ring Y, which is two carbons away from the carbon attached to the amide group (in the adjacent non-Y ring). The following examples also indicate what is meant by "position 1": The group X can be a carboxylic acid (-COOH), a carboxylic acid analogue (-COOR5), or any useful carboxylic acid mimetic. Examples of acid mimetics Useful glyceryl-M-1-carboxylic acid include: And wherein R7 is alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl or aryl, as described above for the substituents of Y. R7 may also be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more non-interfering substituents, such as alkyl groups , alkenyl, cycloalkyl, and cycloalkenyl described above. The above carboxylic acid mimics are shown in R. Silverman, The Organi c Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, Academic Press (1992). Ri can be an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group. Examples of useful alkyl groups include, without limitation, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n- -MI-EP-Pentyl, 2-methylpentyl and the like. Examples of useful alkenyl groups include, without limitation, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, 2-methylpentenyl and the like. Examples of useful cycloalkyl groups include cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, adamantyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, and the like. Examples of useful cycloalkenyl groups include cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclononenyl, cyclodecenyl, and similar. Ri can itself be unsubstituted or substituted ^ f with one or more additional alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl groups. R2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or aralkyl, as described above. Additionally, R2, R3, R4 and R5 can be an aryl or amino group, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-imidazoline. "Aryl" is defined as a carbocyclic or unsaturated heterocyclic moiety, which may be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more non-interferent substituent (s). Examples of aryl groups include, without limitation, phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl, indenyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, Tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, quinolizinyl, furyl, thiophenyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, isotriazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl. , pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, thienyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl and the like. • Possible substituents in an aryl group can be any non-interfering substituent. However, preferred substituents include, without limitation, alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, -cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and • aril. In the compound of the invention, the multicyclic nuclear ring structure, formed with the fused Y ring, preferably has a nucleus of an isoquinoline, a quinoline, a naphthalene, a phenanthridine, a phthalazine, a phthalhydrazide, or a quinazoline. The rest preference, the core is one of the following: isoquinoline isoquinoline phthalazine • Even more preferred, the compounds have a nucleus of an isoquinoline, a quinoline, or a naphthalene. A preferred embodiment of the invention is compound of formula II: IX or a salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof, pharmaceutically Acceptable, wherein A and B are independently carbon or nitrogen, with the proviso that at least one of A and B is nitrogen. The ring formed by A and B can be unsubstituted or independently substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl or non-interfering aryl group. Examples of useful fused rings containing A and B in formula II include: The following are specific examples of the particularly preferred compounds of the invention: II III: v v VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XY XVI XVI: XVIII XIX In the compositions and methods of the invention, when Y is an aromatic, 6-membered carbocyclic ring, fused, and Ri, R2, R3, and R4 are each hydrogen, X is preferably a -COOH group. In other words, for In the compositions and methods of the invention, the compound of formula I is preferably Compound XIX above, 8-carboxynaphthalene-1-carboxamide. The compounds of the invention may be useful in a free base form, in the form of salts Pharmaceutically acceptable, pharmaceutically acceptable hydrates, pharmaceutically acceptable esters, pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs, pharmaceutically acceptable metabolites, and in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable stereoisomers. All • These forms are within the scope of the invention. In practice, the use of these forms comes to be the use of the neutral compound. "Pharmaceutically acceptable salt", "hydrate", "ester" or "solvate" refers to a salt, hydrate, ester, or solvate of the compounds of the invention which possess the desired pharmacological activity, and which are neither biologically nor of • another undesirable way. Organic acids can be used to produce salts, hydrates, esters, or solvates, such as acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, -benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, bisulfate, sulfamate, sulfate, naphthylate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphor sulfonate, cyclopentan-propionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glycoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate heptanoate, hexanoate, 2- • 20-hydroxyethane sulfonate , lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, tosylate, and undecanoate. Inorganic acids can be used to produce salts, hydrates, esters, or solvates, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, iodide, and thiocyanate. Examples of suitable base salts, hydrates, esters, or solvates include hydroxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates of ammonia, alkali metal salts, such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts, such as calcium salts and magnesium, salts • 5 aluminum, and zinc salts. Salts, hydrates, esters, or solvates can also be formed with organic bases. Organic bases suitable for the formation of pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts, hydrates, esters, or solvates of The compounds of the present invention include those which are non-toxic and which are strong enough to form those salts, hydrates, esters, or solvates. For purposes of illustration, the class of such organic bases may include mono-, di- and trialkylamines, such as methylamine, dimethylamine, triethylamine and dicyclohexylamine; mono-, di- or trihydroxyalkylamines, such as mono-, di-, and triethanolamine; amino acids, such as arginine and lysine; guanidine; N-methyl-glucosamine; N-methyl-glucamine; L-? K glutamine; N-methyl-piperazine; morpholine; ethylenediamine; N-benzyl-phenethylamine; (trihydroxy-methyl) aminoethane; and similar. See, for example, "Pharmaceutical Salts," J. Pharm. Sci. , 66: 1, 1-19 (1977). In accordance with the above, groups containing basic nitrogen can be made quaternary with agents that include: halides of lower alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; dialkyl sulfates such as dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates; long chain halides such as chlorides, bromides and α-k decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and stearyl iodides; and halides of aralkyl such as benzyl and phenethyl bromides. The acid addition salts, hydrates, esters, or solvates of the basic compounds can be prepared by dissolving either the free base of a PPAR inhibitor in an aqueous or non-aqueous alcohol solution, or other Suitable solvent containing the appropriate acid or base, 0 and isolating the salt by evaporating the solution. Alternatively, the free base of the PPAR inhibitor can be reacted with an acid, as well as reacting the PPAR inhibitor having an acidic group on it.

The same with a base, in such a way that the reactions are in an organic solvent, in which case the salt is separated directly, or can be obtained by concentrating the solution. "Pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug" refers to A derivative of the compounds of the invention, which undergoes biotransformation before exhibiting its pharmacological effect (s). The prodrug is formulated with the goal (s) of improved chemical stability, improved acceptance and compliance of the patient, improved bioavailability, long duration of action, : "Tea-a *", improved organ selectivity, improved formulation (eg, increased water solubility), and / or side effects (eg, toxicity) decreased. The prodrug can be prepared rapidly from the 5 compounds of the invention, using methods known in the art, such as those described by Burger's Medi cinal Chemis try and Drug Chemistry, Fifth Edition, Volume 1, pages 172-178, 949-982 (1995). For example, the compounds of the invention can be transformed to prodrugs by to convert one or more of the hydroxy or carboxy groups to • esters. "Pharmaceutically acceptable metabolite" refers to drugs that have undergone a metabolic transformation. After entering the body, most drugs are substrates for chemical reactions that can change their physical properties and biological effects. These metabolic conversions, which usually affect the polarity of the compound, alter the way in which they are distributed in, and • drugs are excreted from the body. However, in some cases, the metabolism of a drug is required for therapeutic effect. For example, antimetabolite-class anticancer drugs must be converted to their active forms after they have been transported within a cancer cell. Since most drugs experience metabolic transformation of some kind, the biochemical reactions that play a role in the metabolism of the drug can be numerous and diverse. The main site of drug metabolism is the liver, although other tissues can also participate. A characteristic aspect of many of these transformations is that the metabolic products are more polar than the parent drugs, although a polar drug sometimes produces a less polar product. Substances with high lipid / water separation coefficients, which easily pass through the membranes, also rapidly diffuse back from the tubular urine, through the renal tubular cells, into the plasma. Therefore, these substances tend to have a low renal clearance and a long persistence in the body. If a drug is metabolized to a more polar compound, one with a lower separation coefficient, its tubular reabsorption will be greatly reduced. On the other hand, the specific secretory mechanisms for the anions and cations in the nearby renal tubules, and in the parenchymal cells of the liver, operate on highly polar substances. As a specific example, phenacetin (acetofenetidine) and acetanilide are both mild analgesic and antipyretic agents, but are transformed in the body to a more polar and more effective metabolite, p-hydroxyacetanilide (acetaminophen), which is now widely used. When a dose of acetanilide is given to a person, the successive metabolites increase and descend in the plasma sequentially. During the first hour, the • 5 Acetanilide is the main component of plasma. In the second hour, as the level of acetanilide falls, the acetaminophen concentration of the metabolite reaches a peak. Finally, after a few hours, the main component of the plasma is another metabolite that is inert, and can excrete the body. In this way, the ^ Plasma concentrations of one or more metabolites, as well as the drug itself, can be pharmacologically important. As shown in Table I, the reactions involved in the metabolism of the drug are frequently classified in two groups. Phase I reactions (or functionalization) generally consist of (1) oxidative and reductive reactions that alter and create new functional groups, and (2) hydrolytic reactions that dissociate 0 esters and amides to release functional groups masked. These changes are usually in the direction of increased polarity. Phase II reactions are conjugation reactions in which the drug, or often a metabolite of the drug, is coupled to an endogenous substrate, such as glucuronic acid, acetic acid, or sulfuric acid.

TABLE I Reactions of Phase I (functionalization reactions): (1) Oxidation by means of the hepatic microsomal P450 system: Aliphatic oxidation Aromatic hydroxylation N-Desalkylation O-Desalkylation S-Desalkylation Epoxidation Oxidative deamination Formation of sulphoxide Desulfurization N-Oxidation and N- Hydroxylation Dehalogenation (2) Oxidation by means of non-microsomal mechanisms: Oxidation of alcohol and aldehyde Oxidation of purine Oxidative deamination (monoamine oxidase and diamine oxidase) (3) Reduction: Reduction of azo and nitro (4) Hydrolysis: Ester and amide hydrolysis Peptide bond hydrolysis Epoxide hydration Phase II reactions (conjugation reactions): (1) Glucuronidation (2) Acetylation (3) Formation of mercapturic acid (4) Conjugation of sulphate ( 5) N-, O-, and S-methylation (6) Trans-sulfurization The compounds of the present invention possess one or more asymmetric center (s) and, therefore, can be produced as mixtures (racemic and non-racemic) of stereoisomers, or as individual R- and S-stereoisomers. Individual stereoisomers can be obtained by using an optically active starting material, by resolving a racemic or non-racemic mixture of an intermediate at some appropriate stage of synthesis, or by resolving a compound of formula I.

Synthesis of the Compounds Many non-carboxamide PPAR inhibitors can be synthesized by known methods of starting materials that are known, are themselves commercially available, or can be prepared by the methods used to prepare the corresponding compounds in the literature. See, for example, Suto et al., "Dihydroisoquinolinones: The Design and Synthesis of a New Series of Potent Inhibitors of Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase", An tí cancer Drug Des. , 6: 101-11 (1991), which describe processes for synthesizing a number of different PPAR inhibitors. The compounds of the present invention can also be prepared by using the general synthetic trajectory illustrated below. A compound of formula I can be prepared by contacting an intermediate of formula III: III wherein Ri, R2, R, R4 and R5 and Y are as defined above for the compounds of the formula I of the invention; and "halo" is a chlorine, bromine, or iodine moiety; with a radical -COOR5 or a substituted or unsubstituted radical selected from the group consisting of the following carboxylic acid mimetics: , and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and itself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group. The intermediate of formula III can be prepared by methods known in the art. Typically, the reaction shown above takes place in an inert solvent with respect to the intermediate of formula III. Typical solvents include, for example, tetrahydrofuran ("THF"), methylene chloride, chloroform, lower alkanols, dimethylformamide, and a wide variety of other inert organic solvents. The reaction described above can take place at varying temperatures depending, for example, on the solvent that is used, the solubility of the intermediate of formula III in the solvent that is being used, and the susceptibility of the reactions to oxidize or participate in the secondary reactions. Preferably, however, when the above reaction is used, it is performed at a • temperature from about -100 ° C to about 5 ambient temperature, preferably from about -80 ° C to about -0 ° C. The time required for the above reaction can also vary widely, depending in large part on the same factors. Typically, however, the reaction takes a time of approximately 5 minutes until • approximately 24 hours, preferably from approximately 10 minutes to an hour. Preferably, the above reaction takes place in the presence of a halo removal compound that will provide an attractive cation for extraction of the halo anion, such as n-butyllithium. The addition sequence of the intermediate of formula III, the halo removal compound, a solvent (if used), and the -COOR5 or mimic radical, can vary significantly, depending on the Relative reactivities of these materials, the purity of these materials, the temperature at which the reaction is performed, and the like. Preferably, however, the intermediate of formula III is first dissolved in a solvent, first the halo removal compound is added, and then the -COOR5 or mimic radical is added.

The product, a compound of the formula I, is isolated from the reaction mixture by conventional techniques, such as by precipitation, extraction with an immiscible solvent under appropriate pH conditions, evaporation, filtration, crystallization and the like. Typically, however, the product is removed by acidifying the reaction mixture under aqueous conditions and collecting the precipitated solid material. Other variations and modifications of this invention using the synthetic trajectory described above will be obvious to those skilled in the art. In addition, the compounds that are related to 8-carboxy-naphthalene-1-carboxamide (also known as 8-carbamoyl-naphthalenecarboxylic acid), which are shown below: they can be prepared by known chemical syntheses such as, for example, those described in Gazz. Chim. Ital. , 79: 603-605 (1949). In addition, the particular compound shown above is commercially available from Lancaster Synthesis Inc., P.O. Box 1000, Windham, NH 03087, United States of America. Typically, the compounds of the formula I which • used in the composition of the invention, will have an IC50 to inhibit poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in vitro of 100 μM or less, preferably 25 μM or less, more preferably 12 μM or less, and more preferably, 12 μM or less.

Pharmaceutical Compositions A further aspect of the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or a diluent and a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I or a salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable mixtures (hereinafter "a compound of the formula I ") -fl) The compounds of the formula I of the invention are useful in the manufacture of pharmaceutical formulations comprising an effective amount thereof, in conjunction with, or as a mixture with suitable excipients or carriers for either enteral or parenteral application. As such, the formulations of the present invention suitable for Oral administration, may be in the form of discrete units such as capsules, seals, tablets, troches or lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; in the form of a powder or granules; in the form of a solution or a suspension in a • 5 aqueous liquid or non-aqueous liquid; or in the form of an oil-in-water emulsion or a water-in-oil emulsion. The active ingredient may also be in the form of a bolus, electuary, or paste. The composition will usually be formulated in a form of dosage unit, such as a tablet, capsule, E- aqueous suspension or solution. These formulations typically include a solid, semi-solid or liquid carrier. Exemplary carriers include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum arabic, phosphate Calcium, mineral oil, cocoa butter, theobromine oil, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, syrup, methyl cellulose, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, methyl hydroxybenzoate, propyl hydroxybenzoate, talc, or magnesium stearate, and the like. Particularly preferred formulations include gelatin capsules and tablets comprising the active ingredient together with (a) diluents, such as lactose, dextrose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose, dried corn starch, and glycine; and / or (b) lubricants, such as silica, talc, stearic acid, its salt, magnesium or calcium, and polyethylene glycol. The tablets may also contain binders, such as magnesium aluminum silicate, starch paste, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone; carriers, such as lactose and corn starch; disintegrators, such as starches, agar-agar, alginic acid or its sodium salt, and effervescent mixtures; and / or absorbents, colorants, flavors, and sweeteners. The compositions of the invention can be sterilized and / or contain adjuvants, such as preservation, stabilization, swelling, or emulsification agents, solution promoters, salts to regulate the osmotic pressure, and / or pH regulators. In addition, the composition may also contain other therapeutically valuable substances. The aqueous suspensions may contain emulsifying and suspending agents combined with the active ingredient. All oral doses may also contain sweetening and / or flavoring and / or coloring agents. These compositions are prepared in accordance with the conventional mixing, granulating or coating methods, respectively, and contain about 0.1 to 75 percent of the active ingredient, preferably about 1 to 50 percent thereof. A tablet can be made by compressing or molding the active ingredient optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form, such as a powder or • granules, which are optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, active surface agent or dispersion. The molded tablets may be made by molding, in a suitable machine, a mixture of the active ingredient in powder and a suitable carrier which is moistened with an inert liquid diluent. 10 When administered parenterally, the • composition will normally be in a unit dose, sterile injectable form (aqueous isotonic solution, suspension or emulsion) with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. These carriers are preferably non-toxic, parenterally acceptable and contain diluents or non-therapeutic solvents. Examples of these carriers include water; aqueous solutions, such as saline solution (isotonic sodium chloride solution), Ringer's solution, solution • dextrose, and Hank's solution; and non-aqueous carriers, such as 1, 3-butanediol, fixed oils (e.g., corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, and synthetic mono- or di-glyceride), ethyl oleate, and isopropyl myristate. Oil suspensions can be formulated according to the techniques known in the art, using JÍ. ^. so that they melt in the rectum to release the compound. Common excipients include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols or other fat emulsions or suspensions. In addition, the compounds can be administered topically, especially when the conditions to which they are directed for treatment include areas or organs that are readily accessible for topical application, including neurological disorders of the eyes, skin or skin. tract lower intestinal. For topical application to the eye, or ophthalmic use, the compounds can be formulated as micronized suspensions in sterile, pH-adjusted, isotonic saline or, preferably, as a solution in solution sterile saline adjusted in pH, isotonic, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride. Alternatively, the compounds can be formulated into ointments, such as petrolatum. ^ For topical application to the skin, the compounds can be formulated in suitable ointments containing the suspended or dissolved compounds in, for example, mixtures with one or more of the following: mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene compound, polyoxypropylene compound, wax emulsifier and water. Alternatively, the compounds can be formulated in suitable lotions or creams containing the active compound suspended or dissolved in, for example, a mixture of one or more of the following: mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, ester wax of cetyl, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water. Topical application in the lower intestinal tract can be done in the rectal suppository formulations (see above) or in suitable enema formulations. Formulations suitable for nasal or buccal administration (such as self-propelling powder dispensing formulations) can comprise about 0.1 percent to 5 percent w / w of the active ingredient or, for example, about 1 percent w / w p of it. In addition, some formulations can be compounded in troches or sublingual tablets. The formulations can be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and can be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient in association with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by bringing the active ingredient uniformly and intimately in association with a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product in the desired formulation. In a preferred embodiment, the carrier is a biodegradable polymer or mixture of biodegradable polymers with • 5 appropriate release time characteristics and suitable release kinetics to provide effective concentrations of the compounds of the invention, over a prolonged period of time without the need to dose again frequently. The composition of this The invention can be incorporated into a biodegradable flfe polymer or polymer blend, in any suitable manner known to one of ordinary skill in the art, and can form a homogeneous matrix with the biodegradable polymer, or it can be encapsulated in some way within of the polymer, or it can be molded into a solid implant. In one embodiment, the biodegradable polymer or mixture of polymers is used to form a soft "reservoir" containing the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention • which can be administered as a flowing liquid, for example, by injection, but which remains sufficiently viscous to maintain the pharmaceutical composition within the area located around the site of the injection. The degradation time of the deposit that is formed in this way can be varied from several days to about 25 years, depending on the polymer that was selected and its molecular weight. By the use of a polymer composition in the injectable form, the need to make an incision can be eliminated. In any case, a flexible or fluent releasing "reservoir" will conform to the shape of the space it occupies with the body with minimal trauma to the surrounding tissues. The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is used in amounts that are therapeutically effective, and may depend on the desired release profile, the concentration of the The pharmaceutical composition is required for the effect of sensitization, and the period of time in which the pharmaceutical composition has to be released for treatment. The composition of the invention is preferably administered as a capsule or a tablet containing a single dose or a divided dose of the compound, or as a sterile solution, suspension, or emulsion, for parenteral administration in a single or divided dose. In another preferred embodiment, the compounds of the invention can be prepared in lyophilized form. In this In this case, 1 to 100 milligrams of a PARP inhibitor can be lyophilized in individual vials, together with a carrier and a pH regulator, such as mannitol and sodium phosphate. The composition can then be reconstituted in the flasks with bacteriostatic water before administration.

In the compositions and methods of the invention, a preferred embodiment is when, in the compound of the formula I, Y is a 6-membered, aromatic carbocyclic ring, fused, R1 t R2, R3, and R4 are each hydrogen, and X is a p -COOH group. A compound defined by sentence 5 above is 8-carboxynaphthalene-l-carboxamide, which has the following structure: The compounds of the invention are used in the composition in amounts that are therapeutically effective.

While the effective amount of the PPAR inhibitor will depend on the particular compound being used, the amounts of these compounds ranging from about 1 percent to about 65 percent have been easily incorporated into the systems for administration of liquid or solid carrier.

Compositions and Methods for Carrying Out the Neuronal Activity Preferably, in accordance with the invention, an effective therapeutic amount of the compounds and compositions that were previously described to animals, to effect neuronal activity, preferably one that is not mediated by NMDA neurotoxicity. This neuronal activity may consist of the stimulation of damaged neurons, the promotion of neuronal regeneration, the prevention of neurodegeneration and the treatment of a neurological disorder. In accordance with the foregoing, the present invention further relates to a method for effecting neuronal activity in an animal, comprising administering an effective amount of the compound of formula I to that animal. In addition, the compounds of the invention inhibit PPAR activity and, thus, are believed to be useful for treating nerve tissue damage, particularly damage resulting from cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury or neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Examples of neurological disorders that are treated by the method for using the present invention include, without limitation, trigeminal nerve neuralgia; glossopharyngeal neuralgia; Bell's palsy; myasthenia gravis; muscular dystrophy; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; progressive muscular atrophy; Progressive bulbar inherited muscular atrophy; syndromes of invertebrate disc prolapsed, broken or herniated; cervical spondylosis; plexus disorders; syndromes of thoracic outlet destruction; neuropathies such as those caused by lead, dapsone, tics, porphyria, or Guillain-Barré syndrome; Alzheimer disease; Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. The method of the present invention is particularly useful for treating a neurological disorder that is selected at • 5 from the group consisting of: peripheral neuropathy caused by physical injury or a disease state; trauma to the head, such as traumatic brain injury; physical damage to the spinal cord; stroke associated with brain damage, such as vascular stroke that is associated with hypoxia and brain damage, focal cerebral ischemia, global cerebral ischemia, and cerebral reperfusion injury; demyelination diseases, such as multiple sclerosis; and neurological disorders that are related to neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Treatment of Other Disorders Related to PPAR The compounds, compositions and methods of the present The invention is particularly useful for treating or preventing tissue damage resulting from cell death or damage due to necrosis or apoptosis. The compounds, compositions and methods of the invention can also be used to treat a disorder Cardiovascular in an animal, by administering an effective amount of the compound of the formula to the animal. As used herein, the term "cardiovascular disorders" refers to those disorders that can either cause ischemia or are caused by reperfusion. • 5 of the heart. Examples include, but are not limited to, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular tissue damage caused by cardiac arrest, damage to cardiovascular tissue caused by cardiac bypass, cardiogenic shock, and conditions related that will be known to those of ordinary skill in the art or that include dysfunction of, or • tissue damage to the heart or vasculature, especially, but not limited to, tissue damage related to the activation of PPAR. For example, it is believed that the methods of the invention are useful for treating damage to cardiac tissue, particularly damage resulting from cardiac ischemia or caused by reperfusion injury in animals. The methods of the invention are particularly useful for • Treat cardiovascular disorders that are selected from the group consisting of: coronary artery disease, such as atherosclerosis; angina pectoris, myocardial infarction; myocardial ischemia and cardiac arrest; cardiac bypass, and cardiogenic shock. The methods of The invention particularly helps in the treatment of the acute forms of the anterior cardiovascular disorders. In addition, the methods of the invention can be used to treat tissue damage resulting from cell damage or death due to necrosis or apoptosis, tissue damage. • nervous system resulting from ischemia and reperfusion injury, neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases; to prevent or treat vascular apoplexy; to treat or avoid cardiovascular disorders; to treat other conditions and / or disorders such as muscle related degeneration . { -% with age, AIDS and other immune senescence diseases, arthritis, atherosclerosis, cachexia, cancer, skeletal muscle degenerative diseases including replicative senescence, diabetes, head trauma, immune senescence, inflammatory bowel disorders (such as colitis, and Crohn's disease), muscular dystrophy, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, chronic and / or acute pain (such as neuropathic pain), renal failure, retinal ischemia, septic shock (such as endotoxic shock) ), and aging of the skin; to extend the maximum lifespan and proliferative capacity of the cells; to alter the expression of senile cell genes; or to radiosensitize tumor cells. Still further, the methods of the invention are can be used to treat cancer and to radiosensitize tumor cells. The term "cancer" is interpreted broadly. The compounds of the present invention can be "anti-cancer agents", which term also encompasses "anti-tumor cell growth agents" and "anti-neoplastic agents". For example, the methods of the present invention are useful for treating cancers and for radiosensitizing tumor cells in cancers such as tumors that produce ACTH, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, cancer of the cortex.

Adrenal 10, bladder cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, • chronic myelocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, endometrial cancer, hairy cell leukemia, head and neck cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, kidney cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (small and / or small cell), malignant peritoneal effusion, malignant pleural effusion, melanoma, mesothelioma. multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, ovarian cancer (cell • 20 germinal), prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, cancer of the penis, retinoblastoma, skin cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, squamous cell carcinomas, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, trophoblastic neoplasms, uterine cancer, cancer vaginal, cancer of the vulva and Wilm's tumor.

The term "radiosensitizer", as used herein, is defined as a molecule, preferably a low molecular weight molecule, which is administered to fe animals in therapeutically effective amounts to increase the sensitivity of the cells that are to be radiosensitize electromagnetic radiation and / or to promote the treatment of the disease that can be treated with electromagnetic radiation. Diseases that can be treated with electromagnetic radiation include neoplastic diseases, benign and malignant tumors, and cells • cancerous. The present invention also contemplates the treatment with electromagnetic radiation of other diseases not listed herein. The terms "electromagnetic radiation" and "radiation" as used herein include, but are not limited to, radiation having the wavelength of 10"11 to 106 meters." Preferred embodiments of the present invention employ radiation Electromagnetic from: gamma radiation (10 ~ 20 to 10 ~ 13 m), • X-ray radiation (10-11 to 10 ~ 9 m), ultraviolet light (10 nm 20 to 400 nm), visible light (400 nm to 700 nm), infrared radiation (700 nm to 1.0 nm), and radiation with microwaves (1 mm to 30 cm). It is known that radiosensitizers increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to the toxic effects of electromagnetic radiation. In the literature, different mechanisms have been suggested for the mode of action of radiosensitizers, which include: hypoxic cell radiosensitizers (for example, 2-nitroimidazole compounds, and benzotriazine dioxide compounds) • 5 promote the reoxygenation of hypoxic tissue and / or catalyze the generation of harmful oxygen radicals; the radiosensitizers of non-hypoxic cells (for example, halogenated pyrimidines) can be analogs of DNA bases and are preferably incorporated into the DNA of the cells cancerous and promote by the same radiation-induced breakage of DNA molecules and / or avoid • normal DNA repair mechanisms; and hypotheses have been made about several other potential mechanisms of action for radiosensitizers in the treatment of diseases. Many protocols for the treatment of cancer currently use radiosensitizers activated by electromagnetic X-ray radiation. Examples of X-ray-activated radiosensitizers include, but are not • 20 are limited to the following: metronidazole, misonidazole, desmethylmisonidazole, pimonidazole, etanidazole, nimorazole, mitomycin C, RSU 1069, SR 4233, E09, RB 6145, nicotinamide, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), 5-iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) , bromodeoxycytidine, fluorodeoxyuridine (FudR), hydroxyurea, cisplatin, and therapeutically effective analogs and derivatives thereof. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancers uses visible light as the agent's radiation activator • sensitizer. Examples of photodynamic radiosensitizers include the following, but are not limited to: hematoporphyrin derivatives, Photofrin, benzoporphyrin derivatives, NPe6, tin etoporphyrin, SnET2, phenobron-a, bacteriochlorophyll-a, naphthalo-cyanines, phthalocyanines, phthalocyanine zinc, and analogues and derivatives Therapeutically effective thereof. # Radiosensitizers may be administered in conjunction with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more other compounds, including, but not limited to: compounds that promote the incorporation of radiosensitizers to the target cells; compounds that control the flow of therapeutics, nutrients, and / or oxygen to the target cells; chemotherapeutic agents that act on the tumor with or without additional radiation; or other therapeutically effective compounds to treat the cancer or other diseases. Examples of additional therapeutic agents that may be used in conjunction with radiosensitizers include, but are not limited to: 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, 5'-amino-5'-deoxythimycin, oxygen, carbogen, red cell transfusions, perfluoro - 25 carbons (eg, Fluosol-DA), 2-3-DPG, BW12C, calcium channel blockers, pentoxifylline, antiangiogenesis compounds, hydralazine, and L-BSO. Examples of chemotherapeutic agents that can be used in conjunction with radiosensitizers include, but are not limited to: • 5 adriamycin, camptothecin, carboplatin, cisplatin, daunorubicin, docetaxel, doxorubicin, interferon, (alpha, beta, gamma), interleukin 2, irinotecan, paclitaxel, topotecan, and therapeutically effective analogs and derivatives thereof. The compounds of the present invention can also be used to radiosensitize tumor cells. The term "treat" refers to: (i) preventing the occurrence of a disease, disorder or condition in an animal that may be predisposed to the disease, disorder and / or condition, but has not yet been diagnosed as having it ( ii) inhibit the disease, disorder or condition, that is, stop its development; and (iii) alleviating the disease, disorder or condition, is say, cause a regression of the disease, disorder and / or condition.

Administration For medical use, the amount that is required of a compound of formula I to achieve a therapeutic effect will vary in accordance with the particular compound being administered, the route of administration, the mammal under treatment, and the disorder or • particular disease involved. A suitable systemic dose of a compound of the formula I for a mammal suffering from, or likely to suffer from, any condition such as those described herein, is typically in the range of about 0.1 to about 100 milligrams of base per kilogram of body weight, of preferably from about 1 to about 10 • milligrams / kilogram of the mammal's body weight. It is understood that the doctor or veterinarian of ordinary experience will be able to easily determine and prescribe the amount of the effective compound for the prophylactic treatment or desired therapeutic. In doing so, the doctor or veterinarian may use an intravenous bolus followed by an intravenous infusion and repeated administrations, as • appropriate. In the methods of the present invention, the compounds can be administered, for example, orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, sublingually, vaginally, intraventricularly, or by means of a reservoir implanted in dosage formulations containing the carriers conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants and vehicles. Parenteral includes, but is not limited to, the following administration examples: intravenous injection, • subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraspinal, intraosseous, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intraventricular, intrasternal, or intracranial and infusion techniques, such as by subdural pump. Aggressive techniques are preferred, particularly direct administration to damaged nerve tissue. While it is possible that the compound of formula I is administered on its own, it is preferable • provide it as a part of a pharmaceutical formulation. To be therapeutically effective as central nervous system targets, the compounds used in the The methods of the present invention should penetrate in a simple manner the blood-brain barrier when administered peripherally. Compounds that can not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, however, can still be • manage effectively through the route intraventricular. The compounds that are used in the methods of the present invention can be administered by a single dose, multiple discrete doses or continuous infusion. Because the compounds are small, easily diffusible and relatively stable, they are well suited for infusion! keep going. Pump elements, particularly subcutaneous or subdural pump elements, are preferred for continuous infusion. - ^ For the methods of the present invention, it can be use any effective administration regimen that regulates the timing and sequence of doses. Doses of the compounds preferably include pharmaceutical dosage units comprising an effective amount of the active compound. By an effective amount you want To say a sufficient amount to inhibit the activity of flj) PPAR and / or derive the desired beneficial effects therefrom, through the administration of one or more of the pharmaceutical dosage units. In a mode that is particularly preferred, the dose is sufficient to avoid or reduce the effects of vascular apoplexy or other neurodegenerative diseases. An exemplary daily dosage unit for a vertebrate host, comprises an amount of ^ 0 about 0.001 milligrams / kilogram up approximately 50 milligrams / kilogram. Typically, the dosage levels in the order of about 0.1 milligrams to about 10,000 milligrams of the compound of the active ingredient, are useful in the treatment of the above conditions, with the preferred levels being approximately 0.1 milligrams to approximately 1,000 milligrams. The specific dose level for any particular patient will vary depending on a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound • what is being used; age, body weight, general health, sex, and the patient's diet; the time of administration; the rate of excretion; any combination of the compound with other drugs; the severity of the particular disease that is being treated; and the form and route of administration. Typically, the in vitro dose-effect results provide a useful guide on the doses • appropriate for the administration to the patient. Studies in animal models can also be useful. Considerations for determining appropriate dose levels are well known in the art. 15 In methods to treat nervous attack (particularly acute ischemic stroke and global ischemia caused by drowning or trauma to the head), the compounds of the invention can be administered together with • one or more other therapeutic agents, preferably agents that can reduce the risk of stroke (such as aspirin) and, more preferably, agents that can reduce the risk of a second ischemic event (such as ticlopidine). The compounds and compositions can be administered together with one or more therapeutic agents, either (i) together ^^ ß - ^^^ i ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ j ^ 11 ^ 1 ------ ^^ ------------ 1 ^^^^^ í_ ^ < _ ^ "J ^? ^ In a single formulation, or (i) separately in individual formulations that are designed for optimal release rates of their respective active agent. Each formulation can contain from about 0.01 per 5 percent to about 99.99 percent by weight, preferably from about 3.5 percent to about 60 percent by weight, of the compound of the invention, as well as one or more pharmaceutical excipients, such as wetting agents, emulsifiers and regulators of pH. When the compounds that are used in the methods of • the invention is administered in combination with one or more therapeutic agents, the dose levels specific for those agents will depend on considerations such as those previously identified for the compositions and methods of the invention in general. For example, Table II below provides known intermediate dosages for chemotherapeutic agents that could be administered in combination • with the compounds of the invention for those diseases or different cancers.

TABLE II • • • • For the methods of the present invention, any administration regime that regulates the synchronization and the release sequence of the compound, as necessary to effect the treatment, can be used and repeated. This regimen may include pretreatment and / or administration together with additional therapeutic agents. To maximize the protection of nervous tissue from a nervous attack, the compounds of the invention should be administered to the affected cells as soon as possible. In situations where nervous attack is anticipated, the compounds are administered conveniently before the expected nervous attack. These situations of increased likelihood of nervous attack include surgery, such as carotid endarterectomy, cardiac, vascular, aortic, orthopedic surgery; • endovascular procedures, such as catheterization, (carotid, vertebral, aortic, cardiac, renal, spinal, Adamkiewicz); injections of embolic agents; the use of spirals or balloons for hemostasis; vascularity interruptions for the treatment of brain injuries; and the predisposition of medical conditions such as transient ischemic attacks in crescendo, embolism and sequential strokes. Where pretreatment for stroke or ischemia is impossible or impractical, it is important to bring the compounds of the invention in contact with the cells • 5 affected as soon as possible, either during or after the event. In the time period between attacks, however, the diagnosis and treatment procedures should be minimized, to save the cells from additional damage and death. Therefore, one way particularly convenient administration with a patient When diagnosed with multiple acute vascular attacks, it is by implantation of a subdural pump to administer the compound (s) of the invention directly to the area of infarction of the brain. Even if it is comatose, it is expected that the patient will recover more quickly than he would without this treatment. In addition, in any conscious state of the patient, any residual neurological symptoms are expected, as well as the ^ fc recurrence of the attack, will be reduced. As for the patients who were diagnosed with other acute disorders believed to be related to PPAR activity, such as diabetes, arthritis and Crohn's disease, the compound of the invention should also be administered as soon as possible. possible in a single or divided dose.

Depending on the symptoms presented by the patient and the degree of response to the initial administration of the compound of the invention, the patient may additionally receive additional doses of the same or different compounds of the invention, by one of the following routes: parenterally, such as by injection or by intravenous administration; orally, such as by capsules or tablets; by implantation of a biocompatible, biodegradable polymer matrix release system comprising the compound; or through direct administration • to the infarct area by inserting a subdural pump or a central line. It is expected that the treatment will alleviate the disorder, either in part or in its entirety and that few additional occurrences of the disorder will develop.

It is also expected that the patient will suffer less residual symptoms. Where a patient is diagnosed with an acute disorder before the availability of the compounds of the • invention, the patient's condition may deteriorate due to acute disorder and become a chronic disorder by the time compounds are available. Even when a patient receives a compound of formula I for chronic disorder, it is also expected that the patient's condition will stabilize and will in fact improve as a result of having received the compound. The compounds of the present invention can also be used to prevent disorders, by prophylactic administration of the compounds of the present invention.

• EXAMPLES The following examples are illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the invention and should not be considered as limitations to the present invention. All the molecular weights of the polymers are molecular weights intermediate average. All percentages are based on the • Weight percentage of the final release system of the formulation that was prepared, unless otherwise indicated, and all totals are equal to 100 weight percent. 15 Example 1: Preparation of 5-carbamoylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid A mixture of m-cyanoaniline (1.0 grams, 8.46 mmol) and diethylethoxylene malonate (1.97 grams, 9.13 mmol) was stirred at 100-110 ° C for one hour, to form a solution homogeneous. The solution was cooled to room temperature, and pale yellowish crystals formed. The crystals were collected and washed with hexane, yielding 2.33 grams (100 percent yield) of ethyl-β-carbetoxy-β- (m-cyanoanilino) acrylate (1), melting point 109-111 ° C.

The acrylate ester (1) was added through the top of an air condenser, in portions to boiling diphenyl ether (10 milliliters). After a few minutes of addition, crystals formed. The resulting mixture was heated to the same temperature for 30 minutes. minutes and then cooled to room temperature. The crystals were collected and washed with hexane, to give 1.79 grams of the regioisomer (2) esters (yield of 89.5 percent), melting point 305-307 ° C (dec.). The esters were suspended (2) (1.79 grams, 7.39 • 5 mmol) in 10 percent NaOH (15 milliliters), and the mixture was heated at reflux for one hour and cooled. Fade charcoal (1.0 gram) was added, and the mixture was heated to reflux for an additional 10 minutes. The solid was removed, and the filtrate was acidified to a pH of 5 with 10% HCl. cent. A precipitate was collected in cream, washed with water and hexane, and dried to give the isomer mixtures • acid (3), 1.63 grams (100 percent yield), melting point > 320 °. Acids (3) (0.5 grams, 2.33 mmol) were added to the heated polyphosphoric acid (PPA) (2.2 grams) in portions over a period of about 8 minutes with agitation at 255-265 ° C. The mixture was heated at the same temperature for 20 minutes, cooled to room temperature, and then poured into ice water. A precipitate formed undesirable, 0.259 grams of 7-aminocarbonyl-4-hydroxyisoquinoline, was collected and washed with water (yield of 59.1 percent). The remaining aqueous solution was adjusted to a pH of 5-6 with a solution of NaHCO 3 to precipitate 138 milligrams of 4-hydroxyquinoline-5-carbo-25 xamide (4) (yield of 31.5 percent) melting point • ~ - • «- > 250 ° C. Compound (4) (1.0 gram, 5.88 mmol) was suspended in POC13, and the resulting mixture was heated to a temperature of 130 ° C (bath temperature). After 10 minutes, the • 5 suspension became a dark solution, and the gases were vigorously released. After one hour and forty-five minutes, the reaction was complete, and was shown by thin layer chromatography. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, poured into water with The ice was made and basified with 10 percent NaOH to a pH of 9. A purple precipitate formed and dissolved in MeOH and • decolorized with activated carbon. The solid was removed and the remaining filtrate was evaporated under vacuum to yield 300 milligrams (25 percent yield) of a powder white crystalline, 4-hydroxyquinoline-5-carboxamide (5), melting point 205-207 ° C. N -Butyllithium (3.88 mmol) was added slowly in hexane to a solution of 4-hydroxyquinoline-5-carboxamide (5) (400 milligrams, 1.94 mmol) in THF (10 milliliters) at a • 20 temperature of -78 ° C. Then, dry C02 gas was bubbled into the mixture for 15 minutes at -78 ° C. A solution of NHC1 (20 milliliters) was also added. The mixture was warmed to room temperature, concentrated, and the remaining residue was dissolved in a saturated Na 2 CO 3 solution. HE washed the resulting aqueous solution with ether and then acidified to a pH of 6 with IN of HCl to yield 124 milligrams of the product compound (6) as a solid. • Example 2: Approximate IC 50 Data for Selected Compounds 5 The IC 50 was determined with respect to the inhibition of PPAR for different compounds by a PPAR assay, using purified recombinant human PPAR from Trevigen (Gaithersburg, MD), as follows: trial of the PPAR enzyme on ice in a volume of 100 microliters consisting of 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 1 mM MgCl2, 28 mM KCl, 28 mM NaCl, 0.1 milligrams / milliliter of herring sperm DNA (activated as a reserve 1 milligram / milliliter) for 10 minutes in a hydrogen peroxide solution to 0.15 percent), 3.0 micromolar adenine dinucleotide of [3H] nicotinamide (470 mci / mmol), 7 micrograms / milliliter PPAR enzyme, and different • concentrations of the compounds to be tested. The reaction was started by incubating the mixture at 25 ° C.

After 15 minutes of incubation, the reaction was terminated by adding 500 microliters of ice cold 20% (w / v) trichloroacetic acid. The precipitate that formed was transferred onto a glass fiber filter (Packard Unifilter-GF / B) and washed three times with ethanol. After After the filter was dried, the radioactivity was determined by scintillation counting. Using the PPAR assay described above, approximate IC50 values were obtained • for the following compounds: F F Similar IC50 values were obtained for the carboxamide compounds of the invention. • 5 Example 3: Neuroprotective effect of DPQ on Focal Brain Ischemia in Rats Focal cerebral ischemia was produced by cauterization of the right distal MCA (middle cerebral artery) with an occlusion of the common carotid artery temporary bilateral male Long-Evans rats, for 90 minutes. All the procedures that were performed in the "^" '"' -." "| ~ | r, | M" animals were approved by the University of Animal Institutional Care and the Uses Committee of the University of Pennsylvania.In this study a total of 42 rats were used ( weights: 230-340 grams) obtained with Charles River 5 Animals fasted overnight with free access to water, before the surgical procedure Two hours before the occlusion of the MCA, variable amounts were dissolved (control, n = 14, 5 milligrams / kilogram, n = 7, 10 milligrams / kilogram, n = 7, 20 milligrams / kilogram, n = 7; and 40 milligrams / kilogram, n = 7) i ^ m of the non-carboxamide compound, 3,4-dihydro-5- [4- (1-piperidinyl) -butoxy] -1 (2H) -isoquinolinone (" DPQ "), in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) using a sonograph. A volume of 1. 28 milliliters / kilogram of the solution that resulted from intraperitoneally, in fourteen rats. The rats were then anesthetized with halothane (4 percent for induction and 0.8 percent to 1.2 percent for the surgical procedure), in an oxide mixture. ^ nitrous at 70 percent and oxygen at 30 percent. HE monitored body temperature by means of a rectal probe which is regulated by a homeothermic blanket control unit (Harvard Apparatus Limited, Kent, U.K.). A catheter was placed inside the tail artery, and blood pressure was continuously monitored and recorded in a Grass polygraph recorder (Model 7D, Grass Instruments, Quincy, Massachusetts). Blood samples were also taken from the tail artery catheter and measured with a blood gas analyzer (ABL 30, Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark). Blood samples were obtained 30 minutes after the occlusion. The head was placed in a stereotaxic frame, and a right parietal incision was made between the right lateral canthus and the external auditory meatus. Using a dental drill constantly cooled with saline solution, a 3-millimeter drill hole was prepared on the cortex, which supplied the right MCA, 4 millimeters lateral to the sagittal suture and 5 millimeters caudal to the coronal suture. The hard mother and a thin layer of internal bone were stored, taking care to place the probe over an area of tissue devoid of large blood vessels. The flow probe (tip diameter of 1 millimeter, fiber gap of 0.25 millimeters) was lowered to the bottom of the cranial drill hole, using a micromanipulator. The probe was maintained stationary by a probe holder secured to the skull with dental cement. The microvascular blood flow in the right parietal cortex was continuously monitored with a Doppler current meter (Flolab, Moor, Devon, U.K., and Periflux 4001, Perimed, Stockholm, Sweden). Focal cerebral ischemia was produced by cauterization of the distal portion of the right MCA with occlusion of the bilateral temporal common carotid artery (CCA), using the procedure of Chen et al. f "A Model of Focal Ischemic Stroke in the Rat: Reproducible 5 Extensive Cortical Infarction", Stroke 17: 738-43 (1986) and / or Liu et al., "Polyethylene Glycol-Conjugated Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase Reduce Ischemic Brain Injury", Am. J. Physiol. 256: H589-93 (1989), both incorporated herein by reference. Specifically, the bilateral CCA 's were isolated, and á - K the turns that were made from the polyethylene catheter (PE - 10) were carefully passed around the CCA' s for the posterior remote occlusion. The incision that was previously made for the placement of the Doppler laser probe to allow observation of the rostral end of the zygomatic arch at the fusion point, using a dental bur, and the dura superimposed on the MCA was cut. The distal MCA was raised to its junction with the inferior cerebral vein by a stainless steel hook. was attached to a micromanipulator and, after the occlusion of the bilateral CCA, the MCA was cauterized with an electocoagulator. The drill hole was covered with a small piece of Gelform, and the wound was sutured to keep the brain temperature within a range of normal to almost normal.

After 90 minutes of occlusion, the carotid spins were released, the arterial catheter was removed from the tail, and all wounds were sutured. Gentamicin sulfate was applied topically to the wounds to prevent infection. The anesthetic was discontinued, and the animal was returned to its cage after it had awakened. Food and water were allowed without limits. Two hours after the occlusion of the MCA the animals were given equal doses of the PPAR inhibitor, as in the previous treatment. Twenty-four hours after the MPA occlusion, the rats were sacrificed with an intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (150 milligrams / kilogram). The skull was carefully removed from the skull and chilled in artificial ice-cold CSF for five minutes. The cooled brain was then sectioned in the coronal plane at 2 millimeter intervals, using a rodent brain matrix (RBM-4000C, ASI Instruments, Warren, Michigan). The brain slices were incubated in phosphate pH regulated saline, containing 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) at 2 percent at 37 ° C for 10 minutes. Color photographs were taken of the back surface of the stained slices and used to determine the damaged area at each transverse level, using a computer-based image analyzer (NIH Image 1.59). To avoid artefacts due to edema, the damaged area was calculated by subtracting the area of normal tissue in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the apoplexy of the area of the hemisphere contralateral to the attack, using the method of Swanson et al., "A Semiautomated Method for • 5 Measuring Brain Infarct Volume, "J. Cereb Blood Flow Metabol., 10: 290-93 (1990), the description of which is incorporated herein by reference." The total volume of the infarct was calculated by the sum of the damaged volume of the The brain slices 10 The cauterization of the distal portion of the right MCA with the occlusion of the bilateral temporal CCA produced • a well-known cortical infarction in the right MCA territory of each test animal. There was an apparent uniformity in the distribution of the damaged area, as measured by staining the TTC in each group, as shown in Figure 1. In Figure 1, the distribution of the transverse infarction area at the representative levels was measured throughout ^ m of the rostrocaudal axis, from the interaural line in the untreated animals and animals treated with 10 milligrams / kilogram of 3,4-dihydro-5- [4- (1-piperidinyl) -butoxy] -1 (2H) -isoquinolinone. The area of damage was expressed as the standard deviation + mean. Significant differences were indicated between the group treated with 10 milligrams / kilogram and the control group (* p <0.02, ** p <0.01, ** p <0.001). The curves of 5 milligrams / kilogram and 20 milligrams / kilogram fell approximately in half between the control curves and that of 10 milligrams / kilogram, while the curve of 40 milligrams / kilogram was close • 5 of the control. The curves of 5, 20 and 40 milligrams / kilogram were omitted, for reasons of clarity. The PPAR inhibitor led to a significant decrease in the damaged volume in the group that was treated with 5 milligrams / kilogram (106.7 ± 23.2 mm3, p <0.001), the group treated with 10 milligrams / kilogram (76.4 ± 16.8 mm3, p <0.001), and the group treated with 20 milligrams / • kilogram (110.2 ± 42.0 mm3, p <0.01), compared to the control group (165.2 ± 34.0 mm3). The data were expressed as the standard deviation ± mean. The importance of Differences between groups were determined using a variation analysis (ANOVA), followed by a student's t-test for individual comparisons. There was no significant difference between the control group and the group treated with 40 milligrams / kilogram • 20 (136.6 ± 44.8 mm3). However, there were significant differences between the group treated with 5 milligrams / kilogram and the group treated with 10 milligrams / kilogram (p <0.02), and between the group treated with 10 milligrams / kilogram and the group that was treated with 40 milligrams / kilogram (p <0.01), as shown in Figure 2.

In Figure 2, the effect of the intraperitoneal administration of 3,4-dihydro-5- [4- (1-pi-peridinyl) -butoxy] -1 (2H) -isoquinolinone on the volume of the heart attack. Infarct volumes were expressed as the standard deviation ± mean. Significant differences were indicated between the treated groups and the control group (* p < 0.01, ** p < 0.001). It is not clear why a high dose of the PPAR inhibitor, 3,4-dihydro-5- [4- (1-piperidinyl) -butoxy] -1 (2H) -isoquinolinone, is less neuroprotective. The U-shaped curve of dose response can suggest the dual effects of the compound. However, in general, in vivo administration of the inhibitor led to a substantial reduction in infarct volume in the focal cerebral ischemia model in the rat. This result indicates that the activation of PPAR plays an important role in the pathogenesis of brain damage in cerebral ischemia. The values of the arterial blood gases (Pa02, PaC02, and pH) were within the physiological range in the control groups and those that were treated, without significant differences in these parameters among the five groups, as shown in Table 2 A MABP of "uniform state" was taken after the completion of the surgical preparation, just before the occlusion; A MABP of "ischemia" was taken as the average MABP during occlusion.

See Table III below: TABLE III • * = Significantly different from the value of the state • uniform, p < 0.05. ** = Significantly different from the value of the uniform state, p < 0.01.

There were no significant differences in any of the physiological parameters, including the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), before the occlusion of the MCA and the CCA, among the five groups. Although the MABP was • significantly elevated after occlusion in all In the five groups, there were no significant differences in the MABP during the period of occlusion between the groups. Because blood flow values obtained from laser Doppler in arbitrary units, only percentage changes were reported from baseline (before occlusion). The occlusion of the right MCA and the bilateral CCA produced a significant decrease in the relative blood flow in the right parietal cortex at 20.8 ± 7.7 percent of the baseline in the control group (n = 5), 18.7 ± 7.4 percent in the group treated with 5 milligrams / kilogram (n = 7), 21.4 ± 7.7 percent in the group treated with 10 milligrams / kilogram (n = 7) and 19.3 ± 11.2 percent in the group treated with 40 milligrams / kilogram (n = 7). There were no significant differences in the blood flow response to the occlusion, between the four groups. In addition, blood flow did not show significant changes throughout the entire occlusion period, in any of the groups. After the release of carotid occlusions, a good recovery of blood flow (sometimes hyperemia) was observed in the territory of the Right MCA of all animals. The reperfusion of the ischemic tissue resulted in the formation of NO and peroxynitrite, as well as free radicals derived from oxygen. It has been shown that all these radicals cause the DNA chain to break and that PPAR is activated. This example provided evidence that the related compounds of the present invention are effective in inhibiting the activity of PPAR.

Example 4: Assay for Neuroprotective Effects on Focal Brain Ischemia in Rats Focal cerebral ischemia experiments were performed using male Wistar rats weighing 250-5 300 grams, which were anesthetized with 4 percent halothane. Halothane anesthesia was maintained at 1.0-1.5 percent until the end of surgery. The animals were installed in a warm environment to avoid a decrease in body temperature during surgery. HE made a cervical incision of the anterior midline. HE ^ exposed the right common carotid artery (CCA) and was isolated from the vagus nerve. A silk suture was placed around the CCA in proximity to the heart. The external carotid artery (ECA) was then exposed and ligated with a silk suture. HE punctured the CCA and a small catheter was carefully advanced (PE 10, Ulrich &Co., St-Gallen, Switzerland) to the lumen of the internal carotid artery (ICA). The pterygopalatine artery was not occluded. The catheter was attached in place with a silk suture. Afterwards, a suture of 4-0 nylon (Braun Medical, Crissier, Switzerland) within the lumen of the catheter and pushed until the tip collided with the anterior cerebral artery. The length of the catheter within the ICA is approximately 19 millimeters from the origin of the RCT. The suture was kept in this position by occlusion of the catheter with heat. One centimeter of the catheter and the nylon suture are left protruding, so that the suture can be removed to allow perfusion. The incision of the skin is then closed with wound staples. • 5 The animals were kept in a warm environment during the recovery from anesthesia. Two hours later, the animals are re-anesthetized, the staples are discarded, and the wound is reopened. The catheter is cut, and the suture is pulled out. Then it clogs again the catheter by heat, and the staples are placed over the wound. The animals are allowed to survive for 24 hours with free access to food and water. The rats were then sacrificed with C02 and decapitated. The brains are immediately removed, frozen on dry ice and were stored at -80 ° C. The brains were then cut into sections 0.02 millimeters thick in a cryocut at -19 ° C, selecting one out of every 20 sections for further examination. The selected sections were stained with cresyl violet, in accordance with the procedure of • 20 Nissl. Each stained section was examined under a light microscope, and the area of regional infarction was determined in accordance with the presence of cells with morphological changes. In this model, different doses of the compounds of the invention. The compounds were administered either in a single dose or in a series of multiple doses, i.p., or i.v., at different times, before and after the establishment of ischemia. It was found that the compounds of the invention provide protection of the • 5 ischemia in the range of approximately 20 to 80 percent.

Example 5: Effects on Heart Ischemia / Reperfusion Damage in Rats Female Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, each weighing approximately 300-350 grams, with ketamine ^ - intraperitoneal at a dose of 150 milligrams / kilogram. The rats were intubated endotracheally and ventilated with ambient air enriched with oxygen, using a Harvard rodent ventilator. Catheters were used polyethylene inserted into the carotid artery and the femoral vein for monitoring blood pressure of the artery and fluid administration, respectively. The arterial pC02 was maintained between 35 and 45 millimeters Hg per average Fc of adjusting the speed of the respirator. The breasts of the rats by median sternotomy, an incision was made in the pericardium, and the hearts were protected with a tent of latex membrane. Hemodynamic data were obtained in the baseline after at least a stabilization period of 15 minutes, after the termination of the surgical operation. The artery was ligated coronary artery LAD (left anterior descending) for 40 minutes, and then scattered again for 120 minutes. After reperfusion of 120 minutes, the LAD artery was occluded again, and a 0.1 milliliter bolus was injected. • 5 monastral blue ink inside the left atrium, to determine the region of ischemic risk. The hearts were then stopped with potassium chloride and cut into transverse slices 2-3 millimeters thick. Each slice was weighed and incubated in a solution of trimethyltetrazolium chloride at 1 percent, to visualize the infarcted myocardium that is located within the region of risk. The infarct size was calculated by adding the values for each left ventricular slice and was additionally expressed as a fraction of the risk region of the left ventricle. In this model several doses of the compounds of the invention were tested. The compounds are given either in a single dose or in a series of multiple doses, i.p. or 0 i.v., at different times, both before and after the establishment of ischemia. It was found that the compounds of the invention had damage protection against ischemia / reperfusion, in the range of 10 to 40 percent. Therefore, they protect against the degeneration induced by the ischemia of rat hippocampal neurons in vitro. 25 Example 6: Protection against Retinal Ischemia A patient who has just been diagnosed with acute retinal ischemia is immediately administered parenterally, either by administration • Intermittent or continuous IV, a compound of Formula I, either as a single dose or as a series of divided doses of the compound. After this initial treatment, and depending on the neurological symptoms that the patient presents, he / she can optionally receive the itself or a different compound of the invention in the form of another parenteral dose. The inventors hope that a • significant prevention of nerve tissue damage will result and that the neurological symptoms of the patient will decrease considerably due to the administration of the compound, leaving few residual neurological effects after stroke. In addition, it is expected that the recurrence of retinal ischemia will be avoided or reduced.

Example 7: Treatment of Retinal Ischemia 20 A patient has just been diagnosed with acute retinal ischemia. Immediately, a doctor or nurse administers a compound of Formula I parenterally, either as a single dose or as a series of divided doses. The patient also receives the same or a different PARP inhibitor by intermittent or continuous administration by implantation of a biocompatible, biodegradable polymeric matrix delivery system comprising a compound of Formula I, or by means of a pump subdural that is inserted to administer the compound directly to the infarct area of the brain. The inventors expect that the patient will wake up from coma more quickly than if the compound of the invention had not been administered. The treatment is also expected to reduce the severity of the patient's residual neurological symptoms. In addition, the recurrence of retinal ischemia is expected to be reduced.

Example 8: Protection Against Vascular Stroke A patient who has just been diagnosed with acute vascular apoplexy is immediately administered parenterally, either by intermittent or continuous intravenous administration, a compound of Formula I, either as a single dose or as a series of divided doses of the compound. After the initial treatment, and depending on the neurological symptoms present by the patient, he may optionally receive the same or a different compound of the invention in the form of another parenteral dose. The inventors expect that a significant prevention of nerve tissue damage will result and that the neurological symptoms of the patient will decrease considerably due to the administration of the compound, leaving few residual neurological effects after the stroke. In addition, it is expected that the recurrence of retinal ischemia will be avoided or reduced.

Example 9: Treatment of Vascular Stroke A patient has just been diagnosed with multiple acute vascular attacks, and is comatose. Immediately, a doctor or nurse administers a compound of Formula I parenterally, either as a single dose or as a series of divided doses. Due to the comatose state of the patient, he also receives the same or an inhibitor of Different PPAR by intermittent or continuous administration by means of the implantation of a biocompatible, biodegradable polymeric matrix delivery system comprising a compound of Formula I, or by means of a subdural pump which is inserted to deliver the compound directly to the area of brain infarction. The inventors expect that the patient will wake up from coma more quickly than if the compound of the invention had not been administered. The treatment is also expected to reduce the severity of the patient's residual neurological symptoms. In addition, the recurrence of stroke is expected to be reduced. _iaaÉt¿i_te_tá __.- »jf. .. Ji-Sst. * »*! JJaéSg "- ... t j. &?; -r j.

Example 10: Prevention of Damage by Cardiac Reperfusion A patient with life-threatening cardiomyopathy was diagnosed and requires a heart transplant. Until a donor of the heart is found, • 5 maintains the patient with Extra Corpuscle Oxygenation Monitoring (ECMO). A donor of the heart was then located, and the patient underwent a surgical transplant procedure, during which the patient was placed in a heart-lung pump. The patient received a compound of E- the intracardiac invention in a specified period of time, before re-routing its circulation from the heart-lung pump to its new heart, thus avoiding the customary reperfusion cardiac lesions that the new heart starts beating independently of the heart-lung pump.

Example 11: Septic Shock Test 20 A test compound, 1-carboxynaphthalene-1-carboxamide, was administered to groups of 10 male C57 / BL mice weighing 18 to 20 grams, at doses of 60, 20, 6 and 2 milligrams / kilogram, daily, by intraperitoneal injection (IP) for three consecutive days. First each animal was tested with lipopolysaccharides (LPS, from E. Coli, LDioo of 20 milligrams / animal IV) plus galactosamine (20 milligrams / animal IV). The first dose of the test compound in a suitable vehicle was given 30 minutes after the test, and the second and third doses were given 24 hours • 5 later on day 2 and day 3, respectively, receiving the second and third doses of the test compound only the animals that survived. Mortality was recorded every 12 hours after the test during the three-day trial period. 1-carboxy-naphthalene-l-carboxamide provided protection against mortality from septic shock of approximately 40 percent. Based on these • Results, the other compounds of the invention are expected to provide protection against mortality exceeding approximately 35 percent. Example 12: In Vitro Radiosensitization The cell line, PC-3s, of human prostate cancer was plated in 6-well dishes and cultured in monolayer cultures in RPM1640, supplemented with FCS at 10. percent. The cells were maintained at 37 ° C in 5 percent C02 and 95 percent air. The cells were exposed to a dose response (0.1 mM to 0.1 μM) of 3 different PPAR inhibitors of the Formula I described herein, before irradiation at a dose level subletal. For all treatment groups, they were exposed the plates of six cavities at room temperature in a Seifert 250kV / 15mA irradiator with 0.5 mm Cu / 1 mm. S4 examined the vlity of the cells by 0.4 percent trypan blue exclusion. The visual value was assessed exclusion by ink by microscopy and the number of cells was calculated by subtracting the number of cells from the number of ve cells and dividing by the total number of cells. Cell proliferation rates were calculated by the amount of 3 H-thymidine incorporation after radiation. The inhibitors of PPAR showed flp a radiosensitization of the cells.

Example 13: In Vivo Radiosensitization Before undergoing radiation therapy for In treating cancer, a patient was administered an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. The compound or pharmaceutical composition acted as a radiosensitizer and made the tumor more susceptible to radiation therapy. Example 14: Measurement of Expression of Altered Gene in Senile mRNA Cells Human fibroblast BJ cells were plated, in Population Duplication (PDL) 94, in a regular culture medium and then changed to a lower serum medium. to reflect the physiological conditions described in Linskens et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 16: 3244-32351 (1995). A DMEM / 199 medium supplemented with 0.5 percent bovine calf serum was used. The cells were treated daily for 13 days with the PPAR inhibitor of Formula I, as described herein. The control cells were treated with or without the solvent that was used to administer the PPAR inhibitor. Old and young control cells that were not treated for comparison were tested. RNA was prepared from the treated and control cells, in accordance with the techniques described in PCT Publication Number 96/13610, and Northern spotting was conducted. The specific probes for the genes related to senescence were analyzed and treated, and the control cells were compared. By analyzing the results, the lowest level of gene expression was arbitrarily set to 1, to provide a basis for comparison. Three genes that were particularly relevant for age-related skin tests were collagen, collagenase and elastin. West, Arch. Derm. 130: 87-95 (1994). The elastin expression of the cells that were treated with the PPAR inhibitor of Formula I was significantly increased compared to the control cells. The expression of elastin is significantly higher in young cells, compared to senile cells, and therefore treatment with the PPAR inhibitor of Formula I caused the levels of expression of elastin in senile cells to change at levels similar to those • 5 found in much younger cells. Likewise, a beneficial effect on the expression of collagenase and collagen was seen with the treatment with the PPAR inhibitors of Formula I.

Example 15: Measurement of Gene Expression Protein f) Altered in Senile Cells Approximately 105 BJ cells, in PDL 95-100, were plated and cultured in 15-centimeter dishes. The culture medium was DMEM / 199 supplemented with serum from bovine calf at 10 percent. The cells were treated daily for 24 hours with the PPAR inhibitors of Formula I (100 μg / 1 milliliter of medium). Cells were washed with phosphate buffered solution (PBS), then waterproofed with 4 percent paraformaldehyde for 5 minutes, then washed with PBS, and treated with 100 percent cold methanol for 10 minutes. The methanol was removed and the cells were washed with PBS, and then treated with 10 percent serum to block non-specific antibody binding. Added Approximately 1 milliliter of the appropriate commercially available antibody solutions (1: 500 dilution, Vector) was added to the cells and the mixture was incubated for 1 hour. They were rinsed and the cells were washed three times with PBS. A secondary antibody, the goat anti-mouse IgG, was added • 5 (1 milliliter) with a biotin label, together with 1 milliliter of a solution containing streptavidin conjugated with alkaline phosphatase and 1 milliliter of NBT reagent (Vector). Cells were washed and changes in gene expression were noted colorimetrically. HE monitored four specific genes of senescence fl) collagen I, collagen III, collagenase, and interferon gamma - in senile cells that were treated with the PPAR inhibitor of Formula I, and the results showed a decrease in interferon expression range without any change that could observe in the expression levels of the other three genes, demonstrating that PPAR inhibitors of Formula I can alter the expression of senescence-specific genes. • 20 Example 16: Extension or Increase of the Proliferative Capacity and Maximum Life of the Cells To demonstrate the effectiveness of the present method to extend the proliferative capacity and the maximum duration of life of the cells, cell lines were thawed human fibroblast (either W138 in Population Duplication (PDL) 23 or BJ cells in PDL 71) and plated in T75 flasks and allowed to grow in normal medium (DMEM / M199 plus 10 percent bovine calf serum) during • 5 approximately one week, at which time the cells were confluent, and the cultures were ready therefore to be subdivided. At the time of subdivision, the medium was aspirated, and the cells were rinsed with phosphate-buffered serum (PBS) and then subjected to trypsin. The cells were counted with a Coulter counter and fl) plated at a density of 10 5 cells per square centimeter in 6-well tissue culture plates in DMEM / 199 medium supplemented with 10 percent bovine calf serum and varying amounts (0.10 μM, and 1 mM: a from a 100X backup solution in the middle of DMEM / M199) of a PPAR inhibitor of Formula I, as described herein. This process was repeated every 7 days until it seemed that the cells stopped dividing. The untreated (control) cells reached senescence and stopped dividing after approximately 40 days in the crop. It seems that the treatment of the cells with 10 μM 3-AB had little or no effect, in contrast to the treatment with 100 μM 3-AB, which seems to extend the maximum duration of life of the cells and the treatment with 1 mM 3-AB, which dramatically increases the duration .-- sSa-te. »- A, -a. -. - i- ----. -i--. - < g¡aa - &-y. -... maximum life and the proliferative capacity of cells. Cells that were treated with 1 mM 3-AB were still divided after 60 days in the culture.

Example 17: Neuroprotective Effects of Formula I on Chronic Constriction Injuries in Rats Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, 300-350 grams with 50 milligrams / kilogram of intraperitoneal sodium pentobarbital. Ligation of the nerve was performed by exposing one side of the sciatic nerves of the rat and by dissecting a nerve segment 5-7 millimeters in length and closing with four loose ligatures at 1.0-1.5 millimeters, followed by the implantation of an intrathecal catheter and the insertion of a polyethylene tube (PE-10) washed with gentamicin sulfate into the subarachnoid space, through an incision in the cistern. The caudal end of the catheter was gently threaded to the lumbar extension and the rostral end, and a screw screwed into the skull was secured with dental cement and the wound closed with wound staples. The thermal hyperalgesia was assessed to radiant heat by using a paw removal test. The rat was placed in a plastic cylinder on a 3-millimeter thick glass plate with a radiant heat source from a projection bulb, directly under the plantar surface of the rat's hind paw. Paw removal latency was defined as the time elapsed since placement of heat stimulation • 5 radiant until the removal of the hind leg of the rat. Mechanical hyperalgesia was assessed by placing the rat in a cage with a button that was made of perforated metal sheet with several small square holes. The length of leg removal 10 was recorded after chopping the medial plantar surface of the leg (back) of the rat with the tip of a latch that was inserted through the lower part of the cage. evaluated by placing the rat in a cage similar to that of the previous test, and applying von Frey filaments in ascending order of flexural strength that ranged from 0.07 to 76 grams to the average plantar surface of the hind paw of the rat. A von Frey filament was applied perpendicular to the skin and pressed slowly until it flexed. HE defined a response threshold force, as the first filament in the series that evoked at least one clear leg removal, of the applications. Dark neurons were observed bilaterally within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, particularly in Slides I-II, of the rats 8 days after the ligation of the unilateral sciatic nerve, in comparison with the fake rats that were operated on. In this model, several doses of compounds different from (Formula I) were tested and showed that the compounds of Formula I 5 reduce both the incidence of dark neurons and the behavior of neuropathic pain in CCI rats. It will be obvious that it can be varied in many ways, these variations should not be considered as a departure from the spirit and the scope of the invention, and it is intended that all these • Modifications are included within the scope of the following claims. •

Claims (168)

1. CLAIMS 1. A compound of the formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof; where: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing ^ r ^ tj. fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatoms therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least one alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-ether halo substituent.; X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and he himself is either unsubstituted or 10 substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl group, or # cycloalkenyl; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or 15-cycloalkenyl; R2, R3, R4 and Rs are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1- • imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a The fraction selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, Sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl; with the proviso that, when Y is a carbocyclic, fused 6-membered aromatic ring, and Ri, R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. • The compound of claim 1, wherein Y has at least one unsaturation site. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein said compound has the formula II: II 15 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof; where A and B are independently carbon or Nitrogen and are optionally and independently unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl or aryl group; with the proviso that at least one of A and B is nitrogen. 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y represents the atoms necessary to form a ring - - - • ** ^ fe- - - ~ «* - carbocyclic p of 5 to 6 members. 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein Y is aromatic. ^ S 6. The compound of claim 4, wherein Y 5 represents the atoms necessary to form a fused benzene ring. 7. The compound of claim 4, wherein Y is non-aromatic. 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y represents the atoms necessary to form a ring containing 0, 5 to 6 members. 9. The compound of claim 8, wherein Y is aromatic. The compound of claim 8, wherein Y 15 is non-aromatic. 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has a core of an isoquinoline, a quinoline, a naphthalene, a phenanthridine, a phthalazine, a fl-phthalhydrazide, or a quinazoline. 12. The compound of claim 11, wherein the compound has a core of an isoquinoline, a quinoline, or a naphthalene. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of II III 25 10 • 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has an IC50 of 100 μM or less to inhibit poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in vitro. 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein The compound has an IC50 of 25 μM or less to inhibit poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in vitro. 16. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of the • formula I: 25 -HÉüt-lli-l-il or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvattí, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof; wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatom therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo substituent; X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of 0 and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or • cycloalkenyl, and itself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R2 > R3, R4 and Rs are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-10 imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a • fraction selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, Azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl; with the proviso that, when Y is an aromatic ring • carbocyclic, fused of 6 members, and Ri, R2, R3 and R are 20 each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. The composition of claim 16, wherein Y has at least one unsaturation site. 18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, wherein the compound has the formula II: 25 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof; wherein: A and B are independently carbon or nitrogen and are f) optionally and independently unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl or aryl group; with the proviso that at least one of A and B is 15 nitrogen. 19. The composition of claim 16, wherein Y represents the atoms necessary to form a fused benzene ring. 20. The composition of claim 16, in Wherein the compound has a nucleus of an isoquinoline, a quinoline, a naphthalene, a phenanthridine, a phthalazine, a phthalhydrazide, or a quinazoline. The composition of claim 20, wherein the compound has a core of an isoquinoline, a quinoline, or a naphthalene. I - ^ -.- M -.- M - i - .. i -.-. I.M- > -M-M 22. The composition of claim 16, wherein Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic ring of 5 to 6 members. • The composition of claim 22, wherein Y is aromatic. The composition of claim 22 wherein Y is non-aromatic. 25. The composition of claim 16, wherein Y represents the atoms necessary to form a 10 heterocyclic ring containing N, from 5 to 6 members. 26. The composition of claim 25, wherein Y is aromatic. The composition of claim 25, wherein Y is non-aromatic. 28. The composition of claim 16, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX 29. The composition of claim 16, wherein the compound has an IC50 of 100 μM or less to inhibit poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in vitro. The composition of claim 16, wherein the agent has an IC50 of 25 μM or less to inhibit poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in vitro. The composition of claim 16, wherein the composition is administered as a sterile solution, suspension or emulsion, in a single or divided dose. 32. The composition of claim 16, wherein the composition is administered as a solid implant, capable of delivering the compound for a prolonged period of time. The composition of claim 16, wherein the composition is administered as a capsule or tablet containing a single or divided dose of said compound. 34. The composition of claim 16, wherein the carrier comprises a biodegradable polymer. ) 35. The composition of claim 34, in 20 where the composition is a solid implant. 36. The composition of claim 34, wherein the biodegradable polymer releases the compound of the formula I over an extended period of time. 37. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, for the treatment or prevention of diseases or conditions selected from the group consisting of tissue damage that is the result of cell damage or death due to necrosis or apoptosis, damage or diseases to the tissue mediated by neurons, tissue damage • 5 neural that is the result of ischemia and reperfusion injury, neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, vascular attack, cardiovascular disorders, age-related macular degeneration, AIDS and other immune diseases due to old age, 10 arthritis, arteriosclerosis, cachexia, cancer, skeletal muscle degenerative diseases involving replication senescence, diabetes, head trauma, immune senescence, inflammatory bowel disorders, muscular dystrophy, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, chronic pain, acute pain, 15 neuropathic pain, nervous attack, peripheral nerve injury, renal failure, retinal ischemia, septic shock, and aging of the skin, diseases or disorders related to the period of life or the capacity of) proliferation of cells, and diseases or conditions from 20 diseases induced or exacerbated by cellular senescence. 38. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of the formula I: 25 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof, wherein the compound of the formula I is 10 present in an effective amount to inhibit the activity • from PPAR; and wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, in Wherein Y and any heteroatoms therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least one alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo substituent; • X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or 20 a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of 25 O and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or • cycloalkenyl, and itself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, Alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-p-peridin, or 1-imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a fraction selected from the group consisting of • alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, 20-cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl . 39. The composition of claim 38, in jaÉ-es »where, when Y is an aromatic, fused carbocyclic ring with 6 members, and Ri, R2, R3 and R4 are each • hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. 40. The composition of claim 38, wherein the compound is 41. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of the formula I: Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof, wherein the compound of the formula I is present in an amount that is effective to effect a 25 neuronal activity not mediated by NMDA toxicity; and where: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, • fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatoms therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least one alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or halo substituent interferent; X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -C00R5, or 10 a substituted fraction or. unsubstituted selected from • of the group consisting of r and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or Cycloalkenyl; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R 2, R 3, R and R 5 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a fraction selected from the group consisting of Alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, fl) cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio , thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and 15 aril. 42. The composition of claim 41, wherein, when Y is an aromatic, fused, 6-membered carbocyclic ring, and Ri, R2, R3 and R are each • hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. 43. The composition of claim 41, wherein the compound is < V COOH 25 44. The composition of claim 41, wherein the neuronal activity is selected from the group consisting of stimulation of damaged neurons, promotion j0 of neuronal regeneration, prevention of neurodegeneration, and treatment of a neurological disorder. 45. The composition of claim 44, wherein said damaged neurons are the result of cerebral ischemia or reperfusion injury. 46. The composition of claim 44, wherein the neurological disorder is selected from the • group consisting of peripheral neuropathy caused by physical injury or disease status, traumatic brain injury, physical damage to the spinal cord, stroke associated with brain damage, demyelination disease and neurological disorder related to neurodegeneration. 47. The composition of claim 46, wherein the neurological disorder related to neurodegeneration is selected from the group that • consists of Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, 20 Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 48. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of the formula I: 25 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof, wherein the compound of the formula I is 10 present in an amount that is effective in treating arthritis; and wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, in Wherein Y and any heteroatoms therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least one alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo substituent; X is in position 1 of ring Y, and is -COOR5, or • a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of 5 and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or • cycloalkenyl, and itself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; 2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, Alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a fraction selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, 20-cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl . 49. The composition of claim 48, in íj áxt- * where the compound is 50. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of the formula I: Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof, wherein the compound of the formula I is Jfc present in an amount that is effective to treat the 20 diabetes; and wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatom therein are unsubstituted 25 or are replaced independently with at least one ^^^ ^^^ | 0H ^^^ SB ^^ j substituent alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo; X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R 2, R 3, R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-p-peridin, or 1-ylazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a fraction selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, • cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl . 51. The composition of claim 50, in ^ P where, when Y is an aromatic, fused carbocyclic ring of 6 members, and Ri, R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. 52. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a 15 pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof, wherein the compound of formula I is present in an amount that is effective to treat an inflammatory bowel disorder; and wherein: • Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, 5-6 membered, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatom therein are unsubstituted or substituted independently with at least one alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl substituent 10 alkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo; • X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of • and, where R 25 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or ^ t¡¡Mm¿? JU ^ g ^^ 2 ^ g = gjg cycloalkenyl, and itself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or • 5-cycloalkenyl, and itself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R2, R3, 4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a • fraction selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo , diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl. ^ f 53. The composition of claim 52, in Where, when Y is an aromatic, fused carbocyclic ring of 6 members, and Ri, R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. 54. The composition of claim 52, wherein the compound is 55. The composition of claim 52, wherein the bowel disorder is colitis. 56. The composition of claim 52, wherein the bowel disorder is Crohn's disease. , ^^ 57. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of the formula I: • or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof, wherein the compound of formula I is present in an amount that is effective to treat a cardiovascular disorder; and where: 25 Y represents the atoms needed to form a a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatom therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least one alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl substituent , aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo; X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or • cycloalkenyl, and itself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and he himself is either unsubstituted or 25 substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R2, R3, R4 and Rs are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1- • imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a fraction selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, 10 azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, • sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl. 58. The composition of claim 57, wherein, when Y is an aromatic carbocyclic ring, 15 fused, of 6 members, and Ri, R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. 59. The composition of claim 57, wherein the compound is The composition of claim 57, wherein the cardiovascular disorder is coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, cardiogenic shock and vascular tissue damage. 61. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of formula I: or a salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof, pharmaceutically 15, wherein the compound of formula I is present in an amount that is effective to treat septic shock; and where: Y represents the atoms needed to form a • carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, Fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatoms therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least one alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or halo substituent interferent; X is in the 1 position of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and he himself is either unsubstituted or 15 substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and he himself is either unsubstituted or • substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or Cycloalkenyl; R2, R3, R4 and Rs are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a 25 fraction selected from the group consisting of Alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, flr 5 sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl. 62. The composition of claim 61, wherein, when Y is a 6-membered aromatic carbocyclic ring, and Rx, R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. 63. The composition of claim 61, in • where the compound is 64. The composition of claim 61, in • 20 where the type of septic shock is endotoxic shock. 65. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of the formula I: 25 ^ j ^^^ l ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof, wherein the compound of the formula I is 10 present in an amount that is effective to treat cancer; and wherein: • Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, in Wherein Y and any heteroatoms therein are substituted or are independently substituted with at least one alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo substituent; X is in position 1 of ring Y, and is -COOR5, or • a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of 25 < 7 & 5 'and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or • cycloalkenyl, and itself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R2, R3, R4 and Rs are independently hydrogen, Alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a fraction selected from the group consisting of • alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, 20-cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl . 66. The composition of claim 65, in Where, when Y is a 6-membered aromatic carbocyclic ring, and Ri, R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. 67. The composition of claim 65, in • where the compound is 10 68. The composition of claim 65, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of ACTH-producing tumors, acute lymphocytic leukemia, 15 acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, adrenal cortex cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer, brecancer, cervical cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, sarcoma of Ewing, • 20 gallbladder cancer, hairy cell leukemia, head and neck cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, kidney cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (small and / or small cell), malignant peritoneal effusion malignant pleural effusion, melanoma, mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, 25 neuroblma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, ovarian cancer (germ cell), prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, penile cancer, retinoblma, skin cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, squamous cell carcinomas, cancer stomach, testicular cancer, • thyroid cancer, trophoblc neoplasms, cancer of the uterus, vaginal cancer, cancer of the vulva and Wilm's tumor. 69. The composition of claim 65, wherein the carrier comprises a biodegradable polymer. 70. The composition of claim 69, in 10 where the composition is a solid implant. 71. The composition of claim 69, in • where the biodegradable polymer releases the compound of formula I over a prolonged period of time. 72. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a 15 pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of formula I: or a salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof, pharmaceutically m acceptable, wherein the compound of formula i is present in an amount q? e is effective to radiosensitize tumor cells; and where: Y represents the atoms needed to form a • carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatom therein are unsubstituted or are substituted independently with at leone alkyl, alkenyl, alkyl or alkyl substituent, cyclic 10 alkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo, X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOP.5 / c • a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of • and, where R7 25 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or ^? , > . cycloalkenyl, and itself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or • 5-cycloalkenyl, and itself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R2, R3, R and R5 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, Aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a • fraction selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, 15 cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl. 73. The composition of claim 72, in • where, when Y is an aromatic, fused, carbocyclic ring of 6 members, and Ri, R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. 74. The composition of claim 72, wherein the compound is 75. The composition of claim 72, wherein the tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of ACTH-producing tumors, leukemia 10 acute lymphocytic, acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, adrenal cortex cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, 15 Ewing's sarcoma, gallbladder cancer, hairy cell leukemia, head and neck cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, kidney cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (small and / or small cell), peritoneal effusion Emo malignant, malignant pleural effusion, melanoma, mesothelioma, 20 multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, ovarian cancer (germ cell), prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, penile cancer, retinoblastoma, skin cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, squamous cell carcinomas , stomach cancer, Testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, trophoblastic neoplasms, cancer of the uterus, vaginal cancer, cancer of the vulva and Wilm's tumor. 76. The composition of claim 72, wherein the carrier comprises a biodegradable polymer. 77. The composition of claim 76, wherein the composition is a solid implant. 78. The composition of claim 76, wherein the biodegradable polymer releases the compound of the formula I over an extended period of time. 10 79. A method to inhibit the activity of PPAR, • comprising administering a compound of formula I: or a salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, • stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof, pharmaceutically 20 acceptable; wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatom therein are unsubstituted 25 or are replaced independently with at least one . "- * &" - - £ - • • "alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo substituent; X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from • of the group consisting of 15 and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and itself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or F cycloalkenyl; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R2, R3, R and R5 are independently hydrogen, Alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, and aryl, ammo, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-ylazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a moiety selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy , benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, • 5-cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aril. 80. The method of claim 79, wherein Y has at least one unsaturation site. • 81. The method of claim 79, wherein said compound has the formula II: twenty or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof; where A and B are independently carbon or Nitrogen and are optionally and independently unsubstituted or gH & amp; S? IñÁ -i substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl or aryl group; with the proviso that at least one of A and B is nitrogen. 82. The method of claim 81, wherein, • when Y is a 6-membered aromatic carbocyclic ring, fused, and Rlf R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. 83. The method of claim 81, wherein the compound is 84. The method of claim 79, wherein Y represents the atoms necessary to form a fused benzene ring. 85. The method of claim 79, wherein said compound has a nucleus of an isoquinoline, a 20 quinoline, a naltalene, a phenanthridine, a phthalazine, a phthalhydrazide, or a quinazoline. 86. The method of claim 79, wherein the compound has a core of an isoquinoline, a quinoline, or a naphthalene. 25. The method of claim 79, wherein Y • ii Tflfl BmUTH - - - - - - - »- -« ^ - represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic ring, from 5 to 6 members. 88. The method of claim 87, wherein Y is aromatic. • 89. The method of claim 87, wherein Y is non-aromatic. 90. The method of claim 79, wherein Y represents the atoms necessary to form a heterocyclic ring containing N, from 5 to 6 members. 91. The method of claim 90, wherein Y is aromatic. 92. The method of claim 90, wherein Y is non-aromatic. 93. The compound of claim 79, wherein The compound is selected from the group consisting of V I • XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX 94. The method of claim 79, wherein, when Y is a 6-membered fused aromatic carbocyclic ring, and Rx, R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. 95. The method of claim 79, wherein the • 5 compound is 10 96. The method of claim 79, wherein the compound has an ICso of 100 μM or less to inhibit poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in vitro. 97. The method of claim 79, wherein the compound has an IC50 of 25 μM or less to inhibit poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in vitro. 98. The method of claim 79, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is in a carrier that • 20 comprises a biodegradable polymer. 99. The method of claim 98, wherein the biodegradable polymer carrier is in the form of a solid implant. 100. The method of claim 98, wherein the biodegradable polymer releases the compound of the formula I - '* tA *** 1tr1tíMt for a prolonged period of time. 101. The method of claim 79, characterized in that it also comprises treating or preventing diseases or conditions selected from the group • 5 which consists of damage to tissues that is the result of cell damage or death due to necrosis or apoptosis, damage or diseases to the tissue mediated by neurons, damage to the neural tissue that is the result of ischemia and reperfusion injury, neurological disorders and diseases 10 neurodegenerative diseases, vascular attack, cardiovascular disorders, macular degeneration related to • age, AIDS and other immune diseases due to old age, arthritis, arteriosclerosis, cachexia, cancer, skeletal muscle degenerative diseases involving senescence 15 of replication, diabetes, head trauma, immune senescence, inflammatory bowel disorders, muscular dystrophy, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, chronic pain, acute pain, neuropathic pain, nervous attack, peripheral nerve injury, renal failure, retinal ischemia, septic shock , Y • 20 aging of the skin, diseases or disorders related to the period of life or the proliferation capacity of the cells, and diseases or disease conditions induced or exacerbated by cellular senescence. 102. A method for effecting neuronal activity not mediated by NMDA toxicity in an animal, which comprises administering to said animal an effective amount of a compound of formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof; wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, in which Y and any heteroatom therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with when less an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo substituent; W, X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or 20 a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of 25 j? ^ j ^^? -U-M - ^ - ^ y, where R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and he himself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or Cycloalkenyl; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R 2, R 3, R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-ylazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a 0 fraction selected from the group consisting of Alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl , sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and 25 aril. 103. The method of claim 102, wherein when Y is a fused, 6 membered, and Rx, R2, R3 and R4 are aromatic carbocyclic ring each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. • 104. The method of claim 102, wherein the compound is • 105. The method of claim 102, wherein the neuronal activity is selected from the group consisting of stimulation of 15 damaged neurons, promotion of neuronal regeneration, prevention of neurodegeneration and treatment of a neurological disorder. 106. The method of claim 105, wherein the damaged neurons are the result of cerebral ischemia or reperfusion injury. 107. The method of claim 105, wherein the neurological disorder is selected from the group consisting of peripheral neuropathy caused by physical injury or disease state, traumatic brain injury, physical damage to the spinal cord, apoplexy associated with hurt ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ brain, demyelinating disease and neurological disorder relating to neurodegeneration. 108. The method of claim 107, wherein the neurological disorder related to neurodegeneration is • 5 selects from the group consisting of Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 109. A method for treating arthritis in an animal, comprising administering to said animal an effective amount of a compound of the formula I: or a pharmaceutically unacceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof; wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, 5-6 membered, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatom therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with when less an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl substituent . * ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ - ^^^^ | A ^^^^^ A ^^^^ alkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or halo noninterfering; X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from • of the group consisting of and, where R7 15 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; • Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or The cycloalkenyl is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R2, R3, R and Rs are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, 25 aryl, arruno, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1- -III-IIMl miá i í? m * iM ^ t ^ ^ ^ m ^^^^^ ^ t ^ imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a fraction selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl , alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, # 5 cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl. 110. The method of claim 109, wherein, when Y is a fused, aromatic carbocyclic ring of 6. • members, and R1 R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. 111. The method of claim 109, wherein the compound is 112. A method for treating diabetes in an animal, comprising administering to the animal an effective amount of a compound of formula I: 25 -ál ^ ^ Í-----£ £ £???????????????? ft ft ft ft ft ft ft? ft????????????????????????????????? or a salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof, pharmaceutically • acceptable; wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, 5-6 membered, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatom therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with when less a Alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo substituent; • X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of 25 U.sub.2 -t-Ui - ^ - a -ÜÜ-U-IMMÍI-M Ül - ^ - ^ í- 5 and, where R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and he himself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or • cycloalkenyl, and itself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R2, R3, 4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, Alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a fraction selected from the group consisting of • alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, 20-cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl . 113. The method of claim 112, wherein, when Y is a 6-membered aromatic carbocyclic ring, fused, and R1 R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. • 114. The method of claim 112, wherein the compound is 10 • 115. A method for treating an inflammatory bowel disorder in an animal, comprising administering to said animal an effective amount of a compound of formula I: Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof; where: Y represents the atoms needed to form a A carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, 5-6 membered, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatom therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least one? alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cyclo-5 alkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo substituent; X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or • cycloalkenyl, and he himself is either unsubstituted or 20 substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; ^ ¡¡^^^^^^^^^ a? ¡^ R2, R3. R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-fl) imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a selected fraction from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl , sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and • aril. 116. The method of claim 115, wherein, when Y is an aromatic, fused, 6-membered carbocyclic ring, and Rif R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a 15 group -COOH. 117. The method of claim 115, wherein the compound is 118. The method of claim 115, wherein the bowel disorder is colitis. 119. The method of claim 115, wherein the bowel disorder is Crohn's disease. 120. A method for treating a flp cardiovascular disorder in an animal, comprising administering to 5 said animal an effective amount of a compound of the formula I: or a salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof, pharmaceutically 15 acceptable; wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, in • where Y and any heteroatom in it are unsubstituted Or are independently substituted with at least one alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo substituent; X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from 25 of the group consisting of í. - i r ^ »^ M ^ Mi ^ - ^ ÉM ^ ^ M ^^^^^^^^^^^^ M ^^^^^^^^^ 10 and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and itself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; • R2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, Alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a moiety selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, 25-cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, ^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^ a ^^^ s ^^ £ ^ _ ^ _ ^ _ ^^ _ ^? SsS "- ^ - * - B«? Jgj cyano, isociano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl • 5 121. The method of claim 120, wherein, when Y is a fused, 6-membered aromatic carbocyclic ring, and Ri, R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group, 122. The method of claim 120, wherein the compound is • fifteen 123. The method of claim 120, wherein the 1 cardiovascular disorder is coronary artery disease, 20 myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, cardiogenic shock and vascular tissue damage. 124. A method for treating a septic shock in an animal, comprising administering to said animal an effective amount of a compound of the formula I: I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof; wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, 5-6 membered, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatom therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with when less a Alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo substituent; X is at position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of • 25 and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R2, R, R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a • fraction selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo , diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl. , J * ?? A ÍÍIU * ....- ..; -.i ........ ,,, ^ Á. AÜ-üaú- j ^ 125. The method of claim 124, wherein, when Y is a 6-membered aromatic carbocyclic ring, and Rx, R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. • 126. The method of claim 124, wherein the compound is • 127. The method of claim 124, wherein the type of septic shock is endotoxic shock. 128. A method for treating cancer in an animal, comprising administering to the animal an effective amount of a compound of formula I: or a salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof, pharmaceutically • tttt ^^^^ i ^ í ^^ li ^ l ß t ^ iiimmi ^ i i acceptable; wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, in Wherein Y and any heteroatoms therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least one alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo substituent; X is in position 1 of ring Y, and is -COOR5, or 10 a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from • of the group consisting of 20 'and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and itself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ "Ita-ta-á-M-bü. cycloalkenyl, and itself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R2, R3, R and R = are independently hydrogen, • alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-p? Peridine, or 1-imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a moiety selected from the group consisting of of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, 10-cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, # azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl. 129. The method of claim 128, wherein, when Y is a 6-membered fused aromatic carbocyclic ring, and Ri, R2, R3 and R are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. 130. The method of claim 128, wherein the 20 compound is 25 ^^^^^ »^^^ A" -as ^ fct 131. The method of claim 128, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of ACTH-producing tumors, acute lymphocytic leukemia, 5 acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, adrenal cortex cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, sarcoma of Ewing, 10 gallbladder cancer, hairy cell leukemia, head and neck cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, • kidney cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (small and / or small cell), malignant peritoneal effusion, malignant pleural effusion, melanoma, mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, 15 neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, ovarian cancer (germ cell), prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, penile cancer, retinoblastoma, skin cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, squamous cell carcinomas, cancer stomach, testicular cancer, • 20 thyroid cancer, trophoblastic neoplasms, cancer of the uterus, vaginal cancer, cancer of the vulva and Wilm's tumor. 132. The method of claim 128, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in a carrier comprising a biodegradable polymer. 133. The method of claim 132, wherein the --- faith -. ^ '* ^ - ~. _. . ^^^^ ^ - * üsgjh¿--. Biodegradable polymer carrier is in the form of a solid implant. 134. The method of claim 132, wherein the biodegradable polymer releases the compound of the formula I • 5 for a prolonged period of time. 135. A method for radiosensitizing tumor cells, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of formula I: Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof; where: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, 20 fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatoms therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least one alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or halo substituent not interferent; 25 X is in position 1 of ring Y, and is -COOR5, or - Trii.C ^ a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of 'and, where R7 • is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or 15-cycloalkenyl; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; • R2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a fraction selected from the group consisting of Alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl , sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and • 5 aplo. 136. The method of claim 135, wherein, when Y is a 6-membered fused aromatic carbocyclic ring, and Ri, R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. 10 137. The method of claim 135, wherein the compound is • 138. The method of claim 135, wherein the tumor cells are selected from the group that • 20 consists of ACTH-producing tumors, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, adrenal cortex cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, lymphoma of T cells 25 cutaneous, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, sarcoma tafee-, i-fa, _- --- »_-- * .-, tt----tf-i-fe - ^ - tt ^ -h -.- ^ - ^ ¡áÉ -? - íwM Ewing, gallbladder cancer, hair cell leukemia, head and neck cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, kidney cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (small and / or small cell), malignant peritoneal effusion , • 5 malignant pleural effusion, melaroma, mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, ovarian cancer (germ cell), prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, penile cancer, retinoblastoma, skin cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, squamous cell carcinomas, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, trophoblastic neoplasms, cancer of the • uterus, vaginal cancer, cancer of the vulva and Wilm's tumor. 139. The method of claim 135, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is in a carrier that 15 comprises a biodegradable polymer. 140. The method of claim 139, wherein the biodegradable polymer carrier is in the form of a solid implant. ^^ 141. The method of claim 139, wherein the The biodegradable polymer releases the compound of the formula I over a prolonged period of time. 142. A process for making the compound of formula I: 25 * ^ m *? á ái ^ m ^ * ^^^? ^ ^ mm ^^^^ mmm ^^^ M or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof; wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, 5-6 membered, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatom therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least one Alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo substituent; X is in position 1 of ring Y, and is -COOR5, or • a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of 25 and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and itself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or Cycloalkenyl; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R 2, R 3, R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with an • fraction selected from the group consisting of Alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl , sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and 25 aryl; and ^ S-r .---- "- with the proviso that, when Y is a carbocyclic, fused 6-membered aromatic ring, and R1 f R2, R3 and R are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group; comprising the step of contacting an intermediate of formula III: III with a radical -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted radical selected from the group consisting of: , where R7 ? &SgggájfjSfc ^ is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; and "halo" is a chlorine, bromine or iodine fraction. 143. The process of claim 142, wherein said R5 is hydrogen or methyl. 144. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of the formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof, wherein the compound of formula I is present in an amount that is effective to treat ischemia; wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatom therein are unsubstituted . --ga-aafi - »> : -? A && £ teéi8iaik-; M -? - ^ iB-H-i-a or are independently substituted with at least one alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo substituent; X is in position 1 of ring Y, and is -COOR5, or • a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of 10 15 and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and he himself is either unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; • Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, Alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, -u -. ^ _. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-imidazole , and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a fraction selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, iminc, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarboniio, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl, and ary io 145. The composition of claim 144, wherein, when Y is an aromatic carbocyclic hairpin, • fused, of 6 members, and R., R2, R3 and P4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. 146. The method of claim 144, where 15 cc naesto is or n 147. A method for treating ischemia in an aniral, comprising administering to said animal an effective amount of a compound of formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof; where: 10 Y represents the atoms needed to form a A carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatom therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least one alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl substituent , aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo; X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of 25 ^ M - ^ - Í - ^ -.- 1 -.-.-.- M ^ - ^ - í-a-Í-t .-? ^ - riÍ - ^ -.-.- M-ÍÍ-l- tt-lM and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R2, R3, R and R5 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a moiety selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl. 148. The method of claim 147, wherein, .SOI- "H ^ j ^ A ^^^^ ißtó ^ j ^^ when Y is an aromatic carbocyclic ring, fused, of 6 members, and Ri, R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a group -COOH. 149. The method of claim 147, wherein the • compound is 10 150. A method for radiosensitizing tumor cells in an animal, comprising administering to the animal an effective amount of a compound of formula I: Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof; wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, MtSáti &JSZf ??.,. * * *. . «J S-a-h ..., - * -. *; ".« «JF ^ fa - ^ jliAa ^ BS? -a- > -í ~ fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatom therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least one alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl substituent • alkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo; X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of 'and, where R7 • is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or ^ j ^ cycloalkenyl; R2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a moiety selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl. 151. The method of claim 150, wherein, when Y is a 6-membered fused aromatic carbocyclic ring, and Ri, R2, R and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. 152. The method of claim 150, wherein the compound is 153 The method of claim 150, wherein The tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of ACTH-producing tumors, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, adrenal cortex cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, 5 cervical cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, Ewing's sarcoma, gallbladder cancer, hairy cell leukemia, head and neck cancer, Hodgkm's lymphoma, sarcoma 10 Kaposi, kidney cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (small and / or small cell), malignant peritoneal effusion, malignant pleural effusion, melanoma, mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer , ovarian cancer (germ cell), cancer 15 prostate, pancreatic cancer, penile cancer, retinoblastoma, skin cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, squamous cell carcinomas, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, trophoblastic neoplasms, cancer of the uterus, vaginal cancer, cancer the vulva and Wilm's tumor. 154. The method of claim 150, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in a carrier comprising a biodegradable polymer. 155. The method of claim 154, wherein the biodegradable polymer carrier is in the form of a 25 solid implant. -e - ^ ..-.- - ^^ _ ^ _ ^ ffiÉ? Fa? Wmm? M M * is' '' - * - -mí mr - ~ > ~~ - * »" J ** ¿~ * ~~ ' 156. The method of claim 154, wherein the biodegradable polymer releases the compound of formula I over an extended period of time. 157. A method for extending the life span and proliferation capacity of cells in an animal, comprising administering to said animal an effective amount of a compound of formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof,; wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatom therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo substituent; X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of • and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or • cycloalkenyl; R2, R3, R and R5 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a fraction selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, -Mi-riH-tt-il-ÉI - ^ - cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl , sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and • aplo. 158. The method of claim 157, wherein, when Y is a 6-membered fused, aromatic carbocyclic ring, and Ri, R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a -COOH group. 159. The method of claim 157, wherein the compound is 160. The method of claim 157, wherein • this method is used to treat a disease or conditions 20 of disease induced or exacerbated by cellular senescence. 161. The method of claim 160, wherein the disease is a disease selected from the group consisting of aging of the skin, 25 Alzheimer's disease, arteriosclerosis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, muscular dystrophy, macular degeneration related to age, senescence, and AIDS. 162. The method of claim 157, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in a carrier comprising a biodegradable polymer. 163. The method of claim 162, wherein the biodegradable polymer carrier is in the form of a solid implant. 164. The method of claim 162, wherein the biodegradable polymer releases the compound of formula I over an extended period of time. 165. A method for altering gene expression of senile cells, which comprises administering a compound of formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof; where: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring containing N, - ^ - ^ a ^^^^^ étmt am _áá? fused, from 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, wherein Y and any heteroatoms therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least one alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or non-interfering halo substituent; X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of and, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R2, R3, R4 and 5 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, amino, hydroxyl, 1-piperazine, 1-piperidine, or 1-) imidazoline, and are either unsubstituted or substituted with a The fraction selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo, haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aralkyl and aryl. 166. The method of claim 165, wherein, when Y is a 6-membered aromatic carbocyclic ring, fused, and Ri, R2, R, and R4 are each hydrogen, X is not a 15 group -COOH. 167. The method of claim 165, wherein the compound is 168. The compounds, compositions, methods and processes described herein. - ~? * 0É *?, .-, ^ É- SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A compound of the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, hydrate, ester, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof, wherein: Y represents the atoms necessary to form a fused heterocyclic ring 5 to 6 members, aromatic or non-aromatic, carbocyclic or N-containing, wherein Y and any heteroatoms therein are unsubstituted or are independently substituted with at least one alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, aryl, carboxy or substituent. non-interfering halo; X is in position 1 of the Y ring, and is -COOR5, or a substituted or unsubstituted fraction selected from the group consisting of (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ (f) and (g), wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and itself is either substituted or unsubstituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R? is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, and is itself substituted or unsubstituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group; R2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, or aryl, and are already "U" unsubstituted or substituted with a moiety selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, azo, diazo, sulfonyl, sulfoxy, thio, thiocarbonyl, sulfhydryl, halo , haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl and aryl. twenty % 25 TO