MXPA00007315A - Improved flashlight - Google Patents

Abstract

A flashlight (10) in accordance with the present invention includes a chamber end cap (30), head assembly(40) and lamp holder assembly. The end cap includes a bowed tripod portion to facilitate standing the flashlight on a flat surface. The head assembly includes a reflector and a lens. In one embodiment of the invention, the head assembly includes an elliptical reflector. In another embodiment, the flashlight having an elliptical reflector is matched with a negative or planar lens. In another embodiment, the head assembly includes a hyperbolic reflector is matched with a positive or planar lens. The flashlight includes electrode connections which prevent the conduction of electrical energy from batteries when improperly aligned within the flashlight. The lamp holder assembly includes a lamp socket having a lamp guide which provides a guide for installing lamp bulb into the lamp socket and also provides a secure position to the lamp bulb. The lamp holder assembly further includes a fluorescent coating or additive which illuminates light in otherwise dark conditions, thereby facilitating lamp replacement in the less than desirable light conditions. The head assembly attached to the chamber which is rotatable relative to the chamber to cause electrical coupling of a lamp and one or more batteries retained by a chamber. The flashlight also includes a spare lamp held secured by the lamp holder assembly until the user of the flashlight rotates the lamp holder assembly to align a spare lamp opening with the spare lamp.

Description

IMPROVED HAND LAMP FIELD OF THE INVENTION The presejate invention relates to the field of hand lamps and more specifically to hand lamps operated by portable hand-held batteries.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Hand lamps generally include a battery chamber that has an end cap to retain one or more cells, a light bulb that is electrically connected to the one or more cells and a reflector to reflect light from the bulb of light in a particular direction. The electrical connection between the batteries and the light bulb usually includes a switch mechanism to selectively provide electrical energy from the batteries to the light bulb and, therefore, facilitate the switching off or on of the hand lamp. The main function of hand lamps is to provide a convenient portable storable light source that can project light in a particular direction. Some hand lamps can focus and blur the light projected by the hand lamp, by allowing the light bulb to move inside the reflector along with the optical axis of the reflector. The reflector is typically a parabolic reflector so that the reflector provides a theoretical focus of the light when the light bulb is placed at the focal point of the parabolic reflector. In this regard, light rays emanating from a light bulb that is placed at the focal point of a parabolic reflector are reflected parallel to the optical axis of the parabolic reflector. With reference to Figure 1A, a scattering of light beams from a parabolic reflector with a light bulb placed at the focal point of the parabolic reflector is shown. In contrast, as shown in Figure IB, when the light bulb moves away from the focal point of the parabolic reflector, the light rays that are reflected by the parabolic reflector diverge (ie, out of focus), leaving a vacuum of light flashing around the center of the reflected light rays and decreasing the light that accumulated from the light bulb. Electric power to facilitate a hand lamp to operate is usually provided by a battery, or two or more batteries in a series configuration, which are retained inside the hand-held battery chamber. When the battery charge is exhausted, a user will typically replace the batteries by removing the end cap, removing old batteries from the battery chamber, inserting new batteries into the battery chamber, and replacing the cap extreme However, when multiple batteries are being replaced in a hand lamp, the possibility arises that a user may improperly place the batteries in a configuration that is not in series. For example, a user could improperly align the new batteries, so that the positive poles of the batteries are facing each other, or could intermix the old batteries with the new batteries and incorrectly align a new battery with an old battery . Improper alignment of the batteries could have undesirable consequences, for example an explosion that could cause physical damage, to the user or to the hand lamp. Additionally, batteries usually emit hydrogen gas naturally. As such, when the batteries are contained within the battery chamber of the hand lamp, the possibility arises that the hydrogen gas emitted by the batteries could be trapped inside the hand lamp. In some circumstances, a defective battery will emit high amounts of hydrogen gas. As a consequence, hydrogen gas can accumulate inside the hand lamp, causing the possibility of that way of undesirable consequences for a user of the hand lamp, for example the explosion that will cause physical damage. Finally, it is sometimes required to replace parts of the hand lamp. For example, the light bulb of the hand lamp will require replacement when the filament of the light bulb is burned, which is frequently discovered when the hand lamp is needed (for example, when there is no other light source, including, for example, electric power outages that occur at night or in the dark when camping in the open field). Hand lamps usually include a replacement bulb that is placed on the inside of the end cap. The replacement of a burned bulb with a bulb that is placed in the extreme top, is difficult, especially in conditions of little or no light. For example, during a power outage, replacing a light bulb in a typical hand lamp would require the user to remove the end cap, locate and grab a small spare light bulb without letting the batteries fall off. the hand lamp, replace the end cap, remove the head assembly, replace the burnt light bulb and replace the head assembly, all in the dark.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved hand lamp that has improved deflection and focusing capabilities. It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved hand lamp that maximizes the light that is gathered from a light bulb, which optimally focuses the light accumulated in a projected light beam and which minimizes the light vacuum inside the beam. of light throughout the entire focus range. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, an improved hand lamp is provided having an end cap, camera, head assembly and lamp holder assembly. In one embodiment of the invention, the head assembly includes an elliptical reflector to increase the amount of light reflected by the hand lamp when a light source is placed inside an elliptical reflector. Preferably, the elliptical reflector has an eccentricity value of not less than about .80 and not more than about .99. Preferably, the elliptical reflector has a vertex curvature value of not less than about 2.0 and not more than about 5.2. In one configuration, the elliptical reflector has an eccentricity value of approximately .96 and a vertex curvature of approximately 3.1. In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a hand lamp having an elliptical reflector is matched with either a negative or concave lens, or with a smooth or flat lens. In this regard, the focus and light accumulation characteristics of the hand lamp are optimized when the elliptical reflector of the hand lamp is matched to a lens having an effective focal length of no more than about -2.5". In one configuration, an elliptical reflector having an eccentricity value of about .96 and a vertex curvature of about 3.1 is matched, with a lens having an effective focal length of about 0". In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the head assembly includes a hyperbolic reflector to increase the amount of light reflected by the hand lamp when a light source is placed inside the reflector. Preferably, the hyperbolic reflector has an eccentricity value of not less than about 1.01 and 'of not more than about 1.25. Preferably, the hyperbolic reflector has a vertex curvature value of not less than about 2.0 and not more than about 7.0. In one configuration, the hyperbolic reflector has an eccentricity value of approximately 1.04 and a vertex curvature of approximately 3.3. In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a hand lamp having a hyperbolic reflector is matched, with either a positive or convex lens, or with a smooth or flat lens. In this regard, the focus and light accumulation characteristics of the hand lamp are optimized when the hyperbolic reflector of the hand lamp is matched to a positive or flat lens. Preferably, the hyperbolic reflector is matched to a lens having an effective focal length of not less than about 2.5"In one configuration, a hyperbolic reflector having an eccentricity value of about 1.04 and a vertex curvature is matched. of approximately 3.3., with a lens having an effective focal length of approximately 0". It is still another object of the present invention to provide a hand lamp with an improved electrical connection between the batteries and the light source. In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the hand lamp includes electrode connections that substantially reduce the likelihood of electric power being conducted from batteries that are improperly aligned within the hand lamp. In this regard, the connection of electrodes that are supposed to be brought into contact with the negative pole of the battery, includes a non-conductive portion at the center of the electrode connection and a conductive portion at the perimeter of the electrode connection. As such, in the circumstance where a battery is inserted into the hand lamp with the positive pole facing the electrode connection, the positive pole will contact only the nonconductive portion, and not the conductive portion. , of the electrode connection. Additionally, the electrode connection that is supposed to be brought into contact with the positive pole of the stack includes a conductive spring having a non-conductive coating. As such, in the circumstance where a battery is inserted into the hand lamp with the negative pole facing the electrode connection, the negative pole will contact only the non-conductive coated portion. It is still another object of the present invention to provide a hand lamp with a lamp holder assembly that facilitates the replacement of the light bulb. In one embodiment of the present invention, the lamp holder assembly includes a lamp socket that has a lamp guide, which provides a guide for installing the lamp bulbs inside the lamp socket and also provides a Safety position for the bulb of the lamp. In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the guide facilitates the replacement of the lamps in less than desirable lighting conditions, while protecting the lamp from impact shocks when the lamp is shaken. It is still another object of the present invention to provide a hand lamp that can maintain a replacement lamp bulb in close proximity to the hand lamp's light bulb, which provides efficient and simple replacement of the lamp bulb when needed . In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the hand lamp includes an assembly of the lamp holder which includes a notch for receiving and holding a replacement lamp. As such, a replacement lamp is easily accessible by simply removing the head assembly from the camera and all that is required to replace the bulb of the lamp, is to remove the bulb from the lamp in the lamp cap, Remove the replacement lamp, and insert the replacement lamp inside the lamp socket. Preferably, the lamp holder assembly further includes a coating or fluorescent additive that illuminates with light in otherwise dark conditions, thereby facilitating replacement of the lamp bulb in less than desirable lighting conditions. In another embodiment, the hand lamp comprises a chamber for holding one or more batteries, a lamp, the electric coupling for holding the lamp and selectively electrically coupling the lamp and one or more batteries, and a head assembly that is joins the camera and rotatably relative to the camera, to cause electrical coupling to selectively electrically couple the lamp and one or more batteries retained by the camera. In this regard, the lamp holder assembly moves inside the camera when the hand lamp is "turned off" or "on". The lamp holder assembly includes a lamp holder, a conductive spring, a switch plate, a retainer lever, a retainer ball, a switch contact, a spring contact, a conductive strip, and a support bracket. strip. When assembled, the lamp holder assembly is secured axially and rotatably relative to the camera. The head portion of the hand lamp is assembled to the camera by attaching the head assembly that was assembled to the camera, so that the lamp is placed inside the first central aperture of the reflector. As a consequence, the head assembly removably attaches to the chamber. When fully seated, the head assembly engages the switch plate, and rotation of the head assembly will cause the lamp holder assembly to rotate. The lamp holder assembly is rotatable between three seals. The first occurs when the head assembly is removed or joined to the camera. The second occurs when the head assembly is in the "off" position. The third occurs when the head assembly is in the "on" position. The seals are caused by the detent ball that is placed in one of the three grooves that form on the outer edge of the chamber. As a result, the hand lamp is movable between the "on" and "off" detents positions by the radial movement of the head assembly. The switch contact does not contact the conductive strip in the "off" position. The contact of the switch contacts the conductive strip in the "on" position. The "on" seal occurs when the detent balloon rolls to the second slot on the outer edge of the chamber. Notably, the detent mechanism is physically separated from the deflection mechanism. In another embodiment of the hand lamp, the replacement lamp is held securely by the lamp holder assembly, until the user of the hand lamp rotates the lamp holder assembly to align an aperture of the lamp. spare with the replacement lamp.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure IA shows a scattering of a light beam from a parabolic reflector with a light source that is placed at the focal point of the reflector. Figure IB shows a scattering of a light beam from a parabolic reflector with a light source that is out of focus 1/3 of the distance from the focal point to the apex of the reflector curvature. Figure 2 is a perspective view of a hand lamp in accordance with the present invention. Figure 3 is a schematic perspective view illustrating the assembly of the hand lamp of Figure 2. Figure 4 is a schematic perspective view of the end cap, the camera, the lamp holder assembly and the assembly. of head Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view of the hand lamp below the center of the hand lamp of Figure 2, as taken through the plane indicated by 2-2. Figure 6A is a schematic perspective view of the inner part of the end cap. Figure 6B is a cross-sectional view of the end cap through the plane indicated by 2-2. Figure 7A is a schematic perspective view of the head assembly. Figure 7B is a partial cross section of the head assembly of Figure 7A, as taken through the plane indicated by 7-7. Figure 8A is a schematic perspective view of the lamp holder assembly. Figure 8B is a partial cross section of the lamp holder assembly of Figure 8A, as taken through the plane indicated by 8-8. Figures 9A and 9B are cross-sectional views of the hand lamp of Figure 2, as taken through the plane indicated by 2-2, showing the aligned and misaligned piles, respectively. Figure 10 is a perspective view of the lamp holder assembly that is placed inside the chamber. Figure 11 is the partial cross section of the head portion of the hand lamp of Figure 2, as taken through the plane indicated by 2-2, showing the hand lamp in the "off" position. . Figure 12 is the partial cross section of the head portion of the hand lamp of Figure 2, as taken through the plane indicated by 2-2, showing the hand lamp in the "on" position. . Figures 13A and 13B show the results of the simulations for a variety of eccentricity values. Figure 14A shows the lamp before inserting it inside the lamp socket. Figure 14B shows the lamp inserted inside the lamp cap. Figure 14C shows the lamp removed from the notch holding the replacement lamp. Figure 15A is a front view of the lamp holder assembly when the head assembly of the camera is removed. Figure 15B is a front view of the lamp holder assembly when attaching the head assembly to the camera. Figure 16 is a schematic perspective view illustrating the assembly of the hand lamp of Figure 2, having the alternative lamp fastener assembly. Figure 17 is a schematic perspective view of the end cap, the camera, the alternative lamp holder assembly and the head assembly. Figure 18 is a cross-sectional view of the hand lamp, having the alternative lamp holder assembly, below the center of the hand lamp of Figure 2, as taken through the plane indicated by 2-2. Figure 19 is a partial cross-section of the head assembly of Figure 7A, as taken through the plane indicated by 7-7, which shows a differently shaped guide for accommodating the alternative lamp fastener assembly. Figure 20 is a schematic view of the bracket assembly of the alternative lamp. Figure 21 is a partial cross section of the lamp holder assembly of Figure 20, as it was taken through the plane indicated by 20-20. Figure 22A is a perspective view of the alternative lamp fastener assembly that is placed inside the chamber showing the retainer lever and distribution plate separated from the lamp holder assembly. Figure 22B is a side view of the perspective view shown in Figure 22A. Figure 23 is a front view of the alternate lamp fastener assembly (without the distribution plate) at the second end of the chamber, showing the position of the alternative lamp fastener assembly when the assembly can be attached or removed of the second end of 'the camera. Figure 24 is a perspective view of the alternative lamp fastener assembly that is placed inside the chamber showing the retainer lever and distribution plate separated from the lamp holder assembly. - DETAILED DESCRIPTION With reference to Figures 2 to 5, a hand lamp 10 is shown, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, having a camera 20, an end cap 30, a head assembly 40 and a head assembly. head fastener 50. The chamber 20 includes an inner portion for holding two piles 60, 52 in a series configuration, the openings in a first end 210 and a second end 220, a first "O" ring 230, which is placed on the first end 210, and a second "O" ring 240, which is placed on the second end 220. Referring additionally to Figures 6A and 6B, the end cap 30 includes an arched tripod portion 310 to facilitate vertical positioning of the hand lamp 10 on a flat surface, internal threads 320 and a conductive disk 330. With further reference to Figures 7A and 7B, the head assembly 40 includes a head piece 410, a first "O" ring 420 , a bezel 430, a refle 440, a second ring at "0" 450 and a lens 460. The head piece 410 includes a first end 411, a circular tab 412 that is located inside the head piece 410 at the first end 411, guides 413 , a second end 414 and ears 415 that are located inside the head piece 410 at the second end 414. The reflector 440 includes a reflective surface on the inside of the reflector 440, a first central opening 442, a second central opening 444 substantially opposite the first central opening 442, fins 446, and external threads 448. Preferably, the reflector 440 consists of a durable synthetic material, such as that offered by the General Electric Company under the name of ULTEM. The bevel 430 includes a first end 431, internal threads 432 at the first end 431 which are screwed with the external threads 448 of the reflector 440, a recessed circular tongue 433 at the first end 431, a second end 434, and a circular tongue 435 at the second end 434. The lens 460 is placed on the perimeter of the first end 431 of the bevel 430. The outer part of the hand lamp 10 may consist of a polycarbonate, or acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, or the polycarbonate which offers the General Electric Company under the name of CYCOLOY. The chamber 20, which is shown in Figure 5, which holds the two cells 60, 62, is enclosed in the first end 210 by the end cap 30 and the second end 220 by the head assembly 40. With reference to the Figures 4-8, the end cap 30 removably attaches to the chamber 20 at the first end 20, to selectively detect the inner portion of the chamber 20 for inserting or removing the stacks 60, 62. In this regard, the chamber 20 includes screwing 250 on the outer surface at the first end 210 of the chamber 20, to engage the internal threads 320 on the end cap 30. The first "O" ring 230 provides a tight fit when the cap is screwed on extreme 30 to the chamber 20. The fastener assembly of the lamp 50 includes two modes. In any of the embodiments, the lamp holder assembly 50 is positioned at the second end 220 of the chamber 20. In the first embodiment, the lamp holder assembly 50 does not move into the second end 220 of the camera. 20 when the hand lamp 10 is set to "off" or "on". In this regard, and with reference to Figures 8A and 8B, the lamp holder assembly 50 includes a lamp holder 510, a conductive spring 520, a switch lever 530, a second lever 540, a switch spring 550 , a switch contact 560, a second spring 570, a spring clip 580, a conductive strip 590 and a strip holder 592. The spring clip 580 includes a spring tab 582, a first tab 584, a second tab 586 , and a first conductive contact 588. Preferably, the spring clip 580 includes a notch 589, where a hydrogen catalyst can be placed to absorb the hydrogen, the gas emitted by the batteries 60, 62. As shown in Figure 10, when assembled to the chamber 20 , the lamp holder assembly 50 does not extend beyond the second end 220 of the camera 20. With reference to Figures 3, 4, 8A, 8B and 10, the lamp holder assembly 50, is assembled to the chamber 20 by attaching the conductive spring 520 to the spring fastener 580. The spring fastener 580 includes a spring tab 582, which engages and retains a portion of the conductive spring 520. The spring fastener 580 and the spring conductive 520 are then joined to the second end 220 of the chamber 20. In this regard, the spring fastener 580 includes a first tab 584 and a second tab 586 for engaging the second end 220 of the chamber 20. The chamber 20 includes a ex guide 260, and the end guide 260 includes a first recessed tab 262 for engaging the first tab 584, and a second recessed tab 263, for engaging the second tab 586. With reference to FIG. 10, the attachment of the spring fastener 580 and the conductive spring 520 with the second end 220, occurs by means of inserting the spring fastener 580 and the adhered spring 520 into the first end 210 of the chamber 20 and moving the spring fastener 580 towards the second end 220 of the chamber 20 , until the first recessed tab 262 engages the first tab 584 and the second recessed tab 263 engages the second tab 586. Then, the lamp holder 510 is inserted, with the switch lever 530 and the second lever 540 which is assembled on the lamp holder 510, inside the second end 220 of the chamber 20. The lamp holder 510 includes the tabs 511, a notch of the switch 512 and a notch 513. The switch lever 530 includes the tabs 534, and the second lever 540 includes the tabs 542 and the notches 544. The notches 534 of the switch lever 530 match the notch of the switch 512 to allow the lever switch 530 slides along the notch of switch 512. Notches 544 of second lever 540 coincide with second notch 513 to allow second lever 540 to slide along second notch 513. With reference to Figures 3, 5, 8A, 8B and 10, the lamp holder 510 is then partially inserted into the second end 220 of the chamber 20, by aligning the slot of the switch 512 with the first slotted opening 264 of the guide end 260, and second slot 513 with second slotted opening 266 of end guide 260. Once partially inserted, switch lever 530 and second lever 540 are spring loaded onto the lamp holder 510, by inserting the switch spring 550 and the second spring 570, and aligning and engaging the slots 534 of the switch lever 530 with the slot of the switch 512 and aligning and engaging the slots 544 of the second lever 540 with the second slot 513. With the switch lever 540 and the second lever 550 depressed, the lamp holder 510 is completely seated inside the second end 220 of the camera 20. As a result, as shown in FIG. Figure 10, tabs 532 of switch lever 530 and tabs 542 of second lever 540, engage chamber 20 at points 514. As shown in Figure 5, tabs 511 of lamp holder 510 engage the part internal of the chamber 20. With reference to Figures 3, 8A and 10, the slot of the switch 512 engages the recessed tongue 265 of the end guide 260 and the second slot 51 engages the recessed tongue 267 of the guide to end 260. Preferably, the fastener assembly of the lamp 510 is adjusted to the spring chamber 20. Referring to Figure 11, the lamp holder 510 encloses the spring tab 582, further securing the conductive spring 520 to the spring clip 580. With reference to Figure 11, the spring clip 580 does not contact the inside of the camera 20. Referring to Figure 10, the lamp 70 extends from the second end 220 of the chamber 20, when the lamp 70 is installed inside the lamp holder assembly 50. With reference to Figures 7A and 7B, the lamp assembly The head 40 is assembled by first inserting the reflector 440 into the first end 431 of the bevel 430 and screwing the threads 448 of the reflector 440 with the internal threads 432 of the bevel 430. Then the second "O" ring is inserted inside the recessed circular tongue 433 and fixedly attaches lens 460 to bevel 430 by pressing lens 460 into recessed circular tongue 433. The "O" shaped band 450 allows secure attachment between the lent e 460 and bezel 430. Preferably, lens 460 is spring-loaded to bevel 430. The first "O" ring 420 is then placed over circular tab 435 at second end 434 of bevel 430, and the second end 434 of the bevel 430 is inserted into the first end 411 of the head piece 410 with the fins 446 of the reflector 440 aligned with the guides 413 of the head piece 410. When the second end 434 of the bezel 430 is fully inserted into the first end 411 of the head piece 410, the circular tab 434 of the bevel 430 engages the circular tab 412 of the head piece 410, and the fins 446 of the reflector 440 engage the guides 413 of the head piece 410. As a result , only the bezel 430 is allowed to rotate relative to the head piece 410 (i.e., radially) and can not be moved away from the head piece 410 (i.e., axially). Preferably, the bezel 430 is spring-loaded to the head piece 410. As a result of the engagement of the fins 446 of the reflector 440 with the guides 413 of the head piece 410, the reflector 440 moves inside the bezel 430 of axial way when the bevel 430 moves radially. The head portion of the hand lamp 10 is assembled by attaching the assembled head assembly 40 to the chamber 20, which has the lamp holder assembly 50 assembled in the chamber 20, so that the lamp 70 is placed inside the first central opening 442 of the reflector 40. In this regard, the head assembly 40 removably attaches to the chamber 20, at the second end 220. Figures 10 and 15A show the assembly of the lamp holder 50 assembled in the chamber 20 when the head assembly is removed from the chamber 20. The chamber 20 includes the end guide 260 which is formed on the outer surface of the second end 220 of the chamber 20. With reference to Figures 3 and 10 , the end guide 260 includes the trajectories 261 which engage the ears 415 in the head piece 410. The ears 415 are aligned with the trajectories 261, and the head assembly 40 is guided in the direction 287 until the head assembly 40 its T and fully seated at the second end 220 of the chamber 20. After the head assembly 40 rotates in the direction 288 towards a first detent, which is caused by the switch lever 530 having been placed between two of the guides 413. Hand lamp 10 is in the "off" position in this position. In this position, only the head assembly 40 is allowed to rotate relative to the chamber 20 (i.e., radially) and can not be moved away from the chamber 20 (i.e., axially). the second "O" ring 240 provides a secure connection between the head assembly 40 and the camera 20. When fully assembled and holding the batteries 60, 62 in the proper alignment, the hand lamp 10 can selectively couple in a manner electric lamp 70 to batteries 60, 62. The chamber 20 includes a conductive strip 590 along the length of the chamber 20, between the first end 210 and the second end 220. The conductive strip 590 is supported on the first end 210 of the chamber 20 by the strip holder 592. With reference to Figures 6A and 6B, the end cap 30 includes a non-conductive area 340. With reference to Figure 8, when the end cap 30 is attached to the chamber 20, the conductive disk 330 is connected electrically to the conductive strip 590 at point 593. The conductive disk 330 electrically connects the contact of the stack 60 to the conductive strip 590 when the stack 60 is properly aligned in the chamber 30, as shown in FIG. Figure 9A. The non-conductive area 340 avoids the electrical connection when the stack 60 is improperly aligned in the chamber 20, as shown in Figure 9B. In this regard, the positive contact of an improperly aligned cell 60 only comes into contact with the non-conductive area 340 and does not contact the conductive disk 330, due to the opening 331, as shown in the Figure 6A. The lamp holder assembly 50 electrically selectively connects the lamp 70, to properly position the stacks 60, 62, in accordance with the radial movement of the head assembly 40. With reference to FIG. 11, the lamp hand 10 is shown in the "off" position. With reference to Figures 3, 10 and 12, the hand lamp 10 is moved to the "on" position by rotating the head assembly 40 in the direction 288. The head portion of the hand lamp can be disassembled. 10 by rotating the head assembly 40 from the "off" position in an opposite direction 288 and disengaging the head assembly 40 from the chamber 20 along the paths 261. Referring to Figures 8-12, 14A , 14B, 14C and , the 510 includes a lamp cap 515 for holding a lamp 70 having a first pin 72 and a second pin 74 and a lamp guide 516. When the head portion of the hand lamp 10 is assembled, the guide lamp 516 does not contact the reflector 440. In this regard, the reflector 440 is prevented from coming into contact with the lamp guide 516 by the stop 436, as shown in Figure 11. The lamp guide 516 is a guide that facilitates the alignment of the first pin 72 and the second pin 74 of the lamp 70 with the lamp cap 515, when the lamp 70 is being installed. The lamp guide 516 also provides a safe position for the lamp 70 by supporting a portion of the end portion of the lamp 70 when the lamp 70 is installed. As such, the lamp guide 516 facilitates the replacement of a lamp 70 in less than desirable lighting conditions, and also protects the lamp 70 from impact collisions of the reflector 440, when the hand lamp 10 is shaken. Additionally, the lamp holder 510 can receive and hold a replacement lamp 71. In this regard, the lamp holder 510 includes a notch 517 that can receive a replacement lamp 71. As shown in Figure 15B, the replacement lamp 71 in notch 517, it is covered by tongue 532 of switch lever 530 when the head portion of hand lamp 10 is assembled. As shown in Figure 15A, replacement lamp 71 in notch 517 is discovered by the tongue 532 of the switch lever 530, when the head assembly 40 of the chamber 20 is disassembled. As such, as shown in Figures 10, 14A, 14B, 14C, 15A and 15B, the replacement lamp 71 it's f easily accessible by means of removing the head assembly 40 from the chamber 20, making it accessible by the same the replacement lamp 71 that holds the lamp holder 510. In this regard, all that is needed to replace the lamp 70, is removing the lamp 70 from the lamp cap 515, removing the replacement lamp 71 from the notch 517, and installing the replacement lamp 71 inside the lamp cap 52. Preferably, the lamp holder 510 installed includes a cover or phosphorescent additive, which gives light to otherwise dark conditions, facilitating by the same the replacement in less than desirable lighting conditions. With reference to Figures 8A, 8B, 9A and 9B, the first pin 72 is electrically connected to the spring of the switch 550 via the conductive contact 551, and the second pin 74 is electrically connected to the spring 520 by the first contact conductive 588, when the lamp 70 is placed in the lamp holder assembly 50. The conductive spring 50 includes a portion 521 having a non-conductive coating and a glue 522. As shown in FIG. 9A, the glue 522 is contacts the positive pole of the stack 62 when the stack 62 is properly aligned in the chamber 20. As shown in Figure 9B, the portion 521 having a non-conductive coating prevents electrical contact with a stack 62 that is he aligned inappropriately. In this regard, the negative pole of a badly aligned stack 62 contacts only a non-conductive portion of the conductive spring 520 and does not come into contact with a conductive portion, thereby avoiding the electrical connection and eliminating the possibility of a catastrophic event due to reverse polarization. With reference to Figures 5, 8A, 8B, 11 and 12, the switch lever 530 is movable between the "on" and "off" positions when assembling the head portion of the hand lamp 10. The switch contact 560 it is electrically connected to the spring of the switch 550. With reference to Figure 11, the hand lamp 10 is shown in the "off" position. In this position, the lever of the switch 530 is fully extended because the lever of the switch 530 is placed between two of the guides 413 inside the head piece 410. As a consequence, the lever of the switch 530 does not electrically connect the shore 561 with the conductive strip 590 at point 594. On the other hand, the switch lever 520 in the fully extended position provides a retainer for keeping the hand lamp 10 in the "off" position until the hand lamp is moved 10 to the "on" position. With reference to Figure 12, the hand lamp 10 is in the "on" position. In this position, the lever of the switch 530 is compressed because the lever of the switch 530 comes into contact with one of the guides 413 inside the head piece 410. As a consequence, the lever of the switch 530 electrically connects the edge 561 with the conductive strip 590 at point 594. In the "on" position, the second lever 540 is placed between two of the guides 413 inside the head piece 410. In this respect, as the assemble the head in the direction 288 from the "off" position, the second lever 540 will no longer contact one of the guides 413, and will become fully extended because the second lever 540 is placed between two of the guides 413 inside the head piece 410. The fact that the second lever 540 becomes fully extended, provides a retainer for keeping the hand lamp 10 in the "on" position until the lamp of the lamp 5 moves. Year 10 to the "off" position. Preferably, the head assembly 40 can be rotated approximately thirty degrees between the "off" and "on" positions. The movement of the lamp 70 inside the reflector 440 to focus and defocus the light emanating from the lamp 70, is independent of the radial movement of the head assembly 40 to "turn on" or "turn off" the hand lamp 10. When assembled, as shown in Figures 11 and 12, the lamp 70 is placed inside the inside of the reflector 440 through the first central opening 442 of the reflector 440. As such, the rotation of the bezel 430 with respect to the head piece 410 causes the reflector 440 to move in the bezel 430 axially relative to the head piece 410. As a result, the reflector 440 moves relative to the lamp 70, and this movement allows the light emanating from the lamp 70 to be focused by means of place the lamp 70 at the focal point of the reflector 440, or defocus it by means of placing the lamp 70 away from the focal point of the reflector 440. As indicated above and with reference to Figures 16-27, the fastener assembly of the lamp ra 50 includes a second embodiment, the fastener assembly of the lamp 500, which moves into the second end 220 of the chamber 20 when the hand lamp 10 is "turned off" or "turned on". With reference to Figure 20, the lamp holder assembly 500 includes a lamp holder 610, a conductive spring 620, a switch plate 630, a retainer lever 640, a retainer ball 650, a switch contact 660 , a spring contact 670, a conductive strip 690, and a spring support 692. The lamp holder assembly 500 is assembled to the chamber 20 by first attaching the conductive spring 620 to the lamp holder 610. The fastener 610 includes a spring tab (not shown), which engages and retains a portion of the conductive spring 690 and keeps the conductive spring 690 in contact with the spring contact 670, as shown in Figure 21. Afterwards, the lamp holder 610 and the conductive spring adhered to the second end 220 of the camera 20 are placed. With reference to Figure 18, the lamp holder 610 includes a tab 612 for contacting a portion of the lamp holder 610. n of the inner part of the chamber 20 near the second end 220 in the area 614. The positioning of the lamp holder 610 and the adhered conductive spring 620, occurs by means of inserting the lamp holder 610 and the adhered spring 620 in the first end 210 of the chamber 20 and moving the lamp holder 610 towards the second end 220 of the chamber 20, until the tongue 612 engages with the internal part of the chamber 20 in the area 614. The lamp holder 610 includes in addition a tongue (not shown) that is aligned with a corresponding slot (not shown), on the inside of the chamber 20 to ensure that the lamp holder 610 and the attached spring 620 are properly positioned in the second end 220 of the chamber 20. Figures 22a and 27 show the lamp holder 610 placed on the second end 220. With reference to Figures 22A, 22B, 22C and 27, with the lamp holder 610 exposed in the second end 220 of the chamber 20, the fastener assembly of the lamp 500 is assembled. In this regard, the retainer sphere 650 is placed in the lamp holder 610 in the guide 611 and then the retainer plate 640 is placed on the lamp holder 610 with aperture 642 of the face of the retainer plate positioned in the detent sphere 650 and the slots 644 aligned with the threaded apertures 612 in the lamp holder 610. Then the switch plate 630 is placed with the apertures 631 aligned with the threaded openings 612. The fastener assembly of the lamp 500 is completely assembled by means of inserting screws (not shown) through the openings 631, screwing the screws into the threaded openings 612, and securing the switch plate 630 to lamp holder 610. As a result, the lamp holder assembly 500 is axially and rotatably secured to the second end 220 of the camera 20. As described above and with general reference to Figure 18, the head portion of the hand lamp 10 is assembled by joining the assembled head assembly 40 to the chamber 20, which has the fastener assembly of the lamp 500 assembled in the chamber 20, so that the lamp 70 it is placed inside the first central opening 442 of the reflector 440. In this regard, the head assembly 40 removably attaches to the chamber 20 at the second end 220. Figure 22B shows the fastener assembly of the lamp 500 assembled in the chamber 20 when the head assembly of the chamber 20 is removed. The chamber 20 includes the end guide 260 which is formed on the external surface at the second end 220 of the chamber 20. The end guide 260 includes the trajectories 261, which receive and guide the ears 415 in the head piece 410 when the head assembly 40 of the chamber 20 is attached and removed. The ears 415 are aligned with the trajectories 261, and the head assembly 40 is guided in the Address 287 hast that the head assembly 40 be fully seated at the second end 220 of the chamber 20. The detachment of the head assembly 40 occurs by moving the head assembly 40 in the opposite direction 287, until the assembly of the head assembly 40 is removed. head 40. Figure 23 shows the position of the lamp holder assembly 500 (without the switch plate) when the head assembly 40 can be attached or removed from the chamber 20. With reference to Figures 23 and 27, it is placed the fastener assembly of the lamp in a first detent, which is caused by the positioning of the detent sphere 650 in a first slot 652 on the outer edge of the chamber 20 at the second end 220. When fully seated, the guides 413 of the head assembly 40 engage the slots 634 in the switch plate 630, and rotation of the head assembly 40 will cause the lamp holder assembly 500 to rotate. The assembly is then rotated. of head 40 in the direction 288 to a second detent, which is caused by the positioning of the retainer sphere 650 in a second groove 652 on the outer edge of the chamber 20 at the second end 220. The hand lamp 10 is in the "off" position in this position. Figure 24 shows the position of the lamp holder assembly 500 (without the switch plate) when the head assembly 40 is in the "off" position. In this position, only the head assembly 40 is allowed to rotate relative to the chamber 20 (i.e., radially) and can not be moved away from the chamber 20 (i.e., axially). The head portion of the hand lamp 10 can be disassembled by rotating the head assembly 40 from the "off" position in an opposite direction 288 towards the first detent, and disengaging the head assembly 40 from the chamber 20 to along the trajectories 261. When fully assembled and holding the batteries 60, 62 in the proper alignment, the hand lamp 10 can electrically selectively couple the lamp 70 to the stacks 60, 62. With reference to Figure 20 , the chamber 20 includes a conductive strip 690 along the length of the chamber 20, between the first end 210 and the second end 220. The conductive strip 690 rests on the first end 210 of the chamber 20 by means of the support Strip 692. The fastener assembly of the lamp 500 selectively electrically connects the lamp 70 to the stacks 60, 62 that were properly positioned, in accordance with the radial movement of the head assembly 40. With reference Referring to Figure 21, the first pin 72 is electrically connected to the spring of the switch 620 by the spring contact 670, and the second pin 74 is electrically connected to the switch contact 660, when the lamp 70 is placed in the the fastener assembly of the lamp 500. Referring to Figures 16-22, the hand lamp 10 is movable between the "on" and "off" positions by the radial movement of the head assembly in the direction 288. As shown in FIG. shows in Figure 24, the contact of the switch 660 does not come into contact with the conductive strip 690 in the "off" position. As shown in Figure 25, the contact of the switch 660 is brought into contact with the conductive strip 690. In this regard, as the head assembly 40 is rotated in the direction 288, the fastener assembly is also rotated. the lamp 500. The "on" seal occurs when the detent sphere rolls to a third slot 652 on the outer edge of the chamber 20 at the second end 220. Remarkably, the detent mechanism is physically separated from the distribution mechanism . Preferably, the head assembly 40 can be rotated approximately thirty degrees between the "off" and "on" positions. The movement of the lamp 70 inside the reflector 440 to focus and defocus the light emanating from the lamp 70 is independent of the radial movement of the head assembly 40 to "turn on" or "turn off" the hand lamp 10, as explained previously. The replacement lamp 71 is held securely by the switch plate 630, until the user of the hand lamp 10 rotates the lamp holder assembly 500 to align the replacement lamp aperture 630 with the replacement lamp 71. With reference to Figure 23, the lamp holder assembly 500 (without the switch plate) is shown in position when the head assembly 40 of the chamber 20 is removed. From this position, the opening of the lamp aperture is aligned. the replacement lamp 632 with the replacement lamp 71, by rotating the lamp holder assembly in the opposite direction 288. Figure 26 shows the position of the lamp holder assembly 500 (without the switch plate) , when the opening of the replacement lamp 632 is aligned with the replacement lamp 71. Once aligned, the replacement lamp 71 can be removed from the fastener assembly of the lamp 500. Notably, the The combination of the reflector 440 and the lens 460 achieves one of the objectives of the present invention, namely to provide an improved accumulation of light from the lamp 70, an optimum focus point and a minimum light vacuum inside the light that the reflector 440 projects through the entire range of movement of the lamp 70 into the internal part of the reflector 440. In this regard, one embodiment of the present invention uses tapered reflectors 440 which are not parabolic reflectors. The curvature of the vertex (ie, the actual shape) of reflector 440 is determined using the following equation for a Cartesian Vertex coordinate system: f (r) = Cr7 (2 + V (l-SC2r2)), (1.1) where C is the curvature of the vertex, r is the radial distance from the cylindrical center of the optic, and S is equal to the unit minus the square of the eccentricity. In this regard, it was found that the use of non-parabolic reflectors minimized the light vacuum that is apparent when using a parabolic reflector, as shown in Figure IB. Additionally, it was also discovered that the matching of non-parabolic reflectors with an appropriate lens curvature optimizes the direction of the rays emanating from the non-parabolic reflector. For elliptical reflectors (ie, 0 <eccentricity <1), it was determined that the use of a negative or flat lens causes a more uniform and intense ray pattern when the light source is placed at the optimal optical focal point . For hyperbolic reflectors (ie eccentricity > 1), it was determined that the use of a positive or flat lens causes a more uniform and intense ray pattern when the light source is placed at the optimal optical focal point. With reference to the table shown in Figures 13A and 13B, a series of simulations were run using Equation 1.1, where the eccentricity ranged from 0.8 to 1.25. The criteria for the results shown in Figures 13A and 13B were as follows: (i) aperture of the reflector (ie, the size of the second central aperture 49 of the reflector 44) of 1.4375"; (ii) an aperture of reflector (i.e., the size of the first central aperture 48 of the reflector 44) of 0.19"; (iii) a maximum illuminated spot size of 29"to be illuminated by the hand lamp 10 at a distance of 120"; (iv) a minimum light vacuum across the entire focus range (i.e., the movement of the lamp 70 along the optical axis of the reflector 440 from around the focal point of the reflector 440 to the point at which the lamp 70 leaves the reflector 440, either in the first central opening 442 for an elliptical reflector or in the second central opening 444 for a hyperbolic reflector); (v) a maximum range of movement of the lamp 70 throughout the range of the focus, of no more than about .25"; (vi) a minimum angle of subtended light accumulated by the reflector, of approximately 100 degrees; (vii) a lens with effective focal length of not less than about -2.5". For each given eccentricity and lens combination, the apex curvature was adjusted to achieve the size and void of the minimum focused point across the entire focus range and the maximum subtended angle of the light accumulated by the 440 reflector. performed for each eccentricity value by taking a sample of lenses with effective focal lengths, of not less than the absolute value of approximately 2.5", run simulations where the curvature of the vertex was increased until no vacuum appeared when the lamp 70 it was completely out of focus (ie, the lamp 70 left the reflector 440 in either the first central aperture 442 for the elliptical reflector, or in the second central aperture 444 for the hyperbolic reflector.) The value of the curvature of the vertex was not increased. beyond what was reasonably necessary to remove the vacuum, because the increase in vertex curvature reduced ad The potential magnification of the light beam of the lamp 70 was measured as the lamp 70 moved away from the focal point of the reflector 440. In view of the simulations and the criteria that were specified, the elliptical reflector preferably has a value of eccentricity of not less than about .80 and not more than about .99. Preferably, the elliptical reflector has a vertex curvature value of not less than about 2.0 and not more than about 5.2. In one configuration, the elliptical reflector has an eccentricity value of approximately .96 and a vertex curvature of approximately 3.1. In an embodiment of the present invention, a hand lamp 10 having an elliptical reflector with a negative or plane lens is matched. Preferably, an elliptical reflector is matched to a lens having an effective focal length of no more than about -2.5"and no more than about 0". In one configuration, an elliptical reflector 44 having an eccentricity value of about .96 and a vertex curvature of about 3.1 is equalized with a lens 45 having an effective focal length of about 0. "In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the head assembly 40 includes a hyperbolic reflector, preferably the hyperbolic reflector has an eccentricity value of not less than about 1.01 and not more than about 1.25, preferably the hyperbolic reflector has a curvature value of vertex of not less than about 2.0 and of more than about 7.2 In one configuration, the hyperbolic reflector has an eccentricity value of about 1.04 and a vertex curvature of about 3.3 In another embodiment, a hand lamp 10 which has a hyperbolic reflector is equated with a positive or flat lens, preferably a hyperbole reflector co with a lens having an effective focal length of not less than about 2.5". In one configuration, a hyperbolic reflector 440 having an eccentricity value of about 1.04 and a vertex curvature of about 3.3. Is matched with a lens 460 having an effective focal length of about 0. "The above description has been presented. of the present invention for purposes of illustration and description The description is not intended to limit the invention to the form described herein.As a consequence, the invention and the modifications commensurate with the above teachings and the experience and knowledge of the Relevant technique is within the scope of the present invention It is intended that the appended claims be construed to include all alternative embodiments, as permitted by the prior art.

Claims (40)

1. CLAIMS 1. A hand lamp comprising: (a) battery retaining elements for retaining at least one battery; (b) battery holder elements to support a light bulb; (c) a conical reflector comprising a first central opening that is adapted to receive a light bulb therethrough, a second central opening substantially opposite to the first central aperture, and an internal area defined by the space between the first central opening and the second central opening; (d) a lens; (e) distribution elements for electrically selectively coupling the lighting fastener elements to the battery retaining elements; and (f) head elements for supporting the lens and for retaining the conical reflector, wherein the conical reflector is retained such that the second central aperture of the conical reflector is substantially parallel to the lens, wherein the reflector is movable relative to the lens, wherein the lens is held in a fixed position relative to the illuminating fastener elements, wherein at least a portion of the head elements can be moved to cause the reflector to move relative to the illuminating fasteners and the lens.
2. 2. A hand lamp according to claim 1, wherein the conical reflector is an elliptical reflector.
3. 3. A hand lamp according to claim 1, wherein the conical reflector has an eccentricity value of not less than about .80 and not more than about .99.
4. 4. A hand lamp according to claim 1, wherein the conical reflector has an eccentricity of approximately .96.
5. 5. A hand lamp according to claim 1, wherein the conical reflector has a vertex curvature of not less than about 2.0 and not more than about 8.2.
6. 6. A hand lamp according to claim 2, wherein the elliptical reflector has a vertex curvature value of about 3.1.
7. 7. A hand lamp according to claim 2, wherein the lens has an effective focal length no greater than about -2.5"8. A hand lamp according to claim 1, wherein the lens is flat 9. A hand lamp according to claim 1, wherein the illumination fastening element further comprises elements for supporting a spare light bulb 10. A hand lamp according to claim 1, wherein the The lighting fastener is retained by the battery retaining element 11. A hand lamp according to claim 1, wherein the head element is removably connected to the battery retaining element 12. A hand lamp according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the head element is rotatable relative to the battery retainer element to cause the element to be selectively coupled. electrically the illuminating fastener element with the battery retaining element. 13. A hand lamp according to claim 1, wherein the battery retaining element further comprises a first opening for receiving one or more dry cell batteries and the element for selectively covering the first opening. 14. A hand lamp according to claim 13, wherein the element for selectively covering the first opening is an end cap. 15. A hand lamp according to claim 13, wherein the element for selectively covering the first opening further comprises an element for preventing electrical coupling of the positive pole of a battery, when the battery is retained by the battery element. Battery retention and the element for selectively covering the first opening is covering that first opening. A hand lamp according to claim 1, wherein the element for retaining the lens in a fixed position relative to the element for fastening a light bulb, includes: a head piece, having a first end and a second extreme; and a bevel rotatably connected to the first end of the head piece; wherein the conical reflector can be moved inside the head element when the bevel is rotated. A hand lamp according to claim 16, wherein the conical reflector can be moved relative to the element for holding a light bulb by rotating the bevel relative to the head part. A hand lamp according to claim 16, wherein the battery retaining element includes a chamber having a first opening for receiving one or more dry cell stacks and a second opening for retaining the illumination holding member; wherein the second end of the head piece is rotatably connected to the chamber, to cover the second end. 19. A hand lamp according to claim 18, wherein the illuminating fastener element selectively engages the battery retaining element in accordance with the rotation of the head piece. 20. A hand lamp comprising: (a) camera elements for retaining at least one dry cell stack; (b) a first lamp; (c) switch elements for electrically coupling the lamp and batteries, and; (d) a head assembly; wherein the head assembly comprises an elliptical conical reflector and a lens that is selected from the group of: positive lenses, flat lenses or negative lenses; wherein at least a portion of the head assembly can be moved to cause the reflector to move relative to the first lamp. 21. A hand lamp according to claim 20, wherein the switch element includes elements for retaining a second lamp. 22. A hand lamp according to claim 20, wherein the switch element further comprises first and second contact electrodes, wherein the electrical coupling occurs only if the batteries are properly positioned inside the chamber element. 23. A hand lamp according to claim 20, wherein the head assembly can be moved in a direction radially toward the camera element, to cause electrical coupling. 24. A hand lamp according to claim 20, wherein the first lamp comprises a two-pin lamp. 25. A hand lamp that is portable and manual, and which can operate with one or more batteries, the hand lamp comprising: (a) a chamber for holding one or more batteries, wherein the chamber comprises a first opening to receive one or more batteries; and a second opening substantially opposite the first opening; (b) an end cap that removably connects to the chamber, to selectively cover and uncover the first opening; (c) a light bulb; (d) illumination fastener element for holding the light bulb, the illumination fastener element is retained by the camera in the second aperture; (e) switch element for electrically coupling the illumination fastener element and one or more batteries in the chamber; (f) a conical reflector comprising a first central opening, a second central opening substantially opposite to the first central opening, and an internal area defined by the space between the first central opening and the second central opening; (g) a lens; (h) head element for fixedly positioning the lens relative to the lamp, wherein the head element is removably connected to the second chamber opening and at least a portion of the head element is rotatable with respect to to the camera, to cause the tapered reflector to move inside the head element. 26. A hand lamp according to claim 25, wherein the lamp holder further comprises elements for holding a bulb of the replacement lamp. 27. A hand lamp according to claim 25, wherein the conical reflector comprises an eccentricity of less than about .99 or more than about 1.01. 28. A hand lamp according to claim 25, wherein the lens is selected from the group of: convex lenses, concave lenses or flat lenses. 29. A hand lamp according to claim 25, wherein the switch element further comprises elements to prevent electrical coupling, unless the cells are properly aligned inside the chamber. 30. A hand lamp comprising: a battery housing holding one or more batteries; a bulb bulb holder that can hold a bulb of the lamp; and an electrical circuit extending from the battery housing to the bulb holder of the lamp for electrically coupling one or more cells to a bulb of the lamp; wherein the lamp bulb holder includes elements to hold a bulb of the replacement lamp. 31. A hand lamp according to claim 30, wherein the bulb holder of the lamp further includes a phosphorescent coating for illuminating with light. 32. A hand lamp comprising: a battery housing holding one or more batteries; a bulb bulb holder that can hold a bulb of the lamp; and an electrical circuit extending from the battery housing to the bulb holder of the lamp for electrically coupling one or more cells to a bulb of the lamp; wherein the electrical circuit comprises elements to prevent electrical coupling, unless the batteries are properly aligned inside the chamber. 33. A hand lamp comprising: (a) elements for retaining at least one dry cell cell; (b) a lamp; (c) elements for electrically coupling the lamp and the batteries; and (d) a head assembly; wherein the head assembly comprises a non-parabolic reflector having a first central opening, a second central opening substantially opposite the first opening, and an internal area defined by the space between the first central opening and the second central opening; wherein the head assembly further includes a lens that is selected from the group of: positive lenses, flat lenses or negative lenses; wherein at least a portion of the head assembly can be moved so that the position of the lamp can be varied within the internal area of the reflector to focus and defocus the light illuminating the lamp. 34. A hand lamp that can project light illuminated by the light bulb, which is electrically coupled to one or more batteries, the hand lamp comprising: (a) elements to retain one or more batteries; (b) elements to hold a light bulb; (c) a reflector comprising a first central opening, a second central opening substantially opposite the first opening, an internal area defined by the space between the first central opening and the second central opening, and a focal point; (d) a lens; (e) elements for electrically coupling the element for fastening a bulb of the lamp to one or more cells retained by the element to retain one or more cells; (f) elements for retaining the lens in a fixed position relative to the element for holding a light bulb, wherein the lamp can be moved through the first central aperture and inside the internal area of the reflector; in. where the reflector reflects rays of light that are illuminated by a light bulb placed inside the internal area of the reflector; wherein the light that illuminates the bulb of light placed inside the internal area of the reflector, does not contain a light vacuum around the center of the reflected light rays when the light bulb is placed away from the focal point of the reflector. 35. A hand lamp according to claim 1, wherein the conical reflector is a hyperbolic reflector. 36. A hand lamp according to claim 1, wherein the conical reflector has an eccentricity of not less than about 1.01 and not more than about 1.25. 37. A hand lamp according to claim 1, where the conical reflector has an eccentricity of approximately 1.03. 38. A hand lamp according to claim 35, wherein the hyperbolic reflector has a vertex curvature of about 3.6. 39. A hand lamp according to claim 35, wherein the lens has an effective focal length of not less than about +2.5". 40. A hand lamp comprising: (a) camera elements to retain at least a dry cell battery; (b) a first lamp; (c) switch elements for electrically coupling the lamp and batteries, and; (d) a head assembly; wherein the head assembly comprises a reflector and a lens that is selected from the group of: positive lenses, flat lenses or negative lenses; wherein the reflector comprises at least one conical section, which is non-parabolic. 42. A hand lamp according to claim 40, wherein the reflector comprises at least one conical section, which is elliptical. 43. A hand lamp comprising: (a) chamber elements for retaining at least one dry cell cell; (b) a lamp; (c) elements of the switch for electrically selectively coupling the lamp and batteries; and (d) a head assembly; wherein the head assembly comprises a non-parabolic reflector having a first central opening, a second central opening substantially opposite the first opening, and an internal area defined by the space between the first central opening and the second central opening; wherein the head assembly further includes a lens that is selected from the group of: positive lenses, flat lenses or negative lenses; wherein the head assembly further includes a bevel and a head piece, wherein the bevel is only rotatable relative to the head piece; wherein the rotation of the bevel causes the position of the lamp to vary within the internal area of the reflector, to focus and blur the light that illuminates the lamp. 44. A hand lamp according to claim 43, wherein the rotation of the bevel causes the reflector to move relative to the lamp. 45. A hand lamp according to claim 43, wherein the rotation of the bevel causes the lamp to move relative to the reflector. 46. A hand lamp comprising: (a) camera elements for retaining one or more batteries; (b) a lamp; (c) electrical coupling elements for holding the lamp and electrically selectively coupling the lamp and the one or more batteries retained by the camera element; (d) a head assembly attached to the camera element and rotatable radially relative to the camera element to cause the electrical coupling element to electrically selectively couple the lamp and the two or more cells retained by the lamp element. the camera. 47. A hand lamp according to claim 46, wherein the head assembly comprises: a reflector for reflecting light from the lamp; a head piece; a bevel rotatably attached to the head piece; and a lens attached to the bevel; wherein the bezel can be rotated in a first direction relative to the camera element, to cause the reflector to move away from the camera element and rotate in a second direction relative to the camera element to cause the reflector moves towards the camera element; wherein the head piece can be rotated relative to the camera element to cause the electrical coupling element to selectively selectively couple the lamp and the one or more batteries retained by the camera element. 48. A hand lamp according to claim 46, wherein the camera element comprises: a lamp holder assembly for holding the lamp; wherein the rotation of the head assembly relative to the camera element causes the lamp holder assembly to rotate to cause the element to electrically selectively couple the lamp and the element to retain at least one battery, coupling in a manner The electric lamp and the element to retain at least one battery. 49. A hand lamp according to claim 46, the hand lamp characterized in that it further comprises: retainer elements to provide a first detent position to which the head assembly can be rotated and fixed removably; wherein the head assembly can be rotated to the first detent position to cause the electrical coupling element to selectively selectively couple the lamp and the one or more cells retained by the camera element; wherein the retainer element is independent of the electrical coupling element. 50. A hand lamp according to claim 46, the hand lamp characterized in that it further comprises: retainer elements to provide a first detent position to which the head assembly can be rotated and fixed removably; wherein the head assembly can be rotated to the first detent position to cause the electrical coupling element to selectively selectively couple the lamp and the one or more cells retained by the camera element; wherein the retainer element comprises part of the electric coupling element. 51. A hand lamp that is portable and manual, and which can operate with one or more batteries, the hand lamp comprising: (a) a camera for holding one or more batteries, wherein the camera comprises a first aperture to receive one or more batteries; and a second opening substantially opposite the first opening; (b) an end cap that removably connects to the chamber, to selectively cover and uncover the first opening; (c) a bulb of the lamp; (d) elements for holding the bulb of the lamp, the element retained by the camera in the second opening; (e) coupling elements for electrically selectively coupling the element for holding the bulb of the lamp and one or more cells retained in the chamber; (f) a conical reflector comprising a first central opening, a second central opening substantially opposite to the first central opening, and an internal area defined by the space between the first central opening and the second central opening; (g) a lens; (h) head assembly elements for positioning the lens and reflector relative to the lamp when the head assembly is connected to the second opening of the chamber; wherein the head assembly element is rotatable radially relative to the chamber, to cause the coupling element to electrically selectively engage the element for holding a bulb of the lamp and one or more cells retained in the chamber. 52. A hand lamp according to claim 51, wherein the head assembly element is rotatable relative to the chamber, to cause the conical reflector to move relative to the lamp. 53. A hand lamp according to claim 51, wherein the head assembly further comprises a first portion and a second portion; wherein the first portion is rotatable relative to the chamber to cause the coupling element to electrically selectively engage the element for holding a bulb of the lamp and one or more cells retained in the chamber; wherein the head assembly element is rotatable relative to the first portion to cause the tapered reflector to move relative to the lamp. 54. A hand lamp according to claim 53, wherein the first portion is a head piece and a second portion is a bevel. 55. A hand lamp according to claim 51, wherein the element of the head assembly fixes the lens relative to the lamp and movably places the reflector relative to the lamp. 56. A hand lamp comprising: (a) a chamber for holding two dry cell batteries; (b) a lamp; (c) coupling elements for electrically selectively coupling the lamp and batteries; and (d) a head assembly; wherein the head assembly includes a reflector having a first central opening, a second central opening substantially opposite the first opening, and an internal area defined by the space between the first central opening and the second central opening; wherein the head assembly further includes a lens; wherein the head assembly includes a head piece rotatable relative to the chamber, to cause the element to selectively selectively couple the lamp and batteries; wherein the head assembly includes a rotating bezel relative to the head piece, so that the position of the lamp can be varied within the internal area of the reflector, to focus and defocus the light illuminating the lamp.