MX2013000549A - Boundary breaker paint, coatings and adhesives. - Google Patents

Abstract

A composition comprising a fluid, and a material dispersed in the fluid, the material made up of particles having a complex three dimensional surface area such as a sharp bladelike surface, the particles having an aspect ratio larger than 0.7 for promoting kinetic boundary layer mixing in a non-linear-viscosity zone. The composition may further include an additive dispersed in the fluid. The fluid may be a polymer material. A method of moving the fluid to disperse the material within the fluid wherein the material migrates to a boundary layer of the fluid to promote kinetic mixing of the additives within the fluid, the kinetic mixing taking place in a non-linear viscosity zone.

Description

PAINT, COATINGS AND ADHESIVES FIELD OF THE INVENTION A composition for promoting the kinetic mixing of additives within a non-linear viscosity zone of a fluid such as acrylic, enamel, polyurethanes, polyurea, epoxies, mastic and a variety of other polymers that include two-part or single-fill component or not filled BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The coatings industry focuses on five primary characteristics for improvement, i.e. 1) adhesion to surfaces; 2) Ability to flow, that is, surface wetting ability; 3) Suspension of additives; 4) Dispersion of additives; and 5) Durability (color change caused by fading, weathering and mechanical hardness).

With respect to category 5, the durability from an aesthetic point of view is related to the change of color, fading, weathering and resistance to scratching / scratching. From a mechanical point of view, durability is related to adhesion, hardness, flexibility, chemical resistance, water sorption, impact resistance, etc. If a polymer has good durability it is affected by the dispersion and suspension of additives such as pigments, UV stabilizers, fungicides, biocides, coupling, surface tension modifiers, plasticizers and hardened fillers for protection from scratch / scratch resistance, etc. If these additives are not dispersed throughout the polymer to produce a homogeneous mixture, then there will be regions that will produce durability faults.

The performance of the polymer in categories 1-5 is significantly affected by the viscosity of the binder, for example, acrylic, enamel, urethane, urea, epoxies etc. For example: a) The more viscous the binder material is, the less likely that the binder material will adhere well to complicated surfaces such as a waiting surface or very smooth surface due to the difficulties associated with adequately wetting the surface. The viscosity of the binder material directly effects the flow. For example, an increased viscosity reduces the ability of the binder material to flow easily on surfaces that make it difficult to achieve a thin film thickness; b) A higher viscosity of the binder results in a better suspension of additives; c) The more viscous the binder, the harder it is to disperse the materials eventually.

BEVE DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The technology of the invention provides a unique solution for the problems mentioned in the above. The technology of the invention provides kinetic mixing of the boundary layer, which produces homogeneous dispersion with micro and nano blended which allows the reduction of expensive additives that can be environmentally damaging while still maintaining benefits associated with the additives. The technology of the invention uses environmentally safe, chemically stable solid particles to continuously mix materials while the fluid is flowing.

The invention relates to improvements in boundary layer mixing, that is, the invention relates to the effects of structural mechanical fillers in the fluid flow, wherein the particles have sizes ranging from nano to micron. In particular, the particle size ranges are from 500 nm to 1 m, more particularly from 1 m to 30 m, although any sub-range within the defined ranges are also contemplated as being effective. The invention uses the principles of the boundary layer static film coupled with frictional forces associated with a particle that is forced to rotate or agitate in the boundary layer due to fluid velocity differentials. As a result, kinetic mixing is promoted through the use of structural particles.

As an example, consider that a rolling sphere in a soft material travels in a depression of movement. The soft material is compressed in front of the rolling sphere and the soft material bounces off the back of the rolling sphere. If the material is perfectly elastic, the energy stored during compression is returned to the sphere by the rebound of the soft material at the rear of the rolling sphere. In practice, current materials are not perfectly elastic. Therefore, the dissipation of energy occurs, which results in kinetic energy, that is, rolling energy. By definition, a fluid is a continuous material that is unable to withstand constant static stress. Unlike an elastic solid, which responds to a shear stress with a recoverable deformation, a fluid responds with unrecoverable flow. The unrecoverable flow can be used as a driving force for mechanical kinetic mixing in the boundary layer. By using the principle of kinetic friction, rolling and an increase of fluid sticking on the surface of the non-slip zone, the adherents are produced. The fluid flow that is adjacent to the boundary layer produces an inertial force in the adhered particles. The inertial force rotates the particles along the surface of the mechanical processing equipment with respect to the mixing mechanics used, i.e. with respect to static, dynamic or kinetic mixing.

The geometric design or selection of particles Structural is based on the fundamental principle of surface interaction with the sticky film in the boundary layer where the velocity is zero. Mechanical surface adhesion is increased by increasing the surface roughness of the particle. The penetration depth of the particle in the boundary layer produces kinetic mixing. Penetration of the particle is increased by increasing the sharpness of the particle edges or blade-like particle surfaces. A particle having a rough and / or acute particle surface exhibits increased adhesion in the non-slip zone, which promotes better surface adhesion than a smooth particle having little or no surface characteristics. The ideal particle size will differ depending on the fluid due to the viscosity of a particular fluid. Because the viscosity differs depending on the fluid, the process parameters such as temperature and pressure as well as mixing mechanics produced by shear forces and polished surfaces on mechanical surfaces will also differ, which create a variation in the thickness of the boundary layer. A rough and / or sharp particle surface allows the particle to function as a rolling kinetic mixing blade in the boundary layer. Hardened particles that have polished edges of rough and / or sharp surface that roll along a boundary layer of fluid will produce micro mixed by shaking the surface area of the boundary layer.

The solid particles used for kinetic mixing in a boundary layer, ie, kinetic boundary layer mixed material or kinetic mixed material, preferably have the following characteristics: • The particles must have a physical geometry characteristic that allows the particle to roll or rotate along a boundary layer surface.

• The particles will have a sufficient surface roughness to interact with a zone of zero velocity or a non-slip fluid surface to promote kinetic friction before static friction. The mixing efficiency of the particles increases with the surface roughness.

• The particles must be sufficiently hard so that the fluid deforms around a particle to promote kinetic mixing through the agitator or rolling effect of the particle.

• The particles must be proportional in size to the boundary layer of the fluid that is being used so that the particles roll or are agitated due to rolling kinetic friction.

• The particles should not be too small. If the particles are too small, the particles will be trapped in the boundary layer and lose the ability to shake or roll, which increases friction and promotes mechanical wear throughout the contact area of the boundary layer.

• The particles should not be too large. If the particles are too large, the particles will be swept in the bulk fluid flow and have a minimum, if any, effect on the kinetic boundary layer mixing. The particles should have size and surface characteristics, such as rough and / or sharp knife-like characteristics, which are capable of reconnecting in the bulk fluid bulk layer during the mixing process.

• The particles can be solid or porous materials, minerals and / or rocks made by man or occurring naturally.

Physical geometry of the particles: The shapes of the particle can be spherical, triangular, diamond, square or etc., but the semi-flat or flat particles are less desirable because they do not shake well. The semi-flat or planar particles are shaken less well because the cross-sectional surface area of a flat particle has little resistance to fluid friction applied to its small thickness. However, since the agitation in the form of mixing is The disproportionate forms of drum shaking are beneficial, since drum shaking creates mixing zones of dynamic random generation in the boundary layer. The random mixing zones are analogous to the mixing zones created by large mixing blades that operate with few mixing blades. Some of the blades come back fast and some of the blades return slow, but the result is that the blades are all mixed. In a more viscous fluid, which has less non-elastic properties, the kinetic mixing by particles will produce a chopping and milling effect due to the surface expectancy of the particle and due to the sharp edges of the particles.

Spherical particles that have extremely smooth surfaces are not ideal for the following reasons. First, the surface roughness increases the friction between the particle and the fluid, which increases the ability of the particle to remain in contact with the sticky and / or non-slip zone. In contrast, a smooth surface, such as can be found in a sphere, limits contact with the sticky layer due to poor surface adhesion. Second, surface roughness directly affects the ability of a particle to induce mixing through drum and / or rolling, while a smooth surface does not. Third, the spherical shapes with Smooth surfaces tend to roll along the boundary layer, which can promote a lubricating effect. However, spherical particles that have surface roughness help promote dynamic mixing of the boundary layer as well as promote lubricating effects, especially with fluids and low viscosity gases.

Advantages of this technology include: • Cost savings achieved by the replacement of expensive polymers with cheap structural material.

• Cost savings achieved by increasing an ability to incorporate more organic material into polymers.

• Cost savings achieved by increasing productivity with high levels of organic and / or structural materials.

• Better dispersion of additives and / or fillers through increased mixing on large mechanical surfaces produced by limit mixing.

• Better mixing of polymers through the effects of grinding and cutting of the rolling particles along the large surface area as the speed and compression of the polymers hits the surface during normal mixing operations.

Reduction of the coefficient of friction or mechanical surfaces caused by the effects of the static friction limit layer, which are replaced by friction or rolling kinetics of a hard particle in the boundary layer.

Production increased by the reduction of the coefficient of friction in the boundary layer where the coefficient of friction directly affects the production output.

Improvement of surface quality: the introduction of the particles of kinetic mixing produces a rich zone of polymer in a mechanical surface due to the rotation of the particles in the boundary layer during the mixing, that is, when the mixed dyes are injected in molds , etc. The polymer rich zone results in an excellent finished surface whether the polymer is filled or not filled.

The production of rotation and particle agitation of stagnant film of the boundary layer by kinetic mixing, which results in self-cleaning of the boundary layer to remove particulates and film.

Increased heat transfer due to kinetic mixing in the boundary layer, which is considered to be a stagnant film where heat transfer is dominantly conduction but mixing of the stagnant film produces forced convection on the heat transfer surface.

The kinetic mixing material will help meet current environmental regulatory requirements and anticipated by reducing the use of certain toxic additives and replacing toxic additives with an inert, environmentally friendly solid, ie, kinetic mixing material that is both chemically and thermally stable.

The kinetic mixing particles of the invention can be of various types. The particle types are discussed in more detail below.

Type particle The Type I particle is deeply embedded in the boundary layer to produce excellent kinetic mixing in both the boundary layer and the mixing zone. Type I particles increase the dispersion of chemical and mineral additives. Type I particles increase fluid flow. The surface area of Type I particles is large compared to the mass of Type I particles. Therefore Type I particles remain in suspension as well.

With reference to Figure 1, the expanded pearlite that is not processed is shown. Perlite is an exploitable mineral with no known environmental problems and is easily available on most continents and is only exceeded in abundance by sand. Expanded perlite is produced through the thermal expansion process that can be adapted to produce a variety of bubble wall thicknesses. The perlite clearly expanded shows thin-walled cellular structure and how it will deform under pressure. In one embodiment, the pearlite can be used in a non-processed form, which is the much more economical form of the material. Perlite has a self-forming ability under pressure in the boundary layer kinetic mixing particles.

With reference to FIG. 2, an image is shown demonstrating that the expanded perlite particles do not conglomerate and will flow easily between other process particles. Therefore, expanded perlite particles will easily disperse with minimal mixing equipment.

With reference to FIG. 3, an enlarged image of an expanded perlite particle showing a preferred structural shape for the processed pearlite particles is shown. The particles can be described as having sharp blades similar to three-dimensional wedges and points with a variety of sizes. The irregular shape promotes various mixtures of the kinetic boundary layer. The expanded Perlite shown in FIG. 3 is extremely light in weight, having a density in the range of 0.1-0.15 g / cm. This allows the minimum fluid velocity to promote the rotation of the particle. Blade-like features easily capture the kinetic energy of the fluid flowing over the boundary layer while knife-like features Toothed easily penetrate the boundary layer that promotes agitation while maintaining adhesion to the surface of the boundary layer. The preferred approximate application size is estimated to be 50 m at 900 nm. This particle of kinetic mixing produces dispersion in a variety of fluids having viscosities that vary from high to low. Additionally, the particle is an excellent nucleating agent in foaming processes.

Referring now to FIG. 4, volcanic ash is shown in its natural state. Volcanic ash exhibits characteristics similar to the characteristics of expanded perlite, discussed in the above, with respect to thin-walled cell structures. Volcanic ash is a naturally formed material that is easily exploitable and can be easily processed into a kinetic mixing material that produces kinetic boundary layer mixing. The volcanic ash material is also deformable, which makes it an ideal candidate for in-line processes to produce the desired shapes either when mixing or applying under pressure.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a plurality of crushed volcanic ash particles are shown. FIG. 5 illustrates that any form of crushed particle tends to produce three-dimensional knife-like characteristics, which will interact in the boundary layer of a similar to expanded perlite, discussed in the above, in its processed form. This material is larger than the processed pearlite which makes its application more appropriate for the higher viscosity materials. The preferred approximate application size is estimated to be between 80 m to 30 m. This material will work similar to the processed pearlite materials discussed in the above.

Referring now to FIGS.6A-6D, natural zeolite template carbon is produced at 700C (FIG 6A), 800 ° C (FIG.6B), 900 ° C (FIG.6C) and 1000 ° C (FIG. FIG 6D). Zeolite is an easily exploitable material with small pore sizes that can be processed to produce desired surface characteristics of kinetic mixing material. The processed pearlite and crushed volcanic ash have similar boundary layer interaction capabilities. The zeolites have little porosity and can therefore produce active kinetic boundary layer mixing particles in the nano range. The preferred approximate application size is estimated to be between 900 nm to, 600 nm. The particles are ideal for reducing friction in medium viscosity materials.

Referring now to FIG. 7, a nano porous alumina membrane is shown having a cellular structure that will fracture and create particle characteristics similar to any force material. The Material fractures will take place in the thin walls, not at the intersections, in order to produce characteristics similar to the previously discussed materials, which are ideal for the boundary layer kinetic mixing particles. The preferred approximate application size is estimated to be between 500 nm and 300 n. The particle sizes of this material are more appropriately applied to the medium for low viscosity fluids.

With reference now to FIG. 8, a pseudoboehmite phase growth DI2O3CH2O is shown on aluminum alloy AA2024-T3. Visible are blade-like features on the surface of the processed pearlite. The point of fracture of this material is on the faces of the thin blade between intersections where one or more blades come together. Fractures will produce a three-dimensional blade shape similar to a "Y", "V" or "X" shape or similar combinations of geometric shapes. The preferred approximate application size is estimated to be 150 nm to 50 nm.

Type particle The Type II particle achieves medina penetration in a boundary layer to produce minimum kinetic boundary layer mixing and minimum dispersion capacities. Type II particles result in minimal increased fluid flow improvement and are easily suspended based on the large surface and extremely low mass of Type II particles.

Most materials that form hollow spheres can undergo mechanical processing to produce edge-like fragment with surface characteristics to promote kinetic boundary layer mixing.

With reference now to FIG. 9, an image of hollow, unprocessed spheres of ash is shown. Ash is exploitable material that undergoes self-formation to produce kinetic boundary layer mixing particle characteristics depending on process conditions. The preferred approximate application size is estimated to be 80 m to 20 m before the self-training processes. Self-training can be achieved either by mechanical mixing or pressure, any of which produces a crushing effect.

With reference now to FIG. 10, processed hollow spheres of ash are shown. The fractured ash spheres will agitate in a boundary layer similar to a piece of paper in the side wall. The light curve of the material is similar to a piece of egg shell in that the material tends to be agitated due to its light weight and slight curvature. The preferred approximate application size is estimated to be between 50 nm and 5 n. This material will work similar to the perlite expanded but has a lower dispersion capacity because its geometric shape does not allow the particles to become physically blocked in the boundary layer due to the fact that two or more blades produce more resistance and better agitation as a particle is shaken along the boundary layer. This material reduces the friction of heavy viscosity materials.

With reference now to FIG. 11, 3M® glass bubbles are shown which can be processed in a structure similar to full edge cover to produce surface characteristics to promote kinetic boundary layer mixing. Particles that are similar in performance and application to hollow ash spheres except that wall thickness and diameter as well as strength can be adapted based on process conditions and raw material selections. These man-made materials can be used in food grade applications. The preferred approximate application size is estimated to be 80 m to 5 m before the self-formation processes either by mechanical mixing or by pressure that produces a crushing effect.

With reference now to FIG. 12, an SEM photograph of fly ash particles x 5000 (FIG 12A) and zeolite particles x 10000 (FIG 12B) is shown. The particles comprise hollow spheres. Flying ash is a common waste product produced by combustion. Flying ash particles are readily available and economically economical. The zeolite can be extracted and made by a cheap synthetic process to produce hundreds of thousands of variations. Therefore, the desirable characteristics of the structure illustrated by this hollow zeolite sphere can be selected. The zeolite particle shown is a hybrid particle, in which the particle will have surface characteristics similar to the processed pearlite and the particle retains a semi-curved shape similar to an edge cover of a crushed hollow sphere. The preferred approximate application size is estimated to be 5 m to 800 nm before the self-training processes. Self-training can be done either by mechanical mixing or by well pressure to produce a crushing effect. The small size of these particles makes the particles ideal for use in medium viscosity materials.

Type III particle The type III particle results in minimal penetration into a boundary layer. Type III particles result in minimal kinetic mixing in the boundary layer and have excellent dispersion characteristics with both mild chemical and hard mineral additives. Type II particles increase fluid flow and are not suspended also but they mix easily again in the suspension.

Some solid materials have the ability to produce conchoidal fracture to produce surface characteristics to promote kinetic boundary layer mixing.

With reference now to FIGS. 13 and 14, reclining glass images are shown. Recycled glass is a readily available man made material that is inexpensive and easily processed into kinetic boundary layer mixing particles. The sharp blade-like characteristics of the particles are produced by conchoidal fracture similar to a variety of other exploitable minerals. The blade-like characteristics of these particles are not thin like perlite. The density of the particles is proportional to the solid that is made. Sharp blades interact with a fluid boundary layer in a manner similar to perlite interaction except that recycled glass particles require a viscous material and a robust flow velocity to produce rotation. Processed recycled glass has no static charge. Therefore, recycled glass does not cause agglomeration during dispersion. However, due to its high density it can settle out of the fluid easier than other low density materials. Application sizes preferred approximations are estimated to be between 200 m and 5 m. This material produces good performance in the boundary layers of heavy viscosity fluids with high flow velocities. This particle of kinetic mixing produces dispersion. The smooth surface of the particles reduces friction.

With reference now to FIG. 15, an image of volcanic rock particles of red lava processed is shown. Lava is an easily available exploitable material. A typical use for lava is for use as panorama rocks in the American Southwest and in California. This material is subjected to conchoidal fracture and characteristics similar to reclassified glass are produced. However, fractured surfaces have more surface roughness than the smooth surface of recycled glass. The surface features produce a slightly more grinding effect coupled with knife-like shears of a flowing fluid. Therefore, the particles are not only agitated, they have an abrasive effect on the fluid stream. The volcanic material disperses semi-hard materials by all viscous media such as fire retardants, titanium, calcium carbonate, dioxide etc. The preferred approximate application sizes are estimated to be between 40 m to 1 m. This material produces good performance in the boundary layer of heavy viscosity materials flowing to high flow rates. This particle of kinetic mixing produces dispersion.

With reference now to FIGS. 16A-16D, FIGS. 16A-16C show sand particles that have the ability to fracture, which produce surface characteristics appropriate for the kinetic boundary layer mixing particles. The images show particles that have physical properties similar to the recielado glass, which produces similar benefits. FIGS.16A, 16B and 16D have good surface characteristics to interact with the boundary layer although they are different. FIG. 16A shows some knife-like characteristics but good surface roughness along the edges of the particle to promote the boundary layer surface interaction but will require higher flow rates to produce drum agitation. FIG. 16B has surface characteristics similar to the surface characteristics of recycled glass as discussed previously. FIG. 16D shows particles that have a good surface roughness to promote the similar interaction of these materials generally. The performance of these particles is similar to the performance of recycled glass. Sand is an abundant material that is exploitable and can be processed economically to produce desired fractured shapes in a variety of sizes. The sand is considered environmentally favorable because it is a natural material. The preferred approximate application sizes are estimated to be between 250 m to 5 m. This material produces good performance in the boundary layers of heavy viscosity materials at high flow rates. The kinetic mixing particle produces dispersion. The smooth surface of the particles reduces friction.

With reference now to FIGS. 17A-17F, images of Zeolite Y, A and Silicate-1 are shown. SEM images of films synthesized for 1 h (FIGS.17A, 17B), 6 h (FIGS 17C, 17D) and 12 h (FIGS.17E, 17F) in the bottom part of a synthesis solution at 100 ° C . These materials can be processed to produce nano-sized kinetic boundary layer mixing particles. This material is synthetically increasing and is limited in quantity and is, therefore, costly. All six images, that is, FIGS. 17A-17F clearly show the ability of this material to produce conchoidal fracture with blade-like structures similar to the structures mentioned in the above. The preferred approximate application size is estimated to be between 1000 nm and 500 nm. The particle size range of this material makes it useful in medium viscosity fluids.

With reference now to FIG. 18, phosphocalcic hydroxyapatite is shown, formula Caio (P04) 6 (OH) 2, form part of the crystallographic family of apatites, which are isomorphic compounds with the same hexagonal structure. This is the calcium phosphate compound much more commonly used for biomaterial. Hydroxyapatite is mainly used for medical applications. The surface characteristics and performance are similar to those of red lava particles, discussed in the above, but this image shows a better surface roughness than the particle shown in the red lava image.

Particle Type IV Some of the solid grouping material has the ability to produce fracturing of the grouping structure to produce individual single uniform materials that produce surface characteristics to promote kinetic boundary layer mixing.

With reference now to FIGS. 19A and 19B, SEM images of foam / zeolite composed after 24 h of crystallization linked to different magnifications are shown. FIG. 19A shows a structure of AL / zeolite form. FIG. 19B shows agglomerates MFI. The two images show an inherent structure of this material that will easily fracture the mechanical processing to produce irregularly formed clusters of the individually formed individual particles. The more Various are the surface characteristics of the material, better is the material that will interact with the non-slip sticky area of a fluid boundary layer that flows to produce kinetic boundary layer mixes. This material has flower-like buds with 90 ° randomly protruding corners that are strong and well-defined. The corners will promote the mechanical agitation of the boundary layer. The particles also have a semi-spherical or cylinder-like shape that will allow the material to roll or rotate while maintaining contact with the boundary layer due to the different surface characteristics. The preferred approximate application size of the particles is estimated to be between 20 m to 1 m. This material could be used in a high viscosity fluid. The surface characteristics will produce excellent dispersion of hardened materials such as flame retardants, zinc oxide and calcium carbonate. As this material is rolled, the block-like formation acts similar to miniature hammer mills that leap away in materials that impact against the boundary layer as the fluid flows.

With reference now to FIGS. 20A and 20B, a SEM image of microcrystalline zeolite Y (FIG 20A) and a SEM image of nanocrystalline zeolite Y (FIG.20B) are shown. The particles have all the same characteristics at the nano level as those mentioned in the foam / zeolite, previous. In FIG. 20A, the main semi-planar particle at the center of the image is approximately 400 nm. In FIG. 20B, the multifaceted points are less than 100 nm in particle size. Under mechanical processing, these materials can be fractured into various kinetic boundary layer mixing particles. The preferred approximate application size is estimated for the grouping material of FIG. A which is between 10 m to 400 nm and for the grouping material of FIG.20B which is between 50 nm to 150 nm. Under high mechanical stress, these grouping materials have the ability to self-form by fracturing the much stronger particle that is prevented from the grouping particle from rolling easily. Due to their dynamic random rotational ability, these grouping materials are excellent for use as friction modifiers.

With reference now to FIG. 21, zinc oxide particle of 50nm to 150 nm is shown. Zinc oxide is a cheap nano powder that can be specialized to be hydrophobic or that is more hydrophilic depending on the desired application. Zinc oxide forms clusters that have extremely random shapes. This material works very well due to its random rotational movement resulting in a flowing fluid. The particles have different surface characteristics with 90 ° corners They create knife-like features in various forms. The surface features include protruding arms that conglomerate together in various forms such as cylinders, rectangles, cubes, Y-shaped particles, X-shaped particles, octagons, pentagon, triangles, diamonds etc. Because these materials are made of clusters that have different shapes the materials produce huge friction reduction because the boundary layer is beaten to be as close to turbulent as possible by various mechanical mixes while still maintaining a laminar fluid flow .

Type V particle Type V particles result in average penetration in the boundary layer. Type V particles create medium kinetic mixed boundary layer similar to a rake sheet on dry land. Type Five particles have excellent adhesive forces to the sticky region with the boundary layer, which is required for the mixing of two-phase boundary layer. The Type V particle produces minimal dispersion of additives, therefore it increases the fluid flow and will tend to remain in suspension. Some of the hollow or semi-spherical solid grouping material with aggressive surface morphology, for example, roughness, groups, striations and hair-like fibers, promote Excellent adhesion to the boundary layer with the ability to stir freely and can be used in low viscosity fluids and phase change materials, for example, liquid to a gas and gas to a liquid. They possess the desired surface characteristics to promote the mixing of the kinetic boundary layer.

With reference now to FIGS. 22A and 22B, an electronic scanning micrograph of solid waste is shown (FIG.22A) and an electronic scanning micrograph and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) area analysis of zeolite-P synthesized at 100 ° C. In the same way the grouping materials discussed in the type IV particle, these materials have a spherical shape and a surface roughness that can be created by hair-like materials that protrude from the surface of the particles. FIG. 22A shows a particle that has good spherical characteristics. A majority of the spheres have a surface roughness that is created by connecting small particles similar to grains of sand on the surface. FIG.22B shows a semi-circular particle having hair-like fibers protruding from the entire surface. These characteristics promote good adhesion to the boundary layer but not excellent adhesion. These materials should roll freely on the surface of the boundary layer to produce minimal mixing to promote mixing of kinetic boundary layer in a two-phase system. For example, as a liquid transition to a gas in a closed system of the boundary layer that is rapidly thinning. The particles must remain in contact and roll to promote the mixing of the kinetic boundary layer. The material must also have the ability to travel within the gas flow to re-recirculate in the liquid to function as an active medium in both phases. These particles have a preferred size range of between about 1 m to 5 m (FIG.22A) and between about 20 m to 40 m (FIG 22B). Both would work well in a high pressure steam generation system where the stagnant film would move on the walls of the driving boiler to a convection heat transfer process.

Type VI particle Referring now to FIGS. 23A, 23B and 23C, nano-structured coOOH hollow spheres are shown to be versatile precursors for various cobalt oxide additives (e.g., Co304, LiCo02) and also possess excellent catalytic activity. CuO is an important transition metal oxide with a narrow band gap (eg, 1.2 eV). The CuO has been used as a catalyst, a gas sensor, in anode materials for Li-ion battery. The CuO has also been used to prepare high-pressure superconductors and materials magnetoresistance.

With reference now to FIGS. 25A and 25B, Al2O3 nanospheres of uniform plane of 2.5 μm (FIG.25A) and nanospheres A1203 of uniform plane of 635 nm having hair-like fibers on the surface are shown.

Referring now to FIG.26, a computer-generated pattern showing hair-like fibers that promote adhesion of the boundary layer is shown so that the nano-sized particles will remain in contact with the boundary layer while rolling to along the boundary layer and produce kinetic mixing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a SEM image of unprocessed expanded perlite.

FIG. 2 is a SEM image of perlite processed in 500x magnification FIG. 3 is a SEM image of perlite processed at 2500x magnification.

FIG. 4 is a SEM image of volcanic ash where each tick mark equals 100 microns.

FIG.5 is an SEM image of volcanic ash where each tick mark equals 50 microns.

FIG. 6A is a SEM image of natural zeolite template carbon produced at 700C.

FIG. 6B is a SEM carbon plate image of natural zeolite produced at 800C.

FIG.6C is a SEM image of a natural zeolite plate carbon produced at 900C.

FIG. 6D is a carbon SEM image of natural zeolite template produced at 1,000C.

FIG. 7 is a SEM image of nano porous alumina membrane at 30000x magnification.

FIG. 8 is a SEM image of pseudoboehmite phase AI2O3XH2O grown on aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 at 120,000 magnification.

FIG. 9 is an SEM image of hollow ash spheres not processed at lOOOx magnification.

FIG. 10 is an SEM image of hollow ash spheres processed at 2500x magnification.

FIG.11 is an SEM image of glass bubbles 3M®.

FIG. 12A or 12B is an SEM image of fly ash particles at 5,000x (FIG.12A) and 10,000x (FIG.12B) magnification.

FIG. 13 is an SEM image of reciered glass 500x magnification FIG.14 is a SEM image of recycled glass at l, 000x magnification.

FIG.15 is an SEM image of red volcanic rock processed at 750x magnification.

FIG. 16A-16D are SEM images of sand particles.

FIG. 17A is a SEM image of zeolite Y, A and silicate 1 synthesized for 1 hour.

FIG. 17B is an SEM image of zeolite Y, A and silicate 1 synthesized for one hour.

FIG. 17C is an SEM image of zeolite Y, A and silicate 1 synthesized for 6 hours.

FIG. 17D is a SEM image of zeolite Y, A and silicate 1 synthesized for 6 hours.

FIG. 17E is an SEM image of zeolite Y, A and silicate 1 synthesized for 12 hours.

FIG. 17F is an SEM image of zeolite Y, A and silicate 1 synthesized for 12 hours.

FIG. 18 is an SEM image of phosphocalcic hydroxyapatite.

FIG. 19A is an SEM image of Al agglomerates MFI FIG. 19B is an SEM image of Al agglomerates MFI FIG 20A is a SEM image of microcrystalline zeolite Y 20kx of magnification.

FIG. 20B is an SEM image of microcrystalline zeolite Y lOkx of magnification.

FIG.21 is a SEM image of ZnO, 50-150 nm.

FIG.22A is a SEM image of solid waste of semi-spherical grouping material.

FIG. 22B is an SEM image of zeolite-P synthesized at 100 ° C.

FIG. 23A is an SEM image of nano-structured hollow spheres of CoOOH.

FIG.23B is a SEM image of CuO.

FIG.23C is a SEM image of CuO.

FIG.24A is an SEM image of ash fused to 1. 5N at 100 ° C.

FIG.24B is a SEM image of ash fused at 1.5N at 100 ° C 6 hours showing unknown zeolite.

FIG.24C is a SEM image of ash fused at 1.5N at 100 ° C for 24 hours showing cubic zeolite.

FIG.24D is a SEM image of ash fused at 1.5N at 100 ° C for 72 hours showing unknown zeolite and large Gibbsite glass.

FIG. 25A is an SEM image of uniform plane AI2O3 nanospheres of 2.5 um.

FIG. 25B is a SEM image of 635 nm even plane AI2O3 nanospheres.

FIG. 26 is a computer generated model that shows fibers similar to CoOOH hair.

FIG.27 samples two samples of rigid PVC with the same pigment load in both samples where one sample includes kinetic boundary layer mixing particles.

FIG. 28 shows two polycarbonate samples with the same pigment loading in both samples where a sample includes kinetic boundary layer mixing particles.

FIG.29 shows a rigid PVC with ABS points.

FIG. 30 shows PVC and ABS mixed together.

FIG.31 shows a photo comparison of the dispersion capacity in paint with and without the addition of Perlite.

FIG. 32 shows test results where a paint without additive was applied with spray equipment without air to 18 passes (bottom) and 20 passes (top).

FIG.33 shows test results when a paint with additive was applied with airless spray equipment to 30 passes.

FIG.34 shows test results when a paint with additive was applied with airless spray equipment to 19 passes FIG.35 is a table that reports the results of an atomization test.

FIG. 36 shows a base polypropylene foam with direct gas injection, without additive, where the size of the cells is 163 microns.

FIG. 37 shows a polypropylene foam with 4.8% expanded pellet additive of 27 microns with a cell size of 45 microns.

FIG. 38 shows a test sample in which green reacted epoxy with and without kinetic mixing particles were mixed with yellow reacted epoxy with and without kinetic mixing particle, respectively. The sample mixed with the kinetic mixing particle achieved superior mixing as evidenced by the larger blue area.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED MODALITIES The present invention utilizes inert micro and nano size structural particles, i.e., kinetic mixing particles, to improve the adhesion of the paint to the surfaces and to improve a paint flow ability, i.e. to improve the wetting ability of the paint. the surface. Additionally, the invention improves the suspension of additives, improves the dispersion of additives and improves the durability of the paint, for example, color change caused by fading, weather resistance and mechanical hardness.

With respect to fluid dynamics, the boundary layer of a flowing fluid has always been considered fixed and immovable. In the laminar region the boundary layer creates a constant form of resistance to flow fluid. The invention relates to the addition of kinetic mixing particles such as those described in U.S. Patent Application No. 12 / 412,357, entitled "STRUCTURALLY ENHANCED PLASTICS WITH FILLER REINFORCEMENTS". U.S. Patent Application No. 12 / 412,357 is hereby incorporated by reference. The addition of kinetic mixing particles will kinetically move the boundary layer as the fluid moves, which promotes flow and decreases film drag. Drag reduction is similar to static friction compared to the kinetic friction of a moving body and applies these concepts to a fluid flow. By adding the kinetic mixing particles of the invention, the boundary layer can move kinetically, which will reduce drag and increase the flow. If the fluid does not move, the inert structural particle, ie, the kinetic mixing particle, will act similar to the dynamic reinforcement structural filler. 1. Adhesion of surfaces The ability for a material, such as a binder or adhesive, to adhere mechanically or chemically to a surface is a function of surface interaction and chemical attraction. Typically, the more roughness a surface is, the better the adhesion of a binder, but the harder it is for the material to flow properly in cracks and crevices of the surface. The addition of kinetic mixing particles helps the material that is applied flow better and more eventually on rough surfaces, if the material is a paint, coating or adhesive, because the kinetic mixing particles mechanically move the boundary layer when the material, that is, the polymer, moves on a surface.

Extremely smooth surfaces also produce adhesion challenges. When the inert structural particle, i.e., the kinetic mixing particle, is rolled or tumbled in the boundary layer of the polymer, the movement of the kinetic mixing particle promotes improved surface-to-binder interaction and results in a gentle deburring of the surface as the boundary layer of the binder or fluid moves on the smooth surface, in order to increase adhesion. 2. Flow ability (surface wetting ability) Typically, when solids are added to fluids, solids reduce an ability of the fluid to flow. The surface wetting capacity is a function of the viscosity of the fluid and the chemical interaction of the fluid with the surface. The addition of kinetic mixing particles changes the interaction of surface to surface to create better contact with the substrate or surface and to create better fluid flow throughout the fluid. For example, paint, coating or adhesives typically use surface tension modifiers to increase the wettability of polymers. The addition of surface modifiers has a negative effect on many polymers by decreasing the adhesive strength, reducing the crosslinking ability of the polymer, and, in the case of paint, the addition of surface tension modifiers increases the subsidence and slippage of the paint on the coated surfaces. By using a kinetic mixing particle to decrease the surface tension, which is caused by the stagnant boundary layer film, the addition of kinetic mixing particles will remove all of the negative effects of the above-mentioned surface tension modifiers. The addition of kinetic mixing particles promotes better surface adhesion by increasing fluid mobility of the boundary layer. Kinetic mixing particles are structural solids, which increase the mechanical strength. The kinetic mixing particles do not chemically restrict the crosslinking of the polymer and, if used in a paint, will reduce the sinking and shifting of the coated surfaces.

The addition of kinetic mixing particles It will allow viscous fluids the ability to produce thinner coatings and better moisture to the surface. The addition of kinetic mixing particles is counterintuitively compared to current wetting additives which usually decrease the viscosity of the fluid through the use of surface tension modifiers. 3. Additive Suspension The more viscous the polymer, the better is the suspension of additives by preventing additives from settling the polymer. However, a higher viscosity polymer suffers from the reduction of desired fluid flow properties, the reduction of wettability and the reduction of adhesion due to poor surface interaction to the substrate. Type (I) particles of kinetic mixing are typically lightweight with an average density of 0.15-0.5g / cm and a high aspect ratio of 0.7 and higher, which can increase the fluid body thickening of the similar polymer to increase the viscosity of the polymer. However, in contrast to increase the viscosity, the thickening of the polymer by the addition of kinetic mixing particles will improve the properties of fluid flow, wettability and adhesion to a surface by better promoting surface interaction. 4. Dispersion of additives Environmental regulations during the past 20 years have driven paints, adhesives as well as resin manufacturers to use higher solid contents, in order to reduce the use of volatile organic compounds that contribute to poor air quality. New paint formulations have higher viscosities, which make the homogenous dispersion of additives difficult. The kinetic mixing particle technology of the invention mechanically mixes the chemical additives throughout the polymer in a micron and nano level. For example, a typical threshold paint is usually mechanically stirred with a paint stick or a paddle mixer driven by a drill to disperse additives prior to the application of the paint. The additives are agitated in the binder through the movement of fluid. However, there are difficult areas to mix along the walls and bottom of a paint pot. Areas difficult to mix are usually comprised of stagnant film layers that have been similar to a boundary layer. The addition of kinetic mixing particles produces mechanical kinetic agitation in the stagnant regions, thereby promoting the transfer of film from the wall and the bottom of the vessel to the main mixing area, which increases the dispersion of trapped additives. 5. Durability "Durability" from an aesthetic point of view is related to color change, fading, wetting and resistance to scratching / scratching. From a mechanical point of view, durability is related to adhesion, hardness, flexibility, chemical resistance, water sorption and impact resistance etc. If the durability is good, it is directly affected by the dispersion and suspension of additives such as pigments, UV stabilizers, fungicides, biocides, coupling agents, surface tension modifiers, plasticizers and hardened fillers for scratch protection / scratch resistance. If the additives are not dispersed throughout the polymer to produce a homogeneous mixture there will be regions in the polymer that will cause durability failures. The addition of the kinetic boundary layer mixing particle in the polymers converts stagnant mixing zones into the dynamic dispersion mixing zones, which promote the rapid homogeneous dispersion of additives. Scratch Ingmar's strength characteristics of polymers are usually realized by incorporating hard particles such as sand, glass or ceramic spheres and a variety of other hard minerals to protect the polymer. Incorporating these hardened particles into a softer polymer increases durability by decreasing the mechanical abrasion of the polymer by applying abrasion to the particle hardened. Taking, for example, a type particle (I) of kinetic mixing made of expanded perlite with a Mohs scale hardness of 5.5 (equivalent to a blade of high quality steel sheet).

This kinetic mixing particle will increase scratch and scratch resistance when incorporated into the polymer.

The kinetic boundary layer mixing technology has excellent dispersing capabilities illustrated by FIGS. 27 and 28 in viscosity materials such as thermoplastics in a high shear mixing environment.

Figure 27 shows a rigid PVC with the same pigment load in both samples. It can clearly be seen that the left sample that has the kinetic boundary layer mixing particles in it is better dispersed.

Figure 28 shows polycarbonate with the same pigment load in both samples. It can clearly be seen that one of those samples on the right includes the kinetic boundary layer mixing particles and disperses better.

Figures 27 and 28 clearly illustrate the benefits of the kinetic boundary layer mixing particles in relation to the dispersion. The properties of Improved dispersion allows hydraulic fracture fluids to have fewer additives because the presence of the kinetic mixing fluid disperses the additives better, so as to produce the same beneficial properties of an additive.

Mixing and combination of different materials Figure 29 shows two images. Image 1 shows rigid PVC with ABS points. These two materials, even under conditions of high shear stress, are not chemically mixed or combined together.

Image 2 of Figure 30 shows the effect of adding kinetic boundary layer mixing particles in different hard materials to mix. In the extruder, the PVC and ABS were mixed together, which resulted in the ABS acting similar to a black pigment.

Figures 31A and 31B show increased dispersion capacity of pigments in a Chrysler manufactured automotive color paint. Both spray samples start with the same Chrysler premix, Blue Caledonia PB3, automotive paint Series: 29399384. The sample on the left (FIG.31A) had a kinetic boundary layer (I) mixed particle made of expanded perlite added inside . The kinetic mixing particle is white in color and added within 1% by mass. The sample on the right (FIG 31B) is the standard factory color. It is clear to observe that the sample on the right had a darker tone, as well as a richer color, which shows it on the right. This experiment shows that the pigment color can be increased by mixing nano and micro particles in the boundary layer of a paint. The improved dispersion of the pigments is easy to observe. However, other additives are also being dispersed better, to produce a more homogeneous mixture, although the other improved dispersion can not be observed throughout the polymer.

Typically, additives in polymers are used to promote durability. However, in the case of fire retardants, fillers, defoamers, surface tension modifiers and biocides etc., fillers often have a negative effect on the polymer, which causes fatigue throughout the crosslinked polymer system. The addition of kinetic mixing particles further improves mixing. The addition of mechanical kinetic mixing particles reduces the size of additives, which produce better interaction in the polymer matrix. Therefore, by reducing the size of additives and improving dispersion, the amount of additives can be reduced. For example, as can be seen in Figure 49, automotive paint became darker in color due to pigment particles that were mechanically processed into smaller particle sizes and dispersed more homogeneously throughout the painting. This homogeneous mixing characteristic increases the crosslinking resistance of the polymer by reducing the amount of additives needed to produce the desired result.

Polymer densification Small inclusions and / or porosity in a polymer can be caused by mechanical agitation during mixing or application. The micron-sized inclusions may be bubbles that have become trapped in the polymer or the inclusions may be small tube-like structures caused by solvents escaping the polymer during curing. Small inclusions in a cured polymer weaken the ability of the polymer to withstand environmental degradation. For example, repeated freeze-thaw cycles propagate micro cracks throughout the polymer and eventually cause substrate adhesion to fail. The micro-cracks throughout the polymer accelerate rapidly because the micro-inclusions promote cracking between them on impact, significantly reducing the impact resistance of the polymer. Micro-inclusions in elastomeric polymers result from accelerated wear of the material due to normal abrasion and reduction of surface adhesion due to micro-inclusions The polymer formulators, who are experts in densification polymer technology, they usually add surface tension modifiers to promote lower surface energy to facilitate the escape of inclusions, such as bubbles. The addition of the kinetic mixing particles of the invention allows the bubbles to escape by mechanical kinetic movement. Additionally, the addition of kinetic mixing particles strengthens the complete polymer with a structural material. The kinetic mixing particles of the invention produce mechanical perforations through the polymer during kinetic rotation, which allows the bubbles to be vented to escape the polymer. The three-dimensional geometric structures of the kinetic mixing particles also have the ability to pierce the bubbles, in order to act as a mechanical deformation agent as well. Therefore, the addition of the kinetic mixing particles improves the densification of the polymers through the use of a mechanical structural additive, which increases the durability of the polymer.

Application methods for painting, coating and adhesives The paints are typically applied by way of a brush, roller or automated systems. The addition of kinetic mixing particles to a paint formulation will provide advantages over the application method.

For example, when applying paint by means of a brush, the particles of kinetic mixing become activated with each movement of the brush. Each stroke of the brush produces a velocity profile in the direction of brush movement that results in kinetic movement of the boundary layer. The result is increased adhesion to surfaces, increased surface wetting, improved additive suspension and improved additive dispersion. Since the addition of kinetic mixing particles helps promote flow when the fluid is in motion, a better thin film coating is provided than is possible with traditional paints, coatings and adhesives.

When paint is applied via a roller or automated roller systems, the kinetic mixing particles are activated during roller contact to the surface, which promotes the movement of the kinetic boundary layer. The addition of kinetic mixing particles better promotes the surface covering on complex surfaces, such as textured dry wall, due to the speed of a paint roller operating in the fluid perpendicular to a surface promotes the thinning of the boundary layer that improves the flow and reduces pinhole effects caused by the formation of bubbles in the paint on complex surfaces. This results in improved adhesion to surfaces, improved surface wetting, improved suspension of additives and improved dispersion of additives. In the case of industrial automated rolling systems, fluids with. additional kinetic mixing particles will flow more eventually with respect to surface variations. In hot glue applications, such as for use with laminate flooring, hot glue having kinetic mixing particles added thereto will have better surface adhesion. The surface adhesion is promoted by the kinetic movement in the boundary layer in the application of pressure rollers on a laminated surface during a final adhesion step.

Dew Test Next is a description of laser particle atomization characteristics for water and paint. The conclusion is that the addition of kinetic mixing material does not affect the atomization of water or paint when expanded perlite was used as the kinetic mixing material.

Most commercial painters use airless spray equipment to apply architectural paints such as acrylics (water based), enamels (oil based) and lacquers (solvent based). There are many types of architectural paintings used for a variety of reasons. The biggest challenge related to the spray of any coating avoids applying too much paint. Applying too much paint causes crashes. The application of little paint promotes inconsistent cover. The test was conducted to focus on a kinetic boundary layer mixing additive ability to apply more paint to a given surface and to avoid paint runs. The test used architectural acrylic paint because the paint is water based and the majority of the environmentally friendly paint comprising 80% of the architectural market of the United States.

Experiment # 1 The paint tested was Sherwin® Super Paint, Interior, one coat cover, Lifetime Warranty, Extra White: 6500-41361, Satin Finish that has a density of 10.91 Ib / gal.

The kinetic mixing particle additive was added at 1.0% by mass. The kinetic mixing particle was a kinetic boundary layer mixing particle (I) made of expanded perlite having an average particle size of 10 m. The Type I kinetic boundary layer mixing particle was chosen because of its light weight and blade-like characteristics, which mix easily in fluids and create maximum agitation of the boundary layer. Additionally, the Type I kinetic mixing material has the highest mechanical maintenance resistance for prevent the paint from running.

A first and a second paint sample were provided in 3,754 liter (1 gallon) cans. Each was mechanically stirred in a paint machine for 5 minutes. Additionally, both samples of 3.7854 liters (1 gallon) were mechanically mixed using a cordless drill at 1,500 rpm with a mechanical mixer of two 3.7854 liters (1 gallon) metal blades made by Warner Mfg. (Manufacturer's part # 447) for 10 minutes before the application of the spray. The kinetic boundary layer mixing particles were incorporated into the paint using only the mechanical mixing with the wireless drill before it was sprayed.

Observation with mechanical mixer: A) Vortex Depth: The mechanical mixing system, that is, the two blade mixer attached to the drill, was placed in the center of the 3,754 liter (1 gallon) paint bucket and then slowly lowered into the paint at the same time. rpm until the vortex collapses. The paint with the 1% kinetic boundary layer mixing particle added to it allowed a 70% deeper vortex formed before the collapse than the paint without the kinetic mixing particles. The vortex depth is a function of the fluid velocity related to dragging the surface of the paint that rotates inside the can. The more fast the broken fluid, the deeper the vortex. The drag is caused by cohesive forces of the acrylic paint that interacts with the boundary layer, which restricts the movement of the fluid.

The addition of kinetic boundary layer mixing particles reduces the coefficient of friction caused by the boundary layer. The kinetic mixing particles are activated by the kinetic energy applied through the centrifugal forces of the thrust of the paint against the wall of the can during rotation. These forces cause the particles to rotate in the boundary layer of the flowing paint, which converts the coefficient of drag from static to kinetic, in order to increase the fluid velocity and depth of the vortex.

B) Bubble formation: Mechanical agitation was administered to both paint samples, that is, to the sample with and without kinetic boundary layer mixing particles, during the same time period. After mechanical agitation, the paint with the kinetic boundary layer mixing particles had less than 5% of its bubble cover. The paint without the kinetic mixing particle additive had 70% of the surface cover with bubbles. Each of the 7.5782 (2 gallon) paint samples were then allowed to adjust for 5 min after mechanical mixing. The paint sample that has the kinetic boundary layer mixing additive had only a few bubbles left on the surface. The paint sample without the additive still had more than 50% of the surface cover with bubbles.

It is believed that the kinetic boundary layer mixing particles, with their blade-like characteristics, were drilling bubbles in the paint sample with the kinetic mixing particles added thereto. Therefore, the paint sample was degassed and densified by mechanical means.

Equipment: • Airless sprayer manufacturing: AIRLESSCO, model: LP540 • Spray gun manufacture: ASM, 300-Series • Dew point manufacturing: AIRLESSCO, model: 517, type: 25.40 cm (10 inches) fan, orifice size: 0.043 cm (0.017 inches) • Dew surface: dry wall, type: Green board 1. 27 cm (1/2 inch) Equipment arrangement • 2500 psi airless spray repair kit • Dew point distance: 50.80 c (20 inches) d perpendicular surface • One step with 10 seconds delay between passes The paint was applied on dry wall in light Direct sunlight at 32.22 ° C (90 ° F) and 70% humidity.

Test Results The sample of paint that has no additive: the painting sank and ran to 20 and 18 passes; see Figure 32.

The sample of paint with additives: the painting sank and ran to 30 passes; see Figure 33.

The sample of paint with additive: the paint did not sink or ran to 19 passes; see Figure 34.

It is believed that the kinetic boundary layer mixing particle (I) prevents the paint from running due to the thin three-dimensional protruding blade-like characteristics of the particle bore easily in the boundary layer without stagnation, which produced a "Mechanical locking system 1" when the painting stops movement. The particles produce a micron shelf system that prevents the paint from sinking and running. This experiment shows that the addition of kinetic boundary layer mixing particles can significantly reduce the errors of mechanical dew, in order to make the paint more favorable for the user and to forgive the operator if the excess paint is accidentally applied.

The kinetic boundary layer mixing particle creates a mechanical interaction before a chemical interaction with the paint increases the wettability and / or flow. The paint that has kinetic mixing particles added to it will have the same sinking and running prevention characteristics if the paint mixture is applied to the roller, by brush, by airless sprayer (typical of water-based paints), or by LPHV system (typical for solvent-based paints). It is much easier to run a paint brush or roller again on a surface to correct the error of the sagging and sliding of the paint compared to the catastrophic disaster it has when 6-8 feet of a sprayed wall begins to sink and then to run as illustrated by FIGS.32 and 33.

Automotive paint Primer and Paint manufactured by Spies Hecker Inc.

Primer: 5310 HS, Hardener: 3315 HS 4: 1 mixing ratio Painting: Chrysler, PB3 Blue Caledonia, Series: 293 99384 Spray gun: SATA Jet 2000 Digital, Type: HVLP, Spray tip: circular jet pattern 1.4 Additive was added to 1.0% by mass, the kinetic boundary layer mixing particle (I) made of expanded perlite with an average particle size of 10 m. The type kinetic boundary layer mixed particle was chosen due to its light weight and blade-like characteristics that mix easily in fluids.

The mechanical mixing of additives in the automotive paint was carried out with Hamilton Beach, Drink Master established at low RPMs with a mixing duration of 1 min.

The automotive paint was applied professionally by First Class Collision in Grove Oklahoma to standard 4 x 6"metal sheet squares.

Remark: both materials were sprayed equally well and provided a smooth wet film. The surface color was darker when the kinetic mixing particles were added. The surface gloss was better with automotive extract paint. Figures 31A and 31B illustrate the color difference. Both paintings receive a transparent layer as the final stage in this process. Therefore, it is assumed that the rough surface caused by the kinetic mixing particle will produce a better adhesive surface for the transparent layer.

Atomization test The atomization test was carried out in water media and then acrylic paint. 80% of the architectural paintings are acrylic and are based on water. Therefore, a kinetic boundary layer mixing particle that will be commercially accepted should not produce any Negative effect in the commercial application of the spray.

The three particle sizes were used for the water analysis: Raw Limit Breaker having an average average particle size of 30 m; Limit Breaker 20 which is an average average particle size of 20 m; Y Boundary Breaker 10 which is a mean average particle size of 10 m.

Two particle sizes were used for the acrylic paint test: Limit Breaker 20 which is an average average particle size of 20 m; Y Boundary Breaker 10 which is a mean average particle size of 10 m.

The test was conducted at two different pressures, that is, at 1000 PSI and 2000 PSI. The test was conducted was conducted at two different nozzle distances, that is, to 15,240 cm (6 inches) and 30,480 cm (12 inches).

The conclusion of the atomization test shows minimal deviation in droplet size during atomization with respect to the kinetic particle size and / or whether the fluid was water or acrylic. Therefore, it is believed that commercial painters will be able to use their equipment as normal without adverse effects on atomization through a airless spray system although the kinetic mixing particles are added to the paint. See the full report in the tabular form in Figure 35.

Spray Systems The addition of kinetic mixing particles to the paint better promotes the surface interaction of the wet film on a surface. When the atomized fluid hits a surface, the atomized fluid will activate the kinetic mixing particles and will move the boundary layer of the wet film as well as the rubbing of the surface due to the movement of atomized particles on the surface, resulting in better cover and a more uniform spray coating. This movement of the wet film applied during the application reduces the orange skin effects of the paint coatings. Additionally, the addition of kinetic mixing particles will increase the adhesion of the paint to a surface, increase the surface wetting, increase the suspension of additives and increase the dispersion.

Other application areas Spray bottle applications for adhesives and paint foam will benefit from the addition of particles \ of kinetic mixing because the addition of the particles increases the total properties of the surface cover, film thickness and helps to preserve the Dew points of obstruction.

Caulking can benefit from the addition of kinetic mixing particles by helping to promote improved flow and better surface interaction with the substrate when caulking is moved by a caulking gun or by other means.

In heavily filled adhesives such as carpet base binder, where 60% to 80% by volume is calcium carbonate, the addition of kinetic mixing particles will increase wettability, ie, dry materials that are coated by wet materials, for This way increase manufacturing throughout and improve the quality of the complete product.

In foams, the addition of kinetic mixing particles promotes uniform cell structures with more consistent wall thickness for spray application or injection molding in single component materials, double component materials and thermoplastic materials with blowing agents. The foams can be moved by affecting the jet mixing systems.

For example, sharp edge particles, when incorporated with a foaming agent, provide kinetic mixing that does not stop when the mixing step is done. The particles continue to remain active as the fluid moves during the expansion process. This it promotes better dispersion of the blowing agents as well as increased mobility through the best dispersion of reactive and non-reactive additives throughout the fluid during the expansion of the foam to thereby improve the cellular consistency. The unique characteristics of knife-like, punctuated, three-dimensional structures of the kinetic mixing material (Type I) produce excellent nucleation sites, thereby increasing the consistency and strength of the cell wall. This phenomenon can be observed when comparing polypropylene foam without additive (FIG 36) and polypropylene foam with 4.8% expanded perlite additive of 27 microns (FIG 37). FIG. 37 shows a substantial improvement in producing microcell structures.

In two-component adhesives, the addition of kinetic mixing particles will help to mix the interface from liquid to liquid, promoting better cross-linking throughout the polymer. The additive of kinetic mixing particles will further improve the strength of the adhesive and impart better flow properties.

A static mixing test was conducted for double component reactive materials: Material: Two components Loctite 60 min. epoxy, 2 pigments one yellow one green Equipment: 50 standard double caulking gun mL with 0.63 cm in diameter (1/4 inch in diameter) 15.240 cm (6 inches) along the tip of the disposable static mixer.

Experiment arrangement 100 ml of epoxy was reacted mixed and a small amount of yellow pigment was mixed inside; 100 ml of epoxy was reacted mixed and a small amount of green pigment mixed inside; The two reacted epoxies of 100 ml with pigment inside were then divided in half. 50 ml of yellow reacted epoxy was placed in one half of a. single double component cartridge in a static mixer. In the other half of the static mixer, 50 ml of green reacted epoxy was placed in the single double component cartridge.

The 50 ml yellow reacted epoxy had 1% by mass of kinetic mixing particles by hand mixed therein. The yellow reacted epoxy was placed in one half of the static mixer cartridge. The 50 ml green reacted epoxy had 1% by mass of kinetic mixing particles mixed by hand therein. The 50 ml green reacted epoxy was then placed on the other side of the double component cartridge. The mixing process was conducted for approximately 5 min. before the material was injected out of the static mix at the same low speed. The static mixing tubes were then left to be completely healed. The tubes were then cut in half using a water jet cutter. As can be seen from the reference to Fig. 38, the upper sample, that is, the sample with Kinetic mixing particles from Boundary Breaker is the most completely mixed of the two samples. In other words, the upper sample mixed the green and yellow reacted epoxy more completely, resulting in a greater amount of blue mixed epoxy.

Example 1: The material designated as "Breaker of Limit "in the example below refers to particles of kinetic mixing of the Applicant, referred to above, although a specific amount by weight is designated below, it must be understood that other quantities may also be effective. Weight from 0.5% to 10% would be effective.

SEMI STAINS - TRANSPARENT Formulation ST337-2 Based on Rhoplex ® AC-337N and Acrysol * RM-825 Materials Pounds Gallons Water 35. 00 4.2 Tamol 681a 2. 50 0. 3 Foamaster AP * 3 2. 00 0.3 Super Sea tone Trans-Oxide Red 38. 50 3. 6 Minex 7d 35. 00 1. 6 Rhoplex A C-337N 212.20 24.0 Texanol e 7.82 1.0 Propylene glycol 17.31 20.

Rozone 2000a 2.50 0.3 MichemLUBE 270E 20.00 2.4 Aczysol RM-825a 15.00 1.7 Aqueous Ammonia (28 be) 0.50 0.1 Water 485.68 58.3 Foamaster AR ^ 2.50 0.3 Total 876.51 100.00 Limit Breaker 2% by Weight 17.53 Solid Total 894.04 Typical Values Concentration in Pigment Volume 14.7% Solids in volume 12.0% Initial Viscosity, KU 65 ± 5 aRohm and Haas Company bHenkel Corp. c Hamilton Davis Corp. dUnimin Corp. eEastman Chemical fMichelman Inc.

Manufacturer product name additive type weight percent BASF Acronal S710 binder 30% acrylic ROHM S HAAS Rhoplex AC-337Na binder 24.4% to Jico In the above example, Acronal S 710 and Rhoplex AC-337Na are acrylic binders to which Boundary Breaker particles in amounts equal to 2% by weight will be added when the acrylic binders are sold to paint formulation companies. Therefore, 30% by weight of acrylic binder in a paint would result in 6.7% by weight of Limit Breaker; 24.4% by weight of acrylic binder in a paint would result in 8.2% by weight of the Limit Breaker. Yes 0.5% by weight of Limit Breaker was added to 30% by weight of acrylic binder in a paint, this would result in 1.7% of Limit Breaker in weight in the paint; If it is added to 24.4% by weight of acrylic binder in the paint, then 2% of Limit Breaker by weight in the paint would result.

Jr? k 'k "k In this way, the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objectives and achieve the ends and advantages mentioned in the foregoing as well as those inherent in the present. While the currently preferred embodiments have been described for purposes of this description, numerous changes and modifications will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Such changes and modifications are encompassed within the spirit of this invention as defined by the claims.

Test Number: 201 OT TitutafDescr) ption Test Gotette Size with Tips of Rock »da Carburo da Tungsten < TC) Spraying Systems Co.® : Roclo Analysis and Research Services From Spraying Systems Co.

Background Ecupuro needed the spray droplet size test with Spraying SystemsCo.® (TC) tungsten carbide nozzle p. The Spraying Systems Co.® Group, Analysis of Roclo and Research Services used laser diffraction techniques to measure the droplet size distribution of the test conditions supplied. The droplet size data in this preliminary test report will be analyzed by Ecupuro to define the most suitable test conditions for your requirements. Test nozzles The nozzle p of tungsten carbide, Spraying Systems Co. CDROBTC 650067 was used for airless paint spray, for testing. The CDROBTC ps features of a short p-stand are designed for use in applications where the spray solution tends to dry quickly. The design p helps to slide the solution away from the hole and prevents clogging caused by formation of scale and buildup. Spraying Systems Co. Theft c TC p s are shown in Figure 1.

Figure i: SpraYing Sys p Test Arrangement The Sympatec HELOS Par Ele analyzer was used to acquire droplet size measurements for this test (Figure 2). The Sympatec is a laser diffraction instrument that measures droplet size based on the energy of the diffracted light caused by the droplets passing through the analyzer's sampling area. The Sympatec uses a 632.8nm HeNe laser with a long resonator. The scattered light intensity distribution is measured using a multi-element semicircular photo-detector housing in the receiving unit. The test was performed using an R4 lens configuration. This lens configuration allows a measurement range of 1.8 m to 350 mm, at a working distance of 130 mm.

Dew Analysis Figure 2. Sympatec Laser Diffraction Particle Analyzer Test Fluid The first set of experiments were conducted with pure water and 3 water mixtures (Raw, BB10 and BB20). The K43 Series Paint from Resilience Exterios Látex Sa n is used in the second set of the size test of droplet. The paint was sprayed without any of the additives and 2 different blends with BB10 and BB20.

Test Results The diameters Dvo.i, Dv0.5, Dv0.9 and D32 were used to evaluate the droplet size data. The distribution is typically expressed by size vs. the cumulative volume percent. The droplet size terminology is defined in Understanding Drop Size, Bulle n 459c (hp: //service.spray,com/lit/lit list sa.asp) as follows: Dvo.i: A value where 10% of the total volume (or mass) of sprayed liquid is made up of droplets with diameters smaller or equal to this value.

DV0-5: Medium Volume Diameter (also known as MVD). A means of expression of droplet size in terms of the volume of the sprayed liquid. The MVD is a value where 50% of the total volume (or mass) of the sprayed liquid is made up of droplets with diameters larger than the average value and 50% smaller than the average value. This diameter is used to compare the change in droplet size on average between test conditions.

DV0.9: A value where 90% of the total volume (or mass) of sprayed liquid is made up of droplets with diameters smaller or equal to this value.

D32: Sauter's Mean Diameter (also known as SMD) is a means of expressing the fineness of a dew in terms of the surface area produced by the spray. The SMD is the diameter of a droplet that has the same volume to the surface area as the total volume of all the droplets to the total surface area of all the droplets.

Table 1: Droplet size data for test conditions As seen from Table 1, the smallest droplet sizes are observed at a dew distance of 15,240 cm (6 inches) compared to runs in the downstream portion 30,480 cm (12 inches) from the nozzle p. On the other hand, droplet sizes are obtainable smaller with the increase in hydrodynamic pressure. As expected, the largest droplet sizes are observed with paint sprays due to the higher viscosity of latex paint compared to water. The use of the additives resulted in small variations in the droplet size data. During the experiments with additives, no significant change was observed in the spray pattern by the naked eye compared to the runs without additive. conclusion The results presented here acquired with the Sympatec provide quantitative characterization of the Spraying Systems Co.® TC ps. These measurement results provide clear dew characterization results with the Spraying Systems Co.® TC ps.

Additional information can be extracted for the 'raw' data. However, this raw data requires proprietary processing programs to access the information. Therefore, if there is a lot of information not contained within the results provided that can be used by Ecupuro, please contact Spraying Systems Co.® and the data will be accessed and provided if available.

Claims (22)

1. A polymer mixture, characterized in that it comprises: a polymer having kinetic mixing particles dispersed therein; wherein the kinetic mixing particles comprise particles wherein at least 20% of the particles have geometric shapes selected from the group consisting of points, sharp edges, accessible internal structures, voids and cavities that produce diamonds and corner triangles.

2. The polymer mixture according to claim 1, characterized in that: The polymer is a paint binder.

3. The polymer mixture according to claim 1, characterized in that: the kinetic mixing particles comprise at least 0.1% by mass of the polymer mixture.

4. The polymer mixture according to claim 1, characterized in that: the kinetic mixing particles are comprised of Type I kinetic boundary layer mixing particles.

5. The polymer mixture according to claim 4, characterized in that: the kinetic mixing particles are comprised of expanded perlite.

6. The polymer mixture according to claim 5, characterized in that: the kinetic mixing particles have an average particle size of between about 500 nm to 100m.

7. The polymer mixture according to claim 6, characterized in that: the kinetic mixing particles have an average particle size between 1 m and 30 m.

8. A method for increasing the wettability of a polymer to a surface, improving polymer flow and increasing the dispersion of additives, characterized in that it comprises the steps of: adding kinetic mixing particles to the polymer to form a polymer mixture; moving the polymer on a surface; drum-stir the kinetic mixing particles to a boundary layer of the motion polymer.

9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that it comprises: the step of adding thickness to the polymer.

10. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that it also comprises: particle additives pigmented in the polymer; where the pigmented particles are mechanically processed into smaller particle sizes by the kinetic mixing particles to disperse the pigment particles more homogeneously throughout the polymer mixture.

11. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that: drum agitation of the kinetic mixing particles produces mechanical perforations through a polymer during the kinetic rotation to allow the bubbles to escape from the polymer.

12. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that: at least 20% of the kinetic mixing particles define the sharp edges that are capable of piercing the bubbles in the polymer to defoam the polymer.

13. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that: The step of adding kinetic mixing particles to the polymer comprises the steps of: add the kinetic mixing particles in an amount comprising at least 0.1% by mass of the polymer mixture.

14. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that: the kinetic mixing particles are comprised of Type I kinetic boundary layer mixing particles.

15. The method in accordance with the claim 14, characterized in that: the kinetic mixing particles are comprised of expanded perlite.

16. The method in accordance with the claim 15, characterized in that: the kinetic mixing particles have an average particle size of between about 500 nm to 100m.

17. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that: the kinetic mixing particles have an average particle size of between about 1 m to 30 m.

18. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the step of moving the polymer on a surface comprises: atomize the polymer with a spray apparatus.

19. The method in accordance with the claim 8, characterized in that the step of moving the polymer on a surface comprises: Apply the polymer to a surface with a paint brush.

20. The method in accordance with the claim 8, characterized in that the step of moving the polymer on a surface comprises: Apply the polymer to a surface with an airless sprayer.

21. The method in accordance with the claim 8, characterized in that the step of moving the polymer on a surface comprises: Apply the polymer to a surface with a system LPHV.

22. The method in accordance with the claim 8, characterized in that the step of moving the polymer on a surface comprises: Apply the polymer to a surface with a two-component impact jet mixing system.