MX2010001325A - Biofilter material based on xoconostle (opuntia matudae) peel and aquatic lily (eichhornia crassipies) for treating wastewaters, method for obtaining and using the same. - Google Patents

Abstract

Described is a biofilter material for treating fluids/wastewaters polluted with industrial and organic wastes. Said biofilter material comprises, as main components, xoconostle peel (Opuntia matudae) and aquatic lily (Eichhornia crassipes), as well as a small amount of caustic soda and activated carbon, where according to the Mexican official standard NOM-001-ECOL-1996 that establishes the parameters of water intended for agricultural purposes, i.e., water complying with the whole established characteristics: microbiological (more probable number of coliforms), physical (pH and acidity) and chemical (total nitrogen, greases and oils, total phosphorus, solved solids, total suspended solids and sediments, heavy metals), the invention showed positive results regarding said issues, thus indicating that the biofilter may be an alternative for continuing with the efforts for treating wastewaters.

Description

BIOFILTER MATERIAL BASED ON XOCONOSTLE SHELL (Opuntia matudae) AND AQUATIC LILY. { Eichhornia crassipes) FOR THE TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER, METHOD OF OBTAINING AND USE TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION j The present invention relates to biofiltration materials for filtering fluids, particularly refers to a biofilter material based on xoconostle shell (Opuntia matudae) and water lily (Eichhornia crassipes) dehydrated for the treatment of wastewater, its process of obtaining and use. \ OBJECT OF THE INVENTION The object of the present invention refers to a biofilter material based on the combination of xoconostle shell (Opuntia matudae) and atuat lily bulb (Eichhornia crassipes) dehydrated for wastewater treatment Contaminated with industrial and society waste, its process of obtaining and using it; complying with the official norms NOM-001-ECOL-1996 that establishes the maximum permissible limits of pollutants in wastewater discharges in waters and national goods (water for agricultural use) and NOM-003-ECOL-1997 for maximum limits of pollutants for treated wastewater that is reused in public services.

BACKGROUND The current water deficit is a very strong ecological problem at world level, which has been caused by an excessive exploitation on the part of the human being. In Mexico there is a very considerable amount of organic waste and discharges from some companies to the rivers mainly, as is the case of Lerma-Santiago, which receives the majority of I waste from the state of Guanajuato, coming from the food, manufacturing, society and petrochemical refinery industries located in the city of Salamanca. It is important to mention that a large part of the farmers of the southwestern area of the state use the water coming from this water tributary, through the system called "cárcamo", for the production of I their crops bringing serious damage to the health of consumers and themselves, this before the need to promote their economy due to the shortage of well water and the technological backwardness that the Mexican countryside presents.; Among the investigations carried out and the search carried out, the following was found: Garza and Rodríguez (2004) used Opuntia imbrícat (Coyónostle, cardencha, cholla) in the immobilization of microbial consortiums in wastewater, presenting satisfactory results in the bio-mineralization of organic pollutants and inorganic and with low rates of biomass generation. Vargas (2004) used the water lily. { Eichhomia crassipes) as a fixing agent of beneficial bacteria in the process of degradation of contaminants, obtaining necessary conditions to be incubated. In. 1995, Véléz and Rodríguez used dried and powdered water lily to a body of the liquid petroleum product to absorb said product. On the other hand, Lin'eiro (2006) used the water lily (Eichhomia crassipes) for the fragrance of vinasse to be discharged without problems to the soil and water bodies. In 2002, Varga conducted a study on the classification of water lily according to the water clad where it develops, finding two groups: lily - organic: which was used to absorb organic substances and toxic lily in charge of catching toxic and dangerous substances. Soto (2001) used the sprayed aquatic lily as an alternate product to attend to minor emergencies in the collection, transferring confinement and final disposal of industrial waste or residues in the liquid phase and / or in the solidification process. . ': TECHNICAL PROBLEM TO BE RESOLVED Even when the documents of the state of the art have tried to solve the problem, it is still present, therefore, in view of this situation and due to the large volumes of pollutants present in freshwater, it is necessary! to generation of more and better alternatives that contribute to enable the current hydrological curjsós, leaving them available to man with a better sanitary quality and, what better than using the resources that the same nature I j provides as are the xoconostle and the water lily that are present in large quantities in the state of Guanajuato. It is known that the technique on the existence of biofilters or filters in which the water lily is used in the field of wastewater treatment which has only acted as a remover of toxic substances and unlike the present invention where it does not. only the presence of toxic substances is diminished, but also unpleasant odors, microbial load and fats and oils of the water are eliminated, to leave them in acceptable conditions for agricultural use according to the parameters established by the official Mexican lasts,. ! BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES! In figure 1, Kinetics of ash content in the lily, the root dome was observed and the leaf retained 26% of total minerals present in the residual water in and the bulb 38.40%. Of the minerals analyzed and found were: Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl,. ?, Fe, B, N03, Ar, Pb, Cd and Hg. ! DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION ! BIOFILTER PRODUCT: In a transparent pet tube 35 cm high by 10 cm in diameter, a layer of dehydrated xoconostle (37.35 g) and ground skin was placed on top of it and on top of it a dehydrated lily bulb (30 g) and a more xoconostle with the same amount before (37.5g), then put 0: 4 g of caustic soda and finally placed on the base of the filter a caoa with. activated carbon (20 g) previously washed until the dark color is eliminated. For this test or for the functionality of the filter, 200ml of residual water was passed, obtaining a recovery of 160 m !. ! - According to the above, it can be observed that the product, at least in raw material, is actually economic because the main raw material, xoconóst'e and lirio, are in nature and the latter is considered as a weed for the rivers and Go faunas.

I I 4; i The project itself presents a very novel response to the results of wastewater, by eliminating the aroma, and the microbial load and by complying with the specifications that the standard 1 The present invention also provides a method for obtaining a biofilter comprising the following steps: METHOD OF ELABORATION OF BIOFILTERS: 1, COLLECTION OF MATERIALS: • '- i 1. 1. Residual water: · a) Collect the wastewater that was taken from one of the springs of the Lerma River located in Salamanca, Guanajuato, where samples considered as composed were taken because they were at different depths of 25cm, 15cm and 5cm, approximately and in 3 points of the river at an approximate distance of 150m to 500m according to the NMX-AA-003-1980. i || The samples were taken at 9:00 a.m. at which time the discharge of waste from oil companies is carried out, this to obtain more representative data on the level of water pollutants. In most of the analyzes performed, the technique used was this, except for the one mentioned below: - Determination of fats and oils. 1 liter of sample was taken according to NMX-AA-005-SCFI-2000. determination of recoverable fats and oils in natural, residual and treated wastewater-Test method (Cancels NMX-AA-005-1980). . . | ! b) Homogenize the samples of wastewater taken (-20 Ijtros) and transport them to the Institution in hermetically sealed containers to avoid any other possible contamination during the transfer. j 1. 2. Xoccnostle:! a) Collect the fruit with plastic tongs to avoid damage to the fruit and to the staff, during the months of October-November.; b) Place the fruit on the ground where it is swept with wild irons to remove the excess of thorns (ahuetes or glóquidas) that cause discomfort for its transport. i . Water lily: a) Collect the water lily in an irrigation channel of the community of La Ordeña corresponding to Salamanca, Guanajuato., Where the plants were taken at random, placed in plastic containers for transport. REPAIR OF THE SAMPLES 'a) At the xoconostle the shell was removed with the support of a stainless steel knife to be subjected to a drying treatment in a' Furnace, model FELISA, Fisher Cientific Mark with temperature scale of 50 a 220 ° C, at 100 ° C for 1 hr (925.10 AOAC, 1990). i i) Crush the shell of the xoconostle fruit and the water lily in a separate industrial blender, previously dried and ground for 15 seconds, obtaining particles of size in a range between 0.5 and 6 mm; measurements in sieves of different diameters (between 0.5 and 7mm). C) Store: The shell of dehydrated xoconostle and aquatic lily ground in a brown paper bag to prevent it from absorbing moisture, to be used later, in the biofilter. D) Prepare biofilter. In a transparent white pet tube 39.7 cm high by 7.8 cm in diameter, a layer with activated charcoal (20 g), previously washed until the dark color was removed, was placed in the bottom of the filter, then 0.4 g caustic soda, a shell layer of dehydrated and ground xoconostle fruit equivalent to 37.35 g, followed by water lily also dehydrated with 30 g and one more xoconostle with the same previous quantity of 37.5 g. To evaluate the functionality of the biofilter, 200 ml of residual water were passed, obtaining a recovery of 160 ml. The filtered water remains with a pH acid (3.8 to 4.0) that can be generated because the skin is acidic, without the initial aroma and with an accentuated red color, perhaps due to the presence of some iron in the water that in contact with the acidity of the shell suffers some oxidation causing, this tonality. Taking into account the parameters established by the official Mexican standard, and according to the ! analysis obtained by the different dependencies and in all the parameters it can be affirmed that the water treated through the biofilter fulfills satisfactorily to be used for agricultural purposes both microbiologically and chemically, because in color and aroma I There are no requirements for its application. That is to say, in heavy metals, Solubles Solids, Sedimentables Solids, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), pH, acidity, content of fats and oils, Suspended solids; total, i Nitrogen and total phosphorus. 3. REALIZED ANALYSIS i e) The analyzes carried out on the shell of xoconostle, aquatic lily 'and residual water already treated through the biofilter were carried out in the INIFAP (Institute of Forestry and Agricultural and Livestock Research) in the facilities of the city of Celaya , Guanajuato, La Quimia Laboratory, in Irapuato, Guanajuato and others at the Technological University of Southwest Guanajuato. The techniques used by all the institutions for the respective analyzes were taken from the official Mexican standards for waters used in agricultural irrigation, as I mention below:! - Soluble salts, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, Mn, Fe, B and NO3. NMX-AA-036-SCFI-2001.

- Determination of acidity and alkalinity in natural, residual and treated waste waters - test method (cancels NMX-AA-036-198Ó), NMX-AA-051-SCFI-2001. Determination of metals by atomic absorption in natural, potable, residual and treated waste waters - test method (cancels NMX-AA-051 -1981) i - Determination of Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic and Lead. NMX-AA-051-SCFI-2001. Determination of metals by atomic absorption in natural waters, i I ' . . . . t potable, residual and treated waste - test method (cancels the NMX-AA-051-1981)! i - Presence of fats and oils. NMX-AA-005-SCFI-2000. Determination of fats and oils recoverable in natural, residual and treated waste waters-Test method (Cancels NMX-AA-005-1980).

- Sedimentary solids. NMX-AA-004-SCFI-2000. Analysis of water. Determination of settleable solids in natural, residual and treated waste waters - test method (cancels NMX-AA-004-1977). j - Total suspended solids. NMX-AA-034-SCFI-2001. Analysis of waters. Determination of Solids and Dissolved Salts in Natural, Waste and Wastewater Treated - Test Method (Cancels NMX-AA-020-1980 and NMX-AA-034-1981). i - Biochemical oxygen demand. NMX-AA-028-SCFI-2001. Analysis d < 3 Water. Determination of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand in Natural, Residual Waters (BOD5) and treated residuals - Test Method (Cancels the NMX-I AA-028-1981). ! - Determination of Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus. NMX-AA-026-SCFI-2001. Water analysis - determination of total nitrogen kjeldahl in natural waters, residuals and treated waste - test method (cancels NMX-AA-026-1980); NMX-AA-029-SCFI-2001 Water Analysis. Determination of Total Phosphorus in Natural, Waste and Treated Wastewater - Test Method (cancels NMX-AA- 029-1981); i - Microbiological tests:; ' Coliforms NOM-113-SSA1-1994. Goods and services. Method for the count of total coliform microorganisms in plaque. i - Determination of pH. By the AOAC method 973.41, 2000, with the support of a digital potentiometer complement and to corroborate strips are also used.

- Analysis of acidity. It was carried out according to the NMX-AA-036-SCFI-2001. Determination of acidity and alkalinity in natural, residual and treated waste waters - Test method (cancels NMX-AA-036-1980). j - Ash content. It was determined by the method of AOAC 942.05. In a Felisa muffle with a maximum temperature of 1100 ° C. ! EXAMPLES Table 1, tests carried out on the cleaning of waste water. To evaluate the functionality of the filter, three different designs were prepared, with different amounts or proportions of raw material, with a volume of water of 200 ml, taking into account the amount of water recovered and the pH of the final water. In the first experiment we worked with 121.18 cm3 of lily (63.6%) and with 69.24 cm3 (36.4%) of xoconostle rind and with a conical design where the obtained pH was 1.58, in the second experiments the amounts of the materials and the design being now cylindrical with 402: 11 cm3 i (88.9%) of lily and 50.26 cm3 (11.1%) of xoconostle peel achieving a pH of 5.8 and in the third test was made with the same design (cylindrical) but now with different quantities dividing the amount of xoconostle in two layers leaving the Lily among them. This form was chosen after verifying that the xoconostle is in charge of lowering the pH and therefore if a double pass is given to the water by the layers of xoconostle the bacteria would have; less chance of surviving The xoconostle goes first (in the upper part of the biofilter) in order to immediately lower the microbial load, then the lily for the retention of metals, all kinds of solids and fats that may be present, one more layer of xoconostle to lower even more pH, then the caustic soda to drastically change the pH and guarantee the microbiological quality of the water, because with these drastic pH changes it is difficult the survival of some microorganism and finally the activated carbon whose main function It is to give a little shine and elimination of water color, for Which is placed at the end of it. , ' Table 1. Tests carried out on the cleaning of waste water I t i Table 2, in reference to the analysis of soluble solids these showed, 'that the levels presented in the treated water comply with the established by the Mexican official standard (NMX-AA-036-SCFI-2001, NMX-AA-034-SCFI -2001). \ Table 2. Analysis of soluble solids Table 4 Microbiological analyzes. Method for the count of total coliform microorganisms in plaque, reported as colony forming units (CFU / ml) according to what is established by the norm (NOM-113-SSA1-994). From the results obtained, a very favorable reduction was observed in terms of colony growth, that is to say in the untreated water, there were up to 1,770 CFC / ml and in the filtered water it was reduced to 810 CFU / ml. ! Table 4. Microbiological results of residual water and water treated with biofilters.

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Claims (4)

i 11 i CLAIMS! 1. The filter that is manufactured with abundant organic material in the region, such as the Xoconostle and the Aquatic Lily, is an ecological alternative to treat waste and industrial waters that pollute the surface waters of agricultural areas that these surface currents bathe; leaving them suitable for agricultural irrigation. The biofilter is characterized by the use of dehydrated and ground dried xoconostle (Opuntia mutatae) and water lily (Eichhernia crussipes) shells, activated carbon and caustic soda, which are stored in layers and which retain volume proportions of each component to retain heavy metals , suspended solids, solids sediments, dissolved salts, and that also guarantees that, with variations in pH, the total coliforms are eliminated, leaving the water with the conditions described in the respective legislation. l 2. The biofilter will be used to clean wastewater to be used for agricultural irrigation. ! , 3. The materials used in the manufacture of the filter according to claim 1 should be arranged in consecutive layers and with the following proportions: activated carbon (16.39%), caustic soda (1.64%), xoconostle shell (30.74%) , water lily (20.49%) and shell of xoconostle (30.74)! · | 4. The biofilter material stated in claims 1 and 2 is obtained according to the method described below: COLLECTION OF MATERIALS ¾ 1.1. Residual Water c) Collect wastewater that was taken from one of the springs; of the Lerma River located in Salamanca Guanajuato, where samples were taken considered as composed because they were at different depths of 25cm, 15cm and 5cm, approximately and in 3 points of the river t at a distance of approximately 150m to 500m according to the ??? - ?? - 003-1980. The samples were taken at 9:00 am at which time the discharge of waste from oil companies is carried out, in order to obtain more representative data on the level of water contaminants .; In most of the analyzes performed, the technique used was this, except for the one mentioned below: - Determination of fats and oils. Sample Tlitro was taken according to NMX-AA-005-SCFI-2000. determination of fats and 1 recoverable oils in natural, residual and treated wastewater ÷ Test method (Cancels NMX-AA-005-1980).; d) Homogenize the samples of wastewater taken (20 liters) and transport them to the Institution in hermetically sealed containers to avoid any other possible contamination during the transfer. 1. 2. Xoconostle c) Collect the fruit with plastic tongs to avoid damage to the fruit and to the staff, during the months of October-November. j d) Place the fruit on the ground where it is swept with wild irons to remove the excess of thorns (ahuetes or glóquidas) that cause discomfort for its transport. j I

1. 3. Water lily b) Collect the water lily in an irrigation channel of the community of lalOrdeña corresponding to Salamanca, Gto., where the I plants, placed in plastic containers for transport. E3PREPARATION OF SAMPLES i I f) At the xoconostle, the shell was removed with the support of a stainless steel knife to be subjected to a drying treatment in a furnace, model FELISA, Fisher Cientific Mark with temperature scale of 50 to 220 ° C, at 100 ° C for 1 hr (925.10 AOAC, 1990). j g) Grind the shell of the xoconostle fruit and the water lily in a separate industrial blender, previously dried and ground for 15 seconds, obtaining particles of size in a range between 0.5 and 6 mm. Measurements in different sieves diameters (between 0.5 and 7mm). i h) Store: The dehydrated xoconostle shell and aquatic lily crushed in a paper bag disengages to prevent them from absorbing moisture, to be used later, in the biofilter. i) Prepare biofilter. In a transparent white pet tube measuring 39.7 cm in height by 7.8 cm in diameter, a layer with activated charcoal (20 g), previously washed to remove the dark color, was placed in the bottom of the filter, then 0.4 g of soda was placed caustic, a shell layer of dehydrated and ground xoconostle fruit equivalent to 37.35 g, followed by aquatic lily also dehydrated with 30 g and one more xoconostle with the same previous quantity of 37.5 g. To evaluate the functionality of the biofilter, 200 ml of residual water were passed, obtaining a recovery of 160 ml. The filtered water remains cor) an acidic pH (3.8 to 4.0) which can be generated because the shell is acidic, without the initial aroma and with an accentuated red color, perhaps due to the presence of some iron in the water that in contact with the acidity of the shell suffer some oxidation causing, this tonality. Taking into account the parameters established by the official Mexican norm, and according to the analyzes obtained by the different dependencies and in all the parameters, it can be affirmed that the water treated through the biofilter satisfactorily fulfills to be used for agricultural purposes both microbiologically as chemically, because in color and aroma there are no requirements for its application. That is, in heavy metals, Solubles Solids, Sedimentables Solids, Biochemical Oxygen Demand; (BOD), pH, acidity, content of fats and oils, total suspended solids, nitrogen and total phosphorus. ANALYSIS CARRIED OUT jj) The analyzes carried out on the shell of xoconostle, aquatic lily and residual water already treated through the biofilter were carried out in the INIFAP (Institute of Forestry and Agricultural and Livestock Research) in the facilities of the City of Celaya, Guanajuato, Laboratory! of the Quimia, in Irapuato, Guanajuato and others at the Technological University of the Southwest of Guanajuato. The techniques used by all the institutions for the respective analyzes were taken from the official Mexican lasts for waters used in agricultural irrigation, as mentioned below: - Soluble salts, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, Mn, Fe, B and NO3. NMX-AA-036-SCFI-20Ú1. - Determination of acidity and alkalinity in natural, residual and treated wastewater - test method (cancels NMX-AA-036-1980) 1, NMX-AA-051-SCFI-2001. Determination of metals by atomic absorption in; natural, potable, residual and treated waste waters - test method (cancels NMX-AA-051-1981) | - Determination of Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic and Lead. NMX-AA-051-SCFI- 2001. Determination of metals by atomic absorption in natural, potable, residual and treated waste waters - test method (cancels NMX- 'AA-051-1981) - Presence of fats and oils. NMX-AA-005-SCFI-2000. Determination of i Recoverable fats and oils in natural, residual and treated wastewater-Test method (Cancels NMX-AA-005-1980). | - Sedimentable solids. NMX-AA-004-SCFI-2000. Water analysis. Determination of settleable solids in natural, residual and treated waste waters - test method (cancels NMX-AA-004-1977). - Total suspended solids. NMX-AA-034-SCFI-2001. Analysis of waters. Determination of Solids and Dissolved Salts in Natural, Residual and Residual Waters Treated - Test Method (Cancels NMX-AA-020-1980 and NMX-AA-034-1981). i ( - Biochemical oxygen demand. NMX-AA-028-SCFI-2001. Water analysis. Determination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand in Natural, Residual Waters (DB05) and treated residuals - Test Method (Cancels NMX-AA-028-1981). i - Determination of Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus. NMX-AA-026-SCFI-2001. Water analysis - nitrogen determination Total kjeldahl in natural, residual and treated waste - test method (cancels NMX-AA-026-1980); NMX-AA-029-SCFI-2001 Water Analysis. Determination of Total Fósfóro in Natural, Residual and Residual Waters Tratgdás - Method De,. Test (cancel the N X-AA-029-1981);; · Microblological tests: - Coüfcrmes. NMX-AA-42-1987. Water quality: Determination of the most probable number (N P) of total coliformés, fecal cobumps (thermotolerant) and Éscherichia Coli Presuntiva. - pH bérérrrtinación. By means of the AOAC 973.41, 2000 method, a digital potentiometer was supplemented and, to corroborate, it will be used as a digital potentiometer. PH. | | | | '-? | - Analysis of acidity. It was carried out according to the NMX-AA-036'-SCF! -200'I. Determination of acidity and alkalinity in natural, residual and treated wastewater - Test method (cancel to NMX-AA-036-1980). : ' - Gontenido of ashes. Be determined by the method of AOAG 942.0 $. ! In u á., Míiflá Felisa with. maximum temperature of 1 100HC. i I