MX2009014259A - Didactic device for teaching the characteristics of animal cells and tissues. - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention describes a didactic device for teaching the characteristics of animal cells and tissues 1, which comprises a first three-dimensional model 10 having a forearm and hand shape, and a second three-dimensional model 20 representing an interosseous artery, a third three-dimensional model 40 representing an interosseous vein and a case 60 where the device 1 is stored and transported, each of the aforementioned elements having a structural configuration able to transmit by visual or tactile perception the information and knowledge of the outer anatomy of a posterior forearm, as well as the muscular, venous and arterial anatomy thereof.

Description

Didactic device for teaching animal cells and tissues TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention is understood within the field of teaching devices for the teaching or demonstration of natural sciences, specifically in the area of anatomy, this device being focused on the teaching of people with different abilities, such as the blind or visually impaired.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the current context of the search for new didactic teaching methods that ensure the retention of the knowledge transmitted to the students of the different branches of human knowledge, various didactic instruments have been developed to support the teaching-learning process, which result every time more versatile and allowing through its implementation, transform the monotonous and traditional concept of teaching natural sciences, while allowing to raise the levels of knowledge acquired from a society like ours, which looks at education the greatest lever for its development and evolution.

One of these different ways through which a better transmission of knowledge is sought, is represented by the devices that support the teaching of human anatomy, which currently allow simulating surgeries or training medical personnel in what makes the techniques of intravenous injection or canalization of veins.

Example of the above is found in the patent US 5,945,056 of Ralph Paul Day and Aaron Sherman, wherein a method for making a surgical simulator comprising a first and second moldings that can be assembled together to form a simulation member is disclosed and protected. . The first molding is in the form of a replaceable cartridge on which a molding can be developed for the simulation of surgical operations. The second molding is mounted on a support base and includes a cavity into which the first molding can be placed. A cover containing a pump assembly is mounted on the support base and the pump assembly is arranged to pump simulated blood through a simulation vein contained within the first molding.

Another document that can be considered as an antecedent for the present invention is US Pat. No. 5,215,469 to Ole B. Kohnke and Lasse Petersen, wherein a training apparatus for the practice of puncturing blood vessels is disclosed, which includes an arm model and an airtight container containing liquid and compressed air and a two-way pressure valve for transferring the liquid between the container and the arm model. The arm model includes a base of solid material, a fitted cover of a penetrable material and at least one penetrable tube disposed between the base and the cover, one end of the tube being connected to the liquid container and the other end being sealed. The liquid container is integrated in the arm model and is arranged in such a way that it allows it to be compressed to establish a pressure on a part of the surface of the arm model.

In the same context is the patent US 4,182,054 of Charles D. Wise, Ernest E. Lowrey, et al., Where an apparatus for artificially simulating a member's arteries was disclosed so that medical personnel can train and practice the pitching of arteries and veins. The device comprises a hollow arm formed by a member constructed of a resilient material having two grooves formed on the outside thereof in the area of the elbow and wrist that simulate the brachial artery and the radial area of the artery. An elastic artery is formed from the tubing that is placed through the arm hole and through the grooves in the elbow and wrist area. A latex skin is placed over the arm to cover the tubing and grooves to simulate the skin. The tubing is attached to a liquid container on the arm to simulate blood and to cause a blood or venous pressure for a realistic back flow of fluid into the syringe.

Finally, in US Pat. No. 3,722,108 to Myron C. Chase, a training object was disclosed for use in the medical arts and simulated at least a portion of the human body. The training object includes a substance that simulates the skin attached to a substance that simulates the flesh to form a replica of an extremity of the human body such as an arm. A substance that simulates bone is embedded in the substance that simulates meat. Flexible tubes are embedded in the substance that simulates the flesh to simulate arteries and veins.

As can be seen from the documents disclosing the state of the art closest to the present invention, the inventions described therein are aimed at achieving the improvement of medical techniques before they are applied in human beings, in which prior knowledge of the human anatomy and more particularly that of the circulatory system is considered indispensable in both upper and lower limbs, and have not been conceived so that people with different abilities, such as the blind or visually impaired, they can learn or acquire knowledge from teaching techniques that involve three-dimensional models, where the main means of knowledge transfer is tactile perception.

This is highlighted because according to data provided by the World Health Organization (WHO), there are 40 to 45 million blind people and 135 million visually impaired worldwide, while in Mexico INEGI reports 26 % of the total population with visual impairment, where more than half of those affected are people between 6 and 29 years of age who do not attend school.

The above data make it necessary to turn our attention to this sector that is at a disadvantage with respect to those who do not suffer from visual disability or blindness, as well as as part of a society that has evolved in terms of its legislation, sensitivity and constant search for opportunities to integrate people with visual limitations in a context of high competitiveness, is that the development of new elements and techniques that allow the blind or visually impaired to approach the different branches of human knowledge.

A sample of the above is the well-known system of tactile reading and writing designed for blind people called Braille, in honor of its inventor Frenchman Louis Braille who went blind due to an accident during his childhood. Originally the Braille system consisted of an 8 point system, but after a few years it was simplified by the inventor himself, leaving him in the universally known and adopted system of 6 points.

However, the aforementioned tactile reading and writing system and audible teaching systems are the most relevant inventions available to humanity to bring knowledge to people with different abilities, such as the blind or the weak. visuals In this order of ideas, it can be said that the inventions revealed in the previous documents represent a tool of great support for the teaching-learning process, but it is noteworthy that these inventions are directed on the one hand, to a field of very specific knowledge, that is, medical practice, leaving uncovered the possibility that they represent an option to acquire general knowledge of anatomy, such as those of the upper limb circulatory system, in particular of the veins and arteries of the arm, limiting thus, the opportunity of those who, counting on basic knowledge, want to delve into a specific subject of the natural sciences, and on the other hand, its structure and configuration favors those who fully enjoy the sense of sight, since it is a From the visual appreciation that is acquired the knowledge that is transmitted through them, since, even though it could be To touch, its structural configuration does not allow that the sense of touch can transmit sensations of texture, roughness or specific form of the structure under study to the person who is in contact with it.

Based on the above, the following are defined: Objectives of the invention.

An object of the present invention is to provide a didactic device for teaching in the field of anatomy, more particularly a device for transmitting knowledge in relation to the veins and arteries of the human arm, both to students in general and to people with different abilities. , like the blind or visually impaired.

Another objective of the present invention is to provide a didactic device for the teaching of animal cells and tissues, through which the retention of transmitted knowledge is assured in function of the structural technical characteristics of the device, which in turn represent the characteristics of the veins and arteries of the human arm.

Another objective of the present invention is to provide a didactic device for the teaching of animal cells and tissues, which results in a versatile device through which it is possible to raise the level of knowledge acquired in a specific branch of the natural sciences, in this case , the branch of human anatomy.

Still another objective of the present invention is to provide a didactic device for the teaching of animal cells and tissues, in which, from its structural configuration and the characteristics of each of the elements that make it up, the transmission of knowledge is achieved. of the veins and arteries of the human arm, the former through the tactile perception of people with different abilities, such as the blind or visually impaired.

The objects of the present invention referred to above and still others not mentioned, will be evident from the detailed description of the invention and the drawings that accompany it with an illustrative and non-restrictive character, and which are presented below.

Brief description of the figures.

Figure 1. A conventional perspective of a didactic device for the teaching of animal cells and tissues, made in accordance with the present invention is shown.

Figure 2. A conventional perspective is shown in detail of a first three-dimensional model that integrates the didactic device of Figure 1.

Figure 3. A conventional perspective in detail of a second three-dimensional model that integrates the didactic device of Figure 1 is shown.

Figure 4. A conventional perspective in detail of a third three-dimensional model that integrates the didactic device of Figure 1 is shown.

Figure 5. A front elevational view of a case where the didactic device of Figure 1 is protected and transported, when closed.

Figure 6. A conventional perspective of the case of Figure 5 is shown, when it is open, and where the parts that make up the didactic device of Figure 1 can be seen.

Detailed description of the invention.

According to what is illustrated in figures 1 to 6, the didactic device for the teaching of animal cells and tissues 1, hereinafter referred to as device 1, object of the present patent application, is comprised of a first three-dimensional model. in the form of forearm and hand, a second three-dimensional model 20 representing an interosseous artery, a third three-dimensional model 40 representing an interosseous vein and a case 60 in which device 1 is stored and transported.

As can be seen in figures 1, 2 and 6, the first three-dimensional model 10 is formed from a body of irregular shape that in a first section 11 imitates the anatomy of a forearm, and in a second section 12 imitates the anatomy of a hand, which presents in the first section 11 that imitates the posterior anatomy of the forearm, a rectangular recess 13 that delimits a section in longitudinal section towards the interior of said first section 11, in such a way that the surface delimited by the rectangular recess 13, it is covered with a material of rough texture 14, which in this case imitates the shape and texture of the tissue of the extensor muscles of the forearm, on which in a human forearm extend both the artery and the vein, posterior interosseous, which stops In the case of the first three-dimensional model 10 of the device 1, said interosseous vein is represented by a solid element with a circular section 15 extending from one of the lateral ends of the rectangular recess 13 to the opposite end above the material with a rough texture. 14, while, the interosseous artery is represented from a solid element of circular section 16 extending from the upper corner of one of the lateral ends of the rectangular recess 13 to the lower corner of the opposite end above the material of rough texture 14, jumping the solid element of circular section 15 representing the interosseous vein. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first three-dimensional model 10 and all the structural elements that constitute it and that together represent animal cells and tissues, in particular those related to the circulatory system of an upper extremity, are made from resins. plastic that allow to mold these elements with shapes and textures that for the didactic effects previously established for the device 1, transmit through visual and tactile perception information and knowledge of the anatomy both externally and at muscular, venous and arterial level of a forearm later.

As regards the second three-dimensional model 20, which in device 1 represents in detail an interosseous artery, this is formed from a hollow cylindrical body which, as shown in figure 3, has been removed approximately a quarter of the wall that constitutes it, in order to form a longitudinal-transversal cut that allows to appreciate the internal configuration of said hollow cylindrical body, where said hollow cylindrical body is kept attached to a rectangular base 22 by means of a first and second supports 23 and 24 which for this purpose are arranged in the lower wall of said hollow cylindrical body.

The hollow cylindrical body is formed by three layers of different materials, textures and appearances, in such a way that the outer layer 21 is made of synthetic material that is preferably fabric or velvet, which in the intention of imitating an interosseous artery in the that visual and tactile appearance refers to, represents the adventitious tunic formed of collagen fibers, while the intermediate layer 25 of said hollow cylindrical body, which in turn, is also the thickest, is formed from foam polyethylene that mimics the natural configuration of the tunica media of an artery, formed in real life of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers, and finally the inner layer 26 whose thickness is comparable to that of the outer layer 21, forming said inner layer 26 of a stamped synthetic material such as Ethylene Vinyl Acetate, with which a visual differentiation is achieved with respect to the outer and intermediate layers and a pleasant sensation to the touch different from that obtained from the materials forming the other two layers, in such a way that with this visual and tactile configuration of the inner layer 26 the shape and texture of the intimate or endothelial tunic is imitated. that covers the lumen of the blood vessels in a real interosseous artery.

In order to achieve a representation as close as possible to the actual configuration of an interosseous artery of the posterior forearm, on the inner layer 26 of the hollow cylindrical body forming the second three-dimensional model 20, a plurality of disks 27, a plurality of of spheres 28 whose surface appears to be formed by small spheres and a plurality of irregular bodies 29 in the form of a star, all made of plastic resin, which in device 1 represent, respectively and proportional to the size of the artery, red blood cells , the white blood cells and the platelets of the blood that circulates through this artery.

The discs 27, the spheres 28 and the irregular bodies 29 in the form of star referred to above, which are arranged inside the hollow cylindrical body forming the second three-dimensional model 20 of the device 1, have been designed so that through the visual and / or tactile appreciation is allowed to assimilate the shape of each of them, as well as their disposition towards the interior of an artery, however, and in order that the proportion in size is not an obstacle to the understanding of the structural configuration of these elements when they are perceived from the assessment The device 1 further comprises a reproduction in larger dimensions of a platelet model 30 which is arranged on a base 31, a model of a red blood cell 32 which is arranged on a base 33 and a model of a white blood cell 34 which it is disposed on a base 35, all of them keeping the same configuration in terms of shape of the models that are disposed on the inner layer 26.

Finally, this three-dimensional model 20 of the device 1 has attached to its front end and on the inner layer 26 a layer of plastic material 36 which represents the blood plasma.

Based on the knowledge that both veins and arteries are blood vessels, which in the first case carry blood from the tissues to the heart, while in the second they carry blood from the heart to the tissues, it is important to point out that the only structural difference between the two is that the walls of the veins are thinner and less elastic than arterial, so for the didactic effects of the device 1 described, and affect to differentiate between veins and arteries, has been established as a structural configuration for the third three-dimensional model 40 representing an interosseous vein in the device 1, a similar configuration in shape, dimensions and materials that has previously been described in detail for the second three-dimensional model 20 of said device 1, with the only exception that in the case of the three-dimensional model 40, the outer layer 41 which represents the adventitious tunic formed of collagen fibers, has been made of a synthetic material, preferably plastic whose textu roughness the difference to the touch and to the sight of the outer layer 21 of the three-dimensional model 20.

In addition to the aforementioned structural configuration of the device 1, and considering the didactic aims thereof, in order to satisfy the storage and transportation needs of said device 1, a case 60 consisting of a first one is expressly designed for this purpose. rectangular box 61 arranged horizontally, attached to the upper part of a second rectangular box 67 arranged vertically, which together define the corresponding spaces to accommodate each of the elements that make up the device 1.

According to what is illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, as regards the first rectangular box 61 arranged horizontally of the case 60, it is formed from a first rectangular semi-box 62 which serves as the basis for a second rectangular semi-box 63 acting as a lid and which in combination form a space to house inside the first three-dimensional model 10 in the form of forearm and hand of the device 1. Both first and second rectangular half-boxes 62 and 63 of the box 61, are joined on its back face through two hinges (not shown) arranged near its lateral ends, said box 61 defining its open or closed position through the action of a first and second closing snaps 64 and 65 that for this purpose are disposed respectively on the front face of the rectangular half-boxes 62 and 63 near their lateral ends. In addition, on the second rectangular semi-box 63, which in turn serves as a lid, a handle 66 is provided that allows easy handling and transport of the case 60 of the device 1.

For its part, the second rectangular box 67 arranged vertically, is formed from a hollow rectangular half-box 68, inside which have been configured a first compartment serving to accommodate the second three-dimensional model 20 and a second compartment that serves to house the third three-dimensional model 40, maintaining the guard position of said second and third three-dimensional models 20 and 40, as well as the other elements of the device 1 that are arranged inside the rectangular box 67, through two doors 69 and 70 that remain attached to the hollow rectangular semi-box 68, by means of a pair of hinges 71 and 72 with respect to the door 69 and by means of a second pair of hinges 73 and 74 in which respect to the door 70, and by means of a pressure latch 75 with respect to the door 70 and a pressure latch 76 with respect to the door 69 and respective pins 77 and 78 which are arranged at the upper endof the rectangular hollow semi-box 68 and which imprison the pressure locks 75 and 76.

Optionally and depending on the type of pressure insurance used to secure the doors 69 and 70 of the second rectangular box 67, 69 and 70 escutcheons or pulls 79 and 80 can be placed on the front of said doors to help release or secure pressure locks and thereby open or close said doors more easily. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, each of the rectangular boxes 61 and 67 forming the case 60 of the device 1, are made of wood and the structural elements that make them are held together by means of nails and / or adhesive for wood, however, it has been anticipated that the elements mentioned, can be made of synthetic materials such as ceramic plastics, which allow a more practical handling and storage of the device 1.

Claims (13)

Claims

1. A didactic device for the teaching of animal cells and tissues, of the type that from three-dimensional models with specific shapes and textures, allow to transmit knowledge in the area of human anatomy, both to students in general and to people with different abilities , like the blind or visually impaired, which is characterized by: a first three-dimensional model that is constituted from a body of irregular shape that in a first section imitates the anatomy of a forearm and in a second section imitates the anatomy of a hand, presenting in the first section a rectangular recess delimiting a section in longitudinal section towards the interior of said first section, in such a way that on the surface delimited by the rectangular recess that is covered with a material of rough texture, it extends from one of the lateral ends of said rectangular recess and to the opposite end above the m A rough textured material is a first solid element of circular section, and from the upper corner of one of the lateral ends of the rectangular recess to the lower corner of the opposite end above the rough textured material and of the first solid element of circular section, a second solid element of circular section; a second and third three-dimensional models that are each formed from a hollow cylindrical body to which approximately a quarter of the wall that constitutes it has been removed, in order to form a longitudinal-transversal cut that allows to appreciate the configuration inside said hollow cylindrical body, wherein the hollow cylindrical body is held together by a rectangular base by means of a first and second supports that for this purpose are arranged in the lower wall of said hollow cylindrical body, which in turn , it is formed of an outer layer, an intermediate layer and an inner layer, each of them being made of different materials, textures and appearances, in such a way that, on the inner layer of the hollow cylindrical body a plurality of models have been arranged. in the form of disks, spheres whose surface appears to be formed by small spheres and irregular bodies in the shape of a star; the device also includes a reproduction in larger dimensions of each of the models that are disposed on the inner layer, which in turn, are housed in respective bases specially designed for them, and where in addition each of these second and third three-dimensional models have a layer of plastic material attached to its front end and on the inner layer; and a case consisting of a first rectangular box arranged horizontally, attached to the upper part of a second rectangular box arranged vertically, which together define the corresponding spaces to accommodate each of the elements that make up the device .

2. The didactic device for the teaching of animal cells and tissues, according to claim 1, characterized in that the first three-dimensional model and all the structural elements that constitute it are made from plastic resins.

3. The didactic device for teaching animal cells and tissues, according to claim 1, characterized in that the outer layer of the second three-dimensional model is made of synthetic material that is preferably fabric or velvet.

4. The didactic device for teaching animal cells and tissues, according to claim 1, characterized in that the outer layer of the third three-dimensional model is made of a synthetic material, preferably plastic with a rough texture.

5. The didactic device for teaching animal cells and tissues, according to claim 1, characterized in that the intermediate layer of the second and third three-dimensional models is formed from polyethylene foam.

6. The didactic device for teaching animal cells and tissues, according to claim 1, characterized in that the inner layer of the second and third three-dimensional models is formed of a stamped synthetic material such as Ethylene Vinyl Acetate.

7. The didactic device for the teaching of animal cells and tissues, according to claim 1, characterized in that the plurality of disks, spheres and irregular bodies in the shape of a star, which are arranged on the inner layer of the second and third three-dimensional models , are made of plastic resin.

8. The didactic device for teaching animal cells and tissues, according to claim 1, characterized in that the first rectangular box arranged horizontally of the case, this is formed from a first rectangular semi-box that serves as a base to a second rectangular half-box that acts as a lid and that in combination form a space to house the first three-dimensional model therein, said first and second rectangular half-boxes being joined on their back face through two hinges arranged near each other. its lateral ends and wherein said box defines its open or closed position through the action of a first and second closure broaches that for this purpose are disposed respectively on the front side of the rectangular half-boxes close to their lateral ends.

9. The didactic device for the teaching of animal cells and tissues, according to claim 8, characterized in that on the second rectangular semi-box which in turn serves as a lid, a handle has been arranged that allows easy handling and transportation of the case.

10. The didactic device for the teaching of animal cells and tissues, according to claim 1, characterized in that the second rectangular box arranged vertically, is formed from a hollow rectangular half-box, inside which are configured a first compartment that serves to house the second three-dimensional model and a second compartment that serves to house the third three-dimensional model, and two doors that are kept attached to said rectangular half-box, each by means of a pair of hinges and whose closure is ensured by means of a pressure lock and two pins that are arranged at the upper end of the rectangular semi-box.

11. The didactic device for the teaching of animal cells and tissues, according to claim 10, characterized in that on the front of each door are placed chapetones or jaladeras that help to release or secure the pressure insurance and thereby open or close said doors more easily.

12. The didactic device for the teaching of animal cells and tissues, according to claim 1, characterized in that each of the rectangular boxes that form the case, are made of wood and the structural elements that make them are held together by means of nails and / or wood adhesive.

13. The didactic device for teaching animal cells and tissues, according to claim 1, characterized in that each of the rectangular boxes that form the case, are made of synthetic materials such as ceramic plastics.