MX2008008927A - Refrigerant additive compositions containing perfluoropolyethers - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to compositions and processes of using perfluoropolyether to maintain or improve the oil return, lubrication, or energy efficiency of the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat transfer system.

Description

COMPOSITIONS OF REFRIGERANT ADDITIVES CONTAINING PERF UOROPO IETERES FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to compositions and processes for use in heat transfer, refrigeration and air conditioning systems to improve oil return, lubrication, energy efficiency or reduce compressor wear, using perfluoropolyether as an additive in the composition of refrigerant fluid or heat transfer fluid.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Lubricants have been used with fluids in heat transfer, refrigeration and air conditioning systems to provide lubrication to the compressor and other moving parts and reduce compressor wear. However, not all refrigerants or heat transfer fluids are compatible with all lubricants. In particular, many HFC refrigerants or heat transfer fluids have poor miscibility or poor dispersibility with commonly used lubricants, such as mineral oil and alkylbenzene. Because heat transfer fluids can not easily transport oil lubricants REF .: 194056 minerals through heat exchangers, lubricating oils accumulate on the surface of the heat transfer coils, resulting in poor oil return, poor heat transfer, low energy efficiency and accelerated wear or deterioration of the compressors. As a result, the refrigeration and air conditioning industries have had to resort to the use of more expensive and more difficult-to-use synthetic lubricants, such as polyester polyols and polyalkylene glycols. In this way, there is a need for refrigerant additives to improve oil return, lubrication, energy efficiency or reduce compressor wear, while allowing conventional mineral oil to be used with refrigerants.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a composition that includes: (1) a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid of the group consisting of: saturated fluorocarbons, unsaturated fluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, fluoroethers, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, ether dimethyl, ammonia and combinations thereof and (2) perfluoropolyether. This invention further relates to a composition comprising: (1) mineral oil and (2) perfluoropolyether. This invention also relates to methods for using the refrigerant or heat transfer refrigerant compositions of the present invention to produce refrigeration or heating. This invention is further related to processes for the transfer of heat from a hot source to a thermal sink, wherein the compositions of the present invention serve as heat transfer fluids. This invention is further related to processes for using the perfluoropolyether to maintain or improve the oil return, lubrication or energy efficiency of the cooling system, air conditioning and heat transfer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The refrigerants or heat transfer fluids used in the present invention are selected from the group consisting of saturated fluorocarbons, unsaturated fluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, fluoroethers, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, dimethyl ether, ammonia and combinations thereof. the same. Preferred refrigerants or heat transfer fluids include saturated and unsaturated fluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons. Saturated fluorocarbon refrigerants or representative heat transfer fluids include tetrafluoromethane (PFC-14), hexafluoroethane (PFC-116), octafluoropropane (PFC-218), decafluorobutane (PFC-31-10), fluoromethane (HFC-41), difluoromethane (HFC-32), trifluoromethane (HFC-23), fluoroethane (HFC-161), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), 1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC) -134a), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134), 1, 1, 2, 2-pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane ( HFC-236fa), 1, 1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea), 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa), R-404A (a mixture of 44% by weight of HFC-125, 52% by weight of HFC-143a and 4% by weight of HFC-134a), R-410A (a mixture of 50% by weight of HFC-32 and 50% by weight of HFC -125), R-417A (a mixture of 46.6% by weight of HFC-125, 50% by weight of HFC-134a and 3.4% by weight of n-butane), R-422A (a mixture of 85.1% by weight of HFC-125, 11.5% by weight of HFC-134a and 3.4% by weight of isobutane), R-407C (a mixture of 23% by weight of HFC-32, 25% by weight of HFC-125 and 52% by weight weight of HFC-134a), R-507A (a mixture of 50% R-125 and 50% of R-143a) and R-508A (a mixture of 39% HFC-23 and 61% PFC-116). Representative unsaturated fluorocarbon refrigerants or heat transfer fluids include: 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, 1, 1 2, 3, 3-pentafluoro-i-propene, 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 2, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoro-i-propene, 1,3,3, 3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,2,3, 3- tetrafluoro-1-propene, 2,3,3-trifluoro-l-propene, 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene, 1,1,2-trifluoro-1-propene, 1,1,3-trifluoro- 1-propene, 1,2,3-trifluoro-1-propene, 1,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene, 1,1,1,2,3,4,4, 4-octafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,1, 2,4,4, 4-heptafluoro-2-butene, 1,2,3,3,4,4, 4-heptafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,1,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro- 2-butene, 1,3,3, 3-tetrafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) -2-propene, 1, 1, 3, 4, 4, 4-heptafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,2, 3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene, 2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-l- butene, 1,1,1,4,4, 4-hexafluoro-2-butene, 1, 3, 4, 4, 4-hexafluoro-1-butene, 1,2,3,4,4,4- hexafluoro-1-butene, 1,2,3,3,4, 4-hexafluoro-1-butene l, l, 2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3 , 4-hexafluoro-2-butene, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3-hexafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,2 , 3,3, 4-hexafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene, 3,3,3-trifluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) -1-propene, 1,1,1,2,4-pentafluoro-2- butene, 1, 1, 1, 3, 4-pentafluoro-2-butene, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4-pentafluoro-1-butene, 1, 1, 1,4, 4-pentafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoro-2-butene, 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,2,4, 4-pentafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,2,3, 3-pentafluoro-1-butene, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4-pentafluoro-2-butene, 1, 2,3,3,4-pentafluoro-1-butene, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3-pentafluoro-2-methyl-l- propene, 2- (difluoromethyl) -3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene, 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-methyl-1-propene, 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-methyl-1-propene, 2- (difluoromethyl) -3,3-difluoro-1-propene, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,1, 2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2-pentene, 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5, 5-decafluoro-l-pentene, 1,1, 1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) -2-butene, 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene, 1,1,1 3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene, 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5, 5-nonafluoro-1-pentene, 1, 1, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5-nonafluoro-1-pentene, 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5, 5-nonafluoro-1-pentene, 1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene, 1, 1,1,2,3,4,4,5, 5-nonafluoro-2-pentene, 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5, 5-nonafluoro-2-pentene, 1,2, 3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,1,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,1,1, 4,4,4-hexafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -2-butene, 1,1,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 2,3,3,4, 4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene, 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene, 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -1- butene, 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene, 3,4, 4, 4-tetrafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5- heptafluoro-1-pentene, 1,1,3,3,5,5,5- heptafluoro-1-pentene, 1,1,1,2,4,4, 4-heptafluoro-3-methyl-2-butene, 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -butene, 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -2-butene, 3- (trifluoromethyl) -4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butene, 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene, 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-methyl-2-butene, 3,3,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-1-pentene, 4,4,4-trifluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-1-hexene, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene, 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2, 3-bis (trifluoromethyl) -2-butene, 1,1,1 , 4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-trifluoromethyl-2-pentene, 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-trifluoromethyl-2-pentene, 1,1 1,4,5,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4- (trifluoromethyl) -2-pentene; 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,6,6, 6-decafluoro-2-hexene, 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3- hexene, 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene, 4,4,4-trifluoro-3, 3-bis (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,1 , 1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-methyl-2- (trifluoromethyl) -2-butene, 2,3,3,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4- (trifluoromethyl) -1-pentene, , 1, 1, 2, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5-nonafluoro-3-methyl-2-pentene, 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4- (trifluoromethyl) -2-pentene , 3,4,4,5,6,6,6,6-octafluoro-2-hexene, 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluoro-2-hexene, 1,1,1 , 4, 4-pentafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) -2-pentene, 4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) -1-pentene, 3,3,4,4,5,5 , 5-heptafluoro-2-methyl-l-pentene, 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5, 5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene, 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene, 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7, 7-tridecafluoro-2-hepteno, 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6, 6,7,7, 7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene, 1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7, 7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene, 4,4, 5,5,6,6, 6-heptafluoro-2-hexene, 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-1-hexene, 1,1,1,2,2,3, 4- heptafluoro-3-hexene, 4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4- (trifluoromethyl) -1-pentene, 1, 1, 2, 5, 5, 5-heptafluoro-4-methyl-2-pentene, 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) -2-pentene, 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutene, 3,3,4,4-tetrafluorocyclobutene, 3,3,4, 4,5, 5-hexafluorocyclopentene, 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluorocyclopentene, 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-decafluorocyclohexene, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5-nonafluoro-4- (trifluoromethyl) -2-pentene, pentafluoroethyl trifluorovinyl ether, trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether. Representative chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants or heat transfer fluids include trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), 1,1,1-trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113a), 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-) 113) and chloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115). Hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants or heat transfer fluids include chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), 2-chloro-l, 1, 1-trif luoroethane (HCFC-123), 2-chloro-l, l, 1,2-tetraf luoroethane (HCFC-124) and 1-chloro- 1, 1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b). Representative fluoroether refrigerants or heat transfer fluids include CF3OCHF2, CF OCH3, CF3OCH2F, CHF2OCHF2, cyclo- (CF2CF2CF20-), CF3CF2OCH3, CHF2OCHFCF3, CHF2CF2OCH3, C F9OCH3, C F9OC2H5, CF3OCF3, CF3OC2F5, C2F5OC2F5 and CF3OCF (CF3) CF (CF3) OCF3. Representative hydrocarbon refrigerants or heat transfer fluids include methane, ethane, propane, cyclopropane, propylene, n-butane, cyclobutane, 2-methylpropane, methylcyclopropane, n-pentane, cyclopentane, 2-methylbutane, methylcyclobutane, 2, 2- dimethylpropane and isomers of dimethylcyclopropane. The present invention provides perfluoropolyethers as an additive that is miscible with chlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants or heat transfer fluids. A common feature of perfluoropolyethers is the presence of perfluoroalkyl ether radicals. Perfluoroalkyl ether is synonymous with perfluoropolyalkylether. Other frequently used synonymous terms include "PFPE", "PFAE", "PFPE oil", "PFPE fluid" and "PFPAE". For example, KRYTOX available from DuPont is a perfluoropolyether having the formula of CF3- (CF2) 2-0- [CF (CF3) -CF2-0] j '-R'f. In the formula, j 'is 2-100 inclusive, and R'f is CF2CF3, a C3 perfluoroalkyl group to Ce or combinations thereof. Other PFPEs including the FOMBLIN and GALDEN fluids, available in Ausimont, Milan, Italy and produced by perfluoroolefin photooxidation can also be used. FOMBLIN-Y may have the formula of CF30 (CF2CF (CF3) -0-) m. (CF2-0-) n < -Rif. CF30 [CF2CF (CF3) 0] m is also appropriate. (CF2CF20) ".- (CF20) n'-Rif • In the formulas Rlf is CF3, C2F5, C3F7 or combinations of two or more thereof; (m '+ n') is inclusive 8-45; and m / n is inclusive 20-1000; or 'is 1; (m '+ n' + o ') is inclusive 8-45; m '/ n' is inclusive 20-1000. FOMBLIN-Z can have the formula CF30 (CF2CF2-0-) P '(CF2-0) q-CF3 where (p' + q ') is 40-180 and p' / q 'is inclusive 0.5-2. The DEMNUM fluids, another family of PFPE available from Daikin Industries, Japan, can also be used. It can be produced by the sequential oligomerization and fluorination of 2, 2, 3, 3-tetrafluorooxethane, to produce the formula of - [(CF2) 3-0] t'-R2f wherein R2f is CF3, C2F5 or combinations thereof and 'is inclusive 2-200. The two terminal groups of the perfluoropolyether, independently, can be functionalized or non-functionalized. In a non-functionalized perfluoropolyether, the terminal group can be branched or branched or linear perfluoroalkyl radical end groups.

Examples of such perfluoropolyethers may have the formula of Cr < -F (2r. + L) -A-Cr'F (2r '+ l) in which each r' is independently from 3 to 6; A can be 0- (CF (CF3) CF2-0) w > -, 0- (CF2-0) x. (CF2CF2-0) y-, 0- (C2F4-0) W ', 0- (C2F4-0) x. (C3F6-0) and. , 0- (CF (CF3) CF2-0) x - (CF2-0) y-, 0- (CF2CF2CF2-0) ". , 0- (CF (CF3) CF2-0) x. - (CF2CF2-0) and-- (CF2-0) Z 'or combinations of two or more thereof; preferably A is 0- (CF (CF3) CF2-0) w. , 0- (C2F-0) w--, 0- (C2F4-0) x.- (C3F6-0) y. 0- (CF2CF2CF2-0) w- or combinations of two or more thereof; w 'is 4 to 100; x 'and y' are each independently 1 to 100. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, F (CF (CF3) -CF2-0) 9-CF2CF3, F (CF (CF3) -CF2-0) 9 -CF (CF3) 2 and combinations thereof. In such PFPEs, up to 30% of the halogen atoms can be halogens in addition to fluorine, such as, for example, chlorine atoms. The two terminal groups of the perfluoropolyether, independently, can also be functionalized. A typical functionalized terminal group can be selected from the group consisting of esters, hydroxyls, amines, amides, cyans, carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids. Representative ester end groups include -C00CH3, -C00CH2CH3, -CF2C00CH3, -CF2C00CH2CH3, -CF2CF2C00CH3, -CF2CF2C00CH2CH3 / -CF2CH2C00CH3, -CF2CF2CH2C00CH3, CF2CH2CH2C00CH3? -CF2CF2CH2CH2C00CH3. The representative hydroxyl end groups include -CF20H, -CF2CF20H, -CF2CH20H, -CF2CF2CH20H, CF2CH2CH20H, -CF2CF2CH2CH20H. Representative amine end groups include -CF2NR1R2, -CFzCFzNR ^ 2, -CFZCHZNR ^ 2, -CFsCFzCHzNR ^ 2, CFzCHzCHzNR ^ 2, -CF2CF2CH2CH2NR1R2, wherein R1 and R2 are independently H, CH3 or CH2CH3. Representative amide end groups include -CF2C (OJN ^ R2, -CF2CF2C (OJNR ^ -R2, -CF2CH2C (0) NR1R2, -CF2CF2CH2C (0) NRXR2, -CF2CH2CH2C (0) NRXR2, CF2CF2CH2CH2C (0) NR1R2, in where R1 and R2 are independently H, CH3 or CH2CH3 Representative cyano end groups include -CF2CN, -CF2CF2CN, -CF2CH2CN, -CF2CF2CH2CN, -CF2CH2CH2CN, CF2CF2CH2CH2CN Representative carboxylic acid end groups include -CF2C00H, -CF2CF2COOH, -CF2CH2COOH, -CF2CF2CH2COOH, -CF2CH2CH2COOH, -CF2CF2CH2CH2COOH Representative sulfonic acid end groups include -S (0) (0) 0R3, -S (0) (0) R4, -CF20S (0) (0) OR3, CF2CF20S (0) (0) 0R3, -CF2CH20S (0) (0) 0R3, -CF2CF2CH2OS (0) (0) 0R3, -CF2CH2CH20S (0) (0) 0R3, -CF2CF2CH2CH20S (0) (0) 0R3, - CF2S (O) (0) 0R3, -CF2CF2S (0) (0) 0R3, -CF2CH2S (0) (0) 0R3, -CF2CF2CH2S (0) (0) OR3, CF2CH2CH2S (0) (0) 0R3, -CF2CF2CH2CH2S (0) (0) OR3, -CF20S (0) (0) R4, -CF2CF20S (0) (0) R4, -CF2CH20S (0) (0) R4, -CF2CF2CH2OS (0) (0) R4, CF2CH2CH20S ( OR) (0) R4, -CF2CF2CH2CH20S (0) (0) R, wherein R3 is H, CH3, CH2CH3, CH2CF3, CF3 or CF2CF3, R4 is CH3, CH2CH3, CH2CF3, CF3, O CF2CF3. The perfluoropolyether coolant additive combination of this invention improves the performance of refrigeration, air conditioning and heat transfer systems in one or more aspects. In one aspect, it allows the proper return of oil to the compressor, so that the oil levels are maintained at the proper level of operation preventing the accumulation of oil in the coils of the heat exchanger. In another aspect, the perfluoropolyether coolant can also improve the performance of the lubrication of mineral oil and synthetic lubricating oils. In yet another aspect, the perfluoropolyether coolant also improves the efficiency of heat transfer and, thus, energy efficiency. The perfluoropolyether coolant has also been shown to reduce friction and wear in the surrounding lubrication, which is expected to result in a longer compressor life. The advantages listed are not intended to be exhaustive. The reference to "an effective amount of perfluoropolyether" in this application means an amount of perfluoropolyether additive to provide a sufficient return of oil to the compressor to maintain or improve lubrication or performance of energy efficiency or both, wherein such amount of perfluoropolyether fits by one of ordinary skill in the art up to a level appropriate to the individual cooling / heat transfer system (coil, compressor, etc.) and the refrigerant employed. In one embodiment of this invention, the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 40% by weight relative to the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid. Preferably, the amount of perfluoropolyether additive is less than about 20-30% by weight relative to the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid. More preferably, the perfluoropolyether additive is less than about 10% by weight relative to the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid. More preferably, the perfluoropolyether additive is less than about 1 to about 2% by weight relative to the heat transfer fluid or coolant. More preferably, the perfluoropolyether additive is between about 0.01% by weight and 1.0% by weight relative to the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid. More preferably, the perfluoropolyether additive is between about 0.03 and 0.80% by weight relative to the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid. The compositions of the present invention may further comprise about 0.01 weight percent to about 5 weight percent of a stabilizer, free radical scavenger or antioxidant. These other additives include, but are not limited to, nitromethane, hindered phenols, hydroxylamines, thiols, phosphites or lactones. Simple additives or combinations can be used. Optionally, commonly used air conditioning or cooling system additives may be added, if desired, to the compositions of the present invention to improve the performance and stability of the system. These additives are known in the field of refrigeration and air conditioning and include, but are not limited to, anti-wear agents, extreme pressure lubricants, corrosion and oxidation inhibitors, metal surface deactivators, free radical scavengers and agents of foam control. In general, these additives may be present in the inventive compositions in small amounts relative to the total composition. Typically, lower concentrations of about 0.1 weight percent are used to as much as about 3 weight percent of each additive. These additives are selected based on the requirements of the individual system. These additives include the members of the triaryl phosphate family of EP lubricity additives (extreme pressure), such as butylated triphenyl phosphates (BTPP) or other alkylated triaryl phosphate esters, for example, Syn-0-Ad 8478 from Akzo Chemicals, tricresyl phosphates and related compounds. In addition, diallyl metal dithiophosphates (eg, zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (or ZDDP), Lubrizol 1375 and other members of this family of chemicals can be used in the compositions of the present invention.) Other anti-wear additives include natural product oils and asymmetric polyhydroxyl lubricant additives, such as Synergol TMS (International Lubricants) Similarly, stabilizers, such as antioxidants, free radical scavengers and aqueous sequestrants can be employed. Compounds in this category include, but are not limited to, , Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Epoxides The lubricants used in this invention include natural and synthetic lubricating oils A preferred example of natural lubricating oil is mineral oil Other synthetic lubricating oils can also be added include alkylbenzene, polyesterlester, plialkylene glycols, polyvinyl ethers, carbonates and polyalphaolefi In one aspect of the invention, perfluoropolyether is used together with mineral oil. In another aspect of the invention, perfluoropolyether is used in conjunction with synthetic lubricating oils. In one embodiment of this invention, the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 50% by weight relative to mineral oil. Preferably, the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 20% by weight relative to the mineral oil. More preferably, the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 5% by weight relative to the mineral oil. More preferably, the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 3% by weight relative to the mineral oil. In one embodiment of this invention, the refrigeration composition or heat transfer fluid comprises a mineral oil, perfluoropolyether and a heat transfer fluid of the group consisting of R-407C, R-422A, R-417A, R-404A , R-410A, R-507A, R-508A, R-422A, R-417A and HFC-134a. In another embodiment of this invention, the refrigeration composition or the heat transfer fluid comprises a perfluoropolyether and an unsaturated fluorocarbon, such as 1, 2, 3, 3, 3-pentafluoro-1-propene, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3-pentafluoro-1-propene, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3-pentafluoro-1-propene, 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 2,3,3, 3-tetrafluoro- 1-propene, 1,3,3, 3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,2, 3, 3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,1,1,2,3,4,4, 4-octafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2- butene or 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4-hexafluoro-2-butene. The present invention is further related to a method for using the refrigeration compositions or the fluid of heat transfer of the present invention to produce cooling or heating, wherein the method comprises producing cooling by evaporation of the composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled and subsequently condensing the composition; or produce heat by condensation of the composition in the vicinity of the body to be heated and subsequently evaporate the composition. The present invention relates to a process for the transfer of heat from a hot source to a thermal sink, wherein the compositions of the present invention serve as heat transfer fluids. Such processes for heat transfer comprise transferring the compositions of the present invention from a hot source to a thermal sink. Heat transfer fluids are used to transfer, move or remove heat from a space, site, object or body to a different space, site, object or body by radiation, conduction or convection. A heat transfer fluid can function as a secondary refrigerant providing means for transfer by cooling (or heating) from a remote cooling (or heating) system. In some systems, the heat transfer fluid can remain in a constant state through the transfer process (ie, not evaporate or condense). From Alternatively, cooling processes can also use heat transfer fluids. A source of heat can be defined as any space, site, object or body from which it is desirable to transfer, move or remove heat. Examples of heat sources can be spaces (open or closed) that require cooling or cooling, such as boxes of refrigerators or freezers in a supermarket, spaces of buildings that require air conditioning or the passenger compartment of a car that requires conditioning of air. A thermal sink can be defined as any space, site, object or body capable of absorbing heat. A vapor compression refrigeration system is an example of such a thermal sink. The present invention further relates to a method for using the perfluoropolyether to maintain or improve the oil return, lubrication or energy efficiency of the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat transfer system. The method comprises adding an effective amount of perfluoropolyether in the cooling or air conditioning apparatus. This can be done by mixing the perfluoropolyether with the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid compositions of this invention and then introducing the combination into the apparatus. Alternatively, this can be done by entering directly perfluoropolyether in the cooling or air conditioning apparatus containing the refrigerant and / or the heat transfer fluid to combine in itself with the refrigerant. The resulting composition can be used in the refrigeration or air conditioning apparatus. The present invention further relates to a method for using the perfluoropolyether to maintain or improve oil return, lubrication or energy efficiency by replacing existing refrigerants or heat transfer fluids without changing the existing lubricants in the refrigeration or conditioning apparatus. of air. The method comprises removing the existing heat transfer fluid or refrigerant from the cooling or air conditioning apparatus without cleaning the existing lubricant. The cooling or air conditioning apparatus is then filled with a pre-mixed composition comprising perfluoropolyether and the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid compositions of this invention. The compositions of the present invention can be used in stationary air conditioning systems, heat pumps or mobile air conditioning and refrigeration. Stationary air conditioning and thermal pumping applications include window terminals, ductless, tubed, packaged, chillers and commercial roofs, including packed. Refrigeration applications include domestic or home refrigerators and freezers, ice machines, self-contained chillers, full-access chillers and freezers, and supermarket systems and transport refrigeration systems. In one embodiment of this invention, the compositions of the present invention (e.g., a composition comprising a mineral oil, perfluoropolyether and a cooling or heat transfer fluid of the group consisting of R-407C, R-422A, R -417A, R-404A, R-410A, R-507A, R-508A and HFC-134a) can be used in a heat pump with "internally enhanced heat transfer surfaces", that is, heat pumps with slots fine cut in a spiral pattern or cross shading on the inner surface of the tube. As demonstrated by the following Examples, the addition of perfluoropolyether in the refrigerant increased the oil return or the energy efficiency or the cooling capacity of the refrigerator and the heat transfer system. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, Krytox® 157FSH is sufficiently miscible with HFC refrigerants including R-134a, R-125, R-32 so that Krytox® can be mixed with the refrigerant mixture and charged to the refrigeration or conditioning air as a homogeneous liquid. EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1 The miscibility of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) with the representative members of the Krytox® perfluoropolyether family, including Krytox® 1531, Krytox® GPL-103, Krytox® 157 FSM and Krytox® 143AZ were demonstrated by adding 1.0 grams of PFPE to individual high-pressure glass chemical bottles. Each bottle was filled with a sealed addition valve that could be attached to a pressure burette from which the liquefied refrigerant could be added to the bottle. This was continued by adding aliquots of HFC-134a, first one gram, then approximately 2 grams per additional aliquot, to produce increasing mixing ratios of the HFC, up to a maximum of 99 grams of HFC-134a in each bottle. After each aliquot was added to the bottle and vortexes of its contents were made to mix, then an indication of signs of insolubility, such as fogging, haze or a second liquid layer, was observed. In each case, the contents of the bottle remained as a simple clear liquid phase in all compositions. This showed that at room temperature, each of the polyfluoropolyethers was completely soluble in HFC-134a over a range of mixing ratios ranging from 50% to about 1% in HFC-134a. EXAMPLE 2 Cooling oil circulation tests of the baseline were run in a commercial reach range arm of the commercial type manufactured by Zero Zone, Inc. of 110 North Oak Ridge Drive, North Prairie, Wl, Model # 2SMCP26. The Copeland compressor in the unit (Copeland Model # ARE59C3CAA-901) was equipped with a tube that indicates the oil level (viewing glass) that showed the level of lubricating oil in the crankcase of the compressor. The refrigerator was installed in a room at constant temperature, in which the room temperature was regulated at 90 ° F (32.22 ° C) constant. In the baseline run with R-22 (chlorodifluoromethane) and Suniso 4GS mineral oil, the oil level in the compressor remained constant after a small initial decrease at start-up, indicating that the oil remained in the compressor with the refrigerant circulated through the system and returned with the suction gas, and for which a steady, steady state level was maintained within the compressor crankcase. This constant oil level ensured proper lubrication and sealing of the internal parts of the compressor, while some small amount of the oil that remained in the compressor with the compressed refrigerant gas circulated through the condenser, the thermal expansion valve and the coil of the evaporator before returning to the compressor with the suction gas. This was indicative of a normal operation of the cooling cycle. Throughout the duration of this 24-hour test, the refrigerator maintained a constant temperature of 37 ° F (2.77 ° C) in the cooling zone.

EXAMPLE 3 (Comparative) The same type of circulation test was run as described in Example 2 above, only this time the refrigerant R-22 (chlorodifluoromethane) had been removed and replaced with the refrigerant R-422A, a mixture of HFC-125 (85.1% by weight), HFC-134a (11.5% by weight) and isobutane (3.4% by weight). When this refrigerant ran in the Zero Zone refrigerator, the oil level in the crankcase decreased stationary over time as the system was operated to maintain a standard temperature of 37 ° F (2.77 ° C) in the refrigerated box. In a period of six hours, the oil level had dropped to the minimum allowable level inside the crankcase, and the run had been completed to prevent compressor damage. This showed that with this combination of coolant and lubricant, the lubricant was slowly pumped out of the compressor and did not return.

EXAMPLE 4 (Comparative) After the return test was completed The oil described in Example 3 above, the refrigerant system was washed with R-22 (chlorodifluoromethane) to remove excess oil from the heat exchangers, and the operation of the normal baseline was demonstrated with R-22. After the baseline was re-verified, the R-22 refrigerant was again removed and replaced again with a fresh charge of R-422A and Suniso 4GS mineral oil as above, to which was added a small amount, equivalent to approximately 0.1% by weight, relative to the refrigerant charge, of the perfluoropolyether GPL-101 Krytox®. The refrigerator was restarted and allowed to run as described in Example 3 above. Surprisingly, the system was run with a suitable oil which is shown in the viewing glass for 18 hours, three times more than in Example 3, to which no perfluoropolyether was added.

EXAMPLE 5 (Comparative) After the oil return test described in Example 4 above was completed, the refrigerant system was rinsed with R-22 to remove excess oil and any remaining perfluoropolyether from the heat exchangers, and the operation of the normal baseline was demonstrated with R-22 and Suniso 4GS mineral oil. After the baseline was re-verified, again the R-22 refrigerant was removed and replaced again with a fresh charge of R-422A and Suniso 4GS mineral oil as previously, to which was added a small amount, equivalent to approximately 0.1% by weight, relative to the refrigerant charge, of the perfluoropolyether 157FSL Krytox®. The refrigerator was restarted and allowed to run as described in Example 3 above. Surprisingly, the system was run with a suitable oil which is shown in the viewing glass for 24 hours, four times more than in Example 3, to which no perfluoropolyether was added. There is still an adequate level of oil that is shown on the viewing glass when the run was finished.

EXAMPLE 6 (Comparative) The Zero Zone commercial-type arm reach refrigerator described above was re-filled with a thermal expansion valve to allow it to operate with the HFC R404A refrigerant (a mixture of 44% by weight of HFC-125 , 52% by weight of HFC-143a and 4% by weight of HFC-134a) and Suniso 4GS mineral oil. This refrigerator was operated at an internal box temperature of 38 ° F (3.33 ° C) while monitoring the power consumption. As above, the test was performed with the refrigerator in a room at constant temperature that was controlled at a constant temperature of 90 ° F (32.22 ° C). During a trial period of Three hours the energy consumption of the refrigerator was measured, to be at a speed of 22.65 kilowatt hours per day.

EXAMPLE 7 (Comparative) The conditions of the test described in Example 6 above were modified by removing the refrigerant charge, and reloading a mixture of R-404A refrigerant and Suniso 4GS mineral oil containing 0.2 wt.%, Relative to the refrigerant charge of Krytox® 157 FSH. The test chamber was stabilized again at 90 ° F (32.22 ° C) and the refrigerator was allowed to operate. During a period of three hours, the temperature of the inner box was maintained at 37.6 ° F (3.11 ° C). The average energy use by the refrigerator during this test period was measured to be at a speed of 21.83 kilowatt hours per day. This was 3.6% less energy used than that measured in Example 6, when it was not the Krytox® refrigerant.

EXAMPLE 8 The boundary layer lubrication tests were run using a FALEX Pin in V block test geometry, according to the test protocol based on the Load to Failure ASTM 2670-95 test method. In this test, a rotating steel pin was compressed between two standard blocks of aluminum metal. The blocks of aluminum were made with V-shaped grooves in these and mounted on a support, so that the V-shaped grooves were brought into contact with the steel pin. The pin and the block assembly were immersed in a lubricant tray and a motor coupled through a torque meter that rotates the pin. The blocks were adjusted to lightly contact the surface of the rotating pin to a low load of 250 pounds (113.39 kg) of pressure for an initial run period of five minutes. The force load applied to the blocks was then slowly increased to a stationary speed of 20 pounds (9.07 kg) plus every minute by a mechanical tensioner that rotated the pivot pin between the two V-blocks. The load was increased to some predetermined limit , or until there was a mechanical failure of one of the test pieces. With pure Suniso 4GS mineral oil, the test failed within the first minute, while the mechanical load on the pin and the block assembly was only 250 Ib (113.39 kg). Surprisingly, when this test was repeated with a mixture of 0.5% by weight of Krytox® 157 FSL dispersed in Suniso 4GS mineral oil, the test continued to run for 9 minutes, during which time the mechanical load had increased to a level of 2100 pounds (952.54 kg). In this time the mechanical parts did not fail, but the level of smoke that was generated came to be excessive, so that the test was finished. This showed that the presence of a small amount of Krytox® 157 FSL dispersed in the mineral oil increased the load, bringing the capacity of the mineral oil under the conditions of lubrication limits by more than 800%.

EXAMPLE 9 A dividing system Carrier heat pump was used to evaluate the performance of the refrigerant and the lubricant in the air conditioning and heating modes. The system consisted of a condensing unit, model 38YXA03032 and an evaporator unit, model FX4ANF030 and was rated at a nominal cooling capacity of 2 Vt tons of cooling with R-410A. The system was operated inside a psychrometric chamber of dual camera, with a camera regulated to the outside conditions by the cooling test conditions A ARI 210/240 A standards, and the other chamber regulated to the indoor cooling test conditions A. This unit was also modified, so that the compressor it could be changed from standard compressor rated R-410A to a compressor sized for operation with R-407C. In the tests cited in the following Table 1, runs 1, 2 and 3 were performed using the R-410A compressor. Runs 4, 5, 6 and 7 were made with the R-407C compressor.

The copper tubing in the evaporator and the condenser coils of this air conditioning system were purchased from the factory with a feature called "internally enhanced heat transfer surfaces", a feature that is generally known and used through in the industry. This feature includes thin grooves cut in a spiral pattern or transverse shading on the inner surface of the tube. These grooves cause an interruption of the laminar flow layers near the surface of the tube. The result of this interruption is believed to be the improved heat transfer from the evaporation of the refrigerant within the copper tubes to the tubes themselves and the attached fins comprising the evaporator unit. In this way, it is believed that heat transfer to the air flowing through the evaporator fins is improved, with the creation of a more energy efficient air conditioning or heating process. Again, the use of internally improved tube surfaces is well known and widely applied within the heat pump and air conditioning industries. Most higher efficiency systems employ improved surface tubing in evaporators and condensers. It has been found that when a lubricant is used that is not miscible with the refrigerant in such an improved system, it is loses such performance improvement normally imparted by the improved tube surface. It is believed that the non-miscible lubricant is extracted in the fine grooves by capillary action, effectively creating a smoother surface. This smoother surface is believed to cause at least a partial return to the less efficient laminar flow of the coolant within the tube. In addition, the oil layer on the surface of the tube is believed to reduce the capacity of the copper tube to allow heat transfer, further reducing operating efficiency. As shown in Table 1, the addition of a small amount of PFPE to the refrigerant in the heat pump system will substantially reduce the performance deficit resulting from the use of a non-miscible lubricant, such as mineral oil, with a HFC refrigerant, such as R-410A or R407C. This capacity of the heat pump that operates with the HFC refrigerant and a non-miscible mineral oil with excellent efficiency is shown by the data in the following Table 1.

Note that in this table the lubricants "32-3MA" and "RL32H" are commercial POE lubricants used in Carrier air conditioning systems. These POE lubricants are miscible with the refrigerants used in the example. The 3GS lubricant is a commercial naphthenic mineral oil available from Sonneborn, Inc. The mineral oil lubricant is not miscible with HFC refrigerants. In Table 1, note that when the non-miscible lubricant Suniso 3GS, a mineral oil, is used with the HFC R410A refrigerant, (Run # 2) the total ERR is reduced to 12.8% and the capacity is reduced to 12.6%, against Corrida # 1 with the POE lubricant. However, when a small amount of PFPE Krytox® 157 FSL is added to the refrigerant (Run # 3) such an EER is re-established within approximately 2.1% of that achieved with POE, and the capacity is restores within approximately 1.5% of that achieved with POE. The deficits caused by the use of immiscible mineral oil are almost completely eliminated by the use of PFPE. Also, observe in Table 1 that with HFC refrigerant R-407C, when using mineral oil the efficiency and capacity are reduced to approximately 3.3% and 4.5%, respectively against SOP. (Runs 4 and 5). In run # 6 it is observed that the addition of 1% Krytox® 157 FSL increases the EER and the capacity within 1.7% and 1.0%, respectively, of the values obtained with the POE lubricant. Again, deficits caused by using an immiscible lubricant are largely eliminated through the use of PFPE. By last, note that when Krytox 157 FSL was added to the R-407C system and POE (Run 6) such EER was improved to be 1% better than that obtained in Run 4 without PFPE and the capacity was within 1% of the Run 4, the case of the POE baseline. The different features and advantages of the present invention are evident from the above detailed description, and in this way, it is intended that the appended claims cover all features and advantages that fall within the spirit and scope of the invention. In brief, the foregoing description is illustrative of the invention and, therefore, is not intended to imply limitations. For example, when a numerical range is listed above, it is intended that the range include and, in the present, expressly describe all numbers between the upper and lower limits, so that the range of about 1 to about 10 would also include the numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 , 8 and 9. The numerous modifications and variations will readily be presented to those skilled in the art, and it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact composition, method and uses described above, and therefore, all modifications and modifications can be resorted to. appropriate equivalents and which fall within the scope of the invention described in the claims.

It is noted that in relation to this date, the best method known to the applicant to carry out the aforementioned invention, is that which is clear from the present description of the invention.

Claims (41)

1. CLAIMS Having described the invention as above, the content of the following claims is claimed as property: 1. Composition, characterized in that it comprises: 1) A refrigerant or heat transfer fluid selected from the group consisting of saturated fluorocarbons, unsaturated fluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons , hydrochlorofluorocarbons, fluoroethers, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, dimethyl ether, ammonia and combinations thereof and (2) a perfluoropolyether. The composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises a lubricating oil which is mineral oil or a synthetic oil selected from the group consisting of alkylbenzene, polyesterles, polyalkylene glycols, polyvinyl ethers, carbonates, polyalphaolefin and combinations thereof. 3. The composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains an effective amount of the perfluoropolyether. 4. The composition according to claim 3, characterized in that the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 40% by weight relative to the refrigerant or the heat transfer fluid. 5. The composition according to claim 3, characterized in that the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 10% by weight relative to the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid. 6. The composition according to claim 3, characterized in that the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 1% by weight relative to the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid. The composition according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one of the end groups of the perfluoropolyether is a functionalized group selected from the group consisting of esters, hydroxyls, amines, amides, cyans, carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids. The composition according to claim 7, characterized in that at least one of the end groups of the perfluoropolyether is a carboxylic acid. 9. The composition according to claim 7, characterized in that at least one of the end groups of the perfluoropolyether is sulphonic acid. 10. ' The composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid is selected from the group consisting of R-407C, R-422A, R-417A, R-404A, R-410A, R-507A, R-508A and HFC-134a. 11. The composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid is a saturated fluorocarbon. The composition according to claim 11, characterized in that the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 3, 3-pentafluoro-1-propene, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3-pentafluoro-1-propene, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3-pentafluoro-i-propene, 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 2,3,3, 3-tetrafluoro- i-propene, 1,3,3, 3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,2, 3, 3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 2,3,3-trifluoro-l-propene, 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene, 1,1,2-trifluoro-1-propene, 1, 1 3-trifluoro-1-propene, 1,2,3-trifluoro-1-propene, 1,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene, 1, 1, 2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro- 2-butene, 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene, 1,2, 3,3,4,4, 4-heptafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,1,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene, 1,3,3, 3-tetrafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) ) -2-propene, 1, 1, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4-heptafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4-hep tafluoro-1-butene, 2,3,3,4,4, 4-hexafluoro-l-butene, 1,1,1,4,4, 4-hexafluoro-2-butene, 1, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4-hexafluoro-1-butene, 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene, 1,2,3,3,4, 4-hexafluoro-1-butene 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,1,3,3-hexafluoro- 2-butene, 1,1,1,3,4,4- hexafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,2,3,3, 4-hexafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene, 3,3,3-trifluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) -1-propene, 1,1,1,2,4-pentafluoro-2- butene, 1,1,1,3, 4-pentafluoro-2-butene, 3,3,4,4, 4-pentafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoro-2-butene, 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,2,4, 4-pentafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,2,3, 3-pentafluoro-1-butene, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4-pentafluoro-2-butene, 1, 2,3,3,4-pentafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,3,3, 3-pentafluoro-2-methyl-1-propene, 2- (difluoromethyl) -3,3,3-trifluoro-1- propene, 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-methyl-1-propene, 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-methyl-1-propene, 2- (difluoromethyl) -3,3-difluoro-1-propene, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-butene, 1,1, 1, 3-tetrafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,1, 2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2-pentene, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5-decafluoro-1-pentene, 1,1, 1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) -2-butene, 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene, 1,1,1 3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene, 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5, 5-nonafluoro-1-pentene, 1,1,3,3, 4,4,5,5, 5-nonafluoro-1-pentene, 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-l-pentene, 1,1,2,3,4, 4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene, 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene, 1,1,1,2,3,4, 5,5, 5-nonafluoro-2-pentene, 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,1,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro- 3- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -2-butene, 1,1,3,4,4,4- hexafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene, 1,2,3,3,4,4,5, 5- octafluoro-1-pentene, 3,3,4,4, 4-pentafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,1,1, 4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene, 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 3,3,4,4,5,5, 5- heptafluoro-1-pentene, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5-heptafluoro-1-pentene, 1,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene, 1, 1 1, 2, 4, 4, 4-heptafluoro-3-methyl-2-butene, 2,4,4, 4-tetrafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro- 3- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -butene, 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) -2-butene, 3- (trifluoromethyl) -4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butene, 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene, 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-methyl-2-butene, 3,3,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-1-pentene, 4,4,4-trifluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-1-hexene, 1,1,1,2,2,3, 4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene, 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-bis (trifluoromethyl) -2-butene, 1,1,1 , 4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-trifluoromethyl-2-pentene, 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-trifluoromethyl-2-pentene, 1,1 1,4,5,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4- (trifluoromethyl) -2-pentene; 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,6,6, 6-decafluoro-2-hexene, 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3- hexene, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6-nonafluoro-1-hexene, 4,4, 4-trifluoro-3, 3-bis (trifluoromethyl) -1-butene, 1,1,1,4,4, 4-hexafluoro-3-methyl-2- (trifluoromethyl) -2-butene, 2 , 3,3,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4- (trifluoromethyl) -1-pentene, 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-methyl-2-pentene , 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4- (trifluoromethyl) -2-pentene, 3,4,4,5,6,6,6,6-octafluoro-2-hexene, 3,3 , 4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluoro-2-hexene, 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) -2-pentene, 4,4,5,5,5 -pentafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) -1-pentene, 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-methyl-1-pentene, 1,1,1,2,3,4,4 , 5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro -2-heptene, 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7, 7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene, 1,1,1,2,4,4,5 , 5,6,6,7,7, 7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene, 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7, 7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene , 1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7, 7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene, 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2 -hexene, 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-1-hexene, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4-heptafluoro-3-hexene, 4,5,5,5 -tetrafluoro-4- (trifluoromethyl) -1-pentene, 1,1,1, 2,5,5, 5-heptafluoro-4-methyl-2-pentene, 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) -2-pentene, 1,2,3,3,4,4- hexafluorocyclobutene, 3,3,4,4-tetrafluorocyclobutene, 3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluorocyclopentene, 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluorocyclopentene, 1,2,3, 3,4,4,5,5,6,6-decafluorocyclohexene, 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4- (trifluoromethyl) -2-pentene, pentafluoroethyl trifluorovinyl ether, trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether. The composition according to claim 12, characterized in that the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 3, 3-pentafluoro-1-propene, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3 -pentafluoro-1-propene, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3-pentafluoro-1-propene, 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 2,3,3, 3-tetrafluoro- 1-propene, 1,3,3, 3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,2,3, 3- tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4-octafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene and 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4-hexafluoro-2-butene. 14. A composition, characterized in that it comprises: 1) mineral oil, and 2) perfluoropolyether. 15. The composition in accordance with the claim 14, characterized in that it contains an effective amount of the perfluoropolyether. 16. The composition in accordance with the claim 15, characterized in that the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 50% by weight relative to the mineral oil. 17. The composition according to claim 15, characterized in that the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 20% by weight relative to the mineral oil. 18. The composition according to claim 15, characterized in that the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 5% by weight in relation to mineral oil. 19. The composition according to claim 14, characterized in that it also comprises a heat transfer fluid or coolant selected from the group consisting of saturated fluorocarbons, unsaturated fluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, fluoroethers, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, dimethyl ether, ammonia and combinations thereof. The composition according to claim 19, characterized in that the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid is selected from the group consisting of R-407C, R-422A, R-417A, R-404A, R-410A, R- 507A, R-508A and HFC-134a. 21. The composition according to claim 14, characterized in that at least one of the end groups of the perfluoropolyether is a functional group selected from the group consisting of esters, hydroxyls, amines, amides, cyans, carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids. 22. The composition according to claim 21, characterized in that at least one of the end groups of the perfluoropolyether is carboxylic acid. 23. The composition according to claim 21, characterized in that at least one of the end groups of the perfluoropolyether is sulphonic acid. 24. Method for producing refrigeration, characterized in that it comprises: evaporating the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid according to claim 1, 2 or 19 in the vicinity of a body to be cooled and subsequently condensing the composition. 25. Method for producing heat, characterized in that it comprises: condensing the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition according to claim 1, 2 or 19 in the vicinity of the body to be heated and subsequently evaporating the composition. Process for transferring heat, characterized in that it comprises transferring the compositions according to claim 1, 2 or 19 from a hot source to a thermal sink. The process according to claim 26, characterized in that the compositions comprise: a) a mineral oil, b) perfluoropolyether, and c) a heat transfer fluid selected from the group consisting of R-407C, R-422A, R -417A, R-404A, R-410A, R-507A, R-508A and HFC-134a. Process, characterized in that it comprises: adding perfluoropolyether to a cooling or conditioning system. 29. The process according to claim 28, characterized in that at least one of the end groups of the perfluoropolyether is a functionalized group selected from the group consisting of esters, hydroxyls, amines, amides, cyan, carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids. 30. The process according to claim 29, characterized in that at least one of the end groups of the perfluoropolyether is the carboxylic acid. 31. The process according to claim 29, characterized in that at least one of the end groups of the perfluoropolyether is the sulfonic acid. 32. Process for replacing the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid, characterized in that it comprises: removing the refrigerant or existing heat transfer fluid from the refrigeration or air conditioning system, introducing in the refrigeration or air conditioning system a composition that comprises: a) A substituent heat transfer fluid or coolant selected from the group consisting of saturated fluorocarbons, unsaturated fluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, fluoroethers, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, dimethyl ether, ammonia and combinations thereof, b) an effective amount of perfluoropolyether. 33. The process according to claim 32, characterized in that the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 40% by weight relative to the refrigerant or substituent heat transfer fluid. 34. The process according to claim 32, characterized in that the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 10% by weight relative to the refrigerant or substituent heat transfer fluid. 35. The process according to claim 32, characterized in that the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 1% by weight relative to the refrigerant or substituent heat transfer fluid. 36. The process according to claim 32, characterized in that at least one of the end groups of the perfluoropolyether is a functionalized group selected from the group consisting of esters, hydroxyls, amines, amides, cyans, carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids. 37. The process according to claim 36, characterized in that at least one of the end groups of the perfluoropolyether is the carboxylic acid. 38. The process according to claim 36, characterized in that at least one of the end groups of the perfluoropolyether is the sulfonic acid. 39. Cooling apparatus, characterized in that it uses the composition according to claim 1, 2 or 19. 40. Air conditioning apparatus, characterized in that it uses the composition according to claim 1, 2 or 19. 41. Pump apparatus heat with internally improved heat transfer surfaces, characterized in that it uses the composition according to claim 19.