MX2008003394A - Supercritical flat panel collector and methods of use - Google Patents

Abstract

A high efficiency flat panel collector is disclosed using an integral supercritical heat transfer, and a series of fail-safe mechanisms. Using the preferred configuration with solar concentrators and integral energy conversion devices, including the further preferred utilization of ionic liquids or ionic liquid polymers as the working fluid in the system, achieves optimal total energy efficiency. Strategic use of the flat panel collector can further yield enhanced functionality of mechanical pumps, heat pumps, and expansion energy transformation devices.

Description

PANEL COLLECTOR SUPERCRITICAL AND METHODS OF USE CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED REQUESTS This application claims priority of the Provisional Patent Application of E.U.A. Series No. 60 / 596,248, filed on September 11, 2005.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention is generally directed to solar collectors and supercritical heat exchangers, and more specifically to supercritical solar collectors and configurations for high efficiency energy conversion.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART Solar collectors are well known in the art. A solar collector is simply a device for supplying solar energy, most often thermal energy as a means for direct photons for energy conversion devices or for transferring heat in a heat transfer fluid. Through the application, the invention will be referred to as a supercritical flat panel collector with the understanding that the flat panel designation represents a contiguous sheet that could be substituted for a modified form and non-contiguous collector without changing the objectives of the invention and the operations of the device. In absorption heat pumps, an absorber such as water absorbs the refrigerant, typically ammonia, thus generating heat. When the combined solution is pressurized and further heated, the refrigerant is expelled. When the refrigerant is pre-cooled and expanded to a low pressure, it provides cooling. The low pressure refrigerant is then combined with the low pressure depleted solution to complete the cycle. There are no patent or literature references describing the use of supercritical fluids within a panel collector, nor the use of fail safe valves and / or thermal diodes as a means to provide thermal management for integral energy conversion devices including photovoltaic devices. The technique lacks high efficiency and the flat panel collector is very cost effective, combining the benefits associated with solar collectors of the evacuated, concentrator and traditional flat panel.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is a fail-safe flat panel collector that achieves energy conversion efficiency by maximizing the collection of both direct energy conversion devices such as electricity and thermal energy from both non-transformed photons to phonons and waste heat resulting from inefficiencies in the energy conversion device. A fundamental benefit resulting from the design of the invention is a significant reduction in thermal losses. An additional advantage of the supercritical flat panel thermal collector is the high thermal flow rate with minimum pressure losses.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 - A cross-sectional view of SFPC described with integral microchannels and coatings. Fig. 2 - A cross-sectional view of SFPC configured to combine the inherent benefits of the heat exchangers in the falling film. Fig. 3 - A cross-sectional view of SFPC described with internal fluid separation layers. Fig. 4 - A cross-sectional view of SFPC described with integral safe storage in a solar concentrator. Fig. 5 - A cross-sectional view of SFPC described with an integral energy conversion device.

Fig. 6 - A cross-sectional view of SFPC described with integral solar photovoltaic device. The term safe against failures is defined by being able to compensate automatically and surely a failure, as of a mechanism or source of power. A supercritical flat panel term collector, also referred to as "SAFPC" wherein the flat panel thermal collector is comprised of supercritical heat transfer fluids with at least one benefit selected from the group consisting of reduced pressure losses, reduced thermal losses, reduced upper heat transfer, and freeze removal of heat transfer fluid. The virtual elimination, if not complete, of the freezing design and operation consideration results in operational simplification and cost reduction of at least -39.6 degrees centigrade. The SFPC heat transfer fluid has a maximum surface tension of 20 dynes / cm, which in part allows smaller diameter tubing. A reduction in the pipe diameter, at least a minimum of 50%, allows the distribution of superior heat transfer fluid through at least more of the SFPC surface and in most cases in surface increase of heat transfer that exceeds 50% of the collector surface area. The increase in the surface area of heat transfer allows a significant reduction of collector surface temperature of collector peaks, which produces benefits including reduced thermal losses, and superior heat transfer. The pressure losses for any heat transfer fluid that pears at supercritical pressures will be lower than low pressure operations. The supercritical collector fluid chamber "pipe" diameter that operates at a resin greater than 21.09 kg / cm2 is a minimum of 50% smaller than the diameter that has equivalent friction losses for the heat transfer fluid identical to a Operating pressure less than 7.03 kg / cm2. The diameter of the "pipe" of the fluid flow chamber is less than 6.35 mm. Significant reductions in friction losses are obtained in diameters less than 3000 microns. The preferred diameter is less than 1,000 microns. The particularly preferred diameter is less than 100 microns. The specifically preferred diameter is less than 10 microns. The diameter is predominantly limited by the manufacturing process used to produce the supercritical collector. The current manufacturing means, including semi-conductor processes, the printed circuit technology has the ability to produce in advance less than 10 microns. These diameters include diameters of 1 nanometers, 50 nanometers, 100 nanometers, 1 miera, 5 micras, and 10 microns. The specific diameter selection is a function of manufacturing costs, molecular weight and viscosity of heat transfer fluid, operating pressure and flow rates. A supercritical flat panel thermal collector comprised of an integral fail safe valve to limit heat transfer fluid losses in the event of heat transfer fluid leakage. A supercritical flat panel thermal collector comprised of an integral safe integral thermal diode for transferring the thermal load to an alternate heat reservoir. The supercritical flat panel thermal collector is used as a supercritical solar flat panel collector. The supercritical flat panel collector is comprised of a thermal barrier coating on the side that does not face the sun. The most preferred supercritical flat panel collector also has a solar absorption coating on the side of the face facing the sun. The collector of the preferred supercritical plane panel is configured to operate as a falling film heat exchanger. The configuration of the falling film increases the maximum heat transfer, which also leads to lower thermal losses.

The supercritical flat panel collector is further comprised of internal layers for separating the heat transfer fluids consisting of at least two components in at least two different flows. The separation of the heat transfer fluid in its different components allows the "evaporation" components to separate from the primary heat transfer surface, thus maintaining contact with the component having the higher thermal conductivity. The particularly preferred supercritical flat panel collector has integral microchannels. The specifically preferred collector has channel widths less than 10 microns. The specifically preferred manifold has the microchannels configured within the manifold in the maximum collector surface area in order to include a surface temperature differential less than -12.2 ° C across the entire surface. Furthermore, it is desired to achieve the lowest temperature differential, such as a temperature differential lower than -15 ° C across the entire surface. The desired results include at least a 10 percent reduction in radiation losses compared to the non-supercritical (ie, traditional) flat panel thermal collector. There are numerous methods recognized in the art to separate at least two different flows. These methods include methods selected from the group consisting of density, molecular weight, and variations of immiscibility. A preferred illustrative method includes the use of a nanoporous matrix to allow the supercritical carbon dioxide to be desorbed from at least the binary heat transfer fluid consisting of at least one ionic liquid or ionic liquid polymer. It is recognized that any heat transfer fluid can be used where the fluid is comprised of at least two fluids that have a significant difference in density, molecular weight and / or miscibility. The preferred heat transfer fluid is such that the fluid is separated by moving the mixed heat transfer fluid from a region of miscibility into immiscibility. "Poly (ionic liquid) s as New Materials For C02 Absorption "by Youqing Shen and others, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, EUD, received for publication on February 9, 2005 identifies that simply forming ionic liquids in polymeric forms significantly increases the capacity of absorption of C02 compared to non-ionic liquids, Shen and others also note that, in particular, ionic liquid polymers based on tetraalkylammonium have C026.0-7.6 times the absorption capacities of ionic liquids at room temperature. C02 desorption of polymer solids is very fast, and the desorption is completely reversible.Shen and others, then specifically observe the use of such polymers for being "very prospective as absorbing and membrane materials for the separation of CO2". , polyphonic liquids, as observed by Shen and others, are comprised of PF6 anions of ionic liquids that have C02 absorption capacity. More specifically, poly-ionic liquids include l- [2- (methylacryloyloxy) ethyl] -3-butyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([MABI] [BF4]) and 1- (p-vinylbenzyl) -3-butyl- tetrafluoroborate. imidazolium ([VBBI] [BF4]), poly [1- (4-vinylbenzyl) -3-butylimidazolyl tetrafluorophosphate (PVBIH), and poly (methacrylate 2- (l-butylimidazolium-3-yl) ethyl tetrafluoroborate (PBIMT) . The specific results that prove the particle size led to the conclusion that the absorption capacity of C02 mainly depends on the chemical structure of poly-ionic liquids, while the absorption rate of C02 depends on the particle size. Shen and others, clearly for the polymer that is stationary as an absorbent or membrane materials do not anticipate the use of poly-ionic liquids as a heat transfer fluid or working fluid within a thermodynamic cycle.

The preferred embodiment of the working fluid is an "emulsion" of ionic liquid and poly-ionic liquid as the heat transfer fluid or working fluid within a thermodynamic cycle. The preferred embodiment of the following fluid is an ionic liquid and "emulsion" of poly-ionic liquid having the combined fluid flow benefits of the ionic liquid monomers and the improved absorption / desorption properties of the poly-ionic liquid, also referred to as as ionic polymers. The standard categorization of ionic liquid "emulsions" is characterization as a phase of the emulsion because it is a "ionic liquid monomer" phase or abbreviated as "ILM" (for its acronym in English). The phases of ILM and ILP are also described as an ionic liquid slurry, hereinafter referred to as "ILS", for its acronym in English). A preferred ILS is comprised of at least one ionic liquid monomer and at least one ionic liquid polymer. The preferred ILS is comprised of ILP having particle size of between about 0.1 nanometers and 500 microns. Particularly preferred ILS is comprised of an ILP having a particle size of approximately between 10 nanometers and 5 microns. And the specifically preferred ILS is comprised of an ILP having a particle size of between about 0.1 nanometers and 500 nanometers.

The particularly preferred application of the heat transfer fluid can be operated within the thermal energy conversion devices including devices selected from the group consisting of solar thermal flat panels, solar thermal concentrator receivers, thermionic emission cells, thermovoltaic cells, generator electricity, compressor, and heat pump. And the specifically preferred application is wherein the fluid and at least one absorbed gas (preferably C02) operable with the transcritical or supercritical region in solution whereby the gas desorbed subsequently is used within a thermodynamic cycle including cycles selected from the group that consists of Goswami, Uehara, Kalina, Ranking, Carnot, Joule-Brayton, Ericsson, and Stirling. The preferred configuration within the supercritical flat panel thermal collector is for the clear transfer fluid to enter the upper inner layer when the heat transfer fluid is heating. Alternatively, the preferred configuration within the supercritical flat panel heat collector is for the heat transfer fluid to enter the lower inner layer when the heat transfer fluid is cooling. The pressures achieved during the operation of the thermal collector of the supercritical flat panel are sufficient to directly drive a mechanical pump, thus being a mechanical pump driven thermally. The collector operating as an integral component of an absorption system uses the thermal benefits of the supercritical flat panel thermal collector to provide at least in part the thermal load required to drive a desorption cycle, which in turn drives a mechanical pump, followed by the concurrent absorption cycle that at least preheats or heats a secondary heat transfer fluid. The secondary heat transfer fluid is preferred to be a heat transfer fluid such as municipal water which in turn will be used as domestic customer water. A key characteristic of the supercritical flat panel are the reduced pressure losses due to the small "pipe" diameters. The optimum pressure range is above the supercritical pressure of the heat transfer fluid. Numerous benefits are still obtained when the operating pressure scale is transcritical, meaning that the operating pressure on the low pressure side is below the supercritical pressure with the high pressure side rises to a pressure above the supercritical pressure (ie, occurs when the temperature rises to a pressure above the supercritical pressure (that is, it occurs when the temperature rises due to solar energy). The anticipated operating pressures are pressures above kg / cm3. The preferred operating pressure is above 21.09 kg / cm3. The particularly preferred operating pressure is above 35.15 kg / cm2. The specifically preferred operating pressure is above 70.3 kg / cm2. The supercritical flat panel thermal collector is further comprised of at least one of a photon to electron conversion device and a phonon to electron. Such energy conversion devices, also referred to as "ECDs" include photovoltaic, thermionic and thermoelectric devices, transform photons or phonons (ie, thermal energy packages) into electricity. Photovoltaic devices in particular are sensitive at temperature, therefore often achieve lower efficiencies at higher temperatures.This is of particular importance when coupling energy conversion devices with solar concentrators.The preferred configuration is such that the supercritical flat panel thermal collector is in the back side of the energy conversion device that is directly coupled with a "paste" of high thermal conductivity that has a thermal coefficient of equalization of "TCE" in expansion.The collector of the flat panel therefore serves at least on two papers Critical: 1) Increase overall efficiency using effective between the thermal energy that results from the thermal losses of the energy conversion process, and 2) complying with the thermal cooling requirements that result from the high thermal flows in a high concentrating solar concentrator. This configuration is the linear method for transforming the energy conversion device into a concentrated energy conversion device. The safe and long-term operation of the concentrated energy conversion device requires the direct integration of an integral temperature sensor. The integral temperature sensor is at least one of the necessary inputs to achieve feedback in a dynamic system controller in order to vary the flow rate of heat transfer fluid in order to maintain an output temperature that is lower than the maximum energy conversion safety temperature. This objective is balanced with the thermal targets to achieve the maximum heat transfer fluid outlet temperature greater than a minimum thermal demand temperature. A third control scheme is an overall optimum temperature that performs the maximum total efficiency, which is the combination of the efficiency of the energy conversion device and the thermal energy conversion efficiency.Maximizing total energy efficiency requires the incorporation of integral thermal barrier layers to limit thermal heat losses. Thermal losses are attributable to convective, radioactive and conductive thermal losses, all of which can be minimized by the use of thermal barrier coatings and even thermal insulators including aherrosols, insulation and vacuum chambers. An illustrative configuration to reduce thermal losses is through the use of an integral mechanical vapor compression heat pump system. The mechanical vapor compression heat pump achieves concurrently the temperature rise of the heat transfer fluid and a reduction in thermal losses of the supercritical flat panel thermal collector. Thermal losses are produced by reducing the temperature differential through the high surface area thermal collectors, thus reducing the maximum operating temperature in the collector. The mechanical vapor compression heat pump achieves temperature rise within a significantly smaller surface area. Reducing the temperature differential across the entire surface of the supercritical flat panel is a fundamental advantage for numerous applications outside of solar applications. These include heating and cooling of radiant floor. In fact, the use of supercritical fluids prevents water or other liquid heat transfer fluids from forming extensive damage when a leak occurs. The supercritical flat panel is especially an upper heat exchanger for radiant cooling applications minimizing the opportunity for condensation due in part to the decrease in temperature differential with ambient air and the significant increase in surface area. A supercritical flat panel collector comprised of microchannels for heat transfer fluid (Fig. 1-30), a substrate (Fig. 1-40) that integrates the series of heat exchangers / radiators of microchannels into a continuous radiant surface, and a thermal barrier coating on the back side (Fig. 1-50) maximizes heat transfer. This configuration, referred to as a supercritical flat panel heat exchanger "SHX", is ideal for maximizing heat transfer within the radiant heating and cooling configured within the floor panels, wall panels, wiring, roofs, tiles, or architectural elements and structures. Architectural elements include sculptures or simply design elements.

The flat panel heat exchanger is optimally comprised of a series of microchannel heat exchangers integrated into at least one flat surface to achieve a temperature differential across the entire surface of less than 12.2 ° C. The resulting flat panel is operated as a device selected from the group consisting of structural elements, floor panels, wall panels, fences, roofs, tiles, or architectural elements and structures. It is further anticipated that the benefits realized by the flat-panel microchannel heat exchanger are achieved for non-supercritical fluids when sufficient surface area reduces transfer fluid friction losses (i.e., pressure loss) due to sufficient flow rates low having low Reynolds number. The most promising configuration of the supercritical flat panel collector of the invention is in combination with flat reflective Fresnel lenses of linear concentration. The flat panel Fresnel lens achieves important benefits including reduced wind susceptibility, low cost production, and relatively low structural requirements. A linear concentration zone focuses solar energy on a significantly smaller physical area. Therefore the supercritical flat panel collector is smaller and more cost effective. The supercritical flat panel collector is designed to survive in extreme weather conditions, although these are very unusual in frequency and severity. The optimal method to reduce the engineering requirements to survive extreme weather is to use the same active traction motors to "park" the supercritical flat panel collector in an integral housing within the solar concentrator for safe storage of the flat panel thermal collector supercritical. Therefore the solar concentrator serves a secondary purpose of protecting the supercritical flat panel collector and its embedded energy conversion device (which is often the single most expensive component). The very high concentration ratios managed to place important thermal demands on the energy conversion device. Therefore any loss in thermal handling capacity can give permanent damage to the energy conversion device. Normal operation transfers the thermal energy to the heat transfer fluid, which is optimally a supercritical fluid. The higher pressures of supercritical fluids leads to an increased potential for leakage, through the supercritical fluid of carbon dioxide does not represent any high greenhouse potential. In the case of a leak or loss of heat transfer fluid, the energy conversion device, which is often the most expensive component within the energy conversion system, should be protected. Integration of the integral thermal fault safety diode serves to transfer the thermal load to an alternative heat growth. The preferred configuration integrates an alternative heat container into the solar concentrator. The particularly preferred configuration uses the solar concentrator structure as a safe heat container against faults, thus increasing the functionality of the concentrator structure. Numerous methods known in the art are recognized by being applied for a thermal diode. It is anticipated that essentially any device that can "exchange" from a normal heat vessel to an alternating heat can be applied. This device further anticipates that an external pressure sensor is the input to a normally open contact / switch. This normally open contact can drive a driven motor that stabilizes a thermal path to the alternate heat reservoir. The particularly preferred thermal diode is a pressure-operated spring device which, upon loss of pressure, moves a mechanical contact that stabilizes a thermal path to the alternative heat vessel. It is particularly preferred that the configuration uses the solar concentrator structure as a safe heat container against faults, thus increasing the maximum functionality of the concentrator structure. Numerous methods that are known in the art are recognized to be applicable for a thermal diode. It is anticipated that essentially any device that can "exchange" a normal heat vessel with the alternative heat can be applied. This device also anticipates that an external pressure sensor is the input to a normally open contact / switch. This normally open contact can drive a driven motor that stabilizes a thermal path to the alternative heat vessel. The particularly preferred thermal diode is a pressure-operated spring device which, with loss of pressure, moves a mechanical contact that stabilizes a thermal path to the alternating heat reservoir. It is particularly preferred that the thermal path be comprised of materials of thermal resistance including materials selected from the group consisting of a collector / thermal conduit of nanotubes and heat pipe. An additional safety feature is the inclusion of a fail safe valve that is activated by a pressure drop, which indicates a leakage of heat transfer fluid to cut the leakage section of the supercritical flat panel collector. The preferred configuration uses the safety valve against failure under normal operation to drive the heat transfer fluid in the collector of the flat panel. Allowing a relatively low temperature heat transfer fluid in the flat panel collector to occur at reduced pressure relative to the higher pressures obtained at the increased and elevated temperature achieved by solar gain. This reduces, or potentially decreases certain operating conditions, eliminates the requirement of a pump / compressor to increase the hydraulic pressure of the heat transfer fluid. The supercritical flat panel thermal collector, when it also comprises a solar photovoltaic device and a solar concentrator undergoes significant thermal flow. The solar photovoltaic device often requires less passive cooling in order to increase the efficiency of photovoltaic conversion to electricity and system life time. The economic cost of the solar photovoltaic cell leads to an increased use of solar concentrator, in many cases reaching solar concentrations as high as 1000 and frequently reaching 500. The additional use of supercritical fluids achieves the dissipation of high thermal flux of the photovoltaic device solar energy while allowing the efficient conversion of thermal waste energy into useful energy including electricity as a means to increase overall efficiency. Direct integration of a supercritical flat panel collector comprised of a transcritical or supercritical fluid within a flow chamber having channel "pipe" diameters preferably less than 100 microns (and specifically preferred is less than 10 microns) on the side The subsequent use of a photovoltaic or solar thermionic device serves as an active and improved cooling energy conversion giving a greater combined energy efficiency to each individual component. Finally, it is anticipated that the thermal collector of the supercritical plane panel is preferably configured in a form that meets the additional secondary purposes. One such benefit includes the ability to integrate the flat panel collector into a secondary structural element, so that fewer structural components are required for the flat panel collector. Another benefit is the ease at which the flat panel collector can be configured modified to match the shape of an integral architectural element. The integration of the flat panel collector of the building / architectural components achieves benefits including reduced costs, superior architectural appearance and superior thermal resistance of the building / architectural components. Illustrative building / architectural components include roof elements, external walls, and garage roofs. The modified manifold is preferably an architectural tree / solar structure that is architecturally pleasing in itself. The trunk of the tree, so-called, serves as the pipe for the heat transfer fluid, and the structural support for the flat panel collectors. The particularly preferred solar tree has the inherent capacity for collectors that will be retracted and / or collapsed to reduce exposure to severe weather. The figures described within the specification of the invention provide illustrative configurations of the most critical SFPC components. A detailed description of the figures is provided in the following paragraphs. Figure 1 describes SFPC comprising a solar absorbent coating (10) as a coating of the structural substrate (20). The thermal gain collected from the solar energy is transferred via the microchannels (30) in the supercritical heat transfer fluid. The microchannels (30) are exchanged between two structural substrates (20 and 40). Finally, a thermal barrier coating (50) covers the side that does not face the sun (40) to limit thermal losses. Figure 2 describes SFPC at an inclined angle to allow the supercritical fluid to operate in the falling film configuration to increase heat transfer. Figure 3 describes the additional inclusion of a separating layer of the inner fluid (140) between the upper and lower substrate layers (120 and 150) . The preferred configuration during solar gain is such that the internal liquid separation layer is adjacent to the lower substrate layer (150) to allow the more gaseous component of the supercritical heat transfer fluid to follow a path away from the surface substrate of most critical heat transfer (120). Figure 4 describes SFPC (200) in a position remote from the solar concentrate (210). SFPC can be moved by any method known in the art to stabilize SFPC from weather conditions and to track and / or optimize solar collection and concentration. The solar concentrator has an empty space (210) designed to allow SFPOC to be stored safely, especially during severe climates while SFPC also hosts energy conversion devices. Optimal placement for empty space is a balance between minimizing the cost of the structure and moving SFPC (200) in the empty space (210), while maintaining a minimum of the active surface side of the solar concentrator removed which reduces the amount of solar energy collected.

Within the scope of the invention is that the empty space may occur on the side of the solar concentrator or the lower side of the solar collector. Figure 5 describes the SFPC (300) with a "ECD" integral energy conversion device (310), a "valve" valve assembly device (370), and a thermal diode assembly device "Thermal Diode" (350) . The valve assembly serves to isolate SFPC from additional SFPC devices and other portions of the pipeline so that the supercritical heat transfer fluid limits any failure of SFPC failure (ie, leakage, vacuum loss, etc.) of the total energy efficiency and / or loss of heat transfer fluid. The thermal diode assembly device serves to eliminate / reduce thermal losses in the alternative heat container, which is ideally integrated in the solar concentrator (320) or is the solar concentrator / alternative heat container structure (340) during the preparation normal. However, during a thermal management system failure or simply reaches a peak temperature that exceeds the safe operation of EDC, the thermal diode assembly device increases heat transfer to the alternative heat vessel. The combined devices ensure the safe and efficient long-term operation of SFPC.

Additional features and advantages of the present invention are described and will be apparent from the detailed description of the currently preferred embodiments. It should be understood that various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and without diminishing its protection advantages. Therefore, it is intended that said changes and modifications be covered by the appended claims.

Claims (37)

1. - A supercritical flat panel thermal collector in which the flat panel thermal collector is comprised of supercritical heat transfer fluids with at least one benefit compared to the non-supercritical flat panel thermal collectors selected from the group consisting of a maximum surface area of 20 dynes / cm, a heat transfer fluid pipe diameter of less than 3000 microns resulting in reduced peak surface collector temperatures giving benefits including reduced thermal losses, superior heat transfer, and transfer fluid removal of heat freezing to at least -39.6 ° C.

2. - A supercritical flat panel thermal collector of a heat transfer fluid that operates at pressures greater than 21.09 kg / cm2 and at least one device selected from the group consisting of an integral safe fault valve and thermal diode to limit the heat transfer fluid losses during the occurrence of a heat transfer fluid leak or to transfer the heat transfer load to an alternate heater vessel.

3. - A supercritical collector comprised of a heat transfer fluid selected from the group of a transcritical or supercritical gas and at least one fluid selected from the group consisting of ionic liquids or polymeric ionic liquids operating at pressures greater than 21.09 kg. / cm2.

4. - A flat panel heat exchanger comprised of a series of microchannel heat exchangers integrated into at least one flat surface so that the heat exchanger has a temperature differential across the entire surface of less than -12.22. ° C and so the flat panel is operated as a device selected from the group consisting of structural elements, floor panels, wall panels, trellis, ceilings, tiles, or architectural elements and structures. The architectural elements.

5. The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 1, further comprising a thermal barrier coating on the side facing away from the sun and a solar absorbing coating on the side facing the sun.

6. The thermal collector of the supercritical flat panel according to claim 1, wherein the collector of the flat panel is configured to operate as a falling film heat exchanger.

7. The thermal collector of the supercritical plane panel according to claim 1, wherein the collector of the flat panel is further comprised of internal layers for separating heat transfer fluids consisting of at least two components in at least two different flows.

8. - The thermal collector supercritical flat panel according to claim 1, further comprising at least one energy conversion device selected from the group consisting of a photovoltaic or solar thermionic device so that the thermal collector provides active cooling of energy conversion device and superior energy efficiency.

9. - The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 1, wherein the collector of the flat panel is further comprised of microchannels having channel widths of less than 1 micron.

10. The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 1, wherein the supercritical flat panel thermal collector has a surface temperature differential of less than -12,222 ° C across the entire surface.

11. The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 1, wherein the supercritical flat panel thermal collector has a surface temperature differential of less than -15 ° C across the entire surface.

12. - The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 1, wherein the supercritical flat panel thermal collector has at least a 10 percent reduction in radiation losses compared to a flat panel thermal collector. supercritical.

13. - The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 7, wherein at least two different flows are separated by methods including methods selected from the group consisting of density, molecular weight, and variations of immiscibility.

14. The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 1, wherein the supercritical flat panel thermal collector is further comprised of a heat transfer fluid consisting of at least one ionic liquid or ionic liquid polymer. and a supercritical gas.

15. - The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 1, wherein the heat transfer fluid of the supercritical flat panel thermal collector enters the upper internal layer when the heat transfer fluid is heating.

16. The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 1, wherein the heat transfer fluid from the supercritical flat panel thermal collector enters the lower inner layer when the heat transfer fluid is cooling.

17. The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 1, wherein the supercritical flat panel thermal collector is used as a thermally driven mechanical pump.

18. - The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 1, wherein the desorption cycle of the supercritical flat panel thermal collector drives a mechanical pump and concurrently the absorption cycle heats influenced by heat transfer.

19. The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 1, wherein it is further comprised of at least one photon to electron and phonon to electron energy conversion device.

20. The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 1, further comprising a solar concentrator.

21. The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 19, wherein at least one photon to electron energy conversion device and a phonon to electron is a concentrated energy conversion device.

22. The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 1, wherein it is also comprised of an integral temperature sensor.

23. - The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 1, wherein it is further comprised of a dynamic system controller for varying the heat transfer fluid to maintain a lower outlet temperature at a safe conversion temperature of maximum energy as high as a minimum thermal demand temperature.

24. The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 1, wherein it is also comprised of integral thermal barrier layers to limit thermal heat losses.

25. - The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 1, wherein the supercritical flat panel thermal collector is an integral component of a mechanical vapor compression heat pump system.

26. - The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 25, wherein the mechanical vapor compression heat pump concurrently achieves temperature elevation of the heat transfer fluid and a reduction in thermal losses of the thermal collector of supercritical flat panel.

27. - The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 20, wherein it is further comprised of an integral housing for the safe storage of the thermal collector of the supercritical flat panel.

28. - The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 20, wherein the solar concentrator is also comprised of a safe heat container against faults.

29. - The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 1, further comprising an integral safe thermal fault diode for transferring thermal load to an alternating heat reservoir.

30. - The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 1, further comprising an integral fail-safe valve to limit losses of heat transfer fluid during the presentation of a heat transfer fluid leak .

31. - The supercritical flat panel thermal collector according to claim 2, wherein the fail safe valve operates under normal conditions to drive the heat transfer fluid in the thermal collector of the supercritical flat panel.

32. - A heat transfer fluid of at least one ionic liquid monomer and at least one ionic liquid polymer.

33. - A heat transfer fluid comprised of at least one ionic liquid monomer and at least one ionic liquid polymer.

34. - The heat transfer fluid according to claim 33, so that the ionic liquid polymer has a particle size of approximately between 0.1 nanometers and 500 microns.

35. - The heat transfer fluid according to claim 33, whereby the ionic liquid polymer has a particle size of between about 10 nanometers and 5 microns.

36. - The heat transfer fluid according to claim 33, whereby the ionic liquid polymer has a particle size of between about 0.1 nanometers and 500 microns.

37. - The heat transfer fluid according to claim 33, whereby the fluid operates within the thermal energy conversion devices including devices selected from the group consisting of solar thermal flat panels, solar thermal concentrator receivers, cells of thermionic emissions, thermo-volcanic cells, electricity generator, compressor and heat pump. 38.- The heat transfer fluid of claim 33, whereby the fluid and at least one absorbed gas selected from the group consisting of a transcritical or supercritical gas in solution whereby the subsequently desorbed gas is used within a thermodynamic cycle including cycles selected from the group consisting of Goswami, Uehara, Kalina, Ranking, Carnot, Joule-Brayton, Ericsson, and Stirling.