MD4902C1 - System of solar photovoltaic thermal panels - Google Patents
System of solar photovoltaic thermal panelsInfo
- Publication number
- MD4902C1 MD4902C1 MDA20210072A MD20210072A MD4902C1 MD 4902 C1 MD4902 C1 MD 4902C1 MD A20210072 A MDA20210072 A MD A20210072A MD 20210072 A MD20210072 A MD 20210072A MD 4902 C1 MD4902 C1 MD 4902C1
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- MD
- Moldova
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- hot water
- accumulator
- cold water
- temperature
- solar photovoltaic
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 8
- 241001506308 Potato virus T Species 0.000 description 6
- 229920002102 polyvinyl toluene Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003889 chemical engineering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- MCNQUWLLXZZZAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-cyano-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-n-piperidin-1-ylpyrazole-3-carboxamide Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1C1=C(C#N)C(C(=O)NN2CCCCC2)=NN1C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl MCNQUWLLXZZZAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000110 cooling liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004870 electrical engineering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004134 energy conservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009828 non-uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002277 temperature effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Invenţia se referă la energetică şi heliotehnică, în special la sisteme de panouri solare fotovoltaice termice, şi poate fi utilizată pentru încălzirea lichidelor. The invention relates to energy and solar technology, in particular to thermal photovoltaic solar panel systems, and can be used for heating liquids.
Puterea celulelor fotovoltaice variază în funcţie de temperatură, în special tensiunea, care este sensibilă la variaţia temperaturii. Creşterea temperaturii de la 10°C la 70°C la insolaţia de 1000 W/m2conduce la scăderea eficienţei celulelor fotovoltaice cu 73%. Conform calculelor pentru sudul Europei, pierderile anuale de energie, generate de creşterea temperaturii celulelor, constituie 9…12% în instalaţii detaşate şi depăşeşte 16% în sisteme integrate pe acoperişul caselor, iar pentru sudul Asiei, acestea depăşesc 16% în instalaţii detaşate şi 18% în sisteme integrate pe acoperişul caselor (The Effect of Temperature on Photovoltaic Cell Efficiency V. Jafari Fesharaki, Majid Dehghani, J. Jafari Fesharaki, Department of Electrical Engineering, Najaf Abad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, Iran. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Emerging Trends in Energy Conservation - ETEC, Tehran, Tehran, Iran, 20-21 November 2011). The power of photovoltaic cells varies with temperature, especially the voltage, which is sensitive to temperature variation. Increasing the temperature from 10°C to 70°C at 1000 W/m2 insolation leads to a decrease in the efficiency of photovoltaic cells by 73%. According to calculations for southern Europe, annual energy losses, generated by the increase in cell temperature, constitute 9…12% in detached installations and exceed 16% in integrated systems on the roof of houses, and for southern Asia, they exceed 16% in detached installations and 18% in integrated systems on the roof of houses (The Effect of Temperature on Photovoltaic Cell Efficiency V. Jafari Fesharaki, Majid Dehghani, J. Jafari Fesharaki, Department of Electrical Engineering, Najaf Abad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, Iran. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Emerging Trends in Energy Conservation - ETEC, Tehran, Tehran, Iran, 20-21 November 2011).
Un panou fotovoltaic (PV) tipic converteşte în energie electrică 6…20% din radiaţia solară incidentă, în funcţie de tipul de celule solare şi condiţiile climatice. Restul radiaţiei solare, care este semnificativă, se transformă în căldură. Această căldură poate fi extrasă prin mişcarea apei/aerului sub panoul fotovoltaic cu ajutorul colectorilor termici, denumiţi panouri fotovoltaice termice (PVT). Eficienţa mai mare a siliciului cristalin (c-Si) va rezulta într-o eficienţă electrică mai mare şi o valoare mai mare a raportului electric-termic al PVT. La temperatura scăzută la zero panoul PVT cu celule c-Si a demonstrat eficienţa majorată cu 55%. A typical photovoltaic (PV) panel converts 6…20% of the incident solar radiation into electricity, depending on the type of solar cells and climatic conditions. The rest of the solar radiation, which is significant, is converted into heat. This heat can be extracted by moving water/air under the photovoltaic panel using thermal collectors, called photovoltaic thermal (PV) panels. The higher efficiency of crystalline silicon (c-Si) will result in higher electrical efficiency and a higher value of the PVT electrical-thermal ratio. At sub-zero temperatures, the PVT panel with c-Si cells has demonstrated an efficiency increase of 55%.
Comparaţia unui panou PV convenţional, a unui panou PV neacoperit cu sticlă şi a unui panou PV acoperit cu sticlă cu aceleaşi module transformate în PVT a arătat că eficienţa electrică medie anuală a crescut respectiv cu 7,2%, 7,6% şi 6,6%. Comparison of a conventional PV panel, an unglazed PV panel, and a glass-covered PV panel with the same modules converted to PVT showed that the average annual electrical efficiency increased by 7.2%, 7.6%, and 6.6%, respectively.
Un sistem de PV laminat, integrat pe acoperişul unei case şi unit la un rezervor cu apă a asigurat o reducere a temperaturii cu aproximativ 20°C, raportat la un sistem convenţional, şi a condus la o creştere de 9…12% a randamentului electric (Swapnil Dubey, Jatin Narotam Sarvaiya, Bharath Seshadri. Temperature Dependent Photovoltaic (PV) Efficiency and Its Effect on PV Production in the World - A Review, PV Asia Pacific Conference 2012). A laminated PV system, integrated on the roof of a house and connected to a water tank, ensured a temperature reduction of approximately 20°C, compared to a conventional system, and led to a 9…12% increase in electrical efficiency (Swapnil Dubey, Jatin Narotam Sarvaiya, Bharath Seshadri. Temperature Dependent Photovoltaic (PV) Efficiency and Its Effect on PV Production in the World - A Review, PV Asia Pacific Conference 2012).
Aplicarea unui sistem de răcire la un panou PV reduce costul energiei solare în trei direcţii. În primul rând, răcirea măreşte cantitatea energiei electrice produse, în al doilea rând, aceasta măreşte termenul de viaţă a sistemelor de PV prin protejarea celulelor fotovoltaice de temperaturi înalte, care provoacă daune ireversibile. În cele din urmă, căldura extrasă de la răcirea PV poate fi utilizată pentru încălzirea sau răcirea clădirilor sau încălzirea apei menajere. Applying a cooling system to a PV panel reduces the cost of solar energy in three ways. First, cooling increases the amount of electricity produced, second, it increases the lifespan of PV systems by protecting the photovoltaic cells from high temperatures that cause irreversible damage. Finally, the heat extracted from PV cooling can be used to heat or cool buildings or heat domestic water.
Deşi PVT-urile prezintă o opţiune promiţătoare de menţinere a temperaturii scăzute a panourilor PV, utilizarea răcirii pe bază de fluid este considerată a fi cea mai puţin costisitoare metodă de îmbunătăţire a performanţei panoului fotovoltaic. Temperatura lichidului de răcire la ieşirea din panoul PV este mai mare decât cea de la intrare, urmare a schimbului de căldură între partea din spate a panoului şi conductele cu apă. Prin urmare, temperatura lichidului în ţevi creşte treptat de la intrare la ieşire, rezultând într-un panou fotovoltaic răcit neuniform. Cu alte cuvinte, fiecare celulă fotovoltaică din panou are o temperatură de funcţionare diferită, ceea ce conduce la caracteristici diferite a fiecărei celule. Distribuţia neuniformă a temperaturii de funcţionare a celulelor fotovoltaice conduce la variaţia eficienţei lor de la 14% a celulelor nerăcite, la 16% a celulelor răcite. Cele mai bune rezultate de răcire sunt obţinute la o densitate mai înaltă a tuburilor de răcire legate în paralel între ele (Anas Al Tarabsheh, Spyrοs Voutetakis, Athanasios Ι. Papadopoulos, Panos Seferlis, Issa Etier, Omar Saraereh. Investigation of Temperature Effects in Efficiency Improvement of Non-Uniformly Cooled Photovoltaic Cells, Chemical Engineering Transaction, vol. 35, 2013, The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering). Although PVTs are a promising option for keeping PV panels cool, the use of fluid cooling is considered to be the least expensive method of improving PV panel performance. The temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the PV panel is higher than that at the inlet, due to heat exchange between the back of the panel and the water pipes. As a result, the temperature of the fluid in the pipes gradually increases from the inlet to the outlet, resulting in a non-uniformly cooled PV panel. In other words, each PV cell in the panel has a different operating temperature, which leads to different characteristics of each cell. The non-uniform distribution of the PV cell operating temperature leads to a variation in their efficiency from 14% for uncooled cells to 16% for cooled cells. The best cooling results are obtained at a higher density of cooling tubes connected in parallel to each other (Anas Al Tarabsheh, Spyrοs Voutetakis, Athanasios Ι. Papadopoulos, Panos Seferlis, Issa Etier, Omar Saraereh. Investigation of Temperature Effects in Efficiency Improvement of Non-Uniformly Cooled Photovoltaic Cells, Chemical Engineering Transaction, vol. 35, 2013, The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering).
Măsurările arată că puterea generării energiei electrice a unui panou scade de 1,78 ori la creşterea temperaturii între 0…100°C în rezultatul încălzirii celulelor fotovoltaice, de aceea este necesară menţinerea temperaturii cât mai scăzute a celulelor. Generarea energiei electrice are un potenţial de creştere de 12…15%, iar potenţialul energetic total al panourilor poate atinge 86% - energie electrică şi termică (Popescu A., Panaite C. E., Stadoleanu O. V. Combined Photovoltaic and Thermal Solar Panels - Enhanced Energy Conversion and Heat Transfer, Thermal Engineering, nr. 2/2013). Measurements show that the power of generating electricity of a panel decreases by 1.78 times when the temperature increases between 0…100°C as a result of the heating of the photovoltaic cells, therefore it is necessary to maintain the temperature of the cells as low as possible. The generation of electricity has a growth potential of 12…15%, and the total energy potential of the panels can reach 86% - electrical and thermal energy (Popescu A., Panaite C. E., Stadoleanu O. V. Combined Photovoltaic and Thermal Solar Panels - Enhanced Energy Conversion and Heat Transfer, Thermal Engineering, no. 2/2013).
În calitate de cea mai apropiată soluţie este prezentată o instalaţie fotovoltaică, care conţine un panou fotovoltaic termic, format din celule fotovoltaice, conectate electric între ele, conducte de apă rece şi caldă, şi un rezervor de acumulare a apei calde, totodată pe conducta de apă rece este instalată o pompă, unită cu un motor, alimentat de la panoul fotovoltaic termic. Apa rece este pompată în rezervorul de acumulare a apei calde prin panoul fotovoltaic, în care se încălzeşte [1]. As the closest solution, a photovoltaic installation is presented, which contains a thermal photovoltaic panel, consisting of photovoltaic cells, electrically connected to each other, cold and hot water pipes, and a hot water storage tank, while a pump is installed on the cold water pipe, connected to a motor, powered by the thermal photovoltaic panel. The cold water is pumped into the hot water storage tank through the photovoltaic panel, where it is heated [1].
Dezavantajul soluţiei cunoscute constă în imposibilitatea menţinerii temperaturii scăzute în sistemul PVT. Apa fierbinte este acumulată în rezervorul de acumulare a apei calde, în care temperatura pe parcursul zilei se ridică aproape de temperatura panourilor, răcirea lor se opreşte din cauza lipsei circulaţiei apei, generate de lipsa diferenţei de temperatura apei la intrare şi celei la ieşire şi, în consecinţă, egalării densităţii apei la intrare şi ieşire. The disadvantage of the known solution is the impossibility of maintaining a low temperature in the PVT system. Hot water is accumulated in the hot water storage tank, where the temperature during the day rises close to the temperature of the panels, their cooling stops due to the lack of water circulation, generated by the lack of difference between the temperature of the water at the inlet and outlet and, consequently, the equalization of the density of the water at the inlet and outlet.
Problema pe care o rezolvă invenţia constă în sporirea răcirii panourilor fotovoltaice termice şi sporirea eficienţei lor de generare a energiei electrice la un nivel înalt în timpul radiaţiei solare maxime prin răcirea suplimentară a lichidului răcitor. The problem solved by the invention consists in increasing the cooling of thermal photovoltaic panels and increasing their efficiency of generating electricity to a high level during maximum solar radiation by additional cooling of the cooling liquid.
Sistemul de panouri solare fotovoltaice termice, conform invenţiei, conţine panouri solare fotovoltaice termice, conectate în paralel între ele şi la un acumulator de apă fierbinte prin conducte de apă rece şi de apă fierbinte. În conducta de apă rece este inclusă o pompă, acţionată de un motor electric, iar la conductele de apă rece şi de apă fierbinte, printr-o conductă, este conectat un radiator cu un ventilator, acţionat de un motor electric. În conductele de apă rece şi de apă fierbinte sunt instalate valve electromagnetice, corespunzător. Motoarele electrice şi valvele electromagnetice sunt unite cu un sistem de control, care conţine un senzor de temperatură a apei reci, amplasat la ieşirea din acumulator, şi un senzor de temperatură a apei fierbinţi, amplasat la intrarea în acumulator. Sistemul de control include un bloc de comparaţie a temperaturii presetate cu temperatura reală a apei fierbinţi din acumulator. The solar photovoltaic thermal panel system, according to the invention, contains solar photovoltaic thermal panels, connected in parallel to each other and to a hot water accumulator through cold and hot water pipes. A pump, driven by an electric motor, is included in the cold water pipe, and a radiator with a fan, driven by an electric motor, is connected to the cold and hot water pipes through a pipe. Electromagnetic valves are installed in the cold and hot water pipes, respectively. The electric motors and the electromagnetic valves are connected to a control system, which contains a cold water temperature sensor, located at the outlet of the accumulator, and a hot water temperature sensor, located at the inlet of the accumulator. The control system includes a block for comparing the preset temperature with the actual temperature of the hot water in the accumulator.
Rezultatul tehnic al invenţiei constă în obţinerea apei fierbinţi simultan cu generarea energiei electrice şi răcirii PVT. The technical result of the invention consists in obtaining hot water simultaneously with the generation of electricity and cooling of PVT.
Invenţia se explică prin desenul din figură, care reprezintă schema sistemului de panouri solare fotovoltaice termice. The invention is explained by the drawing in the figure, which represents the scheme of the thermal photovoltaic solar panel system.
Sistemul de panouri solare fotovoltaice termice (vezi figura) conţine panourile solare fotovoltaice termice 1, 2, 3, conectate în paralel între ele şi la acumulatorul de apă fierbinte AF prin conductele de apă rece 4 şi de apă fierbinte 5. În conducta de apă rece 4 este inclusă pompa 8, acţionată de motorul electric M1, iar la conductele de apă rece 4 şi de apă fierbinte 5, prin conducta 10, este conectat radiatorul 9 cu ventilatorul 11, acţionat de motorul electric M2. În conductele de apă rece 4 şi de apă fierbinte 5 sunt instalate valvele electromagnetice 6, 7, corespunzător. Motoarele electrice M1, M2 şi valvele electromagnetice 6, 7 sunt unite cu sistemul de control SC, care conţine senzorul de temperatură a apei reci ST2, amplasat la ieşirea din acumulatorul AF, şi senzorul de temperatură a apei fierbinţi ST1, amplasat la intrarea în acumulatorul AF. Sistemul de control SC include blocul de comparaţie a temperaturii presetate cu temperatura reală a apei fierbinţi din acumulatorul AF. The solar photovoltaic thermal panel system (see figure) contains the solar photovoltaic thermal panels 1, 2, 3, connected in parallel to each other and to the hot water accumulator AF through the cold water pipes 4 and hot water 5. The pump 8, driven by the electric motor M1, is included in the cold water pipe 4, and to the cold water pipes 4 and hot water 5, through the pipe 10, the radiator 9 with the fan 11, driven by the electric motor M2, is connected. In the cold water pipes 4 and hot water 5, the corresponding electromagnetic valves 6, 7 are installed. The electric motors M1, M2 and the electromagnetic valves 6, 7 are connected to the control system SC, which contains the cold water temperature sensor ST2, located at the outlet of the AF accumulator, and the hot water temperature sensor ST1, located at the inlet of the AF accumulator. The SC control system includes the block for comparing the preset temperature with the actual temperature of the hot water in the AF accumulator.
Sistemul de panouri solare fotovoltaice termice funcţionează în modul următor. The solar photovoltaic thermal panel system works in the following way.
Iniţial acumulatorul de apă fierbinte AF este umplut cu apă rece şi totodată sunt umplute panourile solare fotovoltaice termice 1, 2, 3 prin conductele de apă rece 4 şi de apă fierbinte 5, şi valva 7. Pompa 8, acţionată de motorul electric M1, pune în circulaţie apa în sistem. Motorul electric M1 pune în funcţiune pompa 8 la comanda sistemului de control SC, când temperaturile apei la intrarea în acumulatorul AF şi la iesirea lui sunt minime, şi egale între ele. Temperatura apei la intrarea în acumulatorul AF este măsurată de senzorul ST1, iar la ieşirea lui - de senzorul ST2. Valva 6 este închisă, iar valva 7 - deschisă. Initially, the hot water accumulator AF is filled with cold water and at the same time the solar photovoltaic thermal panels 1, 2, 3 are filled through the cold water pipes 4 and hot water pipes 5, and the valve 7. The pump 8, driven by the electric motor M1, circulates the water in the system. The electric motor M1 starts the pump 8 at the command of the control system SC, when the water temperatures at the entrance to the AF accumulator and at its exit are minimal, and equal to each other. The water temperature at the entrance to the AF accumulator is measured by the sensor ST1, and at its exit - by the sensor ST2. Valve 6 is closed, and valve 7 - open.
Odată cu creşterea temperaturii apei din sistem, pompa 8 continuă să funcţioneze până la atingerea temperaturii maxime a apei, şi diferenţei minime stabilite dintre temperatura ei la intrarea în acumulatorul AF şi la ieşirea lui. La comanda sistemului de control SC se deschide valva 6 şi se închide valva 7, se porneşte motorul electric M2, care pune în operare ventilatorul 11. Apa începe a circula pe conturul mic prin radiatorul 9 şi conducta 10, ocolind acumulatorul AF. Apa fierbinte din acumulatorul AF trece în regim de păstrare, iar cea din conturul mic este răcită suplimentar în radiatorul 9 de aerul, mişcat de ventilatorul 11. În aşa mod se obţine apa fierbinte de la răcirea panourilor 1, 2, 3, şi se ridică eficienţa generării energiei electrice de ele. As the water temperature in the system increases, the pump 8 continues to operate until the maximum water temperature is reached, and the minimum set difference between its temperature at the entrance to the AF accumulator and at its exit is reached. At the command of the SC control system, valve 6 opens and valve 7 closes, the electric motor M2 is started, which puts the fan 11 into operation. Water begins to circulate on the small circuit through the radiator 9 and the pipe 10, bypassing the AF accumulator. The hot water in the AF accumulator goes into storage mode, and the water in the small circuit is additionally cooled in the radiator 9 by the air moved by the fan 11. In this way, hot water is obtained from cooling the panels 1, 2, 3, and the efficiency of generating electricity from them is increased.
Calculele arată că majorarea medie anuală a generării energiei electrice de 1 m2de panou fotovoltaic termic, în rezultatul implementării invenţiei, în condiţiile Europei de sud şi sud-est, constituie minim 81,0 kWh/m2sau 518,400 kWh/an a unui parc fotovoltaic cu puterea de 1,0 MWp. Calculations show that the average annual increase in the generation of electricity of 1 m2 of thermal photovoltaic panel, as a result of the implementation of the invention, under the conditions of southern and southeastern Europe, constitutes at least 81.0 kWh/m2 or 518,400 kWh/year of a photovoltaic park with a power of 1.0 MWp.
1. MD 4692 B1 2020.04.30 1. MD 4692 B1 2020.04.30
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| MDA20210072A MD4902C1 (en) | 2021-11-03 | 2021-11-03 | System of solar photovoltaic thermal panels |
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| MDA20210072A MD4902C1 (en) | 2021-11-03 | 2021-11-03 | System of solar photovoltaic thermal panels |
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| MD20210072A2 MD20210072A2 (en) | 2023-05-31 |
| MD4902B1 MD4902B1 (en) | 2024-08-31 |
| MD4902C1 true MD4902C1 (en) | 2025-03-31 |
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| MD20210072A2 (en) | 2023-05-31 |
| MD4902B1 (en) | 2024-08-31 |
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Owner name: INSTITUTIA PUBLICA UNIVERSITATEA TEHNICA A MOLDOVEI, MD BD. STEFAN CEL MARE SI SFANT NR. 168, MD-2004, CHISINAU, REPUBLICA MOLDOVA Free format text: PREVIOUS NAME OF APPLICANT: INSTITUTUL DE ENERGETICA, MD STR. ACADEMIEI NR. 5,MD-2028, CHISINAU,REPUBLICA MOLDOVA |
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| FG4A | Patent for invention issued |